Article(id=1241053878695809131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230450, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1688400000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1698249600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-26, onlineDate=1773819902346, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1706976000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773819902346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773819902346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819902346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241053870428844598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='2', pageStart='331', pageEnd='632', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773819900376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820055293, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=502, endPage=515, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241053879685664886, articleId=1241053878695809131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Characterization and biotransformation of cytochrome P450 CYP154C34 fromStreptomyces nanshensis, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Cytochrome P450 can catalyze the oxidation of unactivated C−H bonds in complex compounds with high regio- and stereoselectivity under mild conditions. They are multifunctional biocatalysts which play important roles in the synthesis of chemical raw materials, the degradation of environmental pollutants, and drug synthesis. This paper probed into the functions of a novel cytochrome P450 enzyme named CYP154C34 fromStreptomyces nanshensis by heterologous expression and whole-cell biotransformation.[Methods] We constructed two recombinant BL21(DE3) strains for whole-cell biotransformation harboring pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED and pET28a-CYP154C34+pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR, respectively. Additionally, we generated a recombinant BL21(DE3) strain for heterologous expression containing pET28a-CYP154C34. We employed whole-cell biotransformation to screen the substrates and analyzed product structures using standard methods. We then compared the substrate conversion rates of the two strains of whole-cell biotransformation with those of enzyme reactions. Finally, we analyzed the substrate affinity and analogues of CYP154C34.[Results] Nine steroids hydroxylated at the 16α position by CYP154C34 were identified, including progesterone, testosterone, and androstenedione. The BL21(DE3) strain carrying pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED showed the highest substrate conversion rate, achieving over 90% conversion rates for seven substrates including progesterone, testosterone, and androstenedione. In addition, CYP154C34 had stronger affinity to its substrates than the analogues.[Conclusion] This study constructed two recombinant strains of CYP154C34 for whole-cell biotransformation and identified their catalytic functions. CYP154C34 can efficiently hydroxylate a wide range of steroid substrates at the 16α position with high conversion rates and excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, serving as a promising candidate for industrial applications.

, correspAuthors=Lianhua XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*XU Lianhua, E-mail:
