Article(id=1241045263566041167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230312, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1683129600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1694534400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-13, onlineDate=1773817848340, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1704297600000, pubDateStr=2024-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773817848340, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773817848340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773817848340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239895163967959761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773543643228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820020328, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054373594320900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054373598515205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241045266615300212, articleId=1241045263566041167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=BldM regulates morphological development and antibiotic synthesis inStreptomyces pactum Act12, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the regulatory role of the transcription factor BldM in the morphological development and antibiotic synthesis ofStreptomyces pactum Act12, a biocontrol strain with multiple effects.[Methods] ThebldM-deleted mutant strain ∆bldM and thebldM-overexpressing mutant strain OE-bldM were constructed by genetic engineering. The scanning electron microscopy, antibacterial experiment, high performance liquid chromatography, and real-time quantitative PCR were employed to compare the morphological development, growth rate, oligomycin yield, and resistance to pathogens, respectively, between ∆bldM, OE-bldM, and the wild-type strain Act12.[Results] The sequencing results proved that ∆bldM and OE-bldM were successfully constructed. ∆bldM showed significantly reduced production of oligomycin D and was incapable of forming aerial hyphae. OE-bldM presented dense aerial hyphae and active sporulation. Compared with the wild type, OE-bldM showed an increase of 23% in the yield of oligomycin D and the up-regulation of 2–3 times in the transcriptional levels of the genes encoding oligomycin core synthetase. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of OE-bldM remarkably enhanced.[Conclusion] The global transcriptional regulator BldM can not only affect the formation of aerial hyphae and sporulation but also participate in the positive regulation of oligomycin synthesis in Act12. The results of this study supplement the knowledge about the regulatory function of BldM and provide a reference for further research on the growth, metabolism, and regulation mechanism ofS.pactum Act12.

, correspAuthors=Xia YAN, Hua YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*YAN Xia, E-mail:;
YAN Hua, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan ZHANG, Hanqi ZHOU, Kangkang ZHAO, Quanhong XUE, Lianghui JIA, Xia YAN, Hua YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241045272596377880, articleId=1241045263566041167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=BldM对密旋链霉菌Act12形态发育及抗生素合成的调控, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】以多效生防菌株——密旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pactum) Act12为研究材料,探究转录因子BldM对生防链霉菌Act12形态发育及抗生素合成的调控作用。【方法】通过基因工程手段构建bldM基因缺失突变株∆bldM及过表达突变株OE-bldM,利用扫描电镜观察、抑菌实验、高效液相色谱检测和实时荧光定量PCR探究缺失突变株∆bldM及过表达突变株OE-bldM与野生型(wild) Act12在形态发育、生长速率、寡霉素产量及抗病原菌能力等方面的差异。【结果】经测序验证bldM基因缺失突变体∆bldM及过表达突变体OE-bldM均构建成功,其中∆bldM寡霉素D产量明显降低且无法形成气生菌丝,而过表达突变株OE-bldM的气生菌丝更加密集,产孢更为丰富。与野生型菌株相比,OE-bldM的寡霉素D产量增加了23%,编码寡霉素核心合成酶基因的转录水平上调了2−3倍,抑菌活性显著增强。【结论】全局性转录调控因子BldM不但能影响Act12气生菌丝及孢子形成,并且参与正调控Act12寡霉素的合成,本研究结果为转录因子BldM的调控功能进行了新的挖掘和补充,并为后续深入研究密旋链霉菌Act12的生长代谢途径和调控机制提供了参考。

