Article(id=1241053873377440310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230473, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689177600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1695657600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-26, onlineDate=1773819901079, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1706976000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773819901079, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773819901079, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773819901079, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241053870428844598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='2', pageStart='331', pageEnd='632', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773819900376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820055293, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054520269140367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1241053870428844598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=623, endPage=632, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241053873918505529, articleId=1241053873377440310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Comparison of three protein extraction methods for the proteomics research onPaenibacillus sp., columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] The cell wall structure characteristics make it a challenge to obtain the whole proteins ofPaenibacillus sp. as a Gram-positive bacterium. We employed three representative lysis methods: lysozyme combined with ultrasonic treatment (method 1), lysozyme combined with SDS heat treatment (method 2), and liquid nitrogen combined with ultrasonic treatment (method 3), to obtain the samples for mass spectrometry-based proteomics research onPaenibacillus sp.[Methods] We compared the protein extraction efficiency of the three methods based on protein yield and SDS-PAGE. Furthermore, we analyzed the obtained protein samples by mass spectrometry.[Results] The protein extraction efficiency of the three methods was similar. The number of proteins identified in the sample prepared with method 3 was the highest (2 638 proteins), followed by that with method 1 (2 452 proteins), and that with method 2 was the lowest (2 003 proteins). The Venn diagram was established to compare the protein identification flux of the samples prepared with different methods. Considering the protein extraction efficiency and the shortcomings of method 3, we finally chose method 1 as the most suitable method to extract the proteins for mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Finally, the basic properties of proteins identified by mass spectrometry, including molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophobicity, were analyzed. The proportion of each component of the proteins obtained by the three methods was the same as that of the predicted proteins of the model strainPaenibacillus polymyxa.[Conclusion] For the proteomics research on Gram-positivePaenibacillus sp. by mass spectrometry, lysozyme combined with ultrasonic treatment is the most suitable method for sample preparation.

, correspAuthors=Lili SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*SONG Lili, Tel: +86-10-84097042, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lili SONG, Xue ZHANG, Gengxin ZHANG, Xinli WEI, Xianping WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241053878402216551, articleId=1241053873377440310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)蛋白质组学研究中三种蛋白提取方法的比较分析, columnId=1194702986061517752, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=技术与方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】革兰氏阳性类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)本身细胞壁的结构特点导致其菌体全蛋白不易获得。本研究选取了3种破碎方法——溶菌酶联合超声破碎法(方法一)、溶菌酶联合SDS热处理破碎法(方法二)、液氮联合超声破碎法(方法三)进行革兰氏阳性菌的细胞破碎,以期获得适于样品菌株基于质谱技术进行蛋白质组学研究的制备方法。【方法】在蛋白样品的制备过程中,对3种不同破碎方法的蛋白提取得率和SDS-PAGE检测分析结果进行比较;随后将3种蛋白样品制备方法的样品用质谱技术进行鉴定,分析不同蛋白样品基于质谱技术鉴定蛋白的差异。【结果】在蛋白样品的制备提取过程中,不同破碎方法的蛋白提取率大致相同。用单因素方差比较3种提取方法质谱鉴定蛋白数的差异性,方法三鉴定的蛋白数最多(2 638个),其次是方法一(2 452个),方法二鉴定的蛋白数最少(2 003个)。进一步用韦恩图分析比较不同提取方法的蛋白鉴定通量差异,综合考虑蛋白提取效率的结果以及液氮研磨法提取蛋白的缺点,最终选取溶菌酶联合超声破碎法(方法一)提取菌株全蛋白作为该菌基于质谱分析其蛋白质组学研究中最适合的方法。最后,对质谱鉴定菌株蛋白包括分子量、等电点、疏水性的基本性质进行分析,发现3种破碎方法质谱鉴定的蛋白与模式菌株多黏类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)基因组中预测蛋白的各个组分分布占比基本一致,都保证了菌株蛋白质组数据信息的完整性。【结论】基于质谱技术开展革兰氏阳性类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)的蛋白质组学研究,溶菌酶联合超声破碎法是提取该菌株全蛋白最适合的方法。