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【目的】P450酶作为一种多功能生物催化剂,可在温和条件下高区域和立体选择性地催化复杂化合物中未活化的C−H键,因此P450酶在化工原料合成、环境污染物降解及药物合成等领域都具有重要作用。本文对南沙链霉菌基因组中的一个新颖的P450酶CYP154C34进行研究,通过构建异源表达和全细胞生物转化重组菌探究其功能。【方法】构建2种全细胞生物转化BL21(DE3)重组菌(含pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED和pET28a-CYP154C34+pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR)和1种异源表达BL21(DE3)重组菌(含pET28a-CYP154C34)。通过全细胞生物转化的方式筛选底物,分析催化功能及产物结构。比较2种全细胞生物转化重组菌和体外酶反应对底物的转化率。分析CYP154C34和不同底物及底物类似物的亲和力。【结果】通过底物筛选和产物鉴定发现CYP154C34可催化包括孕酮、睾酮、雄烯二酮在内的9种甾体化合物16α位羟基化。通过2种不同还原伴侣的全细胞体系及体外酶反应对底物转化率的比较,发现含有pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED的BL21(DE3)重组菌的转化率最高,可对孕酮、睾酮、雄烯二酮等7种底物实现超过90%的转化率。通过亲和力分析发现CYP154C34对底物化合物的亲和力比类似物高。【结论】本研究构建了2种CYP154C34的全细胞生物转化重组菌并鉴定其功能。CYP154C34催化的底物谱宽并且具有极高的区域和立体选择性及较高的转化率,具有良好的工业应用前景。

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fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241083596459536839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, awardId=18042236-Y, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江理工大学科研启动基金(18042236-Y), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241083587836047460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241083587844436069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, companyId=1241083587836047460, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241083587852824679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, companyId=1241083587836047460, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江理工大学生命科学与医药学院, 浙江 杭州 310018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241083592558833984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Candidate steroid compounds for substrate screening., figureFileSmall=Nd3pf73xeonPOr0JDPsWXA==, figureFileBig=1O92Qe7P/HU45nPMKLskwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083594060394825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=CN, label=图1, caption=用于底物筛选的候选甾体化合物, figureFileSmall=Nd3pf73xeonPOr0JDPsWXA==, figureFileBig=1O92Qe7P/HU45nPMKLskwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083594186223956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Electrophoretic maps of each fragment were generated during the construction of CYP154C34 recombinant bacteria. M in the figure stands for marker. A: The geneRhFRED was amplified using pET28b-RhFRED as a template, while the geneCYP154C34 was amplified using the genome ofStreptomyces nanshensis SCSIO 01066 as a template. B: To amplify the linearized pET28a withNde I andXho I restriction sites at both ends, the circular pET28a was used as a template to amplify. C: ThePdR andPdx genes were amplified using pET19b-PdR and pET28b-Pdx as templates, respectively. D: TheCYP154C34 containing pET28a homology arms at both ends was amplified using pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED as a template. The DNA sequence ofCYP154C34 was amplified using pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED as a template. The amplified product contains homology arms at both ends of the CYP154C34 sequence., figureFileSmall=qI5YsN97/j5bVNBPKd4t4Q==, figureFileBig=UEThPjmjTzPHip0lk2eXig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083594307858780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=CN, label=图2, caption=构建CYP154C34重组菌过程中的各片段电泳图, figureFileSmall=qI5YsN97/j5bVNBPKd4t4Q==, figureFileBig=UEThPjmjTzPHip0lk2eXig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083594429493603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=HPLC analysis and substrate screening. A and B represent two typical substrates that can be catalyzed by CYP154C34. A: CYP154C34 can completely convert testosterone into products within 24 h. B: CYP154C34 cannot fully convert 17α-hydroxyprogesterone into products within 24 h. C: Steroid substrates that can be catalyzed by