Article(id=1241053877932445791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230483, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689609600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1695312000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-22, onlineDate=1773819902164, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1706976000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773819902164, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773819902164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819902164, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241053870428844598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='2', pageStart='331', pageEnd='632', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773819900376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820055293, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=364, endPage=377, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241053878272184418, articleId=1241053877932445791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in material delivery and bacterial protection of outer membrane vesicles, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical structures secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, with diameters of 10–250 nm. OMVs have gradually been recognized as a novel secretion system capable of transporting various substances such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, cytotoxins, and signaling molecules. OMVs possess a range of biological functions, including inter-bacterial communication, transmission of pathogenic factors, resistance to adverse external environments, and modulation of immune responses. Due to the distinct biological characteristics of OMVs, the antibiotic resistance transmission mediated by bacterial OMVs, as well as the potential applications of OMVs, has garnered increasing attention in recent years. This paper reviews the origins and substance delivery functions of bacterial OMVs and the protective effects of OMVs on the bacteria exposed to antibiotics and in adverse environments. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the potential applications of bacterial OMVs in the treatment of diseases, aiming to enrich the knowledge about bacterial OMVs.

, correspAuthors=Juan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WANG Juan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qiqi PAN, Juan WANG, Zhi WANG, Kaishan XIAO, Qingping WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241053881040425096, articleId=1241053877932445791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=外膜囊泡的物质传递及细菌保护作用研究进展, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)是一种直径为10−250 nm的球状结构,由革兰氏阴性菌分泌。OMVs已逐渐被认为是一种新型的分泌系统,它能运输脂质、蛋白质、核酸、细胞毒素和信号分子等不同物质,具有多种生物学功能,包括细菌与细菌之间的交流、致病因子传递、抵抗外界不良环境和调节免疫反应等。近年来,细菌OMVs基于生物特征介导的抗生素耐药性传递与OMVs的应用潜能逐步受到重视。本文旨在对细菌OMVs的来源与物质传递作用、其在抗生素条件与其他逆境环境下的细菌保护作用、细菌OMVs在治疗疾病方面的应用潜力进行综述,以期对OMVs的相关研究提供更全面的认识。

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外膜囊泡的物质传递及细菌保护作用研究进展
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潘琪琪 1, 2 , 王涓 2, * , 汪智 1 , 肖铠姗 1, 2 , 吴清平 1
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(2): 364-377
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(2): 364-377
外膜囊泡的物质传递及细菌保护作用研究进展
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潘琪琪1, 2, 王涓2, * , 汪智1, 肖铠姗1, 2, 吴清平1
作者信息
  • 1 广东省科学院微生物研究所 国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台 华南应用微生物国家重点实验室 广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室, 广东 广州 510070
  • 2 华南农业大学食品学院, 广东 广州 510642
Research progress in material delivery and bacterial protection of outer membrane vesicles
Qiqi PAN1, 2, Juan WANG2, * , Zhi WANG1, Kaishan XIAO1, 2, Qingping WU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, Guangdong, China
  • 2 College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230483
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外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)是一种直径为10−250 nm的球状结构,由革兰氏阴性菌分泌。OMVs已逐渐被认为是一种新型的分泌系统,它能运输脂质、蛋白质、核酸、细胞毒素和信号分子等不同物质,具有多种生物学功能,包括细菌与细菌之间的交流、致病因子传递、抵抗外界不良环境和调节免疫反应等。近年来,细菌OMVs基于生物特征介导的抗生素耐药性传递与OMVs的应用潜能逐步受到重视。本文旨在对细菌OMVs的来源与物质传递作用、其在抗生素条件与其他逆境环境下的细菌保护作用、细菌OMVs在治疗疾病方面的应用潜力进行综述,以期对OMVs的相关研究提供更全面的认识。

外膜囊泡  /  耐药性  /  物质传递  /  保护  /  应用

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical structures secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, with diameters of 10–250 nm. OMVs have gradually been recognized as a novel secretion system capable of transporting various substances such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, cytotoxins, and signaling molecules. OMVs possess a range of biological functions, including inter-bacterial communication, transmission of pathogenic factors, resistance to adverse external environments, and modulation of immune responses. Due to the distinct biological characteristics of OMVs, the antibiotic resistance transmission mediated by bacterial OMVs, as well as the potential applications of OMVs, has garnered increasing attention in recent years. This paper reviews the origins and substance delivery functions of bacterial OMVs and the protective effects of OMVs on the bacteria exposed to antibiotics and in adverse environments. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the potential applications of bacterial OMVs in the treatment of diseases, aiming to enrich the knowledge about bacterial OMVs.