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A: Hydrolytic process with different lysozyme concentration at 37 ℃. E1, E5, and E50 represent 1 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL concentrations of lysozyme respectively. B: Bacterial enzymolysis process with 1 mg/mL lysozyme.A600,A280, andA260 represent the absorbance values at wavelengths of 600 nm, 280 nm, and 260 nm, respectively., figureFileSmall=pOXx7LJas2cqIDEbtOCoDA==, figureFileBig=CYDyR3PGUtwnPHu9bQASdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595192856970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053873377440310, language=CN, label=图2, caption=添加溶菌酶的菌体酶解过程, figureFileSmall=pOXx7LJas2cqIDEbtOCoDA==, figureFileBig=CYDyR3PGUtwnPHu9bQASdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595285131663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053873377440310, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of protein yields from three extraction methods. Protein yield, ratio of extracted protein quality to wet weight. The same letters mean no significant difference among different methods (P > 0.05)., figureFileSmall=HzcQM3jthxVXrGat8zJKlA==, figureFileBig=tGgbpwWyGR6LugUNNbbrmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595415155094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053873377440310, language=CN, label=图3, caption=三种提取方法的蛋白得率比较, figureFileSmall=HzcQM3jthxVXrGat8zJKlA==, figureFileBig=tGgbpwWyGR6LugUNNbbrmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595494846873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053873377440310, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=SDS-PAGE of protein extracted by three different methods. Lane 1: Cell lysate; Lane 2−3: Supernatant and precipitation by method 1; Lane 4−7: Supernatant and precipitation by method 2 (lane 4 and lane 5 is the supernatant and the precipitation respectively by centrifugation after heating at 90 ℃ for 30 min; Lane 6−7 is the supernatant and the precipitation respectively after placing on ice for 30 min); Lane 8−9: Supernatant and precipitation by method 3., figureFileSmall=6OvSEpdhgUejD5y/tzpV1w==, figureFileBig=3SVYRD6lqp2q4tPR5cZjaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595629064607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053873377440310, language=CN, label=图4, caption=三种提取方法蛋白样品的SDS-PAGE电泳结果, figureFileSmall=6OvSEpdhgUejD5y/tzpV1w==, figureFileBig=3SVYRD6lqp2q4tPR5cZjaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595801031076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053873377440310, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Venn diagram of proteins identified by three methods., figureFileSmall=7FcBbNtJIuEafLj07c7yNA==, figureFileBig=kqumIwJUlknZ+GOdQwL4xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083595918471593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053873377440310, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三种方法鉴定蛋白的韦恩图, figureFileSmall=7FcBbNtJIuEafLj07c7yNA==, figureFileBig=kqumIwJUlknZ+GOdQwL4xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241083596019134893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241053873377440310, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Histogram of characterization of proteins identified by mass spectrometry. A: Histogram of Gravy value distribution of proteins identified by mass spectrometry from three methods and predicted proteome fromPaenibacilluspolymyxa genome. B: Histogram of isoelectric point distribution of proteins identified by mass spectrometry from three methods and predicted proteome fromP.polymyxa genome. C: Histogram of molecure weight distribution of proteins identified by mass spectrometry from three methods and predicted proteome fromP.polymyxa genome. 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类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)蛋白质组学研究中三种蛋白提取方法的比较分析
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宋丽丽 1, * , 张雪 2 , 张更新 1 , 魏鑫丽 3 , 王先平 4
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024,64(2): 623-632
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微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2024, 64(2): 623-632
类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)蛋白质组学研究中三种蛋白提取方法的比较分析
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宋丽丽1, * , 张雪2, 张更新1, 魏鑫丽3, 王先平4
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境重点实验室, 北京 100101
  • 2 兰州大学生态学院, 甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 3 中国科学院微生物研究所, 北京 100101
  • 4 中国科学院生物物理研究所, 北京 100101
Comparison of three protein extraction methods for the proteomics research onPaenibacillus sp.
