Article(id=1241045264371347537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230392, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1685894400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1692720000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-08-23, onlineDate=1773817848531, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1704297600000, pubDateStr=2024-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773817848531, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773817848531, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773817848531, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239895163967959761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773543643228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820020328, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054373594320900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054373598515205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241045265709330532, articleId=1241045264371347537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Advances in the characterization and function of UL24 of α-herpesviruses, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The α-herpesviruses are a large class of enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses characterized by neurotropic infection and latent infection, posing a serious threat to human and animal health. The α-herpesvirus genome encodes a variety of proteins.UL24, a major virulence gene of α-herpesviruses, encodes a highly conserved protein and play a key role in regulating viral infection. This paper introduced the basic characteristics ofUL24 and the encoded protein and summarized the regulatory roles of UL24 in the virus assembly, replication, infection, pathogenicity, and inhibition of host innate immunity, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for understanding the functions of α-herpesvirus proteins and further preventing and controlling α-herpesvirus infection.

, correspAuthors=Chao YE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*YE Chao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingyi NIU, Yixuan LI, Chao YE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241045266808238204, articleId=1241045264371347537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=α疱疹病毒UL24蛋白特性与功能研究进展, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

α疱疹病毒是一大类具有包膜的双链DNA病毒,具有嗜神经性感染和潜伏感染的特性,对人畜的健康具有较大威胁。α疱疹病毒基因组能够编码多种蛋白,其中UL24是α疱疹病毒重要的毒力基因之一,能够编码一种高度保守的蛋白,在调控病毒感染致病方面具有重要的生物学作用。