Article(id=1241053878297350244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1677945600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1698681600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-31, onlineDate=1773819902251, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1706976000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773819902251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773819902251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819902251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241053870428844598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='2', pageStart='331', pageEnd='632', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773819900376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820055293, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=443, endPage=460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241053878951661678, articleId=1241053878297350244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Identification and functional characterization of phytochrome genes in the filamentous fungusPodospora anserina, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phytochromes play a key role in bacterial and plant development, while their roles in fungi are not fully understood.

[Objective] To explore the roles of phytochrome genesPaPhy1 andPaPhy2 in the sexual reproduction and asexual development ofPodospora anserina and decipher the regulatory mechanisms.[Methods] The homologous recombination method was employed to knock out the two phytochrome genes, and the resulting mutants, ΔPaPhy1 and ΔPaPhy2, were obtained. A double mutant, ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2, was constructedvia genetic cross. We compared the sexual production, asexual development, growth rate, and reactive oxygen metabolism between the mutants and wild-type strains under different light conditions to reveal the main roles of the phytochrome genes inP.anserina.[Results] Blue light and white light induced the formation ofP.anserina ascospore shells. ΔPaPhy produced fewer ascospores in the light and showed prolonged life cycle.[Conclusion] Phytochrome genes are associated with the sexual reproduction ofP.anserina. The aging delay of ΔPaPhy is related to reactive oxygen metabolism. The results of this study provide new ideas for further exploring the mechanism of light in regulating the reproduction of filamentous fungi as well as anti-aging studies.

, correspAuthors=Ning XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*XIE Ning, Tel/Fax: +86-755-86955803, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Siyu CHEN, Xiao LI, Wenzhen DU, Yuehua GENG, Gang LIU, Ning XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241053884442005780, articleId=1241053878297350244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=丝状真菌Podospora anserina中光敏色素基因的鉴定及功能分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

光敏色素在细菌和植物发育中起着关键作用,但它们在真菌中的生物学功能尚不完全清楚。

【目的】探究光敏色素基因PaPhy1PaPhy2Podospora anserina有性生殖和无性发育中的作用及其调控机制。【方法】利用同源重组方法对P.anserina中2个光敏色素基因PaPhy1PaPhy2进行定点敲除,获得光敏色素基因缺失菌株ΔPaPhy1和ΔPaPhy2,并通过遗传杂交构建双重突变体ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2;分析突变型菌株和野生型菌株在不同光照下有性生殖、无性发育、生长速率和活性氧代谢等方面的差异,明确光敏色素基因在P.anserina中的主要功能。【结果】白光和蓝光诱导P.anserina子实体的形成,ΔPaPhy在光照下产生子实体的数量减少,ΔPaPhy的生命周期延长。【结论】光敏色素基因与P.anserina有性生殖密切相关;ΔPaPhy的衰老延迟和活性氧代谢有关。本研究的结果为进一步探索光照对丝状真菌繁殖调控机制以及抗衰老研究提供了新的思路。

, correspAuthors=谢宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=X2U1qVp5sqpGjSvR5D2zig==, magXml=2UD6yr8+KzP/VDXXEqXdKA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CY/xBzet9kcFz0jJmyT65g==, pdfFileSize=1154879, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=GGUAs0vmVVha+C1Pr1FZLQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Q4tsbhLGQkU13Qi0NSfgbw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=陈思羽, 李晓, 杜文珍, 耿月华, 刘刚, 谢宁)}, authors=[Author(id=1241083590126137513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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articleId=1241053878297350244, doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0253-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=17, issue=11, pageStart=679, pageEnd=690, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature Reviews Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOGER-REISCHER RZ, LENNON JT.Microbial ageing and longevity[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2019,17(11):679-690., articleTitle=Microbial ageing and longevity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241083607712854743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, doi=10.1023/A:1015696404723, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=3, issue=3, pageStart=143, pageEnd=153, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=Biogerontology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BORGHOUTS C, SCHECKHUBER CQ, WERNER A, OSIEWACZ HD.Respiration, copper availability and SOD activity inP.anserina strains with different lifespan[J].Biogerontology,2002,3(3):143-153., articleTitle=Respiration, copper availability and SOD activity inP.anserina strains with different lifespan, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241083599634625058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, awardId=2021YFA0910800, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0910800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241083599735288360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, awardId=2021YFA0910800, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0910800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241083599856923180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, awardId=2021A1515012166, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515012166), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241083599974363698, 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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Editorial Office of Journal of Shenzhen University (Science & Engineering), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241083589887062166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, companyId=1241083589870284945, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 深圳大学《深圳大学学报(理工版)》编辑部, 广东 深圳 518060)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241083590004502687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241083590012891297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, companyId=1241083590004502687, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241083590021279906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, companyId=1241083590004502687, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 河南农业大学植物保护学院, 河南 郑州 450002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241083595381600663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Phylogenetic analysis and schematic of the primary structure. A: The species name and GeneBank serial numbers