Lili SONG1, * , Xue ZHANG2, Gengxin ZHANG1, Xinli WEI3, Xianping WANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2 College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
  • 3 Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 4 Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
出版时间: 2024-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230473
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【目的】革兰氏阳性类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)本身细胞壁的结构特点导致其菌体全蛋白不易获得。本研究选取了3种破碎方法——溶菌酶联合超声破碎法(方法一)、溶菌酶联合SDS热处理破碎法(方法二)、液氮联合超声破碎法(方法三)进行革兰氏阳性菌的细胞破碎,以期获得适于样品菌株基于质谱技术进行蛋白质组学研究的制备方法。【方法】在蛋白样品的制备过程中,对3种不同破碎方法的蛋白提取得率和SDS-PAGE检测分析结果进行比较;随后将3种蛋白样品制备方法的样品用质谱技术进行鉴定,分析不同蛋白样品基于质谱技术鉴定蛋白的差异。【结果】在蛋白样品的制备提取过程中,不同破碎方法的蛋白提取率大致相同。用单因素方差比较3种提取方法质谱鉴定蛋白数的差异性,方法三鉴定的蛋白数最多(2 638个),其次是方法一(2 452个),方法二鉴定的蛋白数最少(2 003个)。进一步用韦恩图分析比较不同提取方法的蛋白鉴定通量差异,综合考虑蛋白提取效率的结果以及液氮研磨法提取蛋白的缺点,最终选取溶菌酶联合超声破碎法(方法一)提取菌株全蛋白作为该菌基于质谱分析其蛋白质组学研究中最适合的方法。最后,对质谱鉴定菌株蛋白包括分子量、等电点、疏水性的基本性质进行分析,发现3种破碎方法质谱鉴定的蛋白与模式菌株多黏类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)基因组中预测蛋白的各个组分分布占比基本一致,都保证了菌株蛋白质组数据信息的完整性。【结论】基于质谱技术开展革兰氏阳性类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)的蛋白质组学研究,溶菌酶联合超声破碎法是提取该菌株全蛋白最适合的方法。

革兰氏阳性菌  /  蛋白裂解液  /  蛋白质组学  /  多肽

[Objective] The cell wall structure characteristics make it a challenge to obtain the whole proteins ofPaenibacillus sp. as a Gram-positive bacterium. We employed three representative lysis methods: lysozyme combined with ultrasonic treatment (method 1), lysozyme combined with SDS heat treatment (method 2), and liquid nitrogen combined with ultrasonic treatment (method 3), to obtain the samples for mass spectrometry-based proteomics research onPaenibacillus sp.[Methods] We compared the protein extraction efficiency of the three methods based on protein yield and SDS-PAGE. Furthermore, we analyzed the obtained protein samples by mass spectrometry.[Results] The protein extraction efficiency of the three methods was similar. The number of proteins identified in the sample prepared with method 3 was the highest (2 638 proteins), followed by that with method 1 (2 452 proteins), and that with method 2 was the lowest (2 003 proteins). The Venn diagram was established to compare the protein identification flux of the samples prepared with different methods. Considering the protein extraction efficiency and the shortcomings of method 3, we finally chose method 1 as the most suitable method to extract the proteins for mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Finally, the basic properties of proteins identified by mass spectrometry, including molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophobicity, were analyzed. The proportion of each component of the proteins obtained by the three methods was the same as that of the predicted proteins of the model strainPaenibacillus polymyxa.[Conclusion] For the proteomics research on Gram-positivePaenibacillus sp. by mass spectrometry, lysozyme combined with ultrasonic treatment is the most suitable method for sample preparation.