本文主要对UL24基因及其编码蛋白基本特性,UL24蛋白在α疱疹病毒的组装和复制、感染和致病以及抑制宿主天然免疫3个方面的调控功能进行了梳理,为深入理解α疱疹病毒蛋白的功能,以及进一步防控α疱疹病毒感染提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=叶超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MfQIdJk1CRHKS1kY2xTGBA==, magXml=GwS6WrSKFp16UHyLMT4MsQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=88mlwMlA4B/USQT8BMu/pw==, pdfFileSize=581844, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=0ia4Ttx31FvjiTNMzzNH3g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=uquRTk3MTNsVFZy+uabX6g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=牛静轶, 李艺璇, 叶超)}, authors=[Author(id=1241084426608767865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, 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H, TONG W, LI GX, SHAN TL, TONG GZ.Host interferon-stimulated gene 20 inhibits pseudorabies virus proliferation[J].Virologica Sinica,2021,36(5):1027-1035., articleTitle=Host interferon-stimulated gene 20 inhibits pseudorabies virus proliferation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241084439959236947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=91, issue=7, pageStart=e00025, pageEnd=e00017, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=Journal of Virology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU HY, SU CH, PEARSON A, MODY CH, ZHENG CF.Herpes simplex virus 1 UL24 abrogates the DNA sensing signal pathway by inhibiting NF-κB activation[J].Journal of Virology,2017,91(7):e00025-e00017., articleTitle=Herpes simplex virus 1 UL24 abrogates the DNA sensing signal pathway by inhibiting NF-κB activation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241084440038928726, 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evade the innate immune response[J].Journal of Virology,2022,96(24):e0157822., articleTitle=Duck enteritis virus inhibits the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway to evade the innate immune response, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241084441729233249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, doi=10.1016/j.gene.2022.146480, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=827, issue=null, pageStart=146480, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=Gene, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN XY, SHAN TL, SUN DG, ZHAI HJ, DONG SJ, KONG N, ZHENG H, TONG W, TONG GZ.Host zinc-finger CCHC-type containing protein 3 inhibits pseudorabies virus proliferation by regulating type Ⅰ interferon signaling[J].Gene,2022,827:146480., articleTitle=Host zinc-finger CCHC-type containing protein 3 inhibits pseudorabies virus proliferation by regulating type Ⅰ interferon signaling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241084441804730726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, doi=10.1186/1297-9716-43-56, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=43, issue=1, pageStart=56, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=Veterinary Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU X, JIA RY, HUANG J, SHU B, ZHU DK, LIU Q, GAO XH, LIN M, YIN ZQ, WANG MS, CHEN S, WANG Y, CHEN XY, CHENG AC.AttenuatedSalmonella typhimurium delivering DNA vaccine encoding duck enteritis virus UL24 induced systemic and mucosal immune responses and conferred good protection against challenge[J].Veterinary