or NCBI reference sequence (in the brackets) are shown in the phylogenetic tree. Bootstrap values are for 100 replicas; The evolutionary distance scale is shown at the lower left of the figure. B: Schematic of the primary structure of PaPhy. Conserved cysteine residues, histidine residues and aspartate residues are marked with arrows., figureFileSmall=ooZxMVCW1Voy15j2TB2DFA==, figureFileBig=RgR/D9QgNPjiGbg8Cwj7Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595473875354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图1, caption=系统发育分析和结构示意图, figureFileSmall=ooZxMVCW1Voy15j2TB2DFA==, figureFileBig=RgR/D9QgNPjiGbg8Cwj7Xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595620675997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The amplification of upstream and downstream fragments and the acquisition of selectable marker genes and fusion fragments. A: Agarose nucleic acid gel electrophoresis map of PaPhy1-5′, Nour and PaPhy1-3′ (1, 2 and 3). B: Agarose nucleic acid gel electrophoresis map of PaPhy2-5′, Gene and PaPhy2-3′ (1, 2 and 3). C: Agarose nucleic acid gel electrophoresis map of PaPhy1-5′-Nour and Nour-PaPhy1-3′ (1 and 2). D: Agarose nucleic acid gel electrophoresis map of PaPhy2-5′-Gene and Gene-PaPhy2-3′ (1 and 2). M: DNA marker., figureFileSmall=7CE2nCRAOwNP+lQXj4GBcg==, figureFileBig=B8voNfD4n1YCN0qrHEvnJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595801031078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PaPhy基因的上下游片段和筛选抗性标记基因的扩增(A、B)与融合片段的扩增(C、D), figureFileSmall=7CE2nCRAOwNP+lQXj4GBcg==, figureFileBig=B8voNfD4n1YCN0qrHEvnJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595922665899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The upstream and downstream validation of the ΔPaPhy mutant knockout expression cassette. A: Agarose nucleic acid gel electrophoresis map ofPaPhy1-vF/valid5′ (1 and 3) andPaPhy1-valid3′/vR (2 and 4). B: Agarose nucleic acid gel electrophoresis map ofPaPhy2-vF/valid5′ (1 and 3) andPaPhy2-valid3′/vR (2 and 4). C: Agarose nucleic acid gel electrophoresis map ofPaPhy1-vF/valid5′ (3),PaPhy1-valid3′/vR (4),PaPhy2-vF/valid5′ (1), andPaPhy2-valid3′/vR (2). M: DNA marker., figureFileSmall=ni+B6k8+YmwxJKS8zPx8Lw==, figureFileBig=Lxn+/mfL4OfJCfXvbwVg+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083596014940589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ΔPaPhy突变体基因敲除表达盒的上下游验证, figureFileSmall=ni+B6k8+YmwxJKS8zPx8Lw==, figureFileBig=Lxn+/mfL4OfJCfXvbwVg+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083596098826676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Validation of back-complementary strains ofPaPhy genes. A: M: DNA marker; 1: Validation bands forPaPhy1 in ΔPaPhy1c back-complementary strains; 2: Validation bands forPaPhy2 in ΔPaPhy2c back-complementary strains. B: M: DNA marker; 1: Validation bands forPaPhy1 gene in PaPhy1 and PaPhy2 double gene back-complementary strains; 2: Validation bands forPaPhy2 gene in PaPhy1 and PaPhy2 double gene back-complementary strains. C: Both the wild-type strain and the mutant back-complementary strains started to senesce on day 10, with obvious melanin deposits at the periphery of the colonies., figureFileSmall=odWIS0bOXcXRcUWG/lQQRA==, figureFileBig=UTrob9mUqkwsYzqudgaavg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083596195295673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ΔPaPhy回补菌株验证, figureFileSmall=odWIS0bOXcXRcUWG/lQQRA==, figureFileBig=UTrob9mUqkwsYzqudgaavg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083596300153277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The comparison of colony morphology and growth rate of wild-type and mutant strains under different light conditions. A: Quantification of the growth rate of the strain after 7 days of incubation on M2 medium under different light conditions. B: Mycelia of different mating type strains were mixed and broken. Inoculate 5 µL of suspension on M2 plates. Photographs were taken after 7 days of incubation (n=3 for each strain).t-test,**:P≤0.01;***:P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=Ru2D2ja3GJfcr5OTxv59lQ==, figureFileBig=CADfqxUCfuHm7jMcBFHcUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083596434371013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同光照条件下野生型菌株和突变型菌株菌落形态和生长速度比较, figureFileSmall=Ru2D2ja3GJfcr5OTxv59lQ==, figureFileBig=CADfqxUCfuHm7jMcBFHcUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083596572783055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The number of fruiting entities of wild-type and mutant strains under different light conditions. Mycelia of different mating type strains were mixed and broken. Inoculate 5 µL of suspension on M2 plates. The quantification of substrates was performed under the microscope after 7 days of incubation (n=3 for each strain).t-test,*:P≤0.05;***:P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=76lsG60gjLENROnuwwC97g==, figureFileBig=MQeUGsB61X3OHjKzCu+f0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083596673446352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同光照条件下野生型菌株和突变型菌株子实体数量, figureFileSmall=76lsG60gjLENROnuwwC97g==, figureFileBig=MQeUGsB61X3OHjKzCu+f0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083596887355861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The aging time of wild-type and mutant strains under different light conditions. Inoculate 5 µL of the suspension onto M2 plates of 15 cm diameter. The length of mycelial growth was recorded daily until a visible accumulation of black pigmentation appeared at the front of the mycelium, and the number of days elapsed was recorded (n=3 for each strain)., figureFileSmall=aNksPPMrzLONVJ68g4UUGg==, figureFileBig=nLcdRfQLX8n+HjhOHywOkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083597008990684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同光照条件下野生型菌株和突变型菌株衰老时间, figureFileSmall=aNksPPMrzLONVJ68g4UUGg==, figureFileBig=nLcdRfQLX8n+HjhOHywOkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083597101265376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Morphology of vesicle size in wild-type and mutant strains under dark conditions. A: Staining of vesicle membranes of 10-day-old ΔPaPhy and wild-type strains with 4 μg/mL FM4-64 for 10 min and laser confocal microscopic analysis of vesicle size and morphology. B: For distribution of vacuolar size, vacuoles were sorted in three categories: less than 2.5 μm2, 2.5–8.0 μm2, and more than 8.0 μm2 (n=3 for each strain)., figureFileSmall=3I0DGjVP0Xs346NW8uBpxA==, figureFileBig=9MTiRZl0QTXWQtsfcNDqEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083598586049000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图8, caption=黑暗条件下野生型菌株和突变型菌株液泡比较, figureFileSmall=3I0DGjVP0Xs346NW8uBpxA==, figureFileBig=9MTiRZl0QTXWQtsfcNDqEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083598690906605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=The mycelial ROS content of wild-type and mutant strains. NBT reacts