Article(id=1241053874564428351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230469, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689091200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1696608000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-10-07, onlineDate=1773819901362, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1706976000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773819901362, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773819901362, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819901362, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241053870428844598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='2', pageStart='331', pageEnd='632', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773819900376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820055293, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=548, endPage=564, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241053876955181640, articleId=1241053874564428351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of different water and fertilizer management measures on the growth of safflower and screening and identification of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria in safflower rhizosphere, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the effects of different water and fertilizer conditions on the biomass of safflower and the phosphorus and microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil, and isolate the strains with high phosphorus-solubilizing ability from the rhizosphere soil samples, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable water and fertilizer management of safflower and excellent strains for the research on safflower growth and rhizosphere microenvironment.[Methods] The safflower plants were treated with phosphorus fertilizer at different gradients, and the plant biomass was determined at the rosette, jointing, blooming, and seed maturity stages. At the same time, the microbial community composition, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil were determined. The strains with high phosphorus-solubilizing ability were screened by soil shaking and dilution coating methods and preliminarily identified by comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The phosphorus-solubilizing abilities of the strains in different media were determined by the molybdenum antimony colorimetric method. Furthermore, we inoculated the dominant strains by using the root irrigation method and dilution coating method to analyze the abilities of the strains to colonize the rhizosphere and promote the growth of safflower.[Results] W3-P2 water and fertilizer treatments were conducive to the biomass accumulation of safflower. As the application amount of phosphorus fertilizer increased, the available phosphorus content and phosphatase activity showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The effects of water on soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and phosphatase activity were correlated with the safflower development stages. Bacteria were the dominant microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil of safflower, with the highest counts of 3.017×107 CFU/g and 3.021×107 CFU/g at the seed maturity stage in the water treatment and phosphorus fertilizer treatment groups, respectively, which were much higher than those of fungi and actinomycetes in the same treatment group. Five efficient phosphorus-solubilizing strains (accession number C1: OR493125; C2: OR493126; C5: OR493127; C6: OR493128; C7: OR493129) were screened out from the rhizosphere soil of safflower. All of them had the ability to solubilize phosphorus and lowered the pH of the medium with inorganic and organic phosphorus as the only phosphorus source. Strain C6 had the strongest ability to solubilize phosphorus, with the amounts of phosphorus solubilized in the inorganic phosphorus media of tricalcium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, ferric phosphate, and calcium phytate being 380.00, 269.32, 7.15, and 48.16 mg/L, respectively. It solubilized 18.19 mg/L phosphorus in the medium with organic phosphorus (lecithin) as the only phosphorus source. C6 was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis asPseudomonas sp. and C1, C2, C5, and C7 asSinorhizobium sp. After inoculation of 2% suspensions (108 CFU/mL) of the dominant phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial strains C1, C5, and C6 around safflower plants, the cell count remained 105 CFU/g on day 21, and C6 demonstrated stronger colonization. The strains increased the leaf number, plant height, stem diameter, stem weight, and root length of safflower at the blooming stage, and the C6 strain group presented stronger effects, with the indicators above being 122 tablets, 115.96 cm, 12.49 mm, 43.36 g, and 21.17 cm, respectively.[Conclusion] Water and fertilizer management affects the available phosphorus content and microbial community structure in the rhizosphere microenvironment of safflower and promotes the growth and development of safflower roots, thus directly or indirectly affecting the biomass of safflower. The irrigation at 3 000 m3/hm2 and phosphorus fertilizer application 375 kg/hm2 were suitable for the growth of safflower. C6 is an efficient phosphorus-solubilizing strain, capable of decomposing insoluble organic and inorganic phosphorus. Pot experiments showed that C6 could colonize the rhizosphere of safflower and significantly promoted the growth of safflower.

, correspAuthors=Xia ZHANG, Aiping CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHANG Xia,;
E-mail: CAO Aiping,