Research,2012,43(1):56., articleTitle=AttenuatedSalmonella typhimurium delivering DNA vaccine encoding duck enteritis virus UL24 induced systemic and mucosal immune responses and conferred good protection against challenge, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241084430433973196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1241045264371347537, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241084426520687477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, companyId=1241084426512298869, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241084426533270390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, companyId=1241084426512298869, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西南大学动物医学院 动物健康与动物性食品安全国际合作联合实验室, 重庆 400715)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241084429712552882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Map of HSV-1 genome andUL24 mRNA transcription[4]. The figure above depicts the relative position of theUL24 open reading frame (ORF) and the transcription ofUL24 mRNA. TheUL24 ORF overlaps with theUL23 ORF partially, and the transcription direction is opposite. The bottom line shows the confirmedUL24 mRNA start sites (labeled with indicating arrows) and the potential UL24 polyadenylation (poly (A)) sequence (AATAAA). The three lines in the middle refer to all the transcripts ofUL24. The short mRNAs using the potential poly (A) signal are indicated by predicted sizes to the left of arrowheads, yet these transcripts have not been identified previously. Passing through poly (A) signal to the downstream site results in the longer transcripts (5.2, 5.4 and 5.6 kb) indicated by the sizes to the right., figureFileSmall=sZLXV/5rBo6/Dxx0bX/l1A==, figureFileBig=1n9QWqvzW6thngg3FTjH3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084429796438967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HSV-1基因组以及UL24 mRNA转录的图谱[4], figureFileSmall=sZLXV/5rBo6/Dxx0bX/l1A==, figureFileBig=1n9QWqvzW6thngg3FTjH3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084429913879483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Phylogenetic analysis based on the UL24 amino acid sequences by using the neighbor-joining method., figureFileSmall=HYPAmX/tkjljfq+fkj/NfA==, figureFileBig=D8J90Y4KkJRzf7XEPwuzLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084430022931390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于UL24蛋白氨基酸序列的邻接法系统发育分析, figureFileSmall=HYPAmX/tkjljfq+fkj/NfA==, figureFileBig=D8J90Y4KkJRzf7XEPwuzLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084430119400385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Biological functions of UL24 protein encoded by α herpesvirus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Biological functions of UL24Specific manifestation of biological functions
The roles of UL24 in viral replication and assemblyIt affects the distribution of nucleolin and nuclear egress of viral nucleocapsid