with superoxide anion to form a blue precipitated substance. DAB reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form a brown precipitated substance (n=3 for each strain)., figureFileSmall=nyRfUJFYij87Oa6N3gY8eQ==, figureFileBig=3lwSfBw5Mf4T30LMEHaoDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083598787375601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图9, caption=野生型菌株和突变型菌株的菌丝ROS含量, figureFileSmall=nyRfUJFYij87Oa6N3gY8eQ==, figureFileBig=3lwSfBw5Mf4T30LMEHaoDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083598917399032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=The SOD activity of wild-type and mutant strains in M2 liquid medium under different light conditions. Inoculate 100 µL of liquid into 50 mL of liquid medium and extract the total mycelial protein after 5 days of incubation to determine the SOD enzyme activity of the strain (n=3 for each strain).t-test,*:P≤0.05;***:P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=X18GeWHSXTUlrSnLxvsRYA==, figureFileBig=Yqz/WgiZr2iYYP7vYv/BuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083598980313598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同光照条件下野生型菌株和突变型菌株在M2液体培养基中的SOD活性, figureFileSmall=X18GeWHSXTUlrSnLxvsRYA==, figureFileBig=Yqz/WgiZr2iYYP7vYv/BuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083599047422467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=The POD activity of wild-type and mutant strains on M2 liquid medium under different light conditions. Inoculate 100 µL of liquid into 50 mL of liquid medium and extract the total mycelial protein after 5 days of incubation to determine the POD enzyme activity of the strain (n=3 for each strain).t-test,*:P≤0.05;**:P≤0.01;***:P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=q58/+fYwqJACeTKg1CwCgg==, figureFileBig=4BaARw+cx7NxxAynD1OMag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083599143891464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同光照条件下野生型菌株和突变型菌株在M2液体培养基上的POD活性, figureFileSmall=q58/+fYwqJACeTKg1CwCgg==, figureFileBig=4BaARw+cx7NxxAynD1OMag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083599252943374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequence (5′→3′)Usage
PaPhy1_1FTCGGGGGTCCTCATTCATCTAmplification of 5′ flanking region
PaPhy1_2RCTATTTAACGACCCTGCCCTGAACCGGTAGCCTCGTCGTTAGGACC
PaPhy1_MkFGGTCCTAACGACGAGGCTACCGGTTCAGGGCAGGGTCGTTAAATAGAmplification of nourseothricin gene
PaPhy1_MkRACAAAGTACCCACTCCCCCTCATCGAACTGGATCTCAACAGCGGTAAG
PaPhy1_3FCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGGCCACACTTGGAGGGTAGAAAmplification of 3′ flanking region
PaPhy1_4RCAGGGGCAAACAAACAGGCA
PaPhy1-5′ testGCGCTATGATACGATGCAGGDetection of the deletion mutant
PaPhy1-3′ testGCTCTCAGTCACCCTTCTGAC
PaPhy2_1FTCTAGACAAACCGTCGCTGGAmplification of 5′ flanking region
Paphy2_2RCTATTTAACGACCCTGCCCTGAACCGGGTTGATGGTCGAGGGTCTG
PaPhy2_MkFCAGACCCTCGACCATCAACCCGGTTCAGGGCAGGGTCGTTAAATAGAmplification of geneticin gene
PaPhy2_MkRCCAAAGAGTAGGCCGCAAACCATCGAACTGGATCTCAACAGCGGTAAG
PaPhy2_3FCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGGTTTGCGGCCTACTCTTTGGAmplification of 3′ flanking region
PaPhy2_4RTCTAGCTGGTTGGAGGTGGA
PaPhy2-5′ testGAGTACAGAGAAGCGCCCACDetection of the deletion mutant
PaPhy2-3′ testCAGTCTTCCGTCCAACGCTT
5′ testTGAGAAGCACACGGTCACDetection of the deletion mutant
3′ testTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTC
PaPhy1-1GGCTACAAACCGACCTTGGAComplementation ofPaPhy1
PaPhy1-2ACAAGACACGGCCACATAGG
PaPhy2-1GGCTACAAACCGACCTTGGAComplementation ofPaPhy2
PaPhy2-2CTACCCTCCAAGTGTGGCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1241083599374578197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053878297350244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究使用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequence (5′→3′)Usage
PaPhy1_1FTCGGGGGTCCTCATTCATCTAmplification of 5′ flanking region
PaPhy1_2RCTATTTAACGACCCTGCCCTGAACCGGTAGCCTCGTCGTTAGGACC
PaPhy1_MkFGGTCCTAACGACGAGGCTACCGGTTCAGGGCAGGGTCGTTAAATAGAmplification of nourseothricin gene
PaPhy1_MkRACAAAGTACCCACTCCCCCTCATCGAACTGGATCTCAACAGCGGTAAG
PaPhy1_3FCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGGCCACACTTGGAGGGTAGAAAmplification of 3′ flanking region
PaPhy1_4RCAGGGGCAAACAAACAGGCA
PaPhy1-5′ testGCGCTATGATACGATGCAGGDetection of the deletion mutant
PaPhy1-3′ testGCTCTCAGTCACCCTTCTGAC
PaPhy2_1FTCTAGACAAACCGTCGCTGGAmplification of 5′ flanking region
Paphy2_2RCTATTTAACGACCCTGCCCTGAACCGGGTTGATGGTCGAGGGTCTG
PaPhy2_MkFCAGACCCTCGACCATCAACCCGGTTCAGGGCAGGGTCGTTAAATAGAmplification of geneticin gene
PaPhy2_MkRCCAAAGAGTAGGCCGCAAACCATCGAACTGGATCTCAACAGCGGTAAG
PaPhy2_3FCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGGTTTGCGGCCTACTCTTTGGAmplification of 3′ flanking region
PaPhy2_4RTCTAGCTGGTTGGAGGTGGA
PaPhy2-5′ testGAGTACAGAGAAGCGCCCACDetection of the deletion mutant
PaPhy2-3′ testCAGTCTTCCGTCCAACGCTT
5′ testTGAGAAGCACACGGTCACDetection of the deletion mutant
3′ testTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTC
PaPhy1-1GGCTACAAACCGACCTTGGAComplementation ofPaPhy1
PaPhy1-2ACAAGACACGGCCACATAGG
PaPhy2-1GGCTACAAACCGACCTTGGAComplementation ofPaPhy2
PaPhy2-2CTACCCTCCAAGTGTGGCAG
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丝状真菌Podospora anserina中光敏色素基因的鉴定及功能分析
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陈思羽 1 , 李晓 2 , 杜文珍 1 , 耿月华 3 , 刘刚 1 , 谢宁 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(2): 443-460
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(2): 443-460
丝状真菌Podospora anserina中光敏色素基因的鉴定及功能分析
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陈思羽1, 李晓2, 杜文珍1, 耿月华3, 刘刚1, 谢宁1, *
作者信息
  • 1 深圳大学生命与海洋科学学院 深圳市微生物基因工程重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518071
  • 2 深圳大学《深圳大学学报(理工版)》编辑部, 广东 深圳 518060
  • 3 河南农业大学植物保护学院, 河南 郑州 450002
Identification and functional characterization of phytochrome genes in the filamentous fungusPodospora anserina
Siyu CHEN1, Xiao LI2, Wenzhen DU1, Yuehua GENG3, Gang LIU1, Ning XIE1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, Guangdong, China
  • 2 Editorial Office of Journal of Shenzhen University (Science & Engineering), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
  • 3 College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
出版时间: 2024-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230138
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光敏色素在细菌和植物发育中起着关键作用,但它们在真菌中的生物学功能尚不完全清楚。

【目的】探究光敏色素基因PaPhy1PaPhy2Podospora anserina有性生殖和无性发育中的作用及其调控机制。【方法】利用同源重组方法对P.anserina中2个光敏色素基因PaPhy1PaPhy2进行定点敲除,获得光敏色素基因缺失菌株ΔPaPhy1和ΔPaPhy2,并通过遗传杂交构建双重突变体ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2;分析突变型菌株和野生型菌株在不同光照下有性生殖、无性发育、生长速率和活性氧代谢等方面的差异,明确光敏色素基因在P.anserina中的主要功能。【结果】白光和蓝光诱导P.anserina子实体的形成,ΔPaPhy在光照下产生子实体的数量减少,ΔPaPhy的生命周期延长。【结论】光敏色素基因与P.anserina有性生殖密切相关;ΔPaPhy的衰老延迟和活性氧代谢有关。本研究的结果为进一步探索光照对丝状真菌繁殖调控机制以及抗衰老研究提供了新的思路。

丝状真菌  /  Podospora anserina  /  光敏色素  /  基因敲除  /  有性生殖  /  衰老  /  活性氧代谢

Phytochromes play a key role in bacterial and plant development, while their roles in fungi are not fully understood.