Gram-positive bacteria  /  protein lysates  /  proteomics  /  polypeptide
宋丽丽, 张雪, 张更新, 魏鑫丽, 王先平. 类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)蛋白质组学研究中三种蛋白提取方法的比较分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (2) : 623 -632 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230473
Lili SONG, Xue ZHANG, Gengxin ZHANG, Xinli WEI, Xianping WANG. Comparison of three protein extraction methods for the proteomics research onPaenibacillus sp.[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (2) : 623 -632 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230473
蛋白质组学研究中,数据的质量很大程度上依赖于蛋白质样品的制备质量。由于生物体中蛋白质的多样性和复杂性,提取方案需要根据研究对象蛋白质组的特点进行设计和优化。因此,研究中需要找到一种合适的样品制备方法,尽可能多地从复杂样品中提取出较全的蛋白质,并且这些蛋白质具有一定的代表性,以保证样品蛋白质组信息的完整性[1]。近年来,快速发展的液相色谱-高分辨串联质谱联用技术因其高通量、高灵敏度、高分辨率的特性逐渐成为复杂蛋白质样品鉴定分析的首选方法[2-3],而蛋白质样品的制备依然是关键的一步。
为了分析细胞总蛋白,首先需要有效地破碎生物样品,使细胞内的蛋白质充分地释放,从而最大限度地增加可提取蛋白质的种类。当研究对象是细菌时,其菌体破碎的难易程度主要取决于细胞壁中肽聚糖的含量。与革兰氏阴性菌(细胞壁厚约10 nm)相比[4],革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁较厚(20−80 nm)且肽聚糖含量较高[5],这就增加了蛋白样品制备难度,不易完全获取菌体全蛋白样品。本研究所用的类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)是分离自西藏墨脱地区可产芽孢的革兰氏阳性菌株。类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)的细菌在自然界中分布较广,是一类生理特性多样的杆状细菌,在医疗、农业、食品和环境等领域具有广阔的应用潜力。本研究从已报道的革兰氏阳性菌蛋白质组样品制备方法中选取了3种破碎方法[6-8],用于提取类芽孢杆菌属菌株的蛋白质。从3种方法的蛋白提取效率、质谱分析鉴定蛋白组以及各个提取方法优缺点等综合比较,以期筛选出该菌株适用于质谱分析的简单有效的蛋白质组提取方法,为该菌株蛋白质组学研究提供基础,同时也为其他革兰氏阳性菌的蛋白质组学研究中的样品制备方法提供参考。另外,作为从芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)后期划分出来的类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus),对其研究相对较少。因此,进一步为后期类芽孢杆菌属全基因组和蛋白质组的信息挖掘与分析,开发新型的应用潜能奠定研究基础。
改良型Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;FASP试剂盒,Abcam公司;测序级胰蛋白酶,Promega公司。脱盐柱、质谱级乙腈、质谱级甲酸,Thermo Fisher公司;超滤管,Millipore公司;超声破碎仪,宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;纳升液相色谱、质谱仪,Thermo Scientific公司。
R2A培养基参照文献[9]配制。
溶菌酶缓冲液:1 mg/mL溶菌酶,40 mmol/L Tris-HCl,18% (质量体积分数)蔗糖,0.02%苯甲基磺酰氟,pH 8.0。
裂解缓冲液1:40 mmol/L Tris-HCl,6 mol/L尿素,60 mmol/L二硫苏糖醇,0.02%苯甲基磺酰氟,pH 8.0。