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Reference(id=1241084449199288901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00545.x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1990, volume=4, issue=10, pageStart=1679, pageEnd=1691, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=Molecular Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAVIS NK, CHATER KF.Spore colour inStreptomyces coelicolor A3(2) involves the developmentally regulated synthesis of a compound biosynthetically related to polyketide antibiotics[J].Molecular Microbiology,1990,4(10):1679-1691., articleTitle=Spore colour inStreptomyces coelicolor A3(2) involves the developmentally regulated synthesis of a compound biosynthetically related to polyketide antibiotics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241084443650224570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, awardId=31601700, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601700), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241084443734110652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, awardId=31601700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31601700), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241084443876716995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, awardId=32072477, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072477), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241084443998351815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, awardId=32072477, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32072477), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241084444115792332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, awardId=2021JM-105, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(2021JM-105), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241084444216455632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, awardId=2021JM-105, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2021JM-105), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241084434821214326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241084434829602936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, companyId=1241084434821214326, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241084434842185850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, companyId=1241084434821214326, language=CN, country=null, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241084439908905294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The result of multiple amino acid sequence alignment of BldM homologous proteins from different strains., figureFileSmall=Rg6l+q3x3dloe6ej3zAyfw==, figureFileBig=tQCb62thWHkgW7NuxvWqkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084440026345812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同菌株来源BldM同源蛋白的氨基酸多序列比对结果, figureFileSmall=Rg6l+q3x3dloe6ej3zAyfw==, figureFileBig=tQCb62thWHkgW7NuxvWqkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084440114426200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The alignment of the locus ofbldM (Act12) to the locus ofbldM inStreptomyces coelicolor andStreptomyces venezuelae. The black arrows representbldM (Act12),bldM (S.coelicolor), andbldM (S.venezuelae). The gray arrows represent homologous genes between the three strains. The numbers above the genes are the gene numbers in the genome sequence of the three strains. The numbers below the gene line indicate the gene spacing., figureFileSmall=iLVlEU78yg8zO1ZG5m+nxQ==, figureFileBig=d8trtqrAMYD3wrNAWK7TFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084440194117980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Act12与Streptomyces coelicolorStreptomyces venezuelaebldM上下游基因座比较, figureFileSmall=iLVlEU78yg8zO1ZG5m+nxQ==, figureFileBig=d8trtqrAMYD3wrNAWK7TFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084440273809760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Primers design for validation of gene deletion mutant strain., figureFileSmall=OWceIoivTG04Cd/bcCq88w==, figureFileBig=f0k9HQjIvENfzWOXlP31+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084441787953509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图3, caption=验证基因缺失突变体的引物设计, figureFileSmall=OWceIoivTG04Cd/bcCq88w==, figureFileBig=f0k9HQjIvENfzWOXlP31+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084441892811115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Electrophoresis verification of thebldM-double exchange deleted mutant strain and thebldM-overexpressing mutant strain. A: Electrophoresis detection of thebldM-double exchange deleted mutant strain. M: DL5000 DNA marker; Lane 1−3: Electrophoretic detection of thebldM-double exchange deleted mutant strain. Lane 1: Primers F1/R1 were amplified to obtain the upstream homologous