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuwei QIN, Meihui HUANG, Guang YANG, Min LIU, Huan GUO, Yahang LI, Xia ZHANG, Aiping CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241053881375978159, articleId=1241053874564428351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=不同水肥管理对红花生长的影响及红花根际解磷菌的筛选和鉴定, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】分析不同水肥条件对红花生物量、根际土壤磷素及微生物的影响,并从红花根际土壤样品中分离具有高效解磷能力的菌株,为红花科学水肥管理提供理论依据,并为红花的生长发育和根际微环境研究提供优良菌株。【方法】采用不同磷肥梯度处理红花,在红花的莲座期、伸长期、盛花期和种子成熟期检测植株生物量,同时测定植株根际土壤微生物、全磷和速效磷以及土壤磷酸酶活性,并进行差异性和相关性分析。采用抖土法和稀释涂布法分离筛选具有高效解磷能力的菌株。通过16S rRNA基因序列比较分析,对其进行鉴定。通过钼锑抗比色法测定菌株在不同培养基中的溶磷能力。利用灌根法和稀释涂布法接种优势菌株,分析菌株在红花根际定殖能力和促生能力。【结果】W3-P2的水肥处理有利于红花生物量的积累,速效磷含量和磷酸酶活性随施加磷肥浓度的增加呈先增大后减小趋势,水分对土壤全磷、速效磷和磷酸酶的影响与红花发育时期相关。细菌是红花根际土壤的优势菌群,在种子成熟期W4-P2处理组细菌数目最多,分别为3.017×107 CFU/g和3.021×107 CFU/g,远高于相同处理组的真菌和放线菌。从红花根际土壤筛选出5株高效解磷菌株(登录号C1:OR493125;C2:OR493126;C5:OR493127;C6:OR493128;C7:OR493129),均对以无机磷和有机磷为唯一磷源的培养基具有溶磷能力和降低pH的功能,其中C6的溶磷能力最强,在磷酸三钙、磷酸铝、磷酸铁和植酸钙无机磷培养基中解磷量分别为380.00、269.32、7.15、48.16 mg/L,在有机磷(卵磷脂)培养基中解磷量为18.19 mg/L。通过16S rRNA基因序列分析,C6为假单胞菌属,C1、C2、C5、C7为中华根瘤菌属。在红花植株周围接种2%优势解磷菌C1、C5和C6菌体悬液(108 CFU/mL),在21 d时仍然保持在105 CFU/g,其中C6定殖能力最强。同时检测盛花期生物量(叶片数、株高、茎粗、茎秆重和根长),结果显示均能显著促进红花生长,其中C6菌株促生能力最强,分别为122片、115.96 cm、12.49 mm、43.36 g、21.17 cm。【结论】水肥影响红花根际微环境的速效磷含量和微生物数目的变化水平,促进红花根系的生长发育,从而直接或间接影响红花生物量,W3-P2的水肥量相对适合红花的生长。菌株C6是一株高效解磷菌株,能够分解难溶性有机磷和无机磷,盆栽实验表明C6可以在红花根际定殖并显著促进红花生长。

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A: Phosphate solubilization of calcium phosphate by the strain. B: Phosphate solubilization of aluminum phosphate by the strain. C: Phosphate solubilization of ferric phosphate by the strain. D: Phosphate solubilization of calcium phytate by the strain. E: Phosphate solubilization of organic phosphorus (lecithin) by the strain. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences and the same lowercase letter is not significant., figureFileSmall=vVKsW3Q7RDi33i4dtNZUUA==, figureFileBig=fGDZaVxFyshLZeDBWPyqQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083601035514834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053874564428351, language=CN, label=图8, caption=解磷细菌对不同磷化合物的解磷能力, figureFileSmall=vVKsW3Q7RDi33i4dtNZUUA==, figureFileBig=fGDZaVxFyshLZeDBWPyqQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083601144566744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053874564428351, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Colonization ability of three dominant phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria in the inter-rhizosphere soil of safflower in Xinjiang and the effect on the growth of safflower. A: Amount of bacteria at different incubation times. B: Safflower biomass of inoculated strainsvs. controls. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences and the same lowercase letter is not significant., figureFileSmall=Qk03t6Tgpx1nOg52jRPaJQ==, figureFileBig=gdOhNopxG7DqqwY1CI4ptg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083601249424350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053874564428351, language=CN, label=图9, caption=红花根际土壤3株优势解磷细菌在新疆红花根际的定殖能力及对红花生长的影响, figureFileSmall=Qk03t6Tgpx1nOg52jRPaJQ==, figureFileBig=gdOhNopxG7DqqwY1CI4ptg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083601341699042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053874564428351, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Phosphate fertilizer treatment program

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NumberTreatmentWater (m3/hm2)Three material phosphate fertilizer (kg/hm2)
1W3-P03 0000
2W3-P13 000187.5
3W3-P23 000375.0
4W3-P33 000562.2
5W1-P21 000375.0
6W2-P22 000375.0
7W3-P23 000375.0
8W4-P24 000375.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241083601438168039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053874564428351, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

磷肥处理方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberTreatmentWater (m3/hm2)Three material phosphate fertilizer (kg/hm2)
1W3-P03 0000
2W3-P13 000187.5
3W3-P23 000375.0
4W3-P33 000562.2
5W1-P21 000375.0
6W2-P22 000375.0
7W3-P23 000375.0
8W4-P24 000375.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241083601513665516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053874564428351, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Solubility index of different strains after 5 d, 7 d, and 9 d incubation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain5 d solubility index (D/d)7 d solubility index (D/d)9 d solubility index (D/d)
C11.1861.2502.127
C21.1951.2441.897
C51.1561.2002.019
C61.2332.3243.367
C71.2221.3011.863
), ArticleFig(id=1241083603011032049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053874564428351, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同菌株在5、7、9 d培养后可溶性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain5 d solubility index (D/d)7 d solubility index (D/d)9 d solubility index (D/d)
C11.1861.2502.127
C21.1951.2441.897
C51.1561.2002.019
C61.2332.3243.367
C71.2221.3011.863
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不同水肥管理对红花生长的影响及红花根际解磷菌的筛选和鉴定
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覃书伟 1 , 黄美卉 1 , 杨光 1 , 刘敏 2 , 郭欢 1 , 李亚航 1 , 张霞 1, 2, * , 曹爱萍 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(2): 548-564
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(2): 548-564
不同水肥管理对红花生长的影响及红花根际解磷菌的筛选和鉴定
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覃书伟1, 黄美卉1, 杨光1, 刘敏2, 郭欢1, 李亚航1, 张霞1, 2, * , 曹爱萍1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 石河子大学生命科学学院, 新疆 石河子 832003
  • 2 新疆植物药资源利用教育部重点实验室, 新疆 石河子 832003
Effects of different water and fertilizer management measures on the growth of safflower and screening and identification of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria in safflower rhizosphere