裂解缓冲液2:40 mmol/L Tris-HCl,0.3% (质量体积分数)十二烷基硫酸钠,60 mmol/L二硫苏糖醇,0.02%苯甲基磺酰氟,pH 8.0。
Paenibacillus sp.菌株接种至R2A液体培养基中(pH 7.2),25 ℃、200 r/min条件下培养至对数生长期末期。取对数期末期的菌液,4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心20 min去上清,收集菌体。用Tris缓冲液(pH 7.6)清洗菌体,重复2次,菌体冻存于−80 ℃冰箱中备用。
称取相同质量(约1.5 g)的备用菌体,参照文献[6-8]分别用3种方法提取菌体蛋白(图1),每组样品制备方法进行3次生物学重复。
溶菌酶联合超声破碎法(方法一):菌体中加入溶菌酶缓冲液,37 ℃放置60 min,随后加入裂解液缓冲液1,冰水浴超声(超声4 s停8 s)10 min使其充分裂解。
溶菌酶联合SDS热处理破碎法(方法二):菌体中加入溶菌酶缓冲液,37 ℃放置60 min,随后加入裂解缓冲液2,90 ℃水浴加热30 min进行充分裂解,每间隔5 min涡旋混合样品。
液氮联合超声破碎法(方法三):将菌体转移至液氮预冷的研钵中研磨成粉,迅速转移至离心管,加入适量蛋白裂解缓冲液1,涡旋仪上振荡混匀,冰水浴超声(超声4 s停8 s) 10 min使其充分裂解。
处理后的样品12 000 r/min离心30 min,取上清,得到蛋白裂解液(约10 mL)。蛋白浓度用改良型Bradford蛋白浓度试剂盒进行测定。
全细胞裂解液和不同蛋白提取方法得到的蛋白电泳样品采用5%浓缩胶和10%分离胶的SDS-PAGE进行分离分析。
全细胞裂解液电泳样品和不同提取方法蛋白裂解液上清和沉淀电泳样品的制备:将菌体加入10 mL裂解缓冲液悬浮得到菌悬液,取一定量上述菌悬液和每种提取方法得到的蛋白裂解上清液及沉淀分别加入适量上样缓冲液,100 ℃煮沸10 min,12 000 r/min离心10 min。全细胞裂解液和上清上样量20 µL (约5 µg),沉淀全部重溶到40 µL裂解缓冲液,上样20 µL。电泳的程序设置为80 V/20 min,120 V至结束,考马斯亮蓝R-250染色。
根据文献[10]所述,蛋白质样品(0.4 mg)在超滤管内37 ℃过夜酶解消化(filter-aided sample preparation, FASP),其中胰蛋白酶与蛋白样品质量比是1:100。得到的多肽样品用脱盐柱(含有反相C18介质,用于肽段脱盐、浓缩和纯化)脱盐,然后真空干燥去除残留的杂质。肽段的浓度根据280 nm波长处吸光值进行测定(OD280=1时,浓度为1 µg/µL)。
将上述处理得到的多肽样品(1 µg)用纳升液相色谱与串联质谱联用的方法进行分析鉴定。首先,将多肽样品脱盐后溶于流动相A (0.1%甲酸,100%水)上样,以600 nL/min流速用流动相A和流动相B (0.1%甲酸,80%乙腈,20%水)进行线性梯度洗脱:0%−10%流动相B洗脱2 min,10%−28%流动相B洗脱38 min,28%−38%流动相B洗脱9 min,38%−90%流动相B洗脱6 min,90%流动相B洗脱5 min。每个时间点系统自动用流动相A补充到100%。质谱仪采用数据依赖模式采集数据,质谱(mass spectrometer, MS)全扫描的分辨率为70 000,选取离子强度排名前20离子进行MS/MS扫描。MS/MS扫描的分辨率为17 500,动态排除持续时间为50 s。Xcalibur用于控制系统以及获得源文件。源文件用软件PD2.2进行分析鉴定蛋白,选取数据库为类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.) 16S rRNA基因部分序列一致性99%的模式菌Paenibacillus polymyxa SC2 (genome assembly: ASM16498v2)数据库。
鉴定得到的蛋白数据用韦恩图在线分析软件Draw Venn Diagram (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/Venn/)分析不同提取方法质谱鉴定蛋白的交集情况[11]。蛋白分子量与等电点的计算用在线工具Compute pI/Mw (https://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/)进行分析。在线计算3种提取方法质谱鉴定蛋白的分子量,按照分子量 < 100 kDa时,以10 kDa为间隔划分区段;分子量≥100 kDa为一个区段,一共11个区段分别进行分布统计。同样,在线计算3种提取方法质谱鉴定蛋白的等电点,按照等电点4−10之间,以1个等电点为间隔划分区段;等电点≥10以及 < 4分别作为一个区段,一共8个区段分别进行分布统计。用在线工具GRAVY (http://www.bioinformatics.orgsms2protein_gravy.html)评估蛋白的总平均亲水性(grand average of hydropathicity, Gravy)[12]。在线对3种方法鉴定蛋白的Gravy值进行计算,按照在−1至1之间,以0.5作为间隔划分区段;≥1以及 < −1分别为一个区段,一共6个区段分别进行分布统计。