[Objective] To explore the roles of phytochrome genesPaPhy1 andPaPhy2 in the sexual reproduction and asexual development ofPodospora anserina and decipher the regulatory mechanisms.[Methods] The homologous recombination method was employed to knock out the two phytochrome genes, and the resulting mutants, ΔPaPhy1 and ΔPaPhy2, were obtained. A double mutant, ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2, was constructedvia genetic cross. We compared the sexual production, asexual development, growth rate, and reactive oxygen metabolism between the mutants and wild-type strains under different light conditions to reveal the main roles of the phytochrome genes inP.anserina.[Results] Blue light and white light induced the formation ofP.anserina ascospore shells. ΔPaPhy produced fewer ascospores in the light and showed prolonged life cycle.[Conclusion] Phytochrome genes are associated with the sexual reproduction ofP.anserina. The aging delay of ΔPaPhy is related to reactive oxygen metabolism. The results of this study provide new ideas for further exploring the mechanism of light in regulating the reproduction of filamentous fungi as well as anti-aging studies.

filamentous fungus  /  Podospora anserina  /  phytochrome  /  gene knockout  /  sexual reproduction  /  aging  /  reactive oxygen metabolism
陈思羽, 李晓, 杜文珍, 耿月华, 刘刚, 谢宁. 丝状真菌Podospora anserina中光敏色素基因的鉴定及功能分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (2) : 443 -460 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230138
Siyu CHEN, Xiao LI, Wenzhen DU, Yuehua GENG, Gang LIU, Ning XIE. Identification and functional characterization of phytochrome genes in the filamentous fungusPodospora anserina[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (2) : 443 -460 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230138
光照作为重要的环境影响因子,它能触发和协调多种生物体的生理过程。真菌利用光信号调节不同生命过程,如昼夜节律、营养生长、生殖发育、次级代谢、应激反应和致病性等[1]。真菌通过复杂的光感应系统感知光照,该系统由能够区分特定波长和强度的光感受器组成[2]。据报道,真菌中存在3类光受体,即感应蓝紫光的白领蛋白(white-collar protein, WC)光脱敏蛋白(light desensitization protein, VIVID)和隐花色素、感应绿光的视蛋白以及感应红光与远红光的光敏色素[3]。到目前为止,大多数真菌光生物学的研究集中在蓝光受体,蓝光受体具有光修复功能[4-5],以及调节生物钟[6]和次生代谢[7-8]的功能。关于真菌中红光受体光敏色素的研究报道较少。
光敏色素在子囊真菌构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)、粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)、禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)以及担子菌门的玉蜀黍黑粉菌(Ustilago maydis)中有报道[3,9]。构巢曲霉的光敏色素fphA缺失后,红光对ΔfphA有性发育和无性发育的诱导均变弱[10]。粗糙脉孢菌含有2个光敏色素基因phy1phy2,但phy1phy2不受光照的调控,phy1的mRNA积累仅受昼夜节律的调控[11]。在灰霉菌的生长发育和致病性中,光敏色素Bcphy2发挥重要作用,此外,Bcphy2还发挥组氨酸激酶相关功能[12],但大多数真菌光敏色素在光感应过程中的功能还是未知的。由此推测,不同真菌光敏色素在结构上可能存在一定的保守性,但它们在各自的生物学功能上可能呈现差异。
丝状真菌柄孢霉(Podospora anserina)是一种研究衰老的模式生物,P.anserina生命周期短,只有有性繁殖,没有无性繁殖[13]。据研究报道,光对P.anserina的有性繁殖是必需的[14],这与光能抑制米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)和构巣曲霉的有性发育完全相反,红光能通过影响光敏色素蛋白的构象调节构巣曲霉无性发育和有性繁殖之间的平衡[15]。对P.anserina的基因组分析显示,它含有9个光受体基因[8,16],这可能使P.anserina能感知光照并对光照做出响应。迄今为止,在P.anserina中只有1个蓝光受体VVD被研究过,vvd基因缺失后,该物种的雌雄配子发育异常,导致有性生殖能力下降[8],然而,有关光照如何通过光敏色素影响该物种的生理过程仍有待于进一步阐明。
本研究利用同源重组的方法,敲除P.anserina中光敏色素基因PaPhy1PaPhy2,通过比较突变株与野生型菌株在有性生殖、无性发育、衰老速度和活性氧代谢等方面表现出的差异,从而明确光敏色素基因在P.anserina中的功能,为研究光照如何调控衰老模式真菌P.anserina生长发育提供一定的理论依据。