Shuwei QIN1, Meihui HUANG1, Guang YANG1, Min LIU2, Huan GUO1, Yahang LI1, Xia ZHANG1, 2, * , Aiping CAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2024-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230469
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【目的】分析不同水肥条件对红花生物量、根际土壤磷素及微生物的影响,并从红花根际土壤样品中分离具有高效解磷能力的菌株,为红花科学水肥管理提供理论依据,并为红花的生长发育和根际微环境研究提供优良菌株。【方法】采用不同磷肥梯度处理红花,在红花的莲座期、伸长期、盛花期和种子成熟期检测植株生物量,同时测定植株根际土壤微生物、全磷和速效磷以及土壤磷酸酶活性,并进行差异性和相关性分析。采用抖土法和稀释涂布法分离筛选具有高效解磷能力的菌株。通过16S rRNA基因序列比较分析,对其进行鉴定。通过钼锑抗比色法测定菌株在不同培养基中的溶磷能力。利用灌根法和稀释涂布法接种优势菌株,分析菌株在红花根际定殖能力和促生能力。【结果】W3-P2的水肥处理有利于红花生物量的积累,速效磷含量和磷酸酶活性随施加磷肥浓度的增加呈先增大后减小趋势,水分对土壤全磷、速效磷和磷酸酶的影响与红花发育时期相关。细菌是红花根际土壤的优势菌群,在种子成熟期W4-P2处理组细菌数目最多,分别为3.017×107 CFU/g和3.021×107 CFU/g,远高于相同处理组的真菌和放线菌。从红花根际土壤筛选出5株高效解磷菌株(登录号C1:OR493125;C2:OR493126;C5:OR493127;C6:OR493128;C7:OR493129),均对以无机磷和有机磷为唯一磷源的培养基具有溶磷能力和降低pH的功能,其中C6的溶磷能力最强,在磷酸三钙、磷酸铝、磷酸铁和植酸钙无机磷培养基中解磷量分别为380.00、269.32、7.15、48.16 mg/L,在有机磷(卵磷脂)培养基中解磷量为18.19 mg/L。通过16S rRNA基因序列分析,C6为假单胞菌属,C1、C2、C5、C7为中华根瘤菌属。在红花植株周围接种2%优势解磷菌C1、C5和C6菌体悬液(108 CFU/mL),在21 d时仍然保持在105 CFU/g,其中C6定殖能力最强。同时检测盛花期生物量(叶片数、株高、茎粗、茎秆重和根长),结果显示均能显著促进红花生长,其中C6菌株促生能力最强,分别为122片、115.96 cm、12.49 mm、43.36 g、21.17 cm。【结论】水肥影响红花根际微环境的速效磷含量和微生物数目的变化水平,促进红花根系的生长发育,从而直接或间接影响红花生物量,W3-P2的水肥量相对适合红花的生长。菌株C6是一株高效解磷菌株,能够分解难溶性有机磷和无机磷,盆栽实验表明C6可以在红花根际定殖并显著促进红花生长。

红花  /  根际微生物  /  解磷菌  /  生物量  /  溶磷圈  /  磷肥

[Objective] To study the effects of different water and fertilizer conditions on the biomass of safflower and the phosphorus and microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil, and isolate the strains with high phosphorus-solubilizing ability from the rhizosphere soil samples, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable water and fertilizer management of safflower and excellent strains for the research on safflower growth and rhizosphere microenvironment.[Methods] The safflower plants were treated with phosphorus fertilizer at different gradients, and the plant biomass was determined at the rosette, jointing, blooming, and seed maturity stages. At the same time, the microbial community composition, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil were determined. The strains with high phosphorus-solubilizing ability were screened by soil shaking and dilution coating methods and preliminarily identified by comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The phosphorus-solubilizing abilities of the strains in different media were determined by the molybdenum antimony colorimetric method. Furthermore, we inoculated the dominant strains by using the root irrigation method and dilution coating method to analyze the abilities of the strains to colonize the rhizosphere and promote the growth of safflower.[Results] W3-P2 water and fertilizer treatments were conducive to the biomass accumulation of safflower. As the application amount of phosphorus fertilizer increased, the available phosphorus content and phosphatase activity showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The effects of water on soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and phosphatase activity were correlated with the safflower development stages. Bacteria were the dominant microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil of safflower, with the highest counts of 3.017×107 CFU/g and 3.021×107 CFU/g at the seed maturity stage in the water treatment and phosphorus fertilizer treatment groups, respectively, which were much higher than those of fungi and actinomycetes in the same treatment group. Five efficient phosphorus-solubilizing strains (accession number C1: OR493125; C2: OR493126; C5: OR493127; C6: OR493128; C7: OR493129) were screened out from the rhizosphere soil of safflower. All of them had the ability to solubilize phosphorus and lowered the pH of the medium with inorganic and organic phosphorus as the only phosphorus source. Strain C6 had the strongest ability to solubilize phosphorus, with the amounts of phosphorus solubilized in the inorganic phosphorus media of tricalcium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, ferric phosphate, and calcium phytate being 380.00, 269.32, 7.15, and 48.16 mg/L, respectively. It solubilized 18.19 mg/L phosphorus in the medium with organic phosphorus (lecithin) as the only phosphorus source. C6 was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis asPseudomonas sp. and C1, C2, C5, and C7 asSinorhizobium sp. After inoculation of 2% suspensions (108 CFU/mL) of the dominant phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial strains C1, C5, and C6 around safflower plants, the cell count remained 105 CFU/g on day 21, and C6 demonstrated stronger colonization. The strains increased the leaf number, plant height, stem diameter, stem weight, and root length of safflower at the blooming stage, and the C6 strain group presented stronger effects, with the indicators above being 122 tablets, 115.96 cm, 12.49 mm, 43.36 g, and 21.17 cm, respectively.[Conclusion] Water and fertilizer management affects the available phosphorus content and microbial community structure in the rhizosphere microenvironment of safflower and promotes the growth and development of safflower roots, thus directly or indirectly affecting the biomass of safflower. The irrigation at 3 000 m3/hm2 and phosphorus fertilizer application 375 kg/hm2 were suitable for the growth of safflower. C6 is an efficient phosphorus-solubilizing strain, capable of decomposing insoluble organic and inorganic phosphorus. Pot experiments showed that C6 could colonize the rhizosphere of safflower and significantly promoted the growth of safflower.