outer membrane vesicles  /  drug resistance  /  substance delivery  /  protection  /  application
潘琪琪, 王涓, 汪智, 肖铠姗, 吴清平. 外膜囊泡的物质传递及细菌保护作用研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (2) : 364 -377 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230483
Qiqi PAN, Juan WANG, Zhi WANG, Kaishan XIAO, Qingping WU. Research progress in material delivery and bacterial protection of outer membrane vesicles[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (2) : 364 -377 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230483
细菌在生长繁殖过程中会面临连续不断变化的或恶劣的环境。细菌如何应对环境中的不利影响,是它们能否生存的关键。几乎所有的革兰氏阴性细菌都会产生一种具有磷脂双分子层的球状纳米结构(直径10–250 nm),称为外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)[1-5]。OMVs外层含有脂多糖、外膜蛋白受体等,内层由脂蛋白和肽聚糖交联而成[6-7],其包含外膜蛋白和脂质,以及位于腔内或结合于外表面的可溶性物质[8-9]。细菌能在多种环境下产生OMVs,例如浮游培养、淡水和盐水、生物被膜、真核细胞内和哺乳动物宿主内[1,10-13]。研究发现细菌通过OMVs来应对恶劣环境这是一种自我保护机制[14]。OMVs除了能辅助细菌的自我保护,还参与多种生理过程,如促进细菌间的通讯、帮助细菌分泌物质、获取营养等[15-16]
自青霉素发现以来,多种抗生素被发现、利用和大量生产,解决了许多人类感染性疾病。与此同时,病原细菌的耐药性也逐渐提升,甚至还出现了多重耐药菌和超级细菌,使抗生素治疗效果降低,给相关疾病的治疗带来了巨大障碍[17]。细菌的耐药机制一直都是研究的热点。已有团队成功提取了OMVs[18],以用于细菌耐药机制研究。多项研究结果认为,OMVs的产生是造成细菌耐药的原因之一,强调了OMVs在抗生素环境下对细菌的存活以及耐药性获得的重要作用[19-20]。目前,研究者对于OMVs的物质传递功能还未全面地了解,关于在抗生素环境及其他逆境下,OMVs对细菌保护作用的相关报道也并不多,因此本文将对OMVs具有的多种物质传递与保护功能以及细菌OMVs在治疗疾病方面的应用潜力进行综述,以期对未来的研究提供参考与帮助。
面对纷繁复杂的生存环境,微生物经过漫长的演变,进化出了能协调环境与菌体相互作用的工具,其中包括产生的OMVs[14]。过去的20多年里,已经有大量的有力证据证实了OMVs的重要性。OMVs就像是细胞膜的延伸,拓宽了细菌与外界相互作用的边界,它包裹了多种不同功能的物质,如周质空间相关的蛋白质、脂多糖、核酸和细胞毒素等。OMVs不仅传递这些包裹的物质到宿主的特定部位发生作用[6,18],还在一定程度上保护了内容物,实现长距离运输(图1)。由于OMVs天生具备的包裹和传递功能,使其在病原菌感染和致病方面具有推波助澜的作用。特别是对于一些没有毒力分泌系统的菌种[17]来说,OMVs是实现其致病性的强有力工具之一。
