Article(id=1241053879564030069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230464, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689004800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1695571200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-25, onlineDate=1773819902554, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1706976000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773819902554, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773819902554, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819902554, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241053870428844598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='2', pageStart='331', pageEnd='632', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773819900376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820055293, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=530, endPage=547, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241053881556324509, articleId=1241053879564030069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Diversity and antibiotic resistance of bacteria from bathing beaches: based on the cultivation method, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] The increasing antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) caused by the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have aroused increasing concern, and it is particularly important to monitor the ARB in the environment.[Methods] We collected seawater and sand samples from three different bathing beaches in Zhanjiang. The plate coating method and agar diffusion method were employed to study the bacterial counts, diversity, and susceptibility to antibiotics.[Results] The seawater samples had higher content of inorganic nitrogen than the normal value and the bacterial counts increased with the increase in the visitor flow. The bacteria counts in the sand samples were higher than those in the seawater samples. The bacteria from the bathing beaches belonged into 18 genera, 12 families of 3 phyla.Proteobacteria (49.64%) was dominant in the seawater samples, whileFirmicutes (54.74%) was dominant in the sand samples. The bacteria showed stronger resistance to beta-lactams, with the resistance rates of 23.25%, 20.53%, and 17.42% to penicillin, vancomycin, and ceftriaxone, respectively. The resistant bacteria were mainlyBacillus,Vibrio,Pseudomonas,Streptomyces, andEnterobacter. The multidrug-resistant bacterial strains from seawater were significantly more than those from sand, and increased with the increase in the visitor flow.[Conclusion] There are diverse drug-resistant bacteria from bathing beaches, and continuous surveillance is required to assess its potential impact on public health.

, correspAuthors=Yun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WANG Yun, Tel/Fax: +86-759-3174102, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhiyan YE, Yun WANG, Zifei FENG, Nuo CHEN, Yuxin ZHU, Mingqi HU, Ji LI, Jincheng PAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241053885180203330, articleId=1241053879564030069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=培养法检测海滨浴场细菌多样性及耐药性研究, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】耐药基因细菌水平基因转移导致的耐药菌数量增加引发的公共安全问题日益引起人们关注,监测环境中耐药菌变得极为重要。【方法】采集湛江3处滨海浴场的水体、沙滩土样,通过平板稀释涂布和琼脂扩散法进行浴场微生物数量、多样性和抗生素耐药性分析。【结果】3处浴场水体无机氮含量偏高,浴场微生物数量随着客流量逐渐增加,沙滩中微生物数量显著高于水体。浴场细菌分布于3门12科18属,水体中变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 49.64%)占优势,沙滩则是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 54.74%)占优势。浴场细菌对β-内酰胺类耐药率较高,青霉素、万古霉素和头孢曲松耐药率分别达到23.25%、20.53%和17.42%,耐药菌株主要分布于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),水体中多重耐药细菌数量显著高于沙滩,集中于人流量多的浴场。【结论】滨海浴场环境中细菌耐药菌种类多,需持续监测以评估对当前地区公共卫生的潜在影响。

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Tianjin: Master's Thesis of Tianjin University, 2017 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241083612720845045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张宇哲. 2株弧菌拮抗菌的应用研究及广西水产养殖动物环境微生物组成调查[D]. 上海: 上海海洋大学硕士学位论文, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241083612829896952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG YZ. Application research on two strains ofPseudoalteromonas spp. with antagonistic activity againstVibrio and survey on microbial composition in aquaculture environment in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region[D]. Shanghai: Master's Thesis of Shanghai Ocean University, 2020 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241083612909588731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=1227, pageEnd=1234, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=微生物学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=商君阳, 周霜艳, 王中华, 李正斌, 谢宁栋, 马文猛, 张永丰, 张建乐, 汪光义.降雨对秦皇岛西浴场细菌总数和可培养菌群组成的影响[J].