It can be individually involved in the replication and assembly of viruses
It can interact with other proteins to affect viral assembly and replication
The roles of UL24 in viral infection and pathogenesisAfter deletion of UL24, the level of viral mRNA decreased, and the virus titer and pathogenicity decreased
Deletion ofUL24 leads to syncytial CPE in infected cells
It can participate in the latent infection of the virus and promote viral neurologic infection
The roles of UL24 in inhibiting host innate immune responseIt can antagonize the antiviral effects mediated by OASL and ISG20
It can inhibit the activation of NF-κB mediated by TNF-α
It can inhibit the activation of NF-κB and IFN-β mediated by cyclicGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) STING
It can inhibit the expression of ZCCHC3, thus antagonizing the antiviral effect of ZCCHC3
), ArticleFig(id=1241084430232646599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045264371347537, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

α疱疹病毒UL24蛋白的生物学功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Biological functions of UL24Specific manifestation of biological functions
The roles of UL24 in viral replication and assemblyIt affects the distribution of nucleolin and nuclear egress of viral nucleocapsid
It can be individually involved in the replication and assembly of viruses
It can interact with other proteins to affect viral assembly and replication
The roles of UL24 in viral infection and pathogenesisAfter deletion of UL24, the level of viral mRNA decreased, and the virus titer and pathogenicity decreased
Deletion ofUL24 leads to syncytial CPE in infected cells
It can participate in the latent infection of the virus and promote viral neurologic infection
The roles of UL24 in inhibiting host innate immune responseIt can antagonize the antiviral effects mediated by OASL and ISG20
It can inhibit the activation of NF-κB mediated by TNF-α
It can inhibit the activation of NF-κB and IFN-β mediated by cyclicGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) STING
It can inhibit the expression of ZCCHC3, thus antagonizing the antiviral effect of ZCCHC3
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α疱疹病毒UL24蛋白特性与功能研究进展
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牛静轶 , 李艺璇 , 叶超 *
微生物学报 | 综述 2024,64(1): 30-41
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微生物学报 | 综述 2024, 64(1): 30-41
α疱疹病毒UL24蛋白特性与功能研究进展
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牛静轶, 李艺璇, 叶超*
作者信息
  • 西南大学动物医学院 动物健康与动物性食品安全国际合作联合实验室, 重庆 400715
Advances in the characterization and function of UL24 of α-herpesviruses
Jingyi NIU, Yixuan LI, Chao YE*
Affiliations
  • Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
出版时间: 2024-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230392