OMVs的产生被认为是细菌应激反应的结果,是一个有规律和选择性的过程[9]。目前,已有一些关于外膜囊泡形成方式的理论,包括外膜蛋白减少、局部包膜成分的积累等[14,21]。细菌外膜与内层的脂蛋白、肽聚糖三者交联,当脂蛋白-肽聚糖解联时,细菌外膜会向外凸起出芽,形成OMVs。在鲍曼不动杆菌中,OmpA蛋白的减少可能引起脂蛋白-肽聚糖交联减少[22];在OMVs形成过程中,一些周质酶的产生使总体交联程度降低,但目前还没发现这种周质酶[21]。Schwechheimer等[23]提出,由于肽聚糖片段、错误折叠的蛋白质等在交联较少的细胞膜处聚集,使细胞产生应激反应而生成OMVs将这些物质包裹送出细胞。局部积累的物质可能影响细胞膜的电荷、改变膜的流动性,促使膜曲率发生改变而向外膨胀出芽形成OMVs[14]。温度、脂肪酸种类、脂多糖类型和抗生素胁迫等也会影响OMVs的产生和产量[24-26]。一些脂多糖亚型可以在OMVs中富集,并直接或间接影响OMVs的产量和成分。Haurat等[27]关于OMVs形成方式的研究结果表明,A型脂多糖的突变会导致牙龈卟啉单胞菌OMVs产量降低,且掺入OMVs的外膜蛋白数量增加。
在环境中,同种或不同种的细菌之间往往通过基因的水平转移来获得相关抗生素耐药性[28]。细菌间遗传物质的交换不仅仅局限于接合、转化和转导,OMVs也参与了细菌物种之间遗传物质的转移。许多革兰氏阴性菌OMVs中都包含DNA。在鲍曼不动杆菌中[29],OMVs可以携带质粒pMMA2或pMMCU3,该质粒上带有碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药基因blaOXA-24,从而通过OMVs将其转移给其他鲍曼不动杆菌菌株,使得敏感菌株获得青霉素类和头孢类抗生素的耐药性。另一研究[30]通过免疫金标记跟踪带有β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因的质粒,也确定了OMVs在基因水平转移方面的贡献。以上结果揭示了一种新的基因传播方式。
除了在种内传递,OMVs还具有在种间传播和扩散耐药基因的能力。鲍曼不动杆菌的OMVs携带含有blaNDM-1基因的质粒[30],该OMVs除了能将基因传递给其他鲍曼不动杆菌,还能传递给大肠杆菌,同时OMVs还具有较高的转化效率。该现象揭示了OMVs水平传递耐药性的能力,但并没有证实该基因隔代是否还存在。近年,肺炎克雷伯菌OMVs也被首次证明具有水平传递基因的功能[31],该OMVs能够将含有耐药基因的高拷贝质粒传递给大肠杆菌、肠道沙门氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,阐明肺炎克雷伯菌OMVs作为抗生素耐药基因传播载体的关键作用,有助于微生物群落中抗生素耐药的发展。
OMVs作为细菌的运输工具可以递送毒力基因。OMVs参与群体感应,通过选择性杀死或促进其他细菌的生长,使细菌能够建立定殖生态位,并将毒力因子传递给宿主细胞,从而调节宿主免疫反应[13,32]。OMVs在传递毒力基因方面的重要性已被广泛认可。Yaron等[33]证实,大肠杆菌O157:H7释放到培养基中的OMVs含有毒力基因。此OMVs介导了毒力基因的转移,并且该基因随后在受体肠道细菌中表达。该OMVs传递的毒力基因还可在大肠杆菌和其他肠道细菌之间转移,电子显微镜观察发现OMVs中除了含有噬菌体相关基因外,还有质粒和染色体DNA片段[33]
OMVs是一种传递细胞毒素的方式。细胞致死性扩张毒素(cytolethal distending toxin, CDT)是弯曲杆菌属最具特征性的细胞毒素,也是最先被发现的能通过OMVs递送的毒素。Lindmark等[34]发现空肠弯曲杆菌OMVs能够释放CDT,对培养的细胞造成致死性扩张效应。幽门螺杆菌分泌的OMVs与VacA毒素相关[35],能使胃上皮细胞出现显著空泡现象。此外,霍乱弧菌可以通过OMVs保护并运输霍乱毒素到肠上皮细胞从而影响肠道健康[36]