微生物学通报,2016,43(6):1227-1234., articleTitle=降雨对秦皇岛西浴场细菌总数和可培养菌群组成的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241083613018640638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=1227, pageEnd=1234, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=Microbiology China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHANG JY, ZHOU SY, WANG ZH, LI ZB, XIE ND, MA WM, ZHANG YF, ZHANG JL, WANG GY.Effects of rainfall on the total number of bacteria and the composition of culturable bacteria in Qinhuangdao West Beach[J].Microbiology China,2016,43(6):1227-1234 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Effects of rainfall on the total number of bacteria and the composition of culturable bacteria in Qinhuangdao West Beach, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241083613081555201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=1169476, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=Frontiers in Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YE S, LI SK, SU CJ, SHI ZQ, LI H, HONG JW, WANG SK, ZHAO JY, ZHENG WJ, DONG SX, YE SH, LOU YL, ZHOU ZM, DU JM.Characterization of microbial community and antibiotic resistome in intra urban water, Wenzhou China[J].Frontiers in 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Research Center, Zhanjiang 524048, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241083595335455447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, companyId=1241083595318678227, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 粤西特色生物医药工程技术研究中心, 广东 湛江 524048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241083600842576839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Physicochemical properties of sea water for three bathing beaches. 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P: Penicillin G; PIP: Piperacillin; CRO: Ceftriaxone; IPM: Imipenem; E: Erythromycin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; VA: Vancomycin; K: Kanamycin; C: Chloramphenicol; TE: Tetracycline; RA: Rifampin., figureFileSmall=fg6G5vhC3g2iPCkOJtw3Bw==, figureFileBig=jhomaRGH9s2hBQJDcqWnDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083603409489925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=CN, label=图6, caption=浴场菌株耐药分布, figureFileSmall=fg6G5vhC3g2iPCkOJtw3Bw==, figureFileBig=jhomaRGH9s2hBQJDcqWnDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083603526930442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Distribution of resistant strains., figureFileSmall=ti3sMoxMhZVtw8ZZnc8OBg==, figureFileBig=hwHmcQfcuUT64IuZy7MW5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083603619205133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=CN, label=图7, caption=耐药菌株分布类群, figureFileSmall=ti3sMoxMhZVtw8ZZnc8OBg==, figureFileBig=hwHmcQfcuUT64IuZy7MW5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083603782782993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification and specification of antimicrobial susceptibility paper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassificationChemical nameAbbreviationSpecification
Beta-lactamPenicillin GP10 U sheet
PiperacillinPIP100 µg sheet
CeftriaxoneCRO30 µg sheet
ImipenemIPM10 µg sheet
MacrolideErythromycinE15 µg sheet
QuinolonesCiprofloxacinCIP5 µg sheet
GlycopeptidesVancomycinVA30 µg sheet
AminoglycosidesKanamycinK30 µg sheet
Amide alcoholsChloramphenicolC30 µg sheet
TetracyclinesTetracyclineTE30 µg sheet
Anti-tuberculosis drugsRifampinRA5 µg sheet
), ArticleFig(id=1241083603963138065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

抗菌药物药敏纸片分类与规格

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassificationChemical nameAbbreviationSpecification
Beta-lactamPenicillin GP10 U sheet
PiperacillinPIP100 µg sheet
CeftriaxoneCRO30 µg sheet
ImipenemIPM10 µg sheet
MacrolideErythromycinE15 µg sheet
QuinolonesCiprofloxacinCIP5 µg sheet
GlycopeptidesVancomycinVA30 µg sheet
AminoglycosidesKanamycinK30 µg sheet
Amide alcoholsChloramphenicolC30 µg sheet
TetracyclinesTetracyclineTE30 µg sheet
Anti-tuberculosis drugsRifampinRA5 µg sheet
), ArticleFig(id=1241083604051218455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification status and antibiotic resistance of representative strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1241083604156076058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

代表菌株分类地位及抗生素耐药情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1241083604244156448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the resistance proportions to antibiotics for bacteria from three bathing beaches.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Antibacterial drugsProportion of bacterial resistance from different bathing beaches (%)
JZA
P: Penicillin G; PIP: Piperacillin; CRO: Ceftriaxone; IPM: Imipenem; E: Erythromycin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; VA: Vancomycin; K: Kanamycin; C: Chloramphenicol; TE: Tetracycline; RA: Rifampin.
P21.6128.9131.27
PIP9.775.900.74
CRO21.6115.0413.65
IPM11.467.675.21
E24.0910.622.48
CIP4.171.470.50
VA26.1714.4514.89
K6.253.831.24
C11.9800
TE17.1915.3412.90
RA4.563.540.50
), ArticleFig(id=1241083604369985576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三浴场细菌对抗生素耐药性比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Antibacterial drugsProportion of bacterial resistance from different bathing beaches (%)
JZA
P: Penicillin G; PIP: Piperacillin; CRO: Ceftriaxone; IPM: Imipenem; E: Erythromycin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; VA: Vancomycin; K: Kanamycin; C: Chloramphenicol; TE: Tetracycline; RA: Rifampin.