CYP154C34., figureFileSmall=W5IDGIidAXkiL/b1DRIaHA==, figureFileBig=+2aIFim6AsI0ceemz5kIlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083594500796777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=CN, label=图3, caption=HPLC分析及底物筛选, figureFileSmall=W5IDGIidAXkiL/b1DRIaHA==, figureFileBig=+2aIFim6AsI0ceemz5kIlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083594593071467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=HPLC analysis and identification of product structure. A, B, and C show that CYP154C34 converts progesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone to generate 16α-hydroxylated products compared with the standard compounds. a shows the HPLC analysis of the conversion substrates using BL21(DE3) harboring pET28a-RhFRED, serving as a control; b shows the HPLC analysis of the conversion substrates by BL21(DE3) harboring pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED; c shows the standard compounds of the 16α-hydroxylated products., figureFileSmall=QSh6ycGNr00lzPQjDtSn/w==, figureFileBig=H+8IKWwiZJ5iLMP1PbfG7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083594735677812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=CN, label=图4, caption=HPLC分析及产物结构鉴定, figureFileSmall=QSh6ycGNr00lzPQjDtSn/w==, figureFileBig=H+8IKWwiZJ5iLMP1PbfG7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083594861506935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=NMR data for 16α-hydroxyestradiol.13C-NMR spectrum (A) and1H-NMR spectrum (B) are shown. A:13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 155.35, 137.61, 130.88, 126.43, 115.42, 113.21, 89.24, 77.20, 47.79, 43.99, 43.82, 38.71, 37.15, 34.54, 29.62, 27.43, 26.18, 12.89. B:1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.03 (d,J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (dd,J=8.4, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (d,J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.86–3.80 (m, 1H), 3.29 (d,J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (dd,J=10.5, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (dt,J=9.6, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.13–2.07 (m, 1H), 1.77 (d,J=3.3 Hz, 0H), 1.75 (d,J=3.8 Hz, 0H), 1.73 (dd,J=6.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (d,J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 1.64 (s, 0H), 1.41 (qd,J=7.8, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 1.29 (d,J=3.6 Hz, 0H), 1.27 (d,J=3.5 Hz, 0H), 1.24 (s, 1H), 1.23 (s, 1H), 1.21 (s, 0H), 1.20–1.17 (m, 0H), 0.66 (s, 3H)., figureFileSmall=XEHCv5HulxfQX7DwsT1spQ==, figureFileBig=qdVk7O8pish7rurXgeKQeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083594962170237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=CN, label=图5, caption=16α-雌二醇的碳谱(A)和氢谱(B), figureFileSmall=XEHCv5HulxfQX7DwsT1spQ==, figureFileBig=qdVk7O8pish7rurXgeKQeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595062833537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Purification and enzymatic property analysis of CYP154C34. A: The results of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis for CYP154C34 showed that the protein bands were singlular, and the molecular weight of the protein was approximately 50 kDa. B: The spectra were measured in a 50 mmol/L sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 10% (V/V) glycerol. Resting state (dash line), reducing state solid line, and reducing+CO state (dotted line) are depicted. Inset: CO difference spectrum ((reducing+CO state)–reducing state). C: The graph depicts the change in absorbance at 446 nm over a period of 200 s, with the absorption level eventually returning to its initial