众所周知,细胞内小RNA (small RNAs, sRNAs)在许多细菌物种[37-38]中具有调节功能,调节细胞膜结构、代谢、细菌通讯、群体感应、生物被膜形成和毒力[39-40]。研究表明,sRNAs可以借助OMVs传递[41-42],从而在一定程度上影响细菌和环境之间的相互作用。Koeppen等[43]表征了铜绿假单胞菌OMVs中差异包装的sRNAs,显示OMVs-sRNAs能向人类气道细胞转移。同时该团队选择了一种在OMVs中含量丰富的tRNA (即sRNA52320)进行进一步研究,发现sRNA52320减弱了OMVs诱导的小鼠肺KC细胞因子分泌和中性粒细胞浸润,证明OMVs传递的sRNA52320可以调节人的气道上皮细胞和小鼠肺的免疫反应[43]。这是OMVs携带sRNA进行跨物种调控的第一个例子。其他研究也进一步说明了OMVs传递RNA的功能。导致牙周疾病的病原菌聚集放线菌(Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Aa)分泌的OMVs中包含细胞外RNA (extracellular RNA, exRNA)[44],该exRNA通过OMVs被转移到宿主细胞,研究者认为该exRNA可整合到内源性RNA诱导沉默复合物中。Aa-OMVs和exRNA不仅能影响局部免疫,还可以穿过血脑屏障,增加小鼠大脑中TNF-α的表达,OMVs-exRNA转移到大脑可以导致阿尔茨海默病等神经炎症性疾病。包含RNA的OMVs可能参与了宿主基因的调控机制。
细菌以群体的形式存在,它们会通过一些低分子量的胞外信号分子实现细胞间的通讯以调节群体行为,这一过程被称为群体感应[45-46]。一些群体感应信号分子因其疏水性,难以经过外界水环境与受体结合,而OMVs的存在使得这类信号分子可以扩散,促进群体感应发生。珊瑚弧菌AK1[47]可以分泌带有N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯信号分子的OMVs,该OMVs对弧菌适应环境具有重要作用。此外,海洋弧菌OMVs也能包裹信号分子CAI-1使其在该弧菌之间运输[48]。铜绿假单胞菌中具有一种重要的群体感应信号分子,即喹诺酮假单胞菌信号(pseudomonas quinolone signal, PQS),该信号分子不仅与细胞的毒力控制相关,也是一种OMVs自诱导因子,诱导OMVs的产生[49-50],包含PQS的OMVs能参与铜绿假单胞菌群体间的铁摄取[51]。OMVs为信号分子提供了稳定且具有保护作用的运输环境,直到它们与靶受体结合。
OMVs能够运输多种物质,除上述物质以外,OMVs还能运输吸引补体的物质。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌分泌富含PagC的OMVs[52],该OMVs吸引补体分子与之结合,并募集补体抑制因子H使补体失活,从而使细菌可以逃避宿主补体系统的伤害。此外,OMVs可运输硫酸酯酶及抗原[13],以硫酸酯酶依赖性方式穿透肠道黏液屏障,将抗原传递给宿主细胞导致肠道炎症发生。革兰氏阴性菌能释放携带胞质肽聚糖的OMVs,激活NOD信号通路[53],参与维持肠道微生物群平衡。可见,OMVs的运输功能使细菌产物传递到细菌无法抵达的位置,从而影响多种生理反应过程。
抗生素会刺激细菌增加OMVs的分泌量,介导对细菌的保护作用。Manning等[54]用较高浓度多黏菌素B和黏菌素(一类抗菌肽)处理大肠杆菌,收集经过处理和未经过处理的细菌培养液上清,对OMVs的产量进行定量,发现在多黏菌素B和黏菌素处理下,OMVs产量显著增加,是未经处理组的10倍。Li等[55]的研究也发现在黏菌素压力下,大肠杆菌OMVs产量显著增加,但相关机制尚不清楚。Chiu等[24]证明用亚抑制浓度的头孢他啶和亚胺培南处理可以使碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的OMVs释放量增加。抗生素胁迫能诱导细菌应激反应,刺激OMVs的产生导致OMVs产量增加,由OMVs携带的释放到环境中的抗生素水解酶、抗生素“诱饵”总量随之增加,从而提高细菌在抗生素胁迫下的存活率。细菌也可能是以OMVs作为一种短期、及时的工具,中和环境压力,让细菌有足够的时间发挥其他耐药方式,如抗生素外排、靶点修饰等[56-57]
OMVs由蛋白质、脂类、脂多糖等组成,其中携带有酶类、遗传物质和其他与毒力相关的因子[58]。已有多项研究结果证明[2,60-62],OMVs中含有抗生素水解酶——β-内酰胺酶。β-内酰胺酶能够水解β-内酰胺类抗生素,是革兰氏阴性菌中常见的抗生素抗性蛋白[59],在不同细菌中由于编码基因不同,该酶作用的抗生素也有一定差异。