safflower  /  rhizosphere microorganisms  /  phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria  /  biomass  /  phosphorus-solubilizing circle  /  phosphorus fertilizer
覃书伟, 黄美卉, 杨光, 刘敏, 郭欢, 李亚航, 张霞, 曹爱萍. 不同水肥管理对红花生长的影响及红花根际解磷菌的筛选和鉴定. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (2) : 548 -564 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230469
Shuwei QIN, Meihui HUANG, Guang YANG, Min LIU, Huan GUO, Yahang LI, Xia ZHANG, Aiping CAO. Effects of different water and fertilizer management measures on the growth of safflower and screening and identification of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria in safflower rhizosphere[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (2) : 548 -564 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230469
红花在我国已有2 100多年的栽培历史[1],主要分布于新疆、云南、河南和内蒙古等地[2],新疆红花种植面积占全国红花种植面积的80%以上[3]。新疆红花(Carthamus tinctorious L.)是一种综合型经济作物,集药材、染料、油料和饲料功能为一体,具有广阔的开发应用前景[4]。研究发现红花中已分离鉴定的化学成分有60多种,主要分为黄酮类、木脂素类、多炔类等几大类[5]。新疆红花产量受到土壤贫瘠的严重影响,其中土壤缺磷是限制其高产的主要原因之一[6]。化肥虽然可以增强耕地肥力,提高作物产量,但过量的化肥施用影响土壤质量,难以满足绿色环保和可持续发展的要求。近年来,挖掘根际有益微生物资源,加工制成微生物菌剂或肥料,被认为具有广阔的应用发展前景[7]
磷是作物生长发育必需的重要营养元素之一,植物体内许多重要的有机化合物都含有磷。然而我国约75%的土壤缺磷[8],土壤中磷主要以难溶的矿物态存在。可溶性磷肥施入土壤后大部分也很快发生专性吸附或化学沉淀固定,转变成为植物难以吸收利用的无效态磷[9]。伴随着作物产量的提高,磷肥的使用量越来越大,而作物对磷肥的当季利用率一般只有5%–10%,加上作物的后效,也不超过25%[10]。因此研究科学合理施肥,可以从源头上控制土壤磷素含量,对减少土壤磷流失非常有必要。同时土壤中存在解磷微生物(phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms, PSMs)可以释放这些被固定在土壤中的磷,对于降低磷肥的用量以及提高土壤中磷的有效性具有重要的意义。
磷元素在土壤中的迁移与土壤含水量密切相关。新疆是我国最为干旱的内陆农业灌区,红花具有抗旱、耐寒、耐盐碱和耐贫瘠等特性,是适宜在新疆贫瘠旱地种植的重要节水经济作物,红花全生育期需水量仅为小麦、玉米需水量的30%–50%。在发展节水农业和旱作农业的要求下,研究合理的给水量对磷和作物的影响,使得红花规模化种植尤其是新开荒的沙化土地种植红花将成为可能。
解磷微生物可以帮助植物摄取磷素,并且不存在二次污染等问题。解磷微生物在生长循环过程中能够通过自身代谢过程分泌有机酸或酶类等多种物质的方式[11],与土壤中难溶性的无机磷和有机磷相互作用,将其转换为可溶性磷[12],为植物的生长发育提供部分磷素,可供植物直接吸收利用。解磷菌能够降解难溶性的磷,提高微生物对磷素的有效转化就能够提高土壤中磷的利用效率,从而提高农作物产量。
本研究以塔城裕民县161团红花试验田中红花为材料,通过不同水肥梯度处理,探讨其对红花根际土壤全磷、速效磷、磷酸酶、微生物磷含量和土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,探明不同水肥对红花根际土壤磷及微生物的影响。通过抖土法和稀释涂布法,在解无机磷培养基中筛选具有解磷能力的菌株。通过16S rRNA基因序列比较分析,对其进行鉴定,并通过钼锑抗比色法测定菌株在不同培养基中的溶磷能力。通过盆栽实验,分析菌株在红花根际的定殖能力和促生能力。研究结果可以充分发挥水肥耦合效应达到节水、降肥的目的,并且丰富了红花根际促生菌种资源。
红花品种:新红4号,产地新疆石河子。
土壤:石河子实验站(44°19′34.4″N;85°59′44.1″E)。
红花根际土壤:塔城裕民县红花试验田(46°12′3.9″N;82°58′57.9″E)。
三料磷肥:云南昆明晋宁金宏混合肥料厂。