P21.6128.9131.27
PIP9.775.900.74
CRO21.6115.0413.65
IPM11.467.675.21
E24.0910.622.48
CIP4.171.470.50
VA26.1714.4514.89
K6.253.831.24
C11.9800
TE17.1915.3412.90
RA4.563.540.50
), ArticleFig(id=1241083604445483053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Multi-drug resistance of bacteria isolated from bathing beaches

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleNumber of drugs with resistanceCumulative percentage (%)
JZA
Water38.572.320.89
56.252.140.36
65.710.710.18
Sand23.891.472.00
410.422.214.21
), ArticleFig(id=1241083604537757748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053879564030069, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

浴场细菌的多重耐药性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleNumber of drugs with resistanceCumulative percentage (%)
JZA
Water38.572.320.89
56.252.140.36
65.710.710.18
Sand23.891.472.00
410.422.214.21
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培养法检测海滨浴场细菌多样性及耐药性研究
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叶芷言 1 , 王芸 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 冯子翡 1 , 陈诺 1 , 祝雨欣 1 , 胡明其 1 , 李骥 1 , 潘金成 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(2): 530-547
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(2): 530-547
培养法检测海滨浴场细菌多样性及耐药性研究
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叶芷言1, 王芸1, 2, 3, 4, * , 冯子翡1, 陈诺1, 祝雨欣1, 胡明其1, 李骥1, 潘金成1
作者信息
  • 1 岭南师范学院生命科学与技术学院, 广东 湛江 524048
  • 2 湛江市红树林生态系统保护与修复重点实验室, 广东 湛江 524048
  • 3 广东省粤西蓝碳资源开发与利用工程技术研究中心, 广东 湛江 524048
  • 4 粤西特色生物医药工程技术研究中心, 广东 湛江 524048
Diversity and antibiotic resistance of bacteria from bathing beaches: based on the cultivation method
Zhiyan YE1, Yun WANG1, 2, 3, 4, * , Zifei FENG1, Nuo CHEN1, Yuxin ZHU1, Mingqi HU1, Ji LI1, Jincheng PAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, Guangdong, China
  • 2 Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Mangrove Ecosystem Conservation and Restoration, Zhanjiang 524048, Guangdong, China
  • 3 Engineering and Technology Research Center for Development and Utilization of Blue Carbon Resources in Western Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524048, Guangdong, China
  • 4 Western Guangdong Characteristic Biology and Medicine Engineering and Research Center, Zhanjiang 524048, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230464
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【目的】耐药基因细菌水平基因转移导致的耐药菌数量增加引发的公共安全问题日益引起人们关注,监测环境中耐药菌变得极为重要。【方法】采集湛江3处滨海浴场的水体、沙滩土样,通过平板稀释涂布和琼脂扩散法进行浴场微生物数量、多样性和抗生素耐药性分析。【结果】3处浴场水体无机氮含量偏高,浴场微生物数量随着客流量逐渐增加,沙滩中微生物数量显著高于水体。浴场细菌分布于3门12科18属,水体中变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 49.64%)占优势,沙滩则是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 54.74%)占优势。浴场细菌对β-内酰胺类耐药率较高,青霉素、万古霉素和头孢曲松耐药率分别达到23.25%、20.53%和17.42%,耐药菌株主要分布于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),水体中多重耐药细菌数量显著高于沙滩,集中于人流量多的浴场。【结论】滨海浴场环境中细菌耐药菌种类多,需持续监测以评估对当前地区公共卫生的潜在影响。

滨海浴场  /  细菌多样性  /  抗生素耐药性  /  抗生素抗性细菌

[Objective] The increasing antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) caused by the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have aroused increasing concern, and it is particularly important to monitor the ARB in the environment.[Methods] We collected seawater and sand samples from three different bathing beaches in Zhanjiang. The plate coating method and agar diffusion method were employed to study the bacterial counts, diversity, and susceptibility to antibiotics.[Results] The seawater samples had higher content of inorganic nitrogen than the normal value and the bacterial counts increased with the increase in the visitor flow. The bacteria counts in the sand samples were higher than those in the seawater samples. The bacteria from the bathing beaches belonged into 18 genera, 12 families of 3 phyla.Proteobacteria (49.64%) was dominant in the seawater samples, whileFirmicutes (54.74%) was dominant in the sand samples. The bacteria showed stronger resistance to beta-lactams, with the resistance rates of 23.25%, 20.53%, and 17.42% to penicillin, vancomycin, and ceftriaxone, respectively. The resistant bacteria were mainlyBacillus,Vibrio,Pseudomonas,Streptomyces, andEnterobacter. The multidrug-resistant bacterial strains from seawater were significantly more than those from sand, and increased with the increase in the visitor flow.[Conclusion] There are diverse drug-resistant bacteria from bathing beaches, and continuous surveillance is required to assess its potential impact on public health.