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α疱疹病毒是一大类具有包膜的双链DNA病毒,具有嗜神经性感染和潜伏感染的特性,对人畜的健康具有较大威胁。α疱疹病毒基因组能够编码多种蛋白,其中UL24是α疱疹病毒重要的毒力基因之一,能够编码一种高度保守的蛋白,在调控病毒感染致病方面具有重要的生物学作用。本文主要对UL24基因及其编码蛋白基本特性,UL24蛋白在α疱疹病毒的组装和复制、感染和致病以及抑制宿主天然免疫3个方面的调控功能进行了梳理,为深入理解α疱疹病毒蛋白的功能,以及进一步防控α疱疹病毒感染提供理论参考。

α疱疹病毒  /  UL24蛋白  /  生物学功能

The α-herpesviruses are a large class of enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses characterized by neurotropic infection and latent infection, posing a serious threat to human and animal health. The α-herpesvirus genome encodes a variety of proteins.UL24, a major virulence gene of α-herpesviruses, encodes a highly conserved protein and play a key role in regulating viral infection. This paper introduced the basic characteristics ofUL24 and the encoded protein and summarized the regulatory roles of UL24 in the virus assembly, replication, infection, pathogenicity, and inhibition of host innate immunity, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for understanding the functions of α-herpesvirus proteins and further preventing and controlling α-herpesvirus infection.

α-herpesvirus  /  UL24  /  biological functions
牛静轶, 李艺璇, 叶超. α疱疹病毒UL24蛋白特性与功能研究进展. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (1) : 30 -41 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230392
Jingyi NIU, Yixuan LI, Chao YE. Advances in the characterization and function of UL24 of α-herpesviruses[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (1) : 30 -41 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230392
疱疹病毒(herpes virus)是一大类具有包膜的双链DNA病毒,目前分为α、β和γ 3个亚科[1]。其中,α疱疹病毒在疱疹病毒这3个亚科中感染宿主范围最为广泛,是多种哺乳动物重要的嗜神经性感染病原体。例如,感染人类的α疱疹病毒有人单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(herpes simplex virus 1, HSV-1)、人单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(herpes simplex virus 2, HSV-2)和水痘带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus, VZV),感染其他动物的α疱疹病毒有牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(bovine herpesvirus 1, BHV-1)、马疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(equine herpes virus, EHV-1)、伪狂犬病毒(pseudorabies virus, PRV)、马立克氏病病毒(Marek’s disease virus, MDV)、禽传染性喉气管炎病毒(avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus, AILTV)和鸭病毒性肠炎病毒(duck enteritis virus, DEV)等。值得一提的是,这些α疱疹病毒具有在宿主神经元中建立潜伏感染的特性。当宿主免疫力降低时,潜伏在宿主体内的病毒又能够被重新激活引起感染和致病。因此,α疱疹病毒一旦感染相应宿主动物后往往难以彻底清除,对人畜的健康都具有较大的威胁。
研究发现所有α疱疹病毒可以编码近百种蛋白,这些蛋白在病毒生命周期和感染致病中发挥重要作用。其中,UL24蛋白在α疱疹病毒甚至整个疱疹病毒科中是非常保守的蛋白。除了斑点叉尾鮰病毒(channel catfish virus, CCV)之外,目前测序完成的所有疱疹病毒基因组中都已经鉴定出UL24基因。研究发现α疱疹病毒编码的UL24蛋白是α疱疹病毒重要的毒力因子之一,在调控病毒的感染和复制中起着重要作用,对于研究α疱疹病毒致病机制具有重要的生物学意义[2]。本文旨在围绕α疱疹病毒UL24基因及其编码蛋白基本特性,UL24蛋白在病毒的组装和复制、病毒的感染和致病以及抑制宿主免疫应答方面进行综述,为深入理解α疱疹病毒蛋白的功能和进一步防控α疱疹病毒感染提供理论参考。