磷酸钙无机磷培养基(g/L):葡萄糖10.0、硫酸铵0.5、NaC1 0.3、KC1 0.3、MgSO4 0.3、FeSO4 0.03、MnSO4 0.01、Ca3(PO4)2 5.0,pH 7.0。
LB液体培养基(g/L):酵母提取物5.0、蛋白胨10.0、NaC1 10.0,pH 7.0。
焦磷酸钙无机磷培养基(g/L):葡萄糖10.0、硫酸铵0.5、KC1 0.3、NaC1 0.3、MgSO4 0.3、FeSO4 0.03、MnSO4 0.01、Ca2P2O7 5.0,pH 7.0。
多聚磷酸钙无机磷培养基(g/L):葡萄糖10.0、硫酸铵0.5、KC1 0.3、NaCl 0.3、MgSO4 0.3、FeSO4 0.03、MnSO4 0.01、多聚磷酸钙5.0,pH 7.0。
植酸钙无机磷培养基(g/L):葡萄糖10.0、硫酸铵0.5、NaC1 0.3、KC1 0.3、MgSO4 0.3、FeSO4 0.03、MnSO4 1.0、植酸钙5.0,pH 7.0。
卵磷脂有机磷培养基[13] (g/L):葡萄糖10.0、硫酸铵0.5、NaC1 0.3、KC1 0.3、MgSO4 0.3、FeSO4 0.03、MnSO4 1.0、卵磷脂5.0,pH 7.0。
酵母提取物、蛋白胨、NaC1购自赛默飞世尔科技公司;硫酸铵、KC1、MgSO4、FeSO4、琼脂、Ca2P2O7、多聚磷酸钙、植酸钙、卵磷脂、钼酸铵、酒石酸锑钾、抗坏血酸和磷酸二氢钾购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;MnSO4、Ca3(PO4)2购自广东光华科技有限公司;浓硫酸购自天津市大茂化学试剂厂。试剂均为分析纯。
钼锑贮存溶液:称量153 mL H2SO4,缓缓加入到400 mL蒸馏水中,搅拌,等待溶液冷却。称量磨细的钼酸铵10 g溶于温度约60 ℃的300 mL H2O中,等待冷却。随后将H2SO4溶液缓缓倒入钼酸铵溶液中。加入0.5%酒石酸锑钾溶液100 mL,冷却后,加蒸馏水稀释至1 000 mL,摇匀,贮于棕色试剂瓶中。此贮备液含钼酸铵1%,硫酸2.75 mol/L。
钼锑抗显色剂:称取1.50 g抗坏血酸溶于100 mL钼锑贮存溶液中,此溶液有效期较短,宜随配随用。
5 mg/L磷标准溶液:取50 ℃烘干的磷酸二氢钾0.439 4 g,加入100 mL蒸馏水和5 mL浓硫酸(防腐),用蒸馏水定容到1 L,磷(P)浓度为100 mg/L,此溶液可以长期保存。吸取上述溶液10 mL于200 mL容量瓶中,加蒸馏水至标度,浓度为5 mg/L磷(P)标准溶液,此溶液不宜久存[14]
恒温培养箱购自上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;超净工作台、高压灭菌锅、电子分析天平、纯水机和分光光度计购自广东东南科创科技有限公司;恒温振荡培养箱购自上海靳澜仪器制造有限公司。
施肥时间:三料磷肥30%作基肥,定苗后40%,初花期30%。
水分处理:整个生长期浇水3次,分别在定苗后(30%)、初花期(40%)和终花期(30%)。浇水方式采用滴灌,以水表控制灌溉量,各小区间埋入60 cm深的隔水带。
试验样地面积为57.96 m2 (9.2 m×6.3 m),8种水肥处理(每种处理的土壤面积相同为7.245 m2),W3-P0、W3-P1、W3-P2和W3-P3处理为相同浇水量不同磷肥浓度,W1-P2、W2-P2、W3-P2和W4-P2处理为相同磷肥浓度不同水梯度,具体施肥量和水量见表1
采样时间:莲座期、伸长期、盛花期和种子成熟期。每次釆样时间为施肥后10−15 d间,浇水或雨后4−7 d间。
釆集土壤样品与植株样品:上午10:00−12:00,按“S”五点取样法,抖掉红花根周围松散的土壤,用毛刷将附着在红花根上的土壤刷下。同一处理土壤采样后混合均匀,分装为2份装入灭菌密封袋,一份4 ℃保存,用于土壤酶活性和细菌数目等测定,另一份过1 mm筛室内阴干,用于土壤全磷、速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)等理化性质测定。部分生物量(株高、叶片数、茎粗)在试验田直接测量,然后将植株样品用液氮保存,在实验室进行剩余生物量的测定(根长、根鲜重、根干重)。
土壤全磷采用NaOH熔融-钼锑抗比色法测定;土壤速效磷采用钼锑抗比色法测定;土壤磷酸酶活性采用对硝基苯酚比色法测定[15]
土壤微生物数量采用稀释平板测数法,每一处理设3个重复,3个稀释度,30 ℃培养2、5、7、9 d后分别对菌落数进行计数。细菌用牛肉膏蛋白胨琼脂培养基培养,采用10−4、10−5和10−6稀释浓度;放线菌用高氏I号琼脂培养基培养,采用10−3、10−4和10−5稀释浓度;真菌用马丁(Martin)-孟加拉红琼脂培养基培养[16],采用10−1、10−2和10−3稀释浓度。每克土壤样品所含的菌数=同一稀释浓度3次重复的菌落平均数× 10×稀释倍数。
根际土样采用“抖土法”取样,采集后的土壤样品装入无菌瓶中,研磨后在1 mm筛网中筛选,将处理好的土壤样品4 ℃冷藏。称取1 g处理好的红花根际土壤,置于含有磁力珠(灭菌)和99 mL无菌水的锥形瓶(200 mL)中,30 ℃、200 r/min振荡20 min,然后置于室温,静置30 min;吸取上清液即为10−2的根际土壤稀释液,同理配制10−3、10−4、10−5、10−6的土壤悬液,将土壤悬液涂布于固体无机磷培养基,倒置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养3−5 d,观察并测量出现溶磷圈的菌落。平板划线法将溶磷效果较好的菌株分离纯化3代,观察溶磷圈及其菌落大小、颜色等特点(超净工作台操作)。