Podospora anserina野生型菌株(wild type, WT)、Δmus51::phleoR菌株(Δmus51::phleoR是在野生型菌株中敲除mus51基因的菌株,敲除该基因后同源重组效率大幅提高)。pBC-Nourseothricin、pBC-Geneticin分别用于ΔPaPhy1和ΔPaPhy2突变体构建。
M2基础培养基(M2)、萌发培养基(G)和接种培养基(agar)等培养基的配方和配制方法参照Podospora anserina Genome Project (http://podospora.i2bc.paris-saclay.fr/index.php)。
M5 Fungal Genomic DNA Kit购自北京聚合美生物科技有限公司;GoTaq® DNA Polymerase、ExTaq® DNA Polymerase和PrimeSTAR® Max购自TaKaRa公司;BCA Protein Quantification Kit购自诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;诺尔斯菌素(nourseothricin)和遗传霉素(geneticin)购自南京都莱生物技术有限公司;潮霉素(hygromycin)与其他试剂购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;溶壁酶购自Sigma公司;氮蓝四唑(nitrogen blue tetrazolium, NBT)、二氨基联苯胺(diaminobenzidine, DAB)显色试剂盒和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性检测试剂盒购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;FM4-64染料购自北京酷来搏科技有限公司;激光共聚焦显微镜购自卡尔蔡司公司。
P.anserina基因组数据库中获得2个假定的光敏色素基因Pa_4_59200和Pa_4_890,分别命名为PaPhy1PaPhy2,对应的氨基酸序列为PaPhy1 (XP_001905870.1)和PaPhy2 (XP_001903686.1),从NCBI的基因组数据库中获得另外7个光受体基因的氨基酸序列以及13条来自子囊菌和担子菌的光敏色素蛋白的氨基酸序列,分别为:Podospora anserina (CDP28551.1)、Podospora anserina (CDP29591.1)、Podospora anserina (CDP22503.1)、Podospora anserina (CDP23894.1)、Podospora anserina (CDP22389.1)、Podospora anserina (CDP29135.1)、Podospora anserina (CDP22636.1)、Ustilago bromivora (SYW76598.1)、Neurospora crassa (AAZ57421.1)、Sordaria macrospora (KAA8624047.1)、Neurospora crassa (AAZ57422.1)、Sordaria macrospora (KAA8633010.1)、Aspergillus nidulans (CAI30283.1)、Trichoderma reesei (XP_006965210.1)、Alternaria alternata (QBZ93283.1)、Fusarium fujikuroi (KLP13785.1)、Lachnellula hyalina (XP_031001258.1)、Beauveria bassiana (KAF1729566.1)和Aspergillus oryzae (OOO09401.1)。使用MEGA 11.0软件中的ClustalW算法对21个蛋白质进行氨基酸序列比对,使用MEGA 11.0的最大似然法对21个蛋白序列构建系统进化树。
用NCBI在线软件设计引物(表1),用PCR技术分别扩增PaPhy1PaPhy2基因的5′端(PaPhy1-5′和PaPhy2-5′)、3′端(PaPhy1-3′和PaPhy2-3′)和从pBC-Nourseothricin、pBC-Geneticin质粒中分别扩增Nour和Gene基因片段,并纯化回收PCR产物。利用融合PCR分别将第1轮纯化后的PaPhy1PaPhy2的2个侧翼片段和抗性筛选标记基因融合。将融合片段转入Δmus51::phleoR菌株的原生质体,分别使用带有nourseothricin或geneticin的抗性培养基筛选抗性稳定的转化子。野生型菌株与转化子杂交,筛选具有抗性标记基因抗性而不带Δmus51::phleoR原生质体抗性的小孢子,获得可稳定遗传的突变株。通过PCR和基因测序验证单重突变株ΔPaPhy1和ΔPaPhy2。获得ΔPaPhy1和ΔPaPhy2两个单重突变体后,对单重突变体ΔPaPhy1和ΔPaPhy2遗传杂交,筛选同时具有nourseothricin和geneticin抗性的小孢子,通过PCR验证双重突变株ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2
PCR扩增P.anserina野生型菌株的PaPhy1PaPhy2基因的完整编码区和目的基因上下游各500 bp,将目的基因PaPhy1PaPhy2基因片段分别和酶切后的pBC-Hygromycin质粒载体转入ΔPaPhy1和ΔPaPhy2原生质体,随后进行转化子的抗性验证得到回补菌株ΔPaPhy1c和ΔPaPhy2c,观察回补菌株ΔPaPhy1c和ΔPaPhy2c的表型是否恢复。
从活化2 d的WT、ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2菌落上切下0.25 cm2的菌丝体,置于M2培养基边缘,分别置于白光、红光和黑暗下27 ℃恒温培养,每天测定菌落直径,计算7 d的平均生长速度,并拍照记录菌落形态。
将活化2 d的WT、ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2不同交配型菌株混匀,分别接种于M2培养基,分别置于白光、蓝红光、蓝光、红光和黑暗下27 ℃恒温培养7 d,记录子实体成熟的时间和数量。
将活化2 d的WT、ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2同一交配型菌株接种至直径为15 cm的培养基上,分别在白光、红光和黑暗下培养,菌丝前端出现明显的黑色素积累所经历的时间为菌落开始衰老的时间,菌丝接种至菌丝停止生长所经历的时间为生命周期,观察记录衰老时间和生命周期。
黑暗下,分别培养WT、ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2至10 d和18 d,刮取少量菌丝转移至4 μg/mL的FM4-64荧光染料中,避光染色10 min后用10 mmoL/L的PBS洗涤3次。在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察液泡大小和形态,观察条件为100倍油镜,并使用ZEN 3.0手工测量液泡的大小和分布。根据液泡的大小,将其分为3类: < 2.5 μm2的为小液泡,2.5−8.0 μm2的为中等液泡, > 8 μm2的为大液泡。