arm; Lane 2: Primers F1/R2 were amplified to obtain the homologous knockout box; Lane 3: Primers F2/R2 were amplified to obtain the downstream homologous arm. Lane 4−6: Using the total DNA of the single-exchange mutant strain as the template. Lane 4: Primers F1/R1 were amplified to obtain a gene fragment containing the upstream homology arm. Lane 7−9: Using the total DNA of the wild type strain Act12 as the template. Lane 8: Primers F1/R2 were amplified to obtain a gene fragment containing the upstream homology arm, the target gene and the downstream homology arm. B: Electrophoresis detection of thebldM-overexpressing strain. M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lane 1: Negative control using total DNA of the wild type strain Act12 as the template; Lane 2: Amplified product using total DNA of thebldM-overexpressing strain as the template; Lane 3: Positive control using the overexpressing vector pSET152:: PermE*-bldM as the template., figureFileSmall=1YVLCzl4MKk9yrst9xlWKg==, figureFileBig=R4+7M4d5n05GRwaTIdBFyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084441993474416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图4, caption=bldM双交换缺失突变株及过表达菌株电泳验证, figureFileSmall=1YVLCzl4MKk9yrst9xlWKg==, figureFileBig=R4+7M4d5n05GRwaTIdBFyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442089943415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Comparison of colony morphology between the wild type strain and mutant strains on different solid media. A: NP medium. B: Gauze's synthetic medium No.1. C: MS medium. D: R2YE medium., figureFileSmall=atfcwNH9jhuXTECB2ZLCmQ==, figureFileBig=ry6yKhBy4iQew7RlAI+QLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442173829502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同培养基上野生型与各突变菌株的菌落形态比较, figureFileSmall=atfcwNH9jhuXTECB2ZLCmQ==, figureFileBig=ry6yKhBy4iQew7RlAI+QLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442270298500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing effects ofbldM on morphological development of Act12. The results of SEM show the developmental changes of the wild-type strain Act12 and the deleted mutant strain ∆bldM and the overexpressing mutant strain OE-bldM, which grew on Gauze's synthetic medium No.1 at 28 ℃ for 7 days. The scale is shown in the figure. A: Mycelium morphology of wild Act12. B: Mycelium morphology of ∆bldM. C: Mycelium morphology of OE-bldM., figureFileSmall=W/3mjw1QdOWm6+m+H9/WMQ==, figureFileBig=O0PM5o6dYLUPaEnlLJLZUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442354184585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图6, caption=扫描电镜观察bldM对Act12形态发育的影响, figureFileSmall=W/3mjw1QdOWm6+m+H9/WMQ==, figureFileBig=O0PM5o6dYLUPaEnlLJLZUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442467430798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Growth curve of each strain., figureFileSmall=GY508pNsSODZuNh1aY+Hlw==, figureFileBig=m3EaMl+4n215HPcJfaKdfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442542928273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各菌株生长曲线, figureFileSmall=GY508pNsSODZuNh1aY+Hlw==, figureFileBig=m3EaMl+4n215HPcJfaKdfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442610037140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Inhibition activity of each strain against pathogenic fungi., figureFileSmall=NMSSFY0FbnTbmUNZ6/4iDA==, figureFileBig=lBlO5jwwiZjNgKOxbN3w+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442693923224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各菌株发酵液对病原真菌的拮抗作用, figureFileSmall=NMSSFY0FbnTbmUNZ6/4iDA==, figureFileBig=lBlO5jwwiZjNgKOxbN3w+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442790392218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Determination of oligomycin D in fermentation extracts of different strains. A: Wild Act12. B: ∆bldM. C: OE-bldM., figureFileSmall=PBxlVe+zdvm2gMHMLtZVIA==, figureFileBig=HXh53IeldtAw+IrUPeTcVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442865889693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图9, caption=菌株发酵萃取液中寡霉素D含量检测, figureFileSmall=PBxlVe+zdvm2gMHMLtZVIA==, figureFileBig=HXh53IeldtAw+IrUPeTcVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442932998560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Analysis of transcription differences of the genes encoding