OMVs能够将抗生素水解酶由细菌本身传递到其他细菌菌群中。Kim等[2]的研究揭示了大肠杆菌产生的OMVs中包含多种能够水解β-内酰胺类抗生素的蛋白,使β-内酰胺类敏感大肠杆菌免受β-内酰胺类抗生素的生长抑制。可见,在细菌防御中OMVs起着重要作用,有助于细菌在抗生素条件下的生存。
此外,携带抗生素水解酶的OMVs不仅能保护细菌本身,还能在不同其他菌种环境中发挥作用,使细菌群落形成对特定抗生素的共同防御。Schaar等[60]提取出卡他莫拉菌的OMVs,通过SDS-PAGE、流式细胞仪及透射电子显微镜分析,确定阿莫西林抗性菌株OMVs中含有β-内酰胺酶;发现该OMVs能保护敏感型卡他莫拉菌在阿莫西林下生长,提高其他种属细菌如不可分型流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌在阿莫西林下的存活率。3年后,该团队的另一项研究成果进一步说明,在抗生素条件下,OMVs对化脓性链球菌具有保护作用[61]。流感嗜血杆菌OMVs能保护化脓性链球菌,且保护作用强于卡他莫拉菌产生的OMVs,揭示了抗生素治疗扁桃体炎时失败情况增加的原因。Bielaszewska等[62]的研究也揭示了在β-内酰胺类抗生素治疗时,OMVs是一种被低估的导致治疗失败的机制。可见,携带抗生素水解酶的OMVs在一定程度上有助于细菌群落间的相互作用,帮助共同防御抗生素,保护细菌群体在抗生素下继续存活。这些发现能为应对全球抗生素耐药性扩散提供新的解决思路和应对方法。
细菌利用OMVs应对抗生素胁迫的另一方式为以OMVs作为“诱饵”,结合抗生素为敏感细菌提供保护。Kulkarni等[3]使用大肠杆菌的OMVs处理了3种革兰氏阴性细菌:大肠杆菌MG1655、绿脓杆菌NCTC 6751和一种耐辐射不动杆菌MMC5,发现在抗菌肽蜂毒素和黏菌素的处理下,OMVs能保护这些细菌免受以上抗生素的伤害。关于该保护作用的可能机制是,OMVs螯合黏菌素后,OMVs表面某种蛋白酶降解黏菌素使其失去活性。通过蛋白质分析发现,该OMVs中还含有其他蛋白酶和肽酶。OMVs能保护细菌群落免受膜活性抗生素的影响,但似乎不能保护细菌免受其他作用机制的抗生素(如链霉素、环丙沙星等核糖体、DNA螺旋酶作用机制的抗生素)伤害[3]。Manning等[54]的研究也证明OMVs通过螯合抗菌肽,促进细菌防御。此外,黏菌素敏感的大肠杆菌OMVs含有更多未被修饰的脂质A[55],能结合更多黏菌素,导致黏菌素耐药性的出现,该研究指出OMVs作为“诱饵”促进黏菌素耐药性出现的可能机制。
生物被膜中的OMVs也能充当“诱饵”,结合抗生素。在疾病临床治疗中,由于生物被膜结构在一定程度上使得抗生素无法渗透杀死其中的细菌,且生物被膜中的细菌往往处于休眠状态,而大部分抗生素治疗方法是针对代谢活跃的细菌[63],所以一些慢性细菌感染性疾病的治疗面临挑战,如慢性尿道炎[64]。在组成生物被膜的多种基质中,OMVs是易被忽视,但又起着无可替代功能的组分之一。OMVs除了能结合抗生素,还能中和能破坏生物被膜的杀菌物质。Schooling等[65]发现OMVs是铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜中普遍存在的成分,其有助于细菌群落的发展和适应。该研究结果表明,浮游态和生物被膜中OMVs的数量、质量、大小和颜色不同,且生物被膜中产生的OMVs能结合外源庆大霉素。Park等[66]对铜绿假单胞菌培养物上清和生物被膜中的OMVs进行蛋白质组学分析发现,OMVs中含有能够结合抗生素的药物结合蛋白,且生物被膜的OMVs中药物结合蛋白的含量高于上清,该结果暗示了铜绿假单胞菌OMVs与耐药性关联的可能性,且这种OMVs相关的耐药机制已存在于细菌生物被膜中。通过以上的现有研究结果可见,在抗生素胁迫下,细菌OMVs似乎充当了一种动态防御机制,在不同细菌中呈现不一样的防御方式。除了以上方式,OMVs还可能通过包裹外界抗生素的方式,使抗生素远离细菌,限制抗生素接触目标细菌,但目前尚未有相关研究证明这一保护方式[2,20,67]