将活化2 d的WT、ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2菌株接种到M2培养基上,黑暗下27 ℃恒温培养3 d,分别利用DAB显色试剂盒和NBT试剂对菌丝染色,黑暗下孵育2 h,去除染色试剂,用灭菌水清洗,观察菌丝染色情况。
将WT、ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2接种于M2液体培养基,分别在白光、红光和黑暗下27 ℃恒温培养5 d。使用丝状真菌蛋白提取试剂盒提取总蛋白,并使用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。
用愈创木酚法测定过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性,在有H2O2存在时POD能催化愈创木酚氧化形成棕红色物质四邻甲氧基苯酚,该物质在470 nm处有特征吸收峰,且在一定范围内其颜色的深浅与产物的浓度成正比。SOD活性采用北京索莱宝科技有限公司生产的SOD活性检测试剂盒测定,具体操作步骤参照试剂盒说明。
使用MEGA 11.0对13个子囊菌、1个担子菌的光敏色素蛋白以及P.anserina中预测的7个光受体构建系统发育树,系统发育分析显示(图1A),蓝光受体和绿光受体具有更高的亲缘关系,而在红光受体中,PaPhy1和子囊菌粗糙脉孢菌的PHY1具有更高的亲缘关系;粗糙脉孢菌PHY2相对于PHY1缺少360个氨基酸,位于该进化树的更外侧,PaPhy2和粗糙脉孢菌的PHY2具有更高的亲缘关系。PaPhy1PaPhy2基因编码预测蛋白的结构示意结构如图1B所示,PaPhy2与PaPhy1的氨基酸序列相比,PaPhy2氨基酸序列稍短,PaPhy1在C端有160个氨基酸的延伸,在N端有200个氨基酸将HKRD与RR结构域分开,但在核心保守区域显示出极高相似度,PaPhy1和PaPhy2均含有典型光敏色素具有的结构域。分析PaPhy1和PaPhy2的保守结构域可知,PAS具有发色团结合位点半胱氨酸(C),能够结合线性四吡咯;PaPhy1和PaPhy2中GAF的半胱氨酸分别被异亮氨酸(I)和缬氨酸(V)替代,组氨酸激酶结构域(HKRD)具有保守组氨酸位点,输出调节结构域(RR)具有保守天冬氨酸位点。根据生物信息学分析推测,P.anserina的2个光敏色素蛋白可能是受光调控的组氨酸激酶,发挥红光受体和组氨酸激酶的双重功能。
P.anserina野生型基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增得到PaPhy基因的上游片段PaPhy-5′和下游片段PaPhy-3′ (约1 000 bp),以pBC-Nourseothricin和pBC-Geneticin质粒DNA为模板分别扩增出抗性筛选标记Gene和Nour基因片段,结果如图2A2B所示。通过融合PCR构建PaPhy1的敲除表达盒PaPhy1-5′-Nour和Nour-PaPhy1-3′ (图2C),以及PaPhy2的敲除表达盒PaPhy2-5′-Gene和Gene-PaPhy2-3′ (图2D)。
将敲除表达盒转入Δmus51::phleoR菌株的原生质体后,筛选含有nourseothricin或geneticin抗性标记的转化子。通过验证引物扩增同源重组片段(图3),验证引物序列见表1。纯化扩增产物进行测序,测序结果与目标序列一致,表明筛选抗性标记基因成功整合到PaPhy基因座中。
综合以上结果,说明目标转化子中的PaPhy基因已被抗性筛选标记片段置换,即目标转化子为成功构建的PaPhy基因缺失突变株(ΔPaPhy)。
P.anserina野生型基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增得到2个需要回补的基因片段,将回补基因片段分别转入到ΔPaPhy1和ΔPaPhy2突变体中,转化后挑选含有相应抗性的转化子进行PCR验证,扩增得到目的基因片段(图4A4B)。黑暗条件下观察菌株的衰老时间,回补菌株与野生型菌株的衰老时间一致,说明PaPhy1PaPhy2基因回补成功。
成功构建突变体后,观察菌株的生长发育是否受到不同光照的影响。将WT、ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2接种在M2基础培养基上,27 ℃恒温培养7 d,比较生长速度。如图5所示,可以看出所有菌株在红光下的生长速度最快,黑暗次之,白光下的生长速度最慢。表明单独红光能够促进P.anserina菌丝的生长,白光复合光作为一种光照胁迫能抑制菌丝的生长。在同一光照下,突变型菌株和野生型菌株的生长速度没有明显差异。观察P.anserina菌落形态可知,野生型菌株和突变型菌株在红光和黑暗下的菌落形态均未显示差异;在白光、蓝/红光以及独立的蓝光照射下,所有菌株的菌落形态也保持一致,表现为更加明显的黑色素积累。这表明,P.anserina与另外一种丝状真菌粗糙脉孢菌类似,主要由蓝光调节P.anserina的光形态建成。
子实体是高等丝状真菌在有性生殖阶段形成的能产生孢子的生殖体,是真菌进行有性生殖的重要器官,P.anserina通常以子实体数量的多少来衡量有性发育水平的高低[13]P.anserina在黑暗下杂交培养7 d不能进行有性生殖,推测光敏色素作为假定的光受体缺失后,可能会对P.anserina的有性生殖能力产生影响。分别在不同的光照条件下,比较野生型菌株和突变型菌株有性生殖能力。结果如图6所示,在白光下,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2与WT相比,子实体成熟时间和子囊孢子喷发时间延迟,子实体数量减少。所有菌株在蓝/红光下或单独蓝光下,能产生子实体,但产生的子实体数量少于白光下产生的子实体数量,在蓝光下ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2子实体数量分别减少了2.4%、15.2%和24.3%,这表明,PaPhy1PaPhy2基因对菌株的有性生殖具有一定的促进作用,同时缺失2个基因会更严重地影响菌株有性生殖能力,PaPhy1PaPhy2基因可能存在协同作用。在红光下,所有菌株均不能进行有性生殖,但在蓝/红光复合光下,所有菌株产生的子实体数量比单独蓝光下的子实体数量多,这表明,蓝光和红光的共同作用下,菌株的有性生殖能力增强,与仅用蓝光照射相比,更有利于菌株进行有性生殖。
在探究光照对P.anserina有性生殖的影响中发现,野生型菌株和突变型菌株的子实体成熟时间不同,ΔPaPhy1子实体成熟最早,ΔPaPhy2次之,ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2子实体成熟最晚。因此,推测光敏色素缺失菌株的生命周期受到影响,衰老时间可能改变。如图7所示,WT在黑暗下培养第10天开始衰老,在培养第28天时,菌丝停止生长;ΔPaPhy1在培养第14天开始衰老,ΔPaPhy2在培养第16天开始衰老;ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2在培养第18天开始衰老,在培养第45天时菌丝停止生长,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2的衰老时间分别延迟了40%、60%和70%。这表明,2个光敏色素基因在调控P.anserina的菌体老化方面起着重要作用,PaPhy2缺失菌株衰老延迟更为明显,双缺失突变株的衰老延迟时间最长,可能是2个基因对菌株衰老的调控作用并不完全重叠,在调节细胞老化方面具有协同效应。WT在白光下和红光下分别在第9天和第12天开始衰老,而ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhyPaPhy2在白光和红光下的衰老时间分别在14、16和18 d。这表明白光可以促进WT的衰老,红光能够延迟WT衰老。