bathing beach  /  bacterial diversity  /  antibiotic resistance  /  antibiotic-resistant bacteria
叶芷言, 王芸, 冯子翡, 陈诺, 祝雨欣, 胡明其, 李骥, 潘金成. 培养法检测海滨浴场细菌多样性及耐药性研究. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (2) : 530 -547 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230464
Zhiyan YE, Yun WANG, Zifei FENG, Nuo CHEN, Yuxin ZHU, Mingqi HU, Ji LI, Jincheng PAN. Diversity and antibiotic resistance of bacteria from bathing beaches: based on the cultivation method[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (2) : 530 -547 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230464
抗生素抗性细菌(antibiotic resistance bacteria, ARB)以及抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)能够在人-动物-环境中流动传播,其传播扩散途径受诸多因素的影响,其中畜禽养殖等人为活动已被证明是耐药风险增殖、扩散的热点区域[1-2]。抗生素耐药基因在环境中普遍存在,细菌抗生素耐药性风险作为全球性的健康问题已引起了广泛关注。近年来,我国海产养殖增速快、区域大,大量抗生素被应用于养殖过程中以防治病害,受洋流等影响,养殖过程中产生的养殖废水使抗生素经过循环约有3/4排放到周边水体与沉积物[3],导致了周边水域耐药菌株数量和种类增加,抗生素抗性菌株也随之扩散,滨海地区的沙滩浴场安全性受到挑战。
广东省湛江市坐落于中国大陆最南端的雷州半岛,海域面积达1 419 km2,其中内港海域面积达200 km2[4]。优越的气候环境,使湛江滨海浴场具有较高的开发价值,吸引着大批游客。然而,湛江沿海一些区域进行围海养殖,海域环境遭到严重破坏,湛江的滨海浴场大多沿海而建,易受到影响。滨海浴场环境主要由海滩底质和水体2部分组成,水体受粪便污染的程度是滨海浴场水质评价最重要的内容,污染的水体中含有导致肠胃感染的致病微生物,如肠道疾病中最常见的致病菌志贺氏痢疾杆菌和沙门氏菌,还有作为粪便指示菌的大肠杆菌等。致病性细菌的来源有人和自然两方面,包括游泳者本身、工业废水、生活污水和水体中原有的微生物等[5]。致病性细菌在抗生素长期不科学的影响下,通过基因突变的方式产生多种抗生素耐药性,并将耐药基因广泛传播,给公共卫生事业带来巨大威胁。
当前针对抗生素耐药基因的主要分析方法有细菌培养法、聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)和基于高通量测序的宏基因组分析方法[6-7]。定量聚合酶链式反应(quality polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)和高通量测序这2种方法的应用有时会因可用的引物/探针的数量而受到限制,而传统的基于培养的抗生素抗性细菌表征方法能提供关于ARB系统发育、抗性表型以及抗性可转移性的详细信息[8],可有效弥补基于细菌抗性基因分析产生的误差,因此本研究采用细菌培养法检测海水浴场细菌抗性特征。
本研究根据海水浴场人流量和浴场属性的不同,选取广东湛江金沙湾浴场、中澳友谊花园浴场和奥林匹克体育中心浴场为研究对象,采用细菌培养法开展浴场水体和沙滩底质微生物多样性的研究,通过琼脂扩散法测定浴场中微生物的耐药性。本研究对于了解滨海浴场环境中微生物多样性和监测公共区域细菌抗生素耐药性很有必要,对旅游业、海产养殖业的可持续发展和当地游客的身心健康和安全也具有重要意义。
三处滨海浴场均位于湛江湾内湾,海域较为封闭,海水流速低,水体自净能力弱,容易受到环境污染[9]。其中金沙湾浴场(110°23′43″E,21°15′53″N,缩写J)是大型天然的免费海滨浴场,人流量巨大,最大日接待量为2万人次;中澳友谊花园浴场(110°24′47″E,21°14′37″N,缩写Z)坐落于住宅小区旁,人流量较金沙湾浴场少;奥林匹克体育中心浴场(110°25′46″E,21°15′50″N,缩写A)是运动娱乐场所,与金沙湾对立相望,人流量最少。
分别采集浴场海水、沙滩土壤样品,海水样品分别在各浴场退潮后水深0.5 m处随机采集2 L,每个浴场采集3份样品装入棕色玻璃瓶中,避免光照。沙滩采样时佩戴无菌手套,采样铲使用酒精棉球消毒。在潮间带区域沿着低潮位到高潮位,每隔30 m取平行采样带,总计取3条平行条带;在每条采样带上,每隔80 m取1个采样地,总计取3个采样地;每个采样地上利用五点采样法,取15−30 cm深处的沙土,并将5个采样点的沙土在无菌密封袋中混合。共计采集海水样品9份,沙滩样品24份,其中中澳友谊花园浴场面积小,只设置了2条采样带。