state., figureFileSmall=0fdVJ9idn+OPvzJQgqGAsQ==, figureFileBig=2yguRW+kNrJQRQNhLwsitw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595150913930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CYP154C34的纯化及酶学性质分析, figureFileSmall=0fdVJ9idn+OPvzJQgqGAsQ==, figureFileBig=2yguRW+kNrJQRQNhLwsitw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595238994317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Comparison of conversion rate of CYP154C34 in whole-cell conversion (invivo) and enzymatic conversion (invitro). The conversion rate of 10 steroid compounds was analyzed using three catalytic systems and presented in a heat map. The color intensity represents the level of conversion rate, with darker shades indicating higher rates. The calculation of conversion rate was based on the ratio of product peak to the sum of product peak and remaining substrate peak in the reaction product., figureFileSmall=iu9fn+MOQJQh3ai5tCB/SQ==, figureFileBig=Bz58Kd0NS7oT0X7Sr6tszw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595381600662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CYP154C34在全细胞转化和酶法转化中转化率的比较, figureFileSmall=iu9fn+MOQJQh3ai5tCB/SQ==, figureFileBig=Bz58Kd0NS7oT0X7Sr6tszw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595473875353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Spectroscopic analysis and comparison of the substrate binding affinity. Equilibrium dissociation constants between CYP154C34 and the substrates were determined by substrate titration. A: The titration curve of progesterone, a representative substrate, showed a continuous decrease in the 418 nm absorption peak of the protein spectrum and a simultaneous increase in the 386 nm absorption peak with an increase in substrate concentration. Eventually, the spectrum stabilizes at a completely high-spin state. B: The difference spectrum between each spectrum and the original spectrum. C: The titration curve was generated by measuring the difference in absorption at 418 nm and 386 nm in the difference spectrum, and plotting it against the concentration of progesterone. TheKd value was calculated as 1.65 μmol/L using curve fitting. D: Comparison of theKd values for seven different compounds., figureFileSmall=4yazVDozoyDSPWW+vc0NAA==, figureFileBig=5feaOCmlYTn2u9l7klQjkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595591315867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=CN, label=图8, caption=光谱分析及底物结合亲和力比较, figureFileSmall=4yazVDozoyDSPWW+vc0NAA==, figureFileBig=5feaOCmlYTn2u9l7klQjkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595775865252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OligonucleotidePrimer sequence (5′→3′)
pET28a-NdeIATGGCTGCCGCGCGGCACCAG
pET28a-XhoIGAGCACCACCACCACCACCACTGAGATCCG
CYP154C34-FCGCGCGGCAGCCATATGATGAGCCCTACGCCGAACCC
CYP154C34-RGCAGCACGCCGCCGTGCAGCCG
RhFRED-FACGGCGGCGTGCTGCACCGCCATCAACCG
RhFRED-RGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTCAGAGGCGCAGGGCCAGCC
PdR-FGCCAGGATCCGAATTCTATGAACGCAAACGACAACGTGGTCATCGT
PdR-RATGCGGCCGCAAGCTTTTAGGCACTACTCAGTTCAGCTTTGGCGGCG
Pdx-FAAGGAGATATACATAATGTCTAAAGTAGTGTATGTGTCACATGATGGAACGC
Pdx-RGCGTGGCCGGCCGATATCTCACCATTGCCTATCGGGAACATCGACCAC
CYP154C34-single-FCGCGCGGCAGCCATATGAGCCCCTACGCCGAACCC
CYP154C34-single-RGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTCAGCCGCCGTGCAGCCG
), ArticleFig(id=1241083595889111464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878695809131, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OligonucleotidePrimer sequence (5′→3′)
pET28a-NdeIATGGCTGCCGCGCGGCACCAG
pET28a-XhoIGAGCACCACCACCACCACCACTGAGATCCG
CYP154C34-FCGCGCGGCAGCCATATGATGAGCCCTACGCCGAACCC
CYP154C34-RGCAGCACGCCGCCGTGCAGCCG
RhFRED-FACGGCGGCGTGCTGCACCGCCATCAACCG
RhFRED-RGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTCAGAGGCGCAGGGCCAGCC
PdR-FGCCAGGATCCGAATTCTATGAACGCAAACGACAACGTGGTCATCGT
PdR-RATGCGGCCGCAAGCTTTTAGGCACTACTCAGTTCAGCTTTGGCGGCG
Pdx-FAAGGAGATATACATAATGTCTAAAGTAGTGTATGTGTCACATGATGGAACGC
Pdx-RGCGTGGCCGGCCGATATCTCACCATTGCCTATCGGGAACATCGACCAC
CYP154C34-single-FCGCGCGGCAGCCATATGAGCCCCTACGCCGAACCC
CYP154C34-single-RGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTCAGCCGCCGTGCAGCCG
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南沙链霉菌来源细胞色素P450酶CYP154C34的表征及生物转化
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高齐霖 , 杨建 , 李蓉 , 赖刚 , 许莲花 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(2): 502-515
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(2): 502-515
南沙链霉菌来源细胞色素P450酶CYP154C34的表征及生物转化
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高齐霖, 杨建, 李蓉, 赖刚, 许莲花*
作者信息
  • 浙江理工大学生命科学与医药学院, 浙江 杭州 310018
Characterization and biotransformation of cytochrome P450 CYP154C34 fromStreptomyces nanshensis
Qilin GAO, Jian YANG, Rong LI, Gang LAI, Lianhua XU*
Affiliations
  • College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2024-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230450
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【目的】P450酶作为一种多功能生物催化剂,可在温和条件下高区域和立体选择性地催化复杂化合物中未活化的C−H键,因此P450酶在化工原料合成、环境污染物降解及药物合成等领域都具有重要作用。本文对南沙链霉菌基因组中的一个新颖的P450酶CYP154C34进行研究,通过构建异源表达和全细胞生物转化重组菌探究其功能。【方法】构建2种全细胞生物转化BL21(DE3)重组菌(含pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED和pET28a-CYP154C34+pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR)和1种异源表达BL21(DE3)重组菌(含pET28a-CYP154C34)。通过全细胞生物转化的方式筛选底物,分析催化功能及产物结构。比较2种全细胞生物转化重组菌和体外酶反应对底物的转化率。分析CYP154C34和不同底物及底物类似物的亲和力。【结果】通过底物筛选和产物鉴定发现CYP154C34可催化包括孕酮、睾酮、雄烯二酮在内的9种甾体化合物16α位羟基化。通过2种不同还原伴侣的全细胞体系及体外酶反应对底物转化率的比较,发现含有pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED的BL21(DE3)重组菌的转化率最高,可对孕酮、睾酮、雄烯二酮等7种底物实现超过90%的转化率。通过亲和力分析发现CYP154C34对底物化合物的亲和力比类似物高。【结论】本研究构建了2种CYP154C34的全细胞生物转化重组菌并鉴定其功能。CYP154C34催化的底物谱宽并且具有极高的区域和立体选择性及较高的转化率,具有良好的工业应用前景。

P450  /  CYP154C34  /  南沙链霉菌  /  生物转化  /  甾体  /  雌二醇

[Objective] Cytochrome P450 can catalyze the oxidation of unactivated C−H bonds in complex compounds with high regio- and stereoselectivity under mild conditions. They are multifunctional biocatalysts which play important roles in the synthesis of chemical raw materials, the degradation of environmental pollutants, and drug synthesis. This paper probed into the functions of a novel cytochrome P450 enzyme named CYP154C34 fromStreptomyces nanshensis by heterologous expression and whole-cell biotransformation.[Methods] We constructed two recombinant BL21(DE3) strains for whole-cell biotransformation harboring pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED and pET28a-CYP154C34+pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR, respectively. Additionally, we generated a recombinant BL21(DE3) strain for heterologous expression containing pET28a-CYP154C34. We employed whole-cell biotransformation to screen the substrates and analyzed product structures using standard methods. We then compared the substrate conversion rates of the two strains of whole-cell biotransformation with those of enzyme reactions. Finally, we analyzed the substrate affinity and analogues of CYP154C34.[Results] Nine steroids hydroxylated at the 16α position by CYP154C34 were identified, including progesterone, testosterone, and androstenedione. The BL21(DE3) strain carrying pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED showed the highest substrate conversion rate, achieving over 90% conversion rates for seven substrates including progesterone, testosterone, and androstenedione. In addition, CYP154C34 had stronger affinity to its substrates than the analogues.[Conclusion] This study constructed two recombinant strains of CYP154C34 for whole-cell biotransformation and identified their catalytic functions. CYP154C34 can efficiently hydroxylate a wide range of steroid substrates at the 16α position with high conversion rates and excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, serving as a promising candidate for industrial applications.