真菌液泡在细胞中具有许多功能,如贮存物质、维持细胞压力平衡、分解物质等,它们的大小和数量的变化可能会影响细胞代谢和功能,从而影响真菌的生长和衰老。在菌株进入衰老状态时,液泡的大小和形态会发生变化,这可能是因为随着菌株的老化,液泡中的物质会逐渐分解,导致液泡大小和数量的变化。自噬通过降解受损蛋白及细胞器等结构调节衰老[17],真菌液泡是细胞内物质降解和利用的主要器官,因此,进一步研究了PaPhy缺失与液泡功能变化和菌株衰老程度之间的关系。首先,分析了PaPhy基因缺失菌株和野生型菌株在培养10 d和18 d时的大小(图8A)。在M2培养基中,菌株培养第9天和第17天后,进行氮饥饿诱导培养1 d,以促进液泡的形成。接下来用FM4-64染色,测定液泡的大小, < 2.5 μm2的为小液泡,2.5−8.0 μm2的为中等液泡, > 8.0 μm2的为大液泡。培养第10天时,野生型菌株中的液泡呈现圆形(图8A),这些液泡中有39%是小液泡,61%为中等液泡;相比之下,ΔPaPhy1菌株中的不同类型液泡占比改变,其中32%为小液泡、55%为中等液泡、13%为大液泡;ΔPaPhy2菌株中有26%为小液泡、38%为中等液泡、36%为大液泡;ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2菌株中有23%为小液泡、13%为中等液泡、64%为大液泡。ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2菌株中的大液泡占比比野生型高。在培养18 d时,所有菌株进入衰老状态,均无大液泡,中等液泡的占比增加,野生型菌株的衰老程度进一步增加,小液泡占比增加到78%,在同一培养时间内,与ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2菌株相比,WT的菌丝衰老程度最大。
氮蓝四唑(NBT)染色法和二氨基联苯胺(DAB)染色法经常用来检测菌丝组织中的超氧阴离子自由基和过氧化氢的积累[18],超氧阴离子自由基和过氧化氢的积累是活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的重要组成,ROS会攻击DNA、蛋白质和脂质等细胞分子,导致它们的氧化损伤和功能丧失,这些损伤可能导致细胞进入老化状态,加速其衰老过程。菌丝染色深浅与ROS含量成正比,颜色越浅表明ROS含量越低,反之越高。染色结果如图9所示,NBT染色显示,WT菌丝上的蓝色较深,ΔPaPhy1菌丝上的蓝色次之,ΔPaPhy2菌丝上的蓝色浅于ΔPaPhy1,ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2菌丝上的蓝色最浅;DAB染色显示,WT菌丝中心上的棕色最深,ΔPaPhy1菌丝上的棕色次之,ΔPaPhy2菌丝上的棕色浅于ΔPaPhy1,ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2菌丝上的棕色最浅。以上结果表明WT菌丝的ROS含量最高;ΔPaPhy1菌丝颜色比WT淡,ROS含量相对较低;ΔPaPhy2菌丝上的颜色比ΔPaPhy1还要淡,ROS含量进一步降低;ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2菌丝上的颜色最浅,ROS含量最低。因此,推测光敏色素基因缺失会减少ROS的生成,避免过度氧化应激状态的产生,从而延缓突变体衰老的过程。
SOD作为抗氧化酶系统中的重要酶,能清除细胞内超氧阴离子自由基,从而使细胞免受自由基损伤,延缓细胞的衰老,影响生物体的衰老速度[19]。如图10所示,在没有光照刺激的条件下,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2的SOD酶活明显高于野生型,且有显著差异,分别是野生型SOD酶活的1.94、2.63和2.79倍。这表明PaPhy1PaPhy2基因对SOD酶活具有负调节作用,且可能存在相互补充的作用。白光下培养5 d时,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2的SOD酶活分别是野生型SOD酶活的1.40、2.25和2.05倍;红光下培养5 d时,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2的SOD酶活分别是野生型SOD酶活的0.95、2.39和2.10倍。这表明有光照刺激时,菌株具有更高的SOD酶活性,可以更好地应对由光照引起的氧化应激反应。因此推测,光敏色素基因可能在P.anserina抗氧化酶系统中发挥了重要的调控作用,突变型菌株的SOD酶活性高于野生型菌株,可能提高了清除ROS的能力,这与在ROS含量测定实验中,观察到ROS含量降低的现象一致。
POD能有效清除过氧化氢,减少由过氧化氢引起的细胞损伤。测定野生型菌株和突变型菌株的POD酶活,结果如图11所示,无光照刺激时,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2的POD酶活高于野生型,分别是野生型POD酶活的1.29、1.12和1.06倍。这表明突变体菌株POD酶表达有所提高,可能增强其抗氧化能力,并且POD酶活性的调节是相互独立的,2个光敏色素基因的缺失可以协同作用,该结果与测定ROS含量下降的现象一致,说明突变型菌株具有更强的抗氧化能力。白光下培养5 d时,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2的POD酶活分别是野生型SOD酶活的1.09、1.36和1.29倍;红光下培养5 d时,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2的SOD酶活分别是野生型POD酶活的1.40、1.78和1.10倍。这表明光敏色素基因的缺失会对POD酶活性产生不同程度的影响,且不同波长的光可能对此有不同的调节作用。突变株POD酶活性增加可能减少ROS引起的细胞损伤。因此推测,PaPhy1PaPhy2基因可能在P.anserina抗氧化酶系统中发挥了重要的调控作用。
综合2种抗氧化酶活测定结果,推测突变型菌株具有更高的抗氧化酶活性,能清除更多的自由基,减少自由基对细胞的氧化损伤,从而延迟了突变型菌株的衰老。
子囊菌中,对光受体功能研究较为深入的是粗糙脉孢菌和构巢曲霉[10-11]。本研究通过生物信息学分析发现,P.anserina中含有2个光敏色素同源蛋白(PaPhy1和PaPhy2),这2个蛋白包括典型光敏色素蛋白结构域所具有的N端结合发色团的感光结构域和C端的输出调节结构域。感光结构域由PAS-GAF-PHY组成,C端由HisKA和HATPase-C组成,属于双组分组氨酸激酶,双组分组氨酸激酶在生物感应和环境适应中发挥重要作用[10,20]。因此推测,P.anserina的光敏色素发挥红光受体的功能。