在一定浓度范围内,菌体浓度、蛋白质和核酸含量与对应最大吸收波长下的吸光值成正比。因此,可以通过测定细胞破碎液A600A280A260来间接反映细胞的破碎程度和胞内蛋白质及核酸的释放情况[13-15]
在37 ℃水浴条件下,进行3个不同溶菌酶浓度(1、5和50 mg/mL)添加的酶解实验,结果如图2A所示。随着酶解时间的延长,酶解液A600有逐渐下降至平稳的趋势;增加酶量,酶解时间会相应缩短;酶解60 min时,不同酶添加量的细胞裂解液A600吸收值差异不大。综合考虑溶菌酶价格昂贵,以及其对后续质谱检测可能产生的负面影响,选择添加1 mg/mL溶菌酶进行蛋白样品制备。随后选取1 mg/mL溶菌酶确认蛋白样品制备的酶解时间,结果如图2B所示。从图2中可以看出,酶解时间20 min前,菌体浓度A600迅速降低,20−120 min逐步降低直至趋于稳定;在酶解时间60 min前,胞内释放的蛋白质和核酸迅速增加,60 min后逐渐达到稳定。综合考虑,选定1 mg/mL溶菌酶37 ℃、1 h进行酶解处理作为蛋白样品制备时酶解的最终条件。
溶菌酶联合超声破碎法(方法一) 3次重复的总蛋白提取得率分别为0.27%、0.23%、0.19%,平均得率为0.23%;溶菌酶联合SDS热处理破碎法(方法二) 3次重复的总蛋白提取得率分别为0.25%、0.25%、0.22%,平均得率为0.24%;液氮联合超声破碎法(方法三) 3次重复的总蛋白提取得率分别为0.22%、0.19%、0.15%,平均得率为0.19% (图3)。实验结果显示,3种不同破碎方法的蛋白提取率差异不显著(P=0.206 > 0.05),方法一和方法二的蛋白提取效率稍高。
用SDS-PAGE电泳进一步检测蛋白的提取效率以及提取过程是否存在污染。SDS-PAGE是按照分子量的大小对蛋白质进行分离,通过SDS- PAGE能够看出样品中蛋白质分子量的分布及丰度。
取相同量的菌体用3种不同提取方法进行破碎,SDS-PAGE电泳检测的上样量相同,可以通过电泳检测的方法直接反映出3种破碎方法的蛋白提取效率(图4)。从每种方法的上清(2、4、6、8泳道)和沉淀(3、5、7、9泳道)以及它们与全细胞裂解液(1泳道)的SDS-PAGE电泳结果比较可以看出,每种方法提取的蛋白绝大多数都释放到上清液中;与全细胞裂解液相比,每种方法提取的蛋白上清液在不同分子量范围均有条带,分布规律与菌体全细胞裂解液相似。另外,方法二(4−7泳道)的绝大多数蛋白存在于上清中,沉淀中的蛋白含量较少;与其他2个方法相比,蛋白提取效果稍好。方法一(2、3泳道)和方法三(8、9泳道)相比,方法一中上清液和沉淀的蛋白分别比方法三中稍多。在细胞破碎过程中,与方法一溶菌酶处理方法相比,酶解处理比较温和,方法三液氮研磨方法使细胞壁破碎更加完全,所以方法一沉淀可以检测到较多蛋白质;但研磨过程会有一些损失,所以无论是上清(2、8泳道)还是沉淀(3、9泳道)方法三的蛋白电泳条带都比方法一颜色要浅。
综上所述,从SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果来看,3种破碎方法的蛋白样品条带清晰,提取效率大致相同;相比较而言,方法二蛋白提取效率稍高,其次是方法一和方法三。
将3种破碎方法得到的蛋白酶解多肽样品混合上机建立肽段谱图库,共鉴定到3 231个蛋白。3种方法鉴定蛋白的韦恩图分析结果表明,方法一3次重复分别鉴定到1 895、1 898和1 926个蛋白,总共鉴定到2 452个蛋白;方法二3次重复分别鉴定到1 575、1 561和1 580个蛋白,总共鉴定到2 003个蛋白;方法三3次重复分别鉴定到2 060、2 073和2 004个蛋白,总共鉴定到2 638个蛋白。用单因素方差统计分析比较3种方法鉴定蛋白数的差异性(P分别为8.03E-06、2.712 5E-05、0.003 97),表明3种方法鉴定的蛋白数量差异显著或者极显著。方法三鉴定的蛋白数最多,其次是方法一,方法二鉴定的蛋白最少。