P450  /  CYP154C34  /  Streptomyces nanshensis  /  biotransformation  /  steroids  /  estradiol
高齐霖, 杨建, 李蓉, 赖刚, 许莲花. 南沙链霉菌来源细胞色素P450酶CYP154C34的表征及生物转化. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (2) : 502 -515 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230450
Qilin GAO, Jian YANG, Rong LI, Gang LAI, Lianhua XU. Characterization and biotransformation of cytochrome P450 CYP154C34 fromStreptomyces nanshensis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (2) : 502 -515 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230450
细胞色素P450酶(简称P450酶)是一类包含血红素的蛋白超家族。P450酶广泛存在于生物体内,主要参与内源物质(如甾体激素、天然产物等)合成及外源物质(如药物、环境污染物等)代谢[1-2]。P450酶是自然界中发现的催化功能多样性最高的生物催化剂,可催化羟基化、环氧化、脱氢、脱烷基化、硝基化、碳-碳偶联和重排等20种以上的反应类型,而且底物多样性涵盖了自然界中发现的几乎所有类别的有机化合物[3]。P450酶的底物识别部位(substrate recognition site, SRS)氨基酸不保守,因此P450酶具有不同的底物特异性[4]。与化学催化合成相比,P450酶可在更温和的条件下完成催化反应,并产生更少的副产物,因此在绿色化学以及生物医药领域具有巨大的开发前景。
甾体类药物是目前市场上最重要的药物之一,分布广泛,具有多种生理活性。至今为止,全球生产的甾体药物高达400多种,其中包括甾体激素类、甾体生物碱、甾体皂苷类等[5]。然而不同甾体药物的活性不同,很多都是由于其母核上的官能团不同。因此,功能基团(如羟基、甲基)引入对于甾体药物的活性提升具有重要作用[6]。甾体药物的11-羟基化在抗炎方面具有重要作用;19-羟基化可用于合成炔诺酮、米非司酮、苯丙酸诺龙和替勃龙等多种高效甾体激素药物的中间体,具有巨大的市场价值[7-8];2α-羟基化可以降低甾体药物的雄激素活性从而降低副作用[9];此外,16α-羟基化是皮质甾类药物合成中的一个重要反应,能够有效降低药物副作用,且能维持其抗炎作用和糖代谢[10]
CYP154C家族是一类可催化甾体化合物不同位点羟基化的亚家族。已报道的CYP154C家族P450酶除了CYP154C1 (底物为大环内酯类化合物)外[11-12],其余均为甾体羟化酶。来自灰色链霉菌(Streptomyces griseus)的CYP154C3和来自皮疽诺卡氏菌(Nocardia farcinica) IFM 10152的CYP154C5可催化多种甾体的16α位羟基化反应。来自链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.) W2233-SM的CYP154C8可对特定的甾体化合物如皮质醇实现C21位的羟基化[13]。来自Streptomyces sp. W2061的StCYP154C4-1和Streptomyces sp. ATCC 11861的StCYP154C4-2可催化睾酮的2α和2β位羟基化[14]。先前的研究中也鉴定了来自阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)的CYP154C2可催化睾酮和雄烯二酮的高区域和立体选择性的2α位羟基化反应,并通过基于晶体结构的分子改造提高了转化效率[15-16]
通常P450酶完成催化反应需要还原伴侣蛋白帮助电子传递,而大部分情况下P450酶基因和还原伴侣基因在基因组上不连续排列,为此在探究新型P450酶功能时常常使用异源还原伴侣,如来自恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)的Pdx和PdR,以及来自菠菜的铁氧还蛋白和铁氧还蛋白还原酶[17-18]。此外,一些P450酶的C端连接还原伴侣结构域构成融合蛋白,如来自巨型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)的P450 BM3 (CYP102A1)和来自红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.) NCIMB的P450 RhF (CYP116B2)[19-21],可将它们的还原伴侣结构域和其他P450酶融合表达以完成催化反应。
CYP154C34是一种来源于中国南海海域分离的南沙链霉菌(Streptomyces nanshensis) SCSIO 01066的新型P450酶。海洋微生物酶在高盐、高压(深海)、低温(或局部高温)等极端环境中保持较高的活性和稳定性,使其具有较高的基础研究及工业应用价值[22-23]。本研究以海洋来源CYP154C34为研究对象,通过异源表达、构建全细胞生物转化重组菌对其功能进行鉴定,为其工业应用奠定基础。
菌株Streptomyces nanshensis SCSIO 01066购于中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心(保藏号:CGMCC 1.13898),大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli) BL21(DE3)、E.coli DH5α为实验室前期保藏,pET28a、pACYCDuet-1为商业化载体,pET19b-PdX、pET28b-PdR、pET28b-RhFRED为实验室前期构建并保藏。
微生物培养所需的酵母提取物和胰蛋白胨购自Oxoid公司;卡那霉素(kanamycin, Kan)和氯霉素(chloramphenicol, Chl)购自生工生物工程股份有限公司;2×TransStart® FastPfu PCR SuperMix(-dye)购自北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司;无缝克隆试剂盒购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;所有限制性内切酶购自TaKaRa公司;质粒提取及DNA纯化试剂盒购自杭州新景生物科技有限公司;雌二醇、雌三醇、泼尼松龙、醋酸可的松、醋酸氢化可的松和醋酸泼尼松龙为浙江仙琚制药股份有限公司提供;16α-羟基孕酮购自甄准生物科技有限公司;16α-羟基睾酮、16α-羟基雄烯二酮为实验室先前研究中分离得到[16];其他化合物及试剂均购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
PCR仪,苏州东胜兴业科学有限公司;蓝光切胶仪,苏州宇恒生物科技有限公司;NanoDrop 2000C,Thermo Fisher Scientific;紫外可见分光光度计,岛津公司;HPLC E2695检测系统,Waters公司;HPLC色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 µm),绿百草生物科技有限公司;YMC ODS-A (250 mm×20 mm, 5 µm)制备色谱柱,YMC株式会社;核磁共振波谱仪,东京电子公司。