α疱疹病毒基因组由特定长区(UL)和特定短区(US) 2个共价结合的片段组成,每一个区域两侧都与反向重复序列相连,重复序列允许特定长区和特定短区结构重排[1]。以HSV-1为例,HSV-1编码的UL24基因位于UL区,而且HSV-1的重要毒力基因胸苷激酶(thymidine kinase,TK)基因在其5′端以头对头方向与UL24基因序列重叠[3]。进一步,Cook等发现HSV-1UL24基因转录模式是比较复杂的,UL24能够转录出6个(3对)长度不同的转录本,每对转录产物都是由1个短片段(0.9、1.2、1.4 kb)和1个长片段(5.2、5.4、5.6 kb)组成,且这些转录本来源于之前确定的3个UL24 mRNA转录起始位点[4]。其中,3个较短的UL24转录本的3′末端在位于近端的UL24开放阅读框下游poly(A)信号处终止。而3个较长的转录本3′末端在位于远端的UL26基因下游poly(A)信号处终止(图1)。α疱疹病毒的基因根据其转录时期的早晚不同分为3类,即立即早期基因(immediate early, IE),早期基因(early, E)和晚期基因(late, L),研究表明UL24基因属于晚期基因,基因产物在病毒感染晚期累积,需要依赖病毒DNA的合成[5-6]。此外,贾仁勇等将DEV的UL24基因与同属α疱疹病毒的GaHV-1、GaHV-2、GaHV-3、HHV-1、HHV-2、HHV-3、BoHV-1、BoHV-2、BoHV-5、EHV-1、EHV-4、SuHV-1、MeHV-1、CaHV-1和FeHV-1的UL24基因进行了相似性比较,发现DEVUL24基因与其他α疱疹病毒同源基因的相似性为21.9%–34.7%,平均值为26.4%。UL24编码氨基酸序列的遗传进化树分析显示DEV-UL24编码蛋白与火鸡疱疹病毒、禽传染性喉气管炎病毒、马立克病病毒、牛疱疹病毒、猫疱疹病毒Ⅰ型以及马疱疹病毒等的亲缘性较近[7-8],多种动物源的α疱疹病毒UL24氨基酸序列具有相似性和较近的亲缘关系,与γ疱疹病毒亲缘关系较远,并处于不同的进化分支(图2)。
UL24基因在疱疹病毒家族中比较保守,特别是该基因编码蛋白的N端在不同疱疹病毒中高度保守[9]。Carvalho等通过对EHV-1UL24基因同源物(ORF37)的部分PCR扩增和测序,研究了巴西2株具有代表性的EHV-1株(Kentucky-D和Hannover)序列变异情况,发现2株的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列都存在保守性,且与其他EHV-1分离株和其他疱疹病毒的核苷酸序列具有很高的相似性[10]。不过,由于α疱疹病毒亚科中不同病毒的遗传差异,导致不同病毒编码的UL24蛋白存在一定的差异。例如,Zhu等发现HSV-2UL24基因编码一个分子质量为32 kDa包含281个氨基酸的蛋白质[5]。Pearson等在昆虫细胞表达HSV-1的UL24基因得到了一个编码269个氨基酸,分子质量为30 kDa的高度碱性蛋白[6]。EHV-1的UL24蛋白由ORF37编码,包含272个氨基酸[10]。Dezélée等通过对PRV进行相关研究,发现其UL24 ORF编码171个氨基酸的蛋白质,相对分子质量为19.076 kDa[11]。猫疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(feline herpesvirus type-1, FHV-1)的UL24蛋白由260个氨基酸组成,分子量为28.5 kDa[12]
此外,α疱疹病毒UL24蛋白在宿主细胞内具有独特的亚细胞定位特点。间接免疫荧光法检测结果表明,在HSV-2感染的Vero细胞中,病毒表达的UL24蛋白以细胞核内染色为主,而细胞浆内荧光较弱[5],表明HSV-2的UL24蛋白主要在细胞核内定位。HSV-1相关研究表明UL24蛋白可定位于细胞质和细胞核[6,13],而且UL24可以与细胞核内的核仁素蛋白共定位[13]。DEV的相关研究表明,用原核表达的UL24蛋白免疫获得的DEV-UL24抗血清进行间接免疫荧光检测,发现在病毒感染后12 h UL24蛋白在细胞质中出现,但随着感染的进行,核周区域UL24蛋白的比例逐步增加[14]。FHV-1 UL24蛋白则主要定位于细胞质的线粒体,少量位于细胞核[12]。苏鑫铭等通过将构建的pEGFP-PRVUL24转染Vero、Marc-145、HEK-293和BHK-21后在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察,发现PRV UL24融合蛋白在细胞核中富集,由此证明PRV编码的UL24是一种核蛋白[15]。张言坤等通过构建MDVUL24真核重组表达质粒,并将质粒转染CEF细胞后在共聚焦显微镜下观察,发现MDV UL24蛋白主要在细胞质中,36 h后部分出现在细胞核中[16]。由此可见,绝大多数α疱疹病毒UL24蛋白具有核定位特性,提示其可能参与宿主和病毒生命活动的重要过程。
病毒复制和组装是病毒得以成功感染的必需环节,缺少了就无法形成具有感染性的病毒体,α疱疹病毒亚科成员具有相同的复制增殖过程,涉及多个基因和多种蛋白的参与。UL24蛋白在α疱疹病毒中具有高度保守性,在病毒的复制、组装等方面发挥着重要作用。Pearson等通过HSV-1感染细胞的核质分离实验,发现UL24蛋白的亚细胞定位主要与细胞核相关,特别是在感染的后期更为明显[6]。Jia等对DEV UL24进行了亚细胞定位研究,得到的结果与HSV-1 UL24相一致[17]。Lymberopoulos等通过构建一种能够融合表达血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA)标签和UL24蛋白的HSV-1重组病毒,对UL24蛋白在病毒感染的细胞中亚细胞定位进行了研究,确定了核仁是UL24蛋白靶向的细胞器,同时,还证明了UL24蛋白在感染期间核仁素扩散中发挥作用[13]。UL24对于核仁素的扩散是必需的,Bertrand等进一步发现在没有其他病毒蛋白或病毒诱导的细胞修饰的情况下,UL24蛋白的保守N端结构域足以特异性诱导核仁素的扩散[9] (表1)。随后,Bertrand等又在HSV-1UL24基因中构建了一组针对G121A和E99A/K101A两个区域的替代突变,发现E99A/K101A突变在很大程度损害了HSV-1诱导的核仁素的扩散[18](表1)。核仁素具有多种生物学功能,Ken等通过构建稳定表达核仁素shRNA的Vero细胞系来敲低宿主核仁素的表达,然后用HSV-1感染该细胞,发现核仁素的降低能够减少感染细胞中病毒核衣壳的积累,揭示了核仁素能够影响HSV-1核衣壳的出核[19](表1)。由于UL24定位于细胞核并能够影响核仁素的扩散,由此可以推论出UL24可能通过调控核仁素的扩散来影响病毒核衣壳的出核,具体机制还需进一步研究。
UL24作为HSV-1编码的蛋白基因之一,参与病毒基因重组,与病毒的复制和进化密切相关[20]。Leiva-Torres等建立了小鼠感染模型,发现在HSV-1UL24缺陷病毒感染组中,尤其是在神经元中病毒滴度降低,提示UL24参与HSV-1的复制[21](表1)。此外,HSV-1UL24编码一种潜在的PD-(D/E)XK核酸内切酶,其与UL12编码的PD-(D/E)XK核酸外切酶能够相互协作,最终导致多余的病毒核酸裂解[22-23],这对病毒的复制是必需的,进一步为UL24参与病毒的复制提供了依据(表1)。VZV ORF35与HSV-1UL24同源,当缺失ORF35时,可以检测到VZV在T细胞中的复制减少[24],而删除BHV-1UL24开放阅读框,则对体外病毒复制几乎没有影响[25]。EHV-1 UL24蛋白由ORF37基因编码,Kasem等建立了EHV-1细菌人工染色体(Ab4p BAC)操作平台,然后用Ab4p ORF37缺失的基因组DNA转染RK-13细胞,发现在RK-13细胞中能够产生ORF37缺失的感染性病毒,表明ORF37对于细胞培养中的EHV-1复制是非必需的[26]。由此可见,UL24基因参与病毒的复制和组装,但是不同病毒的UL24在体内和体外中对病毒的影响有所差异。