在真菌中,红光和光敏色素研究主要在粗糙脉孢菌、烟曲霉和构巢曲霉中[11,21-22],红光控制无性发育与有性发育的平衡以及萌发过程[10,23-24]。粗糙脉孢菌中,蓝光激活了许多光反应,包括菌丝体类胡萝卜素的生物合成及营养孢子(大孢子)的形成;而红光对其生长发育没有明显的影响[25]phy1phy2基因缺失的菌株,在已知的光反应中都没有受到影响[11]。构巢曲霉在黑暗下主要产生有性生殖结构——闭囊壳,在光照下主要产生无性生殖结构——分生孢子,只有红光能够控制构巢曲霉无性发育和有性发育的转换[10]。本研究发现,蓝光能激活P.anserina的光反应,比如黑色色素的形成和有性生殖的发生(图5B图6),黑暗和红光下,WT菌落形态没有区别,该真菌不能进行有性生殖,只能进行无性发育,这表明P.anserina和粗糙脉孢菌类似,主要由蓝光调节光形态的建成[26]P.anserina通常以子实体数量的多少来衡量有性发育水平的高低[13],白光和蓝光能有效诱导P.anserina有性生殖结构——子实体的形成,而红光无此效果(图5B图6),但红光可以在蓝光存在的条件下,作为有性生殖发生的协同因子。同一光照时长下,光敏色素缺失菌株与野生型菌株相比产生更少的子实体(图6),例如,在蓝光下ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2子实体数量分别减少了2.4%、15.2%和24.3%,这表明光敏色素作为红光受体,也能响应蓝光,蓝光对ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2有性发育的诱导作用依次变弱,PaPhy2对蓝光的响应更强烈,2个光敏色素基因可能相互协调,一个基因缺失时,另外一个基因能在一定程度上补充它的功能,光敏色素基因对P.anserina子实体形成过程具有正调节作用,其他7个光受体也参与了子实体发育过程。由于子实体形成的调控网络非常复杂,尽管许多实验室开展了子实体形成的科学研究,但是光如何诱导并促进子实体形成的机制仍然未知,光敏色素基因缺失与子实体数量减少的关联还有待进一步探索。
真菌有性生殖与无性繁殖交替进行,在无性生殖过程中受环境诱导因子的影响而启动有性生殖过程[27]。与WT相比,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2子实体数量变少,在黑暗下衰老延迟,生命周期变长(图7),ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2延迟了61.7%。这可能由于光敏色素基因缺失后,光照作为一种重要的环境因子,对P.anserina抗氧化酶系统和液泡代谢能力产生影响,从而改变了该菌的衰老速度,使得菌株的整个生命周期改变。SOD和POD是生物体内重要的抗氧化酶,又可称之为自由基清除酶,分别清除超氧阴离子自由基和过氧化氢,降低细胞内ROS含量及其引起的细胞损伤,延缓生物体的衰老[19]。对光敏色素基因缺失菌株ROS含量和2种氧自由基清除酶活性测定发现,ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2黑暗培养3 d后产生的ROS低于野生型,并且SOD酶活性显著高于野生型菌株,因此推测,突变型菌株具有更强的自由基清除的能力。根据前人的研究报道,在酵母中,SOD酶活性提高能延迟衰老,延长30%的时间寿命[28-29];果蝇体内的SOD活性和MAD的失衡可能引起衰老和死亡[30];基于线虫的体内实验,证实了木姜叶柯的抗氧化机制可能与提升生物体内抗氧化酶活有关[31],抗氧化应激能力与生物体的衰老和寿命有密切关系。突变型菌株ROS含量减少和自由基清除酶活的升高,均有可能减弱自由基对细胞的氧化损伤,使得菌株衰老延迟。细胞自噬是一种在真核生物中普遍存在并具有进化保守性的重要细胞代谢过程[32],该过程可以对细胞内部的物质进行周转,其中一些已经损坏的蛋白质或细胞器会被包裹在双层膜结构的自噬小泡中,并被送入液泡(酵母和植物)或溶酶体(动物)中进行降解和再利用[33-34]。在同一培养时间内,与ΔPaPhy1、ΔPaPhy2和ΔPaPhy1ΔPaPhy2菌株相比,WT菌丝的小液泡占比最大(图8B),衰老程度最大,PaPhy1PaPhy2基因缺失后,菌丝的大液泡大小占比增加,可能加速了细胞内物质的代谢过程,导致菌株的衰老时间延迟。衰老是多因素参与的复杂过程,例如生物体的增龄、自由基产生增多、SOD活性下降、体内各种抗氧化物的减少和液泡代谢能力的改变,也可能是多种因素的综合作用所导致[35-36]P.anserina作为研究衰老的模式生物,探讨光受体对P.anserina衰老的影响,可为复杂的多细胞生物体衰老研究提供基础。突变型菌株的ROS含量增加,观察到衰老过程的延缓和生命周期延长,突变型菌株的生命周期延长后,导致纤维素酶表达量的增加。因此,可以将这一突变型菌株视为理想的工程菌株,用于优化纤维素降解应用。
综上所述,P.anserina对白光和蓝光具有强烈的响应,而对红光不敏感,白光和蓝光能有效诱导其进行有性生殖;2个光敏色素基因对P.anserina有性生殖过程有正调节作用,对POD酶活性和SOD酶活性具有负调节作用,该研究结果可为进一步阐明P.anserina光反应生物学调控网络提供参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0910800)
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2021A1515012166)
  • 深圳市高校稳定支持项目(20200812173625001)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230138
  • 接收时间:2023-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-05
  • 录用日期:2023-10-31
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0910800)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0910800)
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515012166)
广东省自然科学基金(2021A1515012166)
Stability Support Project for Universities in Shenzhen(20200812173625001)
深圳市高校稳定支持项目(20200812173625001)
作者信息
    1 深圳大学生命与海洋科学学院 深圳市微生物基因工程重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518071
    2 深圳大学《深圳大学学报(理工版)》编辑部, 广东 深圳 518060
    3 河南农业大学植物保护学院, 河南 郑州 450002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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