Taq酶,TaKaRa试剂公司;DNA marker,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。紫外分光光度计,赛默飞世尔科技公司;盐度计,广州市速为电子科技有限公司;PCR仪,Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;凝胶成像分析系统,上海天能生命科学有限公司;电泳仪,六一公司。
参考《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997),对海水样品进行pH值、盐度、化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)、总有机碳含量(total organic carbon content, TOC)以及无机氮含量的测定。其中,无机氮含量是氨氮含量、硝酸盐氮含量和亚硝酸盐氮含量的总和。pH值现场使用精密pH试纸测定;盐度使用便携式盐度计测定;COD采用重铬酸钾法,使用紫外分光光度计配套试剂测定;TOC采用总有机碳分析仪测定;氨氮含量采用纳氏试剂分光光度法测定,亚硝态氮含量采用N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺光度法测定,硝态氮采用紫外分光光度法测定。
采用平板稀释涂布法分别使用海水2216 E、Czapek和Gause培养基对样品中细菌、霉菌和放线菌进行菌落计数[10]。分离平板于25 ℃恒温培养箱中培养48 h后,计算各浴场样品中的菌落数。
观察微生物分离平板不同样品的菌落形态、大小、颜色和湿润度等特征,选取具有代表性的菌落采用连续划线法进行分离纯化,直到获得单一菌株,得到的纯菌再次经过颜色、形态、大小等特征比较进行去重复,得到代表性菌株用于后续实验。采用甘油保藏法,将纯化菌株置于20%甘油中于−80 ℃冰箱内长期保存。
根据TaKaRa试剂盒操作说明,提取代表菌株基因组DNA,委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限责任公司进行测序。通用引物为27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-TACGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)。PCR反应体系和反应条件具体参照文献[11]。获得的16S rRNA基因序列在EzBioCloud (https://www.ezbiocloud.net/)数据库[12]进行相似性比对分析,确定其分类地位,并将序列上传至GenBank数据库,登录号为OR143835−OR143874。
抗菌药物药敏纸片分类与规格如表1所示,其中青霉素、红霉素、环丙沙星和四环素是水产养殖中规定可以使用的抗菌药物,大环内酯类、四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类是我国养殖废水抗生素残留主要类型。
采用琼脂扩散法(即K-B法)[13],将代表性菌株进行富集培养,制成菌悬液,加入冷却到40 ℃左右的灭菌培养基中,揺匀,倒入培养皿。待凝固后,用无菌镊子放置不同种类的抗菌药物药敏纸片,每个平皿2−3个抗菌药物药敏纸片,于37 ℃恒温箱中培养20−48 h,通过测量抑菌直径(即透明圈大小)判断敏感程度。
使用Excel统计数据,浴场水体理化性质、浴场水样和土样菌量以平均数±标准差(SD)表示,采用PAST 3.0进行微生物α多样性指数和β多样性分析,包括物种丰度(Chaol指数)、均匀度(Shannon指数)、多样性(Simpson指数)以及样品丰富度Menhinick指数和Margalef指数;采用GraphPad Prism软件绘图。
测定浴场水体pH值、盐度、TOC、COD和无机氮含量,由图1可知,各浴场水体pH值范围为7.23−7.30,各浴场间差异不显著;盐度范围为26.67‰−29.67‰,金沙湾浴场的盐度显著低于中澳友谊花园浴场;TOC含量为2.33−3.33 mg/L,COD含量为1.97−3.10 mg/L,作为生活区的中澳友谊花园浴场的TOC、COD含量显著高于其他浴场,可能是受生活污水排入及游客传播的影响;无机氮含量为40.63−43.75 mg/L,其中人流量少的奥林匹克体育中心浴场的无机氮含量显著高于人流量多的金沙湾浴场,可能是靠近海水养殖区域的原因。
参考《海水水质标准》 (GB 3097—1997),二类标准pH值为7.8−8.5,COD含量≤3 mg/L,无机氮≤0.3 mg/L。可见3处浴场pH偏低,无机氮含量偏高,金沙湾浴场与奥林匹克体育中心浴场的COD含量符合标准,中澳友谊花园浴场的高于标准值。由TOC、COD含量可以反映出中澳友谊花园浴场水体中有机物的污染程度大于其他浴场。
微生物计数结果表明(图2),各浴场微生物以细菌为主,其次是放线菌。沙滩中微生物的数量显著高于水体,随着近海距离的增加,潮间带区域高潮位的微生物数量显著增加。三浴场中,金沙湾浴场海水中的细菌数量(6.19×105 CFU/mL)高于中澳友谊花园浴场(1.65×105 CFU/mL),其次是奥林匹克体育中心浴场(5.13×104 CFU/mL)。总体可以看出,随着人流量的增加,微生物数量呈现增加趋势。