UL24还与其他蛋白发生相互作用,来影响病毒的复制、组装等(表1)。ICP27蛋白是HSV-1的必需蛋白,具有高度保守性,它的主要功能是在转录后抑制mRNA的剪接以及促进转录产物从细胞核输出[27]。Hann等发现HSV-1 ICP27参与调控UL24的5.6 kb的晚期长片段的有效表达,提示ICP27可能通过影响UL24的5.6 kb长片段的表达进而影响UL24转录产物的生成和从细胞核的输出[28]。细胞周期蛋白B/Cdc2是重要的中介因子,余霞等[29]和Nascimento等[30]的研究发现UL24蛋白能够导致细胞有丝分裂合成的细胞周期蛋白B/Cdc2复合体失活,进而引发细胞程序性死亡诱发的细胞周期停滞,提示UL24蛋白通过影响细胞分裂周期调节蛋白从而控制细胞分裂周期。Ben等发现HSV-1 UL24蛋白还能影响参与细胞融合的病毒糖蛋白gB、gD、gH和gL的亚细胞分布,HSV-1UL24缺失株感染细胞后,可以明显看到病毒糖蛋白的染色形态发生变化,且在感染后期gB和gD与F-肌动蛋白的共定位明显减少,提示UL24蛋白参与病毒感染过程中细胞融合阶段[31]。TK参与UL24蛋白的转录,Cook等在HSV-1感染的早期发现TK水平的下降能够促进UL24 mRNA尤其是1.4 kb转录产物的积累[3]。此外,Dauber等发现单纯疱疹病毒宿主关闭蛋白(virion host shutoff protein, vhs)能够抑制UL23UL24重叠部分mRNA在感染后期的积累,从而抑制病毒的复制[32]。DEVUL54基因是DEV的一个早期基因,虽然目前其表达蛋白的功能未知,但Gao等在研究中发现UL54蛋白在DEV感染过程中促进UL24蛋白从细胞质向细胞核的运输,从而促进病毒的复制和组装[33]。由此可见,UL24蛋白能够与多种蛋白相互作用,并通过多种途径来参与病毒的复制和组装。
UL24在病毒感染和致病方面发挥着重要作用。Jacobson等通过构建HSV-1UL24缺失病毒,并感染体外培养的细胞,发现UL24缺失感染组与野生型病毒感染组相比病毒滴度降低[2](表1)。同样,Sanabria等对HSV-1UL24进行缺失之后,发现缺失株在体内外病毒滴度以及HSV-1相关转录本水平均大大下降,最终导致HSV-1的致病性降低[34](表1)。Blakeney等以BALB/c小鼠和Hartley豚鼠为动物模型,构建了HSV-2UL24 β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(UL24 β-glucuronides,UL24-β Gluc)插入突变体病毒,经阴道接种BALB/c小鼠和Hartley豚鼠。实验结果表明,与野生型相比,突变体病毒对动物的致病性明显降低[35](表1)。Rochette等利用小鼠眼部感染模型探究HSV-1UL24缺陷病毒的感染性,发现由于突变病毒感染的神经元数量减少,小鼠上皮细胞中的病毒滴度下降,而且三叉神经节(trigeminal ganglion, TG)中的病毒滴度也急剧下降[36](表1)。基于HSV-1和HSV-2UL24缺失株的大量体外细胞感染试验表明,UL24缺失株感染的细胞能够呈现出小斑块和合胞体病变(syncytium, syn),而且syn表型在高温下尤为突出[35,37-39](表1)。Carmichael等通过对HSV-1 UL24syn与gKsyn、gBsyn和UL20syn进行比较,发现UL24syn需要gI参与[40]。本课题组Ye等采用特异性Cas9/gRNA系统获得UL24缺失的PRV (ΔUL24: 122),发现缺失UL24后PRV仍能在细胞内复制,但复制和传播能力显著降低,但与HSV-1的相关研究不同,PRVUL24的缺失不会诱导Vero细胞的合胞体病变(syn)[41](表1)。Kasem等发现EHV-1 ORF37的缺失对牛肾上皮细胞(Madin-Darby bovine kidney, MDBK)细胞的生长活性没有影响,但是EHV-1 ORF37缺失株在CBA/N1小鼠中丧失了神经致病性[26](表1)。Whitbeck等对BHV-1UL24 ORF进行缺失,发现UL24缺失后的BHV-1在体外细胞的复制未受影响,病毒仍具有感染性[25](表1)。
在HSV-1眼部感染小鼠模型中,UL24的缺失[34]和突变[37]能够阻止HSV-1从角膜传播到三叉神经节神经元的急性感染,并且缺失病毒不仅在潜伏期的再激活方面都存在明显缺陷,而且缺失病毒在神经元中毒价会降低,影响病毒在神经细胞中的潜伏能力。此外,HSV-1UL24编码的一种潜在的核酸内切酶能够与一种核酸外切酶发生相互作用,从而在潜伏期破坏病毒的核酸,进一步表明UL24在疱疹病毒建立潜伏感染中的重要作用[22-23](表1)。不过,Huang等利用TKUL24双缺失的HSV-1突变病毒来感染免疫缺陷小鼠的外周和神经组织,发现HSV-1的突变病毒能够在免疫缺陷小鼠中建立潜伏感染[42](表1)。HSV-2UL24基因缺失之后,病毒的毒力尽管有所下降,但仍能建立潜伏感染[2](表1)。此外,也有一些研究推测PRVUL24与潜伏感染有关,但是仍需要进一步验证[43]。由此可见,UL24在HSV-1建立潜伏感染中十分重要,在其他疱疹病毒中是否发挥类似的作用还需进行探究。