总鉴定蛋白的韦恩图(图5)分析显示,在3种方法中均鉴定到1 615个共有蛋白。方法一鉴定到的837个非共有蛋白中,有409个蛋白与方法三有交集;方法二鉴定到的388个非共有蛋白中,有111个蛋白与方法三有交集,有128个蛋白与方法一有交集;300个蛋白仅在方法一鉴定到,149个蛋白仅在方法二中鉴定到,503个蛋白仅在方法三中鉴定到。由此可看出,方法一和方法三交集到了3种方法提取到的大部分非共有蛋白,提取的蛋白鉴定通量稍高,都是提取比较全面的方法。方法一与方法三相比,方法三蛋白提取第一步中液氮研磨比方法一酶解所需时间短,而且研磨过程中一直处于低温状态,大大降低了蛋白样品中非特异性降解的风险。可能正是由于这一点,所以相比而言,方法三比方法一质谱鉴定的蛋白数稍多一点。然而,考虑到液氮研磨需要消耗大量的人力,这限制了在研究工作中进行大批量的样品制备,结合2种方法鉴定的蛋白数量又相差不大,因此综合考虑,从质谱鉴定蛋白质组学的角度来看,选择溶菌酶结合超声波破碎法(方法一)作为提取菌株全蛋白的首选方法,以便进行后续蛋白质组学分析。
蛋白质的分子量、等电点、疏水性是蛋白质的重要性质,它们是可以反映其功能的重要理化指标。为了进一步考察3种破碎方法制备类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)蛋白质组样品的效果,将质谱技术鉴定的蛋白质进行疏水性、等电点、分子量预测分析,并统计了各个性质分布的蛋白质数目以及占比,同时与Uniprot数据库中模式株Paenibacillus polymyxa (strain SC2)注释蛋白组(Proteome ID UP000006868)进行了比较,总结了以下特点。
(1) 通过预测蛋白质中所有氨基酸的亲水性值和氨基酸残基数量得到蛋白质的总平均亲水性Gravy值。疏水性蛋白Gravy值是正值,亲水性蛋白Gravy值是负值。3种方法提取的菌株蛋白均以亲水性蛋白为主,其中方法一提取的蛋白中亲水性和疏水性蛋白比例为78.3%和21.7%,方法二提取的蛋白中亲水性和疏水性蛋白比例为79%和21%,方法三提取的蛋白中亲水性和疏水性蛋白比例为80.1%和19.9%。由以上数据可以看出,3种方法提取的菌体蛋白亲水性和疏水性基本相似,并和模式菌株预测蛋白的亲水性和疏水性77.1%和21.7%接近(图6A)。
(2) 与模式菌株基因组预测蛋白组的等电点相比,3种破碎方法提取的蛋白质质谱鉴定结果类似:等电点小于5.0的酸性蛋白与等电点大于9.0的碱性蛋白比例很低(图6B)。原核生物中,小分子量蛋白通常是一些极碱性或极酸性蛋白[16],蛋白分子量与等电点之间存在正相关的关系。因此,质谱鉴定的菌株蛋白质组的酸性蛋白与碱性蛋白比例减少也与小分子量蛋白比例减少有关。
(3) 与模式菌株基因组预测蛋白组相比,3种方法质谱鉴定结果中,小分子量蛋白比例较少(图6C)。一方面,这可能与FASP酶切所用的超滤膜30 kDa截留分子量有关;另一方面,从理论上讲,小分子量蛋白的胰蛋白酶酶切位点数量少,酶切后得到的相应肽段数目少,从而降低了小分子量蛋白在质谱分析中的鉴定概率。
模式菌Paenibacillus polymyxa (strain SC2)基因组注释中共有5 377个预测蛋白质[17],3种破碎方法得到的蛋白裂解液经质谱共鉴定到3 231个蛋白。进一步分析经质谱鉴定蛋白的分子量、等电点、疏水性等基本性质,它们在各个分布范围与模式菌株基因组中预测蛋白的占比基本一致,均可以良好地覆盖菌株各个类型的蛋白,从而保证蛋白质组数据信息的完整性。
蛋白组学研究的关键是找到合适的蛋白质样品制备方法,可以提高质谱检测蛋白的数目以保证蛋白质组信息的重复性和完整性。本研究选取了溶菌酶联合超声破碎法、溶菌酶联合SDS热处理破碎法、液氮联合超声破碎法对革兰氏阳性类芽孢杆菌属菌株进行破碎得到蛋白裂解液,对该菌相关方法的比较研究还未见报道。
在蛋白样品的制备过程中,从蛋白提取效率以及SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果可以看出,3种不同破碎方法的蛋白提取率大致相同,方法一和方法二的蛋白提取效率稍高。因此,文中的3种破碎方法都可以作为类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)提取细胞全蛋白的方法。其中,方法二中的SDS是一种强烈的阴离子去垢剂,可以溶解膜蛋白而破坏细胞膜,使得蛋白质溶解,有利于提取膜蛋白或者细胞骨架蛋白等难溶蛋白[10]。方法一和方法三中的尿素可以使蛋白质变性,在一定程度上增加蛋白质的可溶性。这3种方法采用了酶解、机械研磨、超声破壁和化学处理等进行细胞破碎,裂解液满足了蛋白提取过程充分溶解蛋白质的需求。方法一和方法三中将裂解液成分由SDS改为尿素,避免了SDS在蛋白样品后续超声破碎过程中产生泡沫干扰提取过程,由于液氮研磨过程会有一些损失,所以方法三的蛋白得率稍低。