经过平板涂布培养,三浴场水体中共分离出细菌560株,土样中分离出950株,对比菌落在培养基上的形态特征,共计纯化出49株代表性菌株,其中水样中20株、土样中29株。对代表性菌株通过细菌16S rRNA基因进行鉴定,结果表明(表2),浴场微生物主要分布于3门12科18属。在门水平上,分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 32.32%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 47.95%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 8.34%);在属水平上,水样代表菌株隶属于10个属,土样代表菌株隶属于14个属。
水体细菌分布于3门10个属,丰度最高的是Proteobacteria门(49.64%),其中弧菌属(Vibrio,23.75%)、暗棕色杆菌属(Phaeobacter,13.04%)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter,11.61%)占优势;其次为Firmicutes门(36.43%),其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus,25.54%)为优势菌属;丰度最低的为Actinobacteria门(6.96%),优势菌属为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)。沙滩细菌分布于3门14个属,丰度最高的是Firmicutes门(54.74%),其中Bacillus (24.11%)、普里斯特氏菌属(Priestia,16.21%)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus,6.63%)占优势;其次为Proteobacteria门(22.11%),其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)占13.37%、Vibrio占4.74%;丰度最低为Actinobacteria门(9.16%),其中Streptomyces、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)均占3.47%。显然,Bacillus属为水体和沙滩细菌共同的优势菌属,占比均达20%以上。
由各浴场细菌在属水平上的相对丰度生成堆叠图(图3),可见各浴场环境中丰度排名前三的菌属有所不同。在金沙湾浴场水体群落中,分别为Bacillus (26.27%)、Vibrio (25.47%)、Phaeobacter (12.87%);在中澳友谊花园浴场水体群落中,分别为Bacillus (26.19%)、Vibrio (22.22%)、Phaeobacter (14.29%);在奥林匹克体育中心浴场水体群落中,分别为嗜碱盐芽孢杆菌属(Alkalihalobacillus,21.31%)、Bacillus (19.67%)、Vibrio (16.39%)。在各浴场沙滩细菌中,金沙湾浴场沙滩群落中,分别为Pseudomonas (27.09%)、Bacillus (14.68%)、Priestia (13.67%);在中澳友谊花园浴场沙滩群落中,分别为Bacillus (30.99%)、Paenibacillus (24.88%)、Priestia (15.96%);在奥林匹克体育中心浴场沙滩群落中,分别为Bacillus (30.70%)、Priestia (19.30%)、大洋单胞菌属(Oceanimonas,6.43%)。总体上看,三处浴场细菌优势菌属均为Bacillus属,丰度占比最高。
综上所述,各浴场中细菌主要分布于厚壁菌门、变形菌门和放线菌门,水体和沙滩中菌属在不同浴场分布存在差异。水体细菌Proteobacteria门占优势,沙滩细菌Firmicutes门占优势,在属水平上均以Bacillus属菌株为主。各浴场环境的优势菌属有所不同,除奥林匹克体育中心浴场水体群落以Alkalihalobacillus属最优势及金沙湾浴场沙滩群落以Pseudomonas属最优势外,其他浴场环境最优势属均为Bacillus属。
本研究计算了细菌群落的α多样性的5种指标:Chaol指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数、样品丰富度Menhinick指数和Margalef指数。结果显示(图4),三浴场水体中物种均一性、多样性均高于沙滩。其中奥林匹克体育中心采样点水体和沙滩水平均高于金沙湾和中澳友谊花园采样点,Chaol指数中奥林匹克体育中心采样点沙滩水平高于水体;Menhinick和Margalef指数中,奥林匹克体育中心采样点水体显著高于金沙湾采样点,可能是因为游客少,人为干扰小。由此可知,奥林匹克体育中心浴场丰富度高、均匀度好、多样性高。
基于样品间的Bray-Curtis距离,可分析样本间群落结构的相似程度[14]。如图5所示,β多样性分析结果发现水体和沙滩样品能较好地区分开,说明水体和沙滩样品的细菌种类有区别;金沙湾浴场样品离散程度高,其他两浴场样品离散程度较低,说明金沙湾浴场水体和沙滩的群落结构存在明显差异,其他两浴场群落结构较相近。