LB培养基(g/L):酵母提取物5,胰蛋白胨10,NaCl 10,调节pH至7.2,121 ℃灭菌20 min。用于南沙链霉菌培养。
TB培养基(g/L):酵母提取物12,胰蛋白胨24,K2HPO4 12.56,KH2PO4 2.31,调节pH至7.4,121 ℃灭菌20 min。用于蛋白表达及全细胞生物转化重组菌的发酵。
本研究用到的引物均为北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成,采用PAGE纯化,引物序列见表1
将甘油管中保藏的Streptomyces nanshensis SCSIO 01066菌株接种到50 mL LB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min培养7 d,高速离心收集菌体。将菌体送至诺禾致源科技股份有限公司提取全基因组并进行二代测序。绘制基因组草图后挖掘新型P450酶基因,并提交至国际P450酶命名小组命名[24]。新型P450酶被命名为CYP154C34 (GenBank登录号:OR224964),和其相似性最高的P450酶为CYP154C8,序列相似性为78%。
构建含pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED的BL21(DE3):以pET28a为模板,pET28a-NdeI和pET28a-XhoI为引物,使用2×TransStart®FastPfu PCR SuperMix (–dye)扩增pET28a质粒,获得线性化的pET28a质粒,分别以Streptomyces nanshensis SCSIO 01066基因组和实验室保藏的pET28b-RhFRED质粒为模板,扩增CYP154C34RhFRED基因;使用无缝克隆试剂盒将以上3个基因片段重组,使用热激法转化到BL21(DE3)中,并涂布于含50 mg/L Kan的LB平板上,37 ℃培养过夜后筛选阳性克隆。
构建含pET28a-CYP154C34和pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR的BL21(DE3):使用Nco I和Hind III对pACYCDuet-1质粒双酶切获得线性化载体,以pET19b-PdR为模板扩增PdR基因并通过无缝克隆技术与线性化的pACYCDuet-1连接,获得pACYCDuet-PdR质粒;将pACYCDuet-PdR转化到DH5α感受态细胞中,并涂布于含34 mg/L Chl的LB平板上,37 ℃培养过夜后筛选阳性克隆。将验证正确的pACYCDuet-PdR质粒使用Nde I和EcoR Ⅴ进行双酶切,以pET28b-Pdx为模板扩增Pdx基因;将Pdx基因和线性化的pACYCDuet-PdR质粒使用无缝克隆连接,获得pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR;将pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR转化到BL21(DE3)中,参考《分子克隆指南》将含有pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR的BL21(DE3)制备成感受态备用;以先前构建的pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED为模板,以CYP154C34-single-F/R为引物,扩增两端为pET28a同源臂的CYP154C34基因,通过无缝克隆与线性化的pET28a连接获得pET28a-CYP154C34,将pET28a-CYP154C34转化到含pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR的BL21(DE3)中,并涂布于含50 mg/L Kan和34 mg/L Chl的LB平板上,37 ℃培养过夜后筛选阳性克隆。
主要根据CYP154C家族的底物谱特性,使用甾体类化合物库对CYP154C34底物筛选。如图1所示,本底物筛选实验共使用18种甾体化合物。根据甾体化合物的C3和C21位2个位置基团的不同将化合物分为4类:(A) C3位为酮基;(B) C3位为羟基;(C) C3位为酮基且C21位有羟基;(D) C3位为酮基且C21位有乙酸基。本研究利用表达CYP154C34-RhFRED融合蛋白的重组菌进行底物初筛:将含pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED的BL21(DE3)接种到5 mL含Kan的LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养过夜;以1%的接种量将菌液接种到含Kan的TB培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养至OD600为0.8;加入0.1 mmol/L的IPTG诱导蛋白表达,22 ℃、180 r/min继续培养20 h;离心收集菌体,并悬浮到1/10培养基体积的含10%甘油的磷酸钾(pH 7.4)缓冲液中;在无菌24孔板中,每孔加入1 mL悬浮菌液和100 μmol/L的甾体化合物,在25 ℃、250 r/min条件下孵育24 h;10 000 r/min离心5 min后取500 μL上清到新的EP管中,加入等体积的甲醇萃取反应产物;将反应产物通过0.22 μm滤膜后加入液相瓶中,使用HPLC系统检测反应产物(洗脱条件为:35%−100%的甲醇梯度洗脱10 min,100%甲醇继续洗脱10 min,35%甲醇平衡10 min,流速设置1 mL/min,检测波长设置为240 nm)。转化率通过[产物峰面积/(产物峰面积+底物峰面积)]进行计算;对照组是使用含pET28b-RhFRED的BL21(DE3),培养条件和反应条件均和实验组相同。产物的鉴定采用标准品比对的方法,通过比较反应产物和标准品在相同液相条件下的保留时间从而鉴定反应产物。规模制备时使用1 L TB培养基培养菌体,离心并悬浮于100 mL含10%甘油的磷酸钾(pH 7.4)缓冲液中;加入40 mg底物,25 ℃、250 r/min振荡24 h;加入100 mL乙酸乙酯萃取3次,旋蒸去除乙酸乙酯获得粗产物;将粗产物用甲醇重溶,使用制备液相制备反应产物;纯化后的产物将溶剂挥发干后使用DMSO-d重溶,使用JNM-ECZ600R/S1核磁波谱仪采集核磁共振波谱(nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR)数据,并通过MestReNova分析碳谱和氢谱。
将pET28a-CYP154C34转化到BL21(DE3)中后,使用1.3节中相同的发酵条件诱导蛋白表达。离心收集菌体后,使用Ni2+亲和层析纯化蛋白。纯化的蛋白使用CO差光谱图判断P450酶是否折叠正确[25]:将纯化的蛋白用含10%甘油的磷酸钾酶储存缓冲液适量稀释后扫描350−600 nm处的吸收光谱,标记为氧化态;向含有酶的比色皿中加入10 μL浓度为0.17 g/mL的NaS2O4溶液,扫描光谱,标记为还原态;向比色皿中通入约60个气泡的CO气体,扫描光谱,标记为还原态+CO;将还原态+CO和还原态的光谱相减得到差光谱图,差光谱的最大值在450 nm附近处,计为Amax,490 nm处吸光度值记为A490,根据公式(1)计算P450酶的浓度。
体外酶反应在1.5 mL EP管中进行:CYP154C34-RhFRED融合蛋白10 μmol/L、葡萄糖脱氢酶5 U、葡萄糖10 mmol/L、NADPH 1 mmol/L、底物100 μmol/L,使用酶储存缓冲液补充到100 μL。反应体系中所有蛋白组分均采用Bradford蛋白定量试剂盒定量。反应体系配制完成后在25 ℃孵育24 h,用100 μL甲醇萃取反应产物并进行HPLC检测。含pET28a-CYP154C34+pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR的BL21(DE3)介导的生物转化:大肠杆菌的培养、蛋白的诱导表达、催化反应的进行及产物检测方法均和1.3节中相同。