除了抗生素,其他抗菌物质如氯己定,也被作为防控细菌生长的方式之一。氯己定是一种表面活性剂,具有相当强的广谱抑菌、杀菌作用,对多种细菌有抑制效果,是牙周治疗中常用的一种辅助抗菌药物。牙龈卟啉单胞菌是一种主要的口腔细菌,其生物被膜[68]会产生具有活性的OMVs,OMVs脱离细胞后结合氯己定,从而保护生物被膜。此外,牙龈卟啉单胞菌OMVs还有助于使分散的不同菌种形成聚集体,包括牙密螺旋体、砂真杆菌[69],从而影响牙周菌斑的细菌组成,促进和增强了牙龈下的生物被膜。可见,生物被膜中的OMVs优先结合会破坏生物被膜和细胞的杀菌物质,增大细菌存活的概率,保护生物被膜内的细菌。但Ma等[70]发现,小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌OMVs会在一定程度上抑制生物被膜形成的初始阶段,但不影响细菌本身的生长,同时还证明该OMVs能抑制肠炎沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的形成,该结果与前面所述OMVs对细菌的保护作用相悖,同时说明OMVs对细菌的保护作用可能具有菌种差异性。
霍乱弧菌分泌的OMVs被证明可以抵御烈性噬菌体ICP1、ICP2和ICP3的感染[71],该OMVs可以通过剂量依赖及受体依赖的方式作为诱饵参与噬菌体防御(图2)。Stephan等[72]分析了沙门氏菌特异性O-抗原噬菌体P22与OMVs的相互作用,发现OMVs可以作为保护细菌免受噬菌体攻击的天然诱饵,在体外有效地触发噬菌体DNA释放,减少噬菌体颗粒的数量。荧光光谱分析表明,噬菌体P22与OMVs相互作用后,将其DNA释放到囊泡腔内(图2)。由于OMVs可能在基因转移中起作用,因此细菌分泌的OMVs可能转移噬菌体DNA进而也避免了噬菌体基因进入细菌细胞。这些现象说明OMVs是细菌抵抗噬菌体的方式之一,提示利用噬菌体预防或治疗细菌感染时,应将OMVs的产生和作用作为一种可能影响噬菌体治疗结果的因素加以考虑。
抗生素耐药性是目前世界上最紧迫的公共卫生威胁之一,仅在我国,每年就有数万人死于金黄色葡萄球菌等常见细菌的耐药性菌株感染[73]。然而,用于治疗的抗生素难以在患处高浓度聚集[74],需要多次给药才能达到杀菌效果,这就会增加抗生素的全身性扩散,也提高了细菌耐药性出现的可能性。治疗方法的发展离不开对药物输送方法的改善和提升,寻找一种高效且靶向特异性强的抗生素传递方法(给药方式)是目前的研究热点之一。由于OMVs是由细菌分泌的,其成分与结构与细胞外膜高度相似,与细胞膜具有较高的融合效率[21],而且能通过表面的配体将效应分子准确地递送到作用位点[45,75],所以在递送药物方面,OMVs具有巨大潜力。
Huang等[76]利用OMVs的特征,以及细菌通过细胞膜上的外排泵和OMVs将抗生素排出体外的机制,建立了用OMVs负载抗生素的方法。研发出的口服“抗生素-囊泡”不仅具有很好的生物相容性,还比游离抗生素效率高,能有效杀死肠毒性大肠杆菌。OMVs在降低细菌感染方面也具有很大的潜力。Schulz等[77]提取出非致病性黏细菌Cbv34的OMVs处理大肠杆菌,发现该OMVs能通过膜融合与大肠杆菌相互作用,抑制效果不亚于庆大霉素。结合液相质谱与质谱分析OMVs,得知其中含有一种名为囊泡菌胺的抑菌物质,这是一种革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌的拓扑异构酶抑制剂,可抑制细菌IIa型拓扑异构酶[78-79]。上述研究结果为基于OMVs的新型抑菌化合物或药物递送系统的开发奠定了坚实基础,使OMVs在与抗生素联合治疗方面的应用前景更为广阔。
利用OMVs的特点,现在已经制备出了可作为抗细菌感染的OMVs疫苗。OMVs作为疫苗有两点限制,一是其结构不稳定,二是其尺寸范围大,所以单独利用OMVs合成疫苗是不理想的。在细菌感染时,OMVs呈现出一定的免疫功能,于是研究者通过尺寸可控的牛血清蛋白纳米颗粒强化OMVs的结构[80],获得了结构稳定均匀的牛血清白蛋白-OMVs疫苗。经过该疫苗免疫后,小鼠在碳青霉烯类耐药性的肺炎克雷伯氏菌感染后存活率显著地提高。可见,结构优化后的OMVs在作为抗细菌感染的疫苗方面表现出优异的效果。目前,一种来自脑膜炎球菌的OMVs疫苗[81]在临床试验中被证明是具有免疫原性且安全的,并已得到了临床批准。