用细菌基因组提取试剂盒(离心柱型)分别提取细菌的DNA,使用Taq DNA聚合物扩增16S rRNA基因,用通用引物8F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-CGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)进行扩增。利用1.2%琼脂糖凝胶进行电泳检测,PCR产物回收,并利用通用引物8F和1492R进行测序,测得的序列在NCBI利用BLAST进行比对,下载与其序列相似度高的序列,并利用MEGA 11.0软件通过邻接法(neighbor joining method)构建系统发育树[17]
分别准确吸取5 mg/L磷(K2HPO4)标准溶液0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10 mL于50 mL容量瓶中,同时加入等体积的空白溶液,加入指示剂二硝基酚3−4滴,调节至溶液刚呈微黄色(碳酸钠溶液或硫酸溶液),加入5 mL钼锑抗显色剂,摇匀后加蒸馏水定容,即得标准溶液。摇匀,放置30 min,保证室温15 ℃以上。在波长为700 nm处测定其标准溶液的吸光度,以吸光度为纵坐标,磷浓度(mg/L)为横坐标,绘制磷标准曲线。
将待测液体培养基(培养液8 000 r/min离心后取上清液)适量移至50 mL容量瓶中,用蒸馏水稀释至总体积约3/5处,加入指示剂二硝基酚2−3滴,利用100 g/L氢氧化钠调节溶液至刚呈微黄色,加入5 mL钼锑抗显色剂,摇匀后加蒸馏水定容,放置30 min。以空白溶液为参比液调节仪器零点,对样品溶液进行比色测定,在波长为700 nm处,测定其吸光度,对照标准曲线查得相应的样品溶液含磷量。
将土壤121 ℃灭菌3次,2周后每盆(12 cm× 10 cm×8 cm)定苗5株,在红花植株周围接种2% (体积质量分数)优势解磷菌菌体悬液(108 CFU/mL)。平板稀释法检测菌悬液接种0、7、14、21 d红花根际土壤细菌数目。同时检测盛花期株高、茎粗、叶片数等生物量。
对实验所得结果进行统计与整理,所得数据用excel整理,数据分析用GraphPad Prism进行图表的绘制和ordinary one-way ANOVA分析。方差分析用SPSS 17.0统计分析软件分析,小写字母不同者表示差异显著(5%水平),字母相同者表示差异不显著,相关性分析采用R语言分析。对解磷菌的16S rRNA基因序列在NCBI上进行BLAST比对,下载同源序列并用MEGA 11.0构建系统发育树。
W3-P0处理在红花生长时期的株高和茎粗分别为:8.5、72.1、83.9、83.9 cm和0.37、0.86、0.91、0.91 cm,与W3-P0处理相比,施加磷肥后,红花的株高和茎粗均显著增加,除伸长期外W3-P2处理最显著分别为:16.3、112.4、116.0 cm和0.56、1.00、1.00 cm (图1A1B),说明磷肥可以促进红花生长。W3-P2处理的叶片数也是最多的,分别为15、56、70、73片,远远多于其他处理组,在伸长期和种子成熟期,W3-P1与W3-P0处理相比叶片数无显著性差异,分别为:44片和43片、59片和58片(图1C)。红花莲座期的根长随磷肥浓度的增加显著增加,伸长期和盛花期无磷肥处理(W3-P0)的红花根最长,分别为:15.4 cm和19.1 cm (图1D)。红花根的鲜重和干重在不同发育时期的变化趋势一样,水肥处理后,根鲜重和干重均显著增加,W3-P0处理根鲜重和干重分别为:0.8、3.2、3.4、6.3 g和0.08、0.93、0.97、1.42 g;W3-P3与W3-P0处理相比在莲座期根鲜重和干重最显著,分别为:1.7 g和0.25 g;其他3个发育时期W3-P2处理最显著分别为:5.4、8.2、9.7 g和1.28、1.83、2.11 g (图1E1F)。
在红花不同发育时期,W3-P0处理组红花的株高分别为:12.2、39.3、45.1、48.1 cm,叶片数分别为:9、42、54、66片,茎粗分别为0.29、0.26、0.43、0.40 cm;与W3-P0处理相比,W3-P2处理表现最显著,株高分别为16.3、84.0、111.6、115.3,叶片数分别为15、56、69、73,茎粗分别为0.55、0.86、1.09、1.10,其次是W4-P2处理,并且各个处理之间均差异显著(图2A2C)。在莲座期,从W1-P2到W3-P2处理,随着水分增加根长也显著增加,分别为10.1、14.1、14.1 cm,而W4-P2处理却抑制红花根长发育,为12.6 cm,但在其他3个发育时期,W4-P2根长显著长于其他水梯度,分别为:18.2、19.6、20.1 cm (图2D)。除莲座期外,其余3个发育时期的根鲜重和干重均是W3-P2处理显著高于其他处理,分别为:5.40、8.22、9.62 g和2.15、3.18、3.74 g,其次是W2-P2和W4-P2,变化规律一致(图2E2F)。