P450酶和底物结合后,血红素的Fe3+会从低自旋态向高自旋态Fe2+过渡,其最大吸收峰会从420 nm附近向390 nm附近移动,通过检测光谱变化可以计算出酶和底物之间的解离常数Kd:取稀释后的CYP154C34蛋白置于比色皿中,扫描600−350 nm的吸收光谱;通过滴定的方式缓慢加入底物,检测含有不同浓度底物时的光谱,当添加底物后光谱不再有明显变化时,再次加入2−3次底物保证底物结合达到饱和;将每组含有底物光谱减去初始光谱获得差光谱图。差光谱图中的最大值和最小值分别会在390 nm左右处和420 nm左右处取到。用最大值减去最小值可以获得最明显的光谱差,记为ΔA;以底物浓度为横坐标,ΔA为纵坐标,使用Origin 2018软件对散点图非线性曲线拟合,由公式(2)计算得到酶与底物的解离常数Kd
式中:Bmax为最大吸收波长差,E为P450酶浓度,L为底物浓度。
构建pET28a-CYP154C34-RhFRED所需的CYP154C34RhFRED和线性化的pET28a三个片段如图2A2B所示;构建pACYCDuet-Pdx/PdR所需的PdxPdR图2C所示;构建pET28a-CYP154C34所需的线性化的pET28a和CYP154C34图2B2D所示。CYP154C34全细胞生物转化重组菌的构建所需的所有基因片段均成功扩增,所有片段连接后均成功转化到BL21(DE3)中。
底物谱的筛选使用表达CYP154C34-RhFRED融合蛋白的全细胞生物转化体系。全细胞生物转化实验的反应产物均通过HPLC分析。通过底物筛选实验发现CYP154C34可以对18个候选甾体化合物中的9个化合物进行催化反应,其名称和结构如图3C所示。为了确定产物的结构,以孕酮作为分析对象,对羟基化孕酮的标准品(16α-羟基孕酮、17α-羟基孕酮、21-羟基孕酮)和反应产物进行比对。结果表明,16α-羟基孕酮的保留时间和反应产物保留时间一致(图4A)。为了确定更多产物的结构,分析了9个底物的结构,有另外3个化合物的16α位羟基化产物的标准品可以获得,分别是前期研究中分离到的16α-羟基睾酮、16α-羟基雄烯二酮[16]。通过标准品的保留时间比对证明CYP154C34催化睾酮、孕酮、雄烯二酮及雌二醇的氧化产物均为各自对应的16α-羟基化产物(图4)。此外,规模制备了CYP154C34与雌二醇的反应产物,通过核磁共振鉴定了其催化产物为16α-雌二醇(雌三醇) (图5)。因此,推测其余5个化合物的氧化产物也均为16α-羟基化产物。这个结果表明CYP154C34是一种新型的海洋来源的甾体16α位羟化酶。
为了更深入地了解CYP154C34的酶学特性,本研究表达并纯化了CYP154C34蛋白,通过紫外-可见光谱分析了酶学性质。纯化后蛋白的SDS-PAGE结果如图6A所示。纯化获得的CYP154C34使用紫外-可见光分光光度计检测。如图6B所示,氧化态的CYP154C34在417 nm处有索瑞吸收峰,加入还原剂后吸收强度降低。当还原态的CYP154C34通入CO后索瑞吸收峰出现在424 nm处,并且在446 nm处出现P450酶的特征吸收峰。这个结果表明CYP154C34部分折叠正确,具有催化活性。对CYP154C34光谱分析时出现了反常现象,如图6C所示,446 nm处的索瑞吸收峰在200 s内归零。CYP154C34作为一种新型的海洋来源的P450酶可能具有和以往研究的P450酶不同的性质,由于无法从光谱定量,故后续实验将使用Bradford蛋白定量法测定CYP154C34的浓度。
本研究表达纯化了CYP154C34-RhFRED融合蛋白进行体外酶催化反应。除前面所述表达CYP154C34-RhFRED融合蛋白的重组菌以外,还使用表达CYP154C34及Pdx/PdR的重组菌进行了全细胞生物转化。底物选用了初筛发现的9个甾体化合物,反应结果如图7所示。CYP154C34在体内和体外均能催化底物羟基化,但转化率有所差别。对于体外酶反应来说,CYP154C34-RhFRED融合蛋白可在体外酶反应体系中高效地催化睾酮、雄烯二酮、孕酮、17α羟基孕酮和肾上腺甾酮羟基化。CYP154C34-RhFRED的全细胞生物转化体系可以对9个化合物中的7个(除17α羟基孕酮和氢化可的松外)实现超过90%的转化率,其原因可能是微生物胞质环境相比酶溶液体系更加稳定,有利于融合蛋白维持正确折叠。与此相比,表达CYP154C34、Pdx、PdR三个蛋白的全细胞生物转化体系在9个底物的生物转化水平均低于表达CYP154C34-RhFRED融合蛋白的生物转化体系。
本研究选取了5个底物(testosterone、androstenedione、progesterone、corticosterone和estradiol)和2个底物类似物(trans-dehydroandrosterone和pregnenolone)进行了滴定实验,并计算了Kd值。如图8A所示,以progesterone为例,当向CYP154C34溶液中滴加底物时,CYP154C34在420 nm左右吸收峰会下降,随之390 nm左右的吸收峰会上升,最终稳定在完全高自旋状态,将每次光谱和初始光谱相减获得光谱差图(图8B)。通过对7个化合物的Kd值分析,发现CYP154C34与底物的结合均较好,Kd值都在3 µmol/L以下;2个底物类似物(trans-dehydroandrosterone和pregnenolone)则和CYP154C34的亲和力相比其他5个甾体化合物偏低,Kd值分别为8.62 μmol/L和11.89 μmol/L。本研究结果表明底物的Kd值与转化率呈负相关。
本研究鉴定了海洋放线菌Streptomyces nanshensis SCSIO 01066来源的一种新型P450酶CYP154C34的功能。CYP154C34可以在还原伴侣蛋白的帮助下选择性催化包括睾酮、孕酮在内的9种甾体类化合物的16α位羟基化反应。与已报道的CYP154C家族P450酶相比,本次鉴定的CYP154C34首次报道了微生物来源的P450酶对雌二醇的高效16α-羟基化,转化率高于90% (CYP154C3对雌二醇的转化率低于10%)[13,26]。雌二醇被CYP154C34催化氧化的产物为雌三醇并且不产生副产物。雌三醇相比于雌二醇具有更高的生物活性,并且具有更高的经济价值,因此本研究成果为雌三醇的生物合成提供了新的路线。
通过2种还原伴侣的全细胞生物转化体系与体外酶反应体系的比较,体内的全细胞生物转化效率要高于体外酶反应。CYP154C34-RhFRED在体内催化时对7种底物的转化率要高于体外酶反应,说明细胞质内的环境更适合CYP154C34-RhFRED融合蛋白保持长时间的正确折叠,并且胞质环境内的其他酶可以帮助NADPH的再生,从而实现了对底物的高效催化。然而表达CYP154C34、Pdx、PdR三种蛋白的全细胞转化体系对底物的转化率则明显低于表达CYP154C34-RhFRED的全细胞转化体系。分析原因可能是3个蛋白分别由3个T7启动子控制,Pdx和PdR蛋白相比P450酶结构更简单而更容易折叠从而在胞内更优势地表达,细胞为此消耗了过多的能量从而导致CYP154C34蛋白表达过低,最终转化效率不佳。本研究鉴定了CYP154C34可对9种甾体化合物实现高区域和立体选择性的16α位羟基化反应,并且摸索出了较为合适的还原伴侣蛋白RhFRED,为CYP154C34的工业应用奠定基础。
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LGJ20C010001)
  • 浙江理工大学科研启动基金(18042236-Y)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230450
  • 接收时间:2023-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-04
  • 录用日期:2023-10-26
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LGJ20C010001)
浙江省自然科学基金(LGJ20C010001)
Research Start-up Fund of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(18042236-Y)
浙江理工大学科研启动基金(18042236-Y)
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    浙江理工大学生命科学与医药学院, 浙江 杭州 310018

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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