对分离菌株进行抗生素药敏试验结果显示(图6),浴场细菌的耐药性为青霉素(23.25%)、万古霉素(20.53%)、头孢曲松(17.42%)。耐药性菌株主要分布于BacillusVibrioPseudomonasStreptomycesEnterobacter属。从抗生素种类分析,分离菌株对β-内酰胺类耐药率较高,其后耐药率由高到低依次为糖肽类、四环素类、大环内酯类、酰胺醇类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和抗结核药。菌属丰度较高的Bacillus属对青霉素耐药率较高(14.64%),对头孢曲松、万古霉素、四环素耐药率均为4.50%;Vibrio属对万古霉素耐药率较高(9.74%);丰度较低的中华红细菌属(Sinirhodobacter)只对万古霉素有抗药性,耐药率为0.20%。
对三浴场细菌抗生素耐药情况进一步分析(表3),金沙湾浴场细菌对万古霉素(26.17%)耐药率最高;中澳友谊花园浴场和奥林匹克体育中心浴场细菌对氯霉素均没有耐药性,以青霉素耐药率最高,分别为28.91%和31.27%;奥林匹克体育中心浴场细菌对哌拉西林(0.74%)、环丙沙星(0.50%)、利福平(0.50%)耐药率较低。可以看出,三浴场细菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素(青霉素、帕拉西林、头孢曲松和亚胺培南)表现出较高的耐药性。
由水体和沙滩中耐药菌株分布类群在各浴场细菌数量中所占相对百分比可知(图7),水体耐药菌株主要分布在金沙湾浴场,占48.99%,中澳友谊花园浴场和奥林匹克体育中心浴场分别占46.03%、36.07%,主要属有VibrioEnterobacterStreptomycesPriestia、罗塞略莫拉氏菌属(Rossellomorea)和Sinirhodobacter。沙滩耐药菌株主要分布在中澳友谊花园浴场(69.48%),金沙湾浴场和奥林匹克体育中心浴场分别占52.41%、43.27%,主要属有BacillusPseudomonasPaenibacillusVibrioAlkalihalobacillusArthrobacter。总体上水体和沙滩耐药菌株数量相差不大,但中澳友谊花园浴场土样中耐药菌株较多,需要给予关注。
水体菌株中金沙湾浴场多重耐药率高达20.53%,其中三重耐药率较高达8.57%;沙滩菌株中多重耐药性最高也在金沙湾浴场,达14.31%。显然,水体菌株多重耐药率比沙滩的高,金沙湾浴场多重耐药情况较为严重(表4)。
整体上,细菌耐药率水体和沙滩菌株相差不大,但多重耐药性水体高于沙滩菌株,且耐药菌株主要集中于金沙湾浴场分离的细菌中,主要分布在VibrioBacillusPseudomonas属,尤其对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药性较高。
本研究对湛江3处浴场进行水体理化性质检测,发现三浴场化学需氧量含量符合标准值,pH值较标准值偏低,无机氮含量远高于标准值,表明养分含量较高。在整体水质上,人流量最大的金沙湾浴场水质环境最优,可能是因为远离海水养殖区域。水体无机氮含量与深圳近海东部海水中含量(15.06±23.81) mg/L[15]类似。总之,人流量对水质的影响并没有显著差异,可能因为3处浴场同处湛江湾内湾,受水体自然循环影响,可溶性物质能够迅速扩散。
在微生物组成上,水体和沙滩中微生物均以细菌为主,微生物数量随着客流量逐渐增加,沙滩中平均微生物数量高于水体。这可能因为沙滩底质受到人类活动如食品残渣、粪便、水流等影响,且沙土中蕴含有机能源,能促进微生物生长[16]。由细菌的α多样性指数可知,奥林匹克体育中心浴场群落的丰富度高于其余两地,可能是因为游客少、人为干扰小。然而对比南海海域海水和沉积物[16],各浴场多样性指数较低。
细菌经分离鉴定,分布于3门12科18属,水体和沙滩细菌种类差异较为明显,水体中Proteobacteria (49.64%)占优势,沙滩则为Firmicutes (54.74%)。变形菌门是海洋细菌中的主要类群这一论点已被众多国内外研究学者所证实,变形菌门细菌无论是在海洋沉积物中还是水体环境中都广泛存在,并且在数量上处于绝对优势地位[17]。沙滩中厚壁菌门占优势,这也与南海深海沉积物样品中细菌优势类群为厚壁菌门[18]的结果相一致。在属水平上细菌数量最多的为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),其广泛存在于动物肠道之中,因此滨海浴场沙滩受到人类粪便中的菌群影响较大。除此之外,Bacillus属中的炭疽芽孢杆菌、维德曼芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌[19]等对人体健康也存在致病风险,要注意防范。