施加磷肥后,全磷和速效磷的含量均显著增加,全磷从0.49 g/kg升至1.24 g/kg,速效磷从9.10 mg/kg升至15.8 mg/kg,土壤速效磷含量与施磷量在莲座期成正相关,随施磷量增加而增加,但在红花生长后期高磷处理对速效磷含量出现抑制,W3-P3处理与W3-P2处理速效磷含量显著降低(图3A3B)。磷酸酶活性在全磷和速效磷含量较高的W3-P2和W3-P3处理下含量也相对较高,分别为66.3、74.6、80.3、77.4 nmol/(d·g)和62.3、75.8、78.7、71.5 nmol/(d·g) (图3C)。红花根际土壤微生物类群中细菌数量最多为3.021×107 CFU/g,其次为放线菌,真菌数量相对较少(图3E3F)。随着磷肥浓度的增加,不同发育时期根际土壤细菌的数量显著增加,W3-P3处理细菌数目最多,分别为6.424×106、1.555×107、2.098×107、2.971×107 CFU/g (图3D),而真菌在莲座期却有相反的变化趋势,在盛花期和种子成熟期,W3-P1的真菌数量与W3-P0无显著性差异,分别为5.348×106、6.532×106 CFU/g和5.333×106、6.613×106 CFU/g,其他发育时期和处理均有显著变化(图3E)。在莲座期和伸长期,放线菌数目在W3-P0最高,分别为4.6×103 CFU/g和2.54×104 CFU/g,盛花期和种子成熟期分别在W3-P2和W3-P4,最高为2.76×104 CFU/g和3.85×104 CFU/g,并且在其他处理中无显著差异(图3F)。
在莲座期和伸长期,全磷含量在不同水梯度处理下变化不显著,分别在0.64 g/kg和0.77 g/kg左右;盛花期和种子成熟期在不同水梯度处理下均显著不同,在W3-P2水梯度处理下相对最高,分别为0.82 g/kg和0.79 g/kg (图4A)。与其他处理相比,在不同发育时期W3-P2水梯度处理下速效磷含量相对最高,速效磷含量变化范围为11.70 mg/kg升至12.30 mg/kg,不同时期各处理土壤速效磷和磷酸酶活性的变化趋势不同,均有显著性差异(图4B4C);在莲座期W2-P2处理磷酸酶含量相对最高为70.75 nmol/(d·g),伸长期W3-P2相对最高为74.42 nmol/(d·g),W4-P2在盛花期和种子成熟期最高分别为80.38 nmol/(d·g)和84.88 nmol/(d·g) (图4C)。红花根际土壤微生物类群中细菌依旧是优势菌株,其数量为3.017×107 CFU/g,除盛花期,细菌数目随着水梯度的增加显著增加;真菌数目在盛花期和种子成熟期也有相同的变化规律,在莲座期和伸长期W2-P2和W3-P2分别相对最高, 为3.265×106 CFU/g和4.293×106 CFU/g;放线菌除种子成熟期在W1-P2处理数目最高,为3.358×104 CFU/g,其余时期在W3-P2的数目最高分别为5.76×103、2.071×104和2.762×104 CFU/g (图4D4F)。
不同磷肥浓度处理下,各生物量之间均为正相关,相关性在0.25−0.97之间,根长与根干重相关性为0.73,与其他生物量的相关性小于0.4,根鲜重和干重与其他生物量的相关性较高,根鲜重与茎粗、叶片数和株高的相关性在0.95−0.97之间(图5A)。不同水梯度处理下,各生物量之间也均为正相关,相关性在0.57−0.97之间,根鲜重和干重相关性最高为0.97,与根长相比,根鲜重和根干重与其他生物量的相关性更高(图5B)。不同磷浓度和水梯度处理下,全磷与速效磷的相关性分别为0.60和0.21,全磷与磷酸酶的相关性分别为0.52和0.05,速效磷与磷酸酶的相关性分别为0.89和0.92,速效磷与磷酸酶的相关性最高(图5A5B)。不同磷浓度和水梯度处理下,细菌与真菌的相关性分别为0.98和0.91,细菌与放线菌的相关性分别为0.84和0.78,真菌与放线菌的相关性分别为0.83和0.81,总体来看3种微生物之间互相影响,其中真菌与放线菌的相关性最高(图5A5B)。综上所述,生物量、磷和微生物之间都具有相关性,根鲜重和干重相比根长与其他因素的相关性更高,速效磷比全磷对生物量和微生物的影响更大。
利用选择培养基从塔城裕民县161团种植的红花根际土壤分离出多株可产生溶磷圈的细菌,其中5株菌株(登录号C1:OR493125;C2:OR493126;C5:OR493127;C6:OR493128;C7:OR493129)经过10代划线培养仍能形成稳定的溶磷圈,说明它们是稳定遗传的解磷细菌(图6)。利用可溶性指数[解磷圈直径(D)与菌落生长直径(d)的比值]作为解磷菌相对解磷能力的指标(表2),研究发现C1、C5、C6的可溶性指数较高,分别为2.127、2.019、3.367,说明这3株菌具有较强的解磷能力,C6的可溶性指数最高。对5株解磷菌的16S rRNA基因序列进行BLAST比对,获得同源性序列并构建系统发育树鉴定菌株类型(图7),结果表明C6为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),C1、C2、C5和C7为中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium sp.)。