随后,通过质谱技术对3种方法制备的蛋白质组样品进行分析鉴定:方法三鉴定的蛋白数最多,为2 638个蛋白;方法一居中,鉴定了2 452个蛋白;方法二鉴定的蛋白数最少,为2 003个蛋白。方法二蛋白裂解液中含有SDS,它是一种很强的去污剂,很难通过超滤的方法以及后续脱盐的过程完全去除。很低浓度的SDS可以影响胰酶的酶切消化效率;另外SDS在质谱分析中具有易电离特性,即使样品中含有痕量SDS对后续质谱分析也会产生影响。本研究采用FASP酶解方法对蛋白样品进行处理,已有文献报道,FASP酶解方法中所用到的尿素可以更有效地去除裂解液中SDS[18]。然而在蛋白样品中可能仍有部分SDS残留,所以导致后期质谱检测过程鉴定到的蛋白数量偏少。另外,基于本研究关于方法一与方法三的比较,得出结论:溶菌酶结合超声破碎法(方法一)提取菌株全蛋白的方法是基于质谱鉴定类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)蛋白质组学研究中的首选方法。其中,溶菌酶能够分解革兰氏阳性细菌的细胞壁成分,超声波能够将细胞膜以及胞内核酸打碎,使得蛋白质可以完全释放,获得较高质量的蛋白样品[6]。随后,通过分析质谱鉴定蛋白重要的基本性质,如分子量、等电点、疏水性等表明,3种不同破碎方法鉴定的菌株蛋白在各个分布范围内均很好地覆盖了模式种多黏类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacilluspolymyxa)中各个类型的蛋白。
综上所述,溶菌酶结合超声波破碎法(方法一)提取菌株全蛋白兼顾了蛋白提取效率和质谱鉴定通量,提取的蛋白种类具有代表性。因此,方法一是基于质谱技术鉴定类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)蛋白质组研究的首选方法。该方法简单易行,适合大批量的蛋白样品制备,为后续的类芽孢杆菌属蛋白质组的挖掘与分析以及微生物生态相关理论研究奠定了技术基础。
  • 第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究专项(2019QZKK0503)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42030508)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41871066)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41471055)
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2024年第64卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230473
  • 接收时间:2023-07-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-13
  • 录用日期:2023-09-26
基金
Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program(2019QZKK0503)
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究专项(2019QZKK0503)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42030508)
国家自然科学基金(42030508)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871066)
国家自然科学基金(41871066)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41471055)
国家自然科学基金(41471055)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境重点实验室, 北京 100101
    2 兰州大学生态学院, 甘肃 兰州 730000
    3 中国科学院微生物研究所, 北京 100101
    4 中国科学院生物物理研究所, 北京 100101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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