环状GMP-AMP合酶(cyclicGMP-AMP synthase, cGAS)与病毒DNA结合后激活第二信使环鸟苷单磷酸腺苷(cyclic guanosine adenosine monophosphate, cGAMP),进而激活下游STING,然后募集并激活TBK1,进一步激活干扰素(interferon, IFN)调节因子3/7或核因子-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB),从而触发Ⅰ型IFN的表达[44-45]。干扰素产生之后,会与靶细胞受体结合,经过一系列信号传导激活干扰素刺激基因(interferon stimulates genes, ISGs)的表达,ISGs及其表达产物一方面直接或间接发挥抗病毒等功能,同时也可以作为效应因子反过来调节干扰素信号通路发挥免疫调节功能。作为一种重要的ISG,OASL在应对病毒感染方面十分复杂,研究表明OASL蛋白可抑制cGAS介导的IFN产生和增强RIG-I介导的IFN诱导对DNA和RNA病毒产生不同影响[46]。Chen等发现OASL能够增强RIG-I介导的IFN表达来抑制PRV的感染,并且当UL24和RIG-I同时存在时,可以观察到OASL mRNA水平显著下降,提示UL24能够拮抗OASL介导的抗病毒作用(表1),进一步研究发现PRV UL24诱导的OASL表达依赖于IRF3[47]。宿主干扰素刺激基因20 (ISG20)能够降解病毒RNA或增强IFN信号传导发挥抗病毒作用。Chen等发现在PRV感染期间ISG20能够增强IFN-β表达并增强IFN下游信号传导,而UL24蛋白的N末端(氨基酸1−90)能够抑制ISG20转录,因此PRV UL24蛋白能够拮抗ISG20介导的抗病毒作用[48](表1)。在哺乳动物细胞中,NF-κB的主要形式是由p50和RelA (p65)亚单位组成的异二聚体。TNF-α主要通过NF-κB途径调节宿主固有和适应性免疫应答。Xu等通过突变分析发现,UL24的74−134位氨基酸区域[UL24 (74−134)]能够抑制cGAS-STING介导的NF-κB启动子活性[49](表1)。为探究TNF-α介导的NF-κB激活与PRV UL24的关系,Wang等使用TNF-α作为刺激物对HEK 293T细胞和HeLa细胞进行测试,结果发现UL24能够通过泛素-蛋白酶体依赖途径有效降解p65,从而抑制TNF-α介导的NF-κB的激活,最终逃避宿主的免疫应答[50](表1)。Liu等发现PRV UL24亦能通过蛋白酶体途径与IRF7相互作用来拮抗cGAS-STING介导的IFN-β激活[51](表1)。此外,Gao等筛选了具有抑制cGAS-STING通路的DEV蛋白,发现DEV UL24能够通过抑制cGAS-STING途径阻断IFN-β激活[52](表1)。锌指CCHC型含蛋白3 (ZCCHC3)作为一种抗病毒因子,与RIG-I和cGAS-STING相互作用以调节抵抗病毒感染的先天免疫信号。Chen等发现PRV编码的UL13和UL24蛋白能够抑制ZCCHC3的表达,从而拮抗其抗病毒作用[53](表1)。综上所述,多种α疱疹病毒的UL24蛋白能够采用多种机制抑制宿主先天免疫应答从而促进病毒感染。此外,Yu等的研究发现,以减毒沙门菌为载体表达DEVUL24基因所产生的DNA疫苗能够诱导全身和黏膜免疫反应,具有良好的抗DEV病毒感染作用,表明UL24具有良好的抗原性以及作为疫苗开发候选蛋白的重要潜力[54]
α疱疹病毒是多种哺乳动物如人、牛、马和猪等的重要的嗜神经性感染病原体,能造成人和动物的神经感染,危害巨大。此外,α疱疹病毒能够在宿主体内建立潜伏感染,一旦感染往往难以彻底清除。近些年,随着对于α疱疹病毒研究的不断深入,发现所有α疱疹病毒UL24蛋白功能复杂,在病毒体内外感染、致病以及潜伏感染过程中均发挥着不可或缺的作用。比如,UL24蛋白参与α疱疹病毒的组装和复制过程,影响核仁素的扩散,从而控制病毒核衣壳的出核,而且UL24蛋白还能够与其他蛋白相互作用进而影响α疱疹病毒组装和复制。此外,UL24蛋白能够与cGAS-STING通路的p65分支和干扰素刺激基因ISGs相互作用,从而抑制宿主的先天免疫应答。而利用基因敲除技术研究UL24基因对于病毒毒力的影响,发现其缺失后,病毒的毒力和潜伏感染能力均显著降低。因此,在今后α疱疹病毒相关疫苗的研究中,可通过在病毒基因组中敲除该基因,研发更加安全高效的疫苗。除了α疱疹病毒外,其他疱疹病毒也具有UL24基因,那么对α疱疹病毒UL24生物学功能的研究也能够为其他种类疱疹病毒的研究奠定理论基础。
值得注意的是,伪狂犬病毒(PRV)是猪的一种α疱疹病毒,该病毒的流行毒株在我国各省市猪场中广泛存在。目前临床上主要使用gE缺失疫苗进行防控,但是猪群中gE抗体的阳性率依旧很高,表明野毒株在猪群体内的感染依然存在,疫苗的防控效果并不理想,亟需开发新型疫苗对PRV进行防控。本课题组成员前期针对PRVUL24基因开展了研究,发现PRVUL24基因缺失后病毒毒力显著下降,而且PRV UL24能够通过蛋白酶体途径与IRF7相互作用来拮抗cGAS-STING介导的IFN-β激活,提示UL24基因是PRV重要的毒力基因且能够抑制宿主天然免疫应答,因此UL24可以作为构建低毒力并能有效激活机体免疫的缺失疫苗的靶标基因。未来,研究人员可进一步针对PRV UL24蛋白在病毒核衣壳出核、病毒潜伏感染以及拮抗宿主天然抗病毒免疫等方面开展研究,探明PRV UL24在以上方面的作用机制与生物学功能,从而为PRV的病原学和临床防控研究提供重要参考。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(SWU-KT22016)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31902256)
  • 国家生猪技术创新中心项目(NCTIP-XD/C17)
  • 重庆生猪产业技术体系项目(20211105)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230392
  • 接收时间:2023-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-05
  • 录用日期:2023-08-23
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Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SWU-KT22016)
中央高校基本科研业务费(SWU-KT22016)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902256)
国家自然科学基金(31902256)
National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs(NCTIP-XD/C17)
国家生猪技术创新中心项目(NCTIP-XD/C17)
Chongqing Pig Industry Technology System(20211105)
重庆生猪产业技术体系项目(20211105)
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    西南大学动物医学院 动物健康与动物性食品安全国际合作联合实验室, 重庆 400715

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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