以无机磷(磷酸三钙、磷酸铝、磷酸铁和植酸钙)和有机磷(卵磷脂)为磷源测定稳定遗传的5株解磷菌的溶磷能力和pH,它们均能溶解无机磷(磷酸三钙、磷酸铝、磷酸铁和植酸钙)和有机磷(卵磷脂),降低培养基pH;不同菌株对难溶性磷酸盐均有不同程度的降解能力,其中C6相比其他菌株具有更强的解磷能力,在磷酸三钙、磷酸铝、磷酸铁和植酸钙无机磷培养基中解磷量分别为380、269.32、7.147、48.16 mg/L,在有机磷(卵磷脂)培养基中解磷量为18.19 mg/L。C1和C5也具有较强的解磷能力(图8),说明它们是红花根际土壤的高效解磷细菌。
石河子实验站土壤121 ℃灭菌3次播种红花,2周后每盆(12 cm×10 cm×8 cm)定苗5株,在红花植株周围接种2% (体积质量分数)优势解磷菌C1、C5、C6菌体悬液(108 CFU/mL)。平板稀释法检测3种菌悬液接种0、7、14和21 d红花根际土壤细菌数目(图9A),结果显示菌株数量开始呈下降的趋势,21 d仍然保持在105 CFU/g,说明3种菌体可以在土壤定殖,C6菌株定殖能力更强;同时检测盛花期叶片数、株高、茎粗、茎秆重和根长,结果它们均能显著促进红花生长,与CK相比C6菌株促生能力最强,分别为CK:72片、87.9 cm、6.8 mm、25.2 g、13.6 cm和C6:122片、115.9 cm、12.49 mm、43.36 g、21.17 cm (图9B)。
磷对作物生长发育至关重要[18],为了满足红花对磷元素的需求,化学磷肥成为主要选择[19-20]。本研究进行了不同梯度水肥处理红花,在红花生长时期对红花根际微生物和生物量以及土壤磷含量进行测量。研究发现W3-P3全磷含量最高,但速效磷的含量却低于W3-P2处理,主要因为作物对施入磷肥的利用率不足30%[20],施入的磷肥大多数被土壤、植物和微生物吸收固定[21]。在红花盛花期,W3-P2水肥处理下,红花根鲜重和干重显著增加,速效磷含量、细菌、真菌和放线菌数目最多,红花的生物量(株高、叶片数、茎粗和根长)也显著增加。在玉米中,磷肥增加改变和增加了根际细菌群落组成和多样性[22],土壤中磷含量对植物根际微生物组组成起着重要的作用[23],细菌数目最多的W3-P2处理,磷酸酶也显著增加,土壤中的细菌通过合成多种不同的磷酸酶对有机磷进行矿化水解,释放速效磷[18],同时本研究发现细菌与速效磷和磷酸酶的相关性远高于全磷。
土壤中广泛存在解磷微生物,在植物的根际土壤中最为常见,它们是一类能通过自身代谢产物将土壤中固定的难溶性磷化合物转化为速效磷的微生物[24-25]。本研究从红花根际分离出了5株解磷菌(C1、C2、C5、C6和C7),经过10代划线培养仍能形成稳定的溶磷圈,说明它们是稳定遗传的解磷细菌。对5株解磷菌的16S rRNA基因序列进行BLAST比对获得同源性序列,并构建系统发育树鉴定菌株类型,测得了5株菌株的可溶性指数。研究发现C6菌株可溶性指数最高为3.367,C1和C5菌株的可溶性指数也很高。C6为假单胞菌属,C1、C2、C5和C7为中华根瘤菌属。
蒙金娜等学者从土壤中分离得到一株具有较强解磷能力的巨大芽孢杆菌,该类细菌能分解卵磷脂和核酸[12]。有学者在南极地衣中分离出了66株解磷菌,经鉴定为假单胞菌属和金黄杆菌属,且不同的菌株具有不同的解磷能力[20]。本研究以无机磷(磷酸三钙、磷酸铝、磷酸铁和植酸钙)和有机磷(卵磷脂)为磷源测定发现,不同的菌株解磷能力也有很大的差异,但C6相比其他菌株具有较强的解磷能力,C1和C5也具有较强的解磷能力,与可溶性指数实验结果一致,说明它们是红花根际土壤的高效解磷菌。张继英等[26]的研究发现荧光假单胞菌对食用菌生长具有促进作用,不同菌液对不同种食用菌具有不同的促生效果。杨晓帆等[27]的研究发现荧光假单胞菌具有产IAA和铁载体,溶解无机磷和有机磷,降解难溶性钾的促生特性,土壤施用荧光假单胞菌悬液可以显著改善根区土壤环境,促进桃树生长。通过菌株的定殖和促生实验发现优势菌株C6可以在室内盆栽红花根际土壤定殖并促进红花生长。
综上所述,W3-P2 (3 000 m3/hm2和375 kg/hm2)的水肥处理能显著提升红花生物量,根际土壤微生物数量最多,利于土壤磷的利用,是适合红花生长及提高肥料利用率的优选水肥模式。C6菌株在不同磷源的培养基上具有很强的解磷能力,能在室内盆栽红花根际土壤定殖并显著促进红花生长,是一株优良的解磷菌株。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82260817)
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2024年第64卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230469
  • 接收时间:2023-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-12
  • 录用日期:2023-10-07
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82260817)
国家自然科学基金(82260817)
作者信息
    1 石河子大学生命科学学院, 新疆 石河子 832003
    2 新疆植物药资源利用教育部重点实验室, 新疆 石河子 832003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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