OMVs除了用作抗细菌感染的疫苗,还可诱导干扰素γ,在实验小鼠中抑制肿瘤生长[82]。另外,Wang等[83]的研究证明肠道微生物群的OMVs通过调节肠道稳态缓解结肠炎,强调细菌OMVs在肠道生态中的重要性。在免疫治疗方面,工程细菌OMVs被作为微生物纳米复合材料包封溶瘤腺病毒[84],该OMVs已被用于自噬级联增强免疫疗法的开发,在小鼠癌症模型中能够促进抗肿瘤免疫应答反应。可见,细菌OMVs在疾病治疗与干预方面具有巨大的应用潜力。
若想更广泛地实现细菌OMVs从实验室到临床的转化,研究者们仍面临着许多挑战[85],例如需要设计减毒菌株用于OMVs生产;开发成本低、产量高的细菌OMVs提取技术;提高细菌OMVs的药物承载量;有效地使细菌OMVs更准确地富集在疾病部位;全面了解细菌OMVs介导免疫的具体机制等等。
综上所述,OMVs能够通过多种途径,如增加OMVs产量、结合或灭活抗生素、促进生物被膜形成和防御噬菌体,从而保护细菌,提高细菌的存活率。OMVs还能作为细菌传播耐药性、传递毒力基因、毒素和RNA的工具,是实现种间和界间交流的不可缺少的方式之一。
在过去的几年里,OMVs研究领域已经取得了许多进展,使对OMVs的作用及应用有了更加全面的认识。许多原本不涉及OMVs的领域如肠道、口腔、免疫,也开始将OMVs作为重点研究对象,例如Bittel的团队初步实现了OMVs在细菌-宿主之间转移的可视化[86],利用OMVs的抗原特性研发的多肿瘤抗原呈递平台也已初步建立[87-88],多领域的成就弥补了以往研究的不足。但还是有些问题仍待解决,例如:细菌中何种信号或途径调节OMVs的产生?OMVs具体通过何种机制实现细菌内容物的运输?以OMVs为基础的疫苗或抗生素是否稳定且无害?未来随着OMVs研究的愈发深入,有望利用其破解愈发严重的抗生素耐药性及疾病治疗难题。
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究重大项目(2020B0301030005)
  • 广东特支计划(2021TQ06N119)
  • 广东省重点实验室(2020B121201009)
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2024年第64卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230483
  • 接收时间:2023-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-18
  • 录用日期:2023-09-22
基金
Guangdong Provincial Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2020B0301030005)
广东省基础与应用基础研究重大项目(2020B0301030005)
Talent Support Project of Guangdong(2021TQ06N119)
广东特支计划(2021TQ06N119)
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory(2020B121201009)
广东省重点实验室(2020B121201009)
作者信息
    1 广东省科学院微生物研究所 国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台 华南应用微生物国家重点实验室 广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室, 广东 广州 510070
    2 华南农业大学食品学院, 广东 广州 510642

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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