代表性菌株对β-内酰胺类(青霉素、头孢曲松)、万古霉素的耐药率较高,对环丙沙星、利福平、氯霉素较敏感。因为抗生素耐药基因的存在往往与抗生素的使用之间存在相关性[20]。抗生素的使用因养殖地区、养殖种类的差异而有所差异,可能与当地的抗生素使用历史和频率有关[21]。本研究中浴场细菌的主要耐受抗生素为β-内酰胺类,高达41.92%,这与李琴等对湛江东海岛虾苗场水体细菌对β-内酰胺类的氨苄西林耐药性最高的研究结果相似[22]。Shah等的研究表明,从三文鱼养殖场及其附近海域分离的200株菌中,耐药菌比例高达81%,并从中检测到β-内酰胺类等多种抗性基因[23]。β-内酰胺类中青霉素耐药率最高,也许是青霉素在水产养殖中应用较早,长期使用导致耐药性逐渐积累。乔毅对江苏省沿海地区水产养殖致病菌进行监测,结果显示青霉素的整体耐药率高达64.23%[24]。此外,浴场细菌对头孢曲松耐药率较高,与龙文芳等[25]的研究表明海口假日海滩浴场及三亚大东海浴场非发酵菌主要耐受抗生素为头孢曲松相符。万古霉素的药力较强,在其他抗生素对病菌无效时才会被使用,也就是所谓的最后一线药物,因此浴场细菌对万古霉素较高的耐药率值得关注。然而利福平为抗结核药、喹诺酮类药物,近些年才开始使用,氯霉素具有严重的毒副作用,在人医、兽医临床使用均受到限制,是浴场细菌敏感度高的主要原因。
浴场环境中细菌存在多重耐药性,水体最高出现对6种抗生素耐药的菌株,沙滩最高为4种耐药,且三浴场中水体的多重耐药率高于沙滩,表明水体多重耐药菌污染较沙滩严重。张舒婷等对青岛海水浴场的微生物也进行了耐药性分析,表明其多重耐药菌多样性丰富,且多为条件致病菌[26]
对于耐药菌株分布,水体中耐药菌属占比最高的是弧菌属(Vibrio),沙滩中则为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。弧菌属为鱼类、虾类、扇贝等水产养殖中常见的病原菌之一[27-29],如鱼类在感染副溶血弧菌后,会出现腹水、体表溃烂、肠炎等症状[30]。另外,本研究发现水体中还存在较多的肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)耐药菌株,肠杆菌能够侵入受外伤或缺血的皮下组织,导致患部皮肤组织水肿、缺血,常波及较深的肌肉层,因此容易发生感染[31]。肠杆菌属耐药菌隶属于肠杆菌科,因此本研究结果与Ye等[32]发现医院周围水样中存在大量与肠道微生物群相关的细菌,肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)的各种属细菌可携带ARGs的研究结果基本相符。此外,沙滩细菌中发现的假单胞菌属细菌是较常见的条件致病菌,其中铜绿假单胞菌为土壤中存在的最常见的细菌之一,通常伴随毒力较强的细菌存在于病灶中。本研究并没有检出金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门氏菌等常规病原菌,但筛选出了蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和河流弧菌(Vibrio fluvialis) 2种病原菌,耐药率为9.20%,致病风险较低。
本研究通过培养法进行浴场微生物数量、多样性和抗生素耐药性分析,展现了湛江滨海浴场的海水和沙滩样本中蕴藏着丰富的微生物,表明了其浴场环境的耐药情况,水体中存在的健康风险较大。可为该地区的水域环境治理、给游客提供安全舒适的水域环境等方面提供数据支持,对于该地区的旅游业和海产养殖业的可持续发展和当地游客的安全保障甚至对于当地的经济发展都具有重要的意义。
  • 粤西特色生物医药工程技术研究中心开放课题(2022-k11)
  • 粤西海洋中药及南药高值化开发利用创新团队(2021KCXTD039)
  • 岭南师范学院通识教育教学改革项目(2023)
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2024年第64卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230464
  • 接收时间:2023-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-11
  • 录用日期:2023-09-25
基金
Open Topics of the West Guangdong Characteristic Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center(2022-k11)
粤西特色生物医药工程技术研究中心开放课题(2022-k11)
West Guangdong Marine Chinese Medicine and Southern Medicine High Value Development and Utilization Innovation Team(2021KCXTD039)
粤西海洋中药及南药高值化开发利用创新团队(2021KCXTD039)
Lingnan Normal University General Education Teaching Quality and Teaching Reform Research Project(2023)
岭南师范学院通识教育教学改革项目(2023)
作者信息
    1 岭南师范学院生命科学与技术学院, 广东 湛江 524048
    2 湛江市红树林生态系统保护与修复重点实验室, 广东 湛江 524048
    3 广东省粤西蓝碳资源开发与利用工程技术研究中心, 广东 湛江 524048
    4 粤西特色生物医药工程技术研究中心, 广东 湛江 524048

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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