oligomycin core synthetase andbldM gene in different strains. The relative expression levels of three genes encoding oligomycin core synthetase andbldM in different strains are displayed withhrdB as the internal reference gene (n=3). The error line represents the standard deviation, and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)., figureFileSmall=MdZGWef4SZopJ1pRbKR6fw==, figureFileBig=S/nuvfMZ2ug0awVSgEGSQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084443021078947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=图10, caption=各菌株中编码寡霉素核心合成酶基因及bldM基因转录水平差异分析, figureFileSmall=MdZGWef4SZopJ1pRbKR6fw==, figureFileBig=S/nuvfMZ2ug0awVSgEGSQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084443130130856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimersSequence (5′→3′)
bldM-U-FCTATGACATGATTACGAATTCTTCGCGACCGACGACTATCC
bldM-U-RTATCCAGGGGACATCTCTACGCAGACGAGGACGGAAGT
bldM-KANA-FGTAGAGATGTCCCCTGGATACCG
bldM-KANA-RTCCTCGGAGAGAACCCCAGAGTCCCGCTC
bldM-D-FTCTGGGGTTCTCTCCGAGGACACCGTCAAG
bldM-D-RACGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTTCCATGCTAACGGGAAGTGG
152-erm-bldM-FTCGTGCCGGTTGGTAGGATCCGCGGAGGACGGCCATGAC
152-erm-bldM-RCAGGTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCCTAGCGGACCAGGCCCCA
oli2298-qPCR-FTGGGTGGGAACCGAGAAATC
oli2298-qPCR-RGTCAGATCCCCGTCCGGTA
oli2302-qPCR-FGGTTCTTCGGGATCTCACCC
oli2302-qPCR-RGTACCGCCCACGAAGACTC
oli2305-qPCR-FCCACCGAGGAGGAACTCGTA
oli2305-qPCR-RCATGTGCGGTGAGTGGAAGG
hrdB-FCATCCGTATCCCGGTGCA
hrdB-RGTCACCGAACTCGCTGTCG
bldM-qPCR-FCCTCGTCTGCGACGACTC
bldM-qPCR-RATGCGCACGTCCATCA GAA
), ArticleFig(id=1241084443230794154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimersSequence (5′→3′)
bldM-U-FCTATGACATGATTACGAATTCTTCGCGACCGACGACTATCC
bldM-U-RTATCCAGGGGACATCTCTACGCAGACGAGGACGGAAGT
bldM-KANA-FGTAGAGATGTCCCCTGGATACCG
bldM-KANA-RTCCTCGGAGAGAACCCCAGAGTCCCGCTC
bldM-D-FTCTGGGGTTCTCTCCGAGGACACCGTCAAG
bldM-D-RACGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTTCCATGCTAACGGGAAGTGG
152-erm-bldM-FTCGTGCCGGTTGGTAGGATCCGCGGAGGACGGCCATGAC
152-erm-bldM-RCAGGTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCCTAGCGGACCAGGCCCCA
oli2298-qPCR-FTGGGTGGGAACCGAGAAATC
oli2298-qPCR-RGTCAGATCCCCGTCCGGTA
oli2302-qPCR-FGGTTCTTCGGGATCTCACCC
oli2302-qPCR-RGTACCGCCCACGAAGACTC
oli2305-qPCR-FCCACCGAGGAGGAACTCGTA
oli2305-qPCR-RCATGTGCGGTGAGTGGAAGG
hrdB-FCATCCGTATCCCGGTGCA
hrdB-RGTCACCGAACTCGCTGTCG
bldM-qPCR-FCCTCGTCTGCGACGACTC
bldM-qPCR-RATGCGCACGTCCATCA GAA
), ArticleFig(id=1241084443339846060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of inhibition rate of each strain fermentation broth to pathogenic fungi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ActinomyceteValsa maliSclerotinia sclerotiorumAlternaria alternata
Inhibitory diameter (mm)Inhibitory rates (%)Inhibitory diameter (mm)Inhibitory rates (%)Inhibitory diameter (mm)Inhibitory
rates (%)
The data represent means±SD, and different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
CK0 d0 d0 d0 d0 d0 d
Wild Act1214.67±1.26b18.33b33.67±0.76b42.08b29.00±0.87b36.25b
bldM8.83±0.29c11.04c21.83±1.04c27.29c22.33±0.76c27.91c
OE-bldM29.50±1.00a36.88a59.16±0.58a73.96a40.16±0.76a50.21a
), ArticleFig(id=1241084443440509360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045263566041167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各菌株发酵液对病原真菌抑菌率测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ActinomyceteValsa maliSclerotinia sclerotiorumAlternaria alternata
Inhibitory diameter (mm)Inhibitory rates (%)Inhibitory diameter (mm)Inhibitory rates (%)Inhibitory diameter (mm)Inhibitory
rates (%)
The data represent means±SD, and different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).
CK0 d0 d0 d0 d0 d0 d
Wild Act1214.67±1.26b18.33b33.67±0.76b42.08b29.00±0.87b36.25b
bldM8.83±0.29c11.04c21.83±1.04c27.29c22.33±0.76c27.91c
OE-bldM29.50±1.00a36.88a59.16±0.58a73.96a40.16±0.76a50.21a
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BldM对密旋链霉菌Act12形态发育及抗生素合成的调控
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张媛 1 , 周涵奇 1 , 赵康康 1 , 薛泉宏 2 , 贾良辉 1 , 颜霞 1, * , 颜华 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(1): 130-142
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(1): 130-142
BldM对密旋链霉菌Act12形态发育及抗生素合成的调控
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张媛1, 周涵奇1, 赵康康1, 薛泉宏2, 贾良辉1, 颜霞1, * , 颜华1, *
作者信息
  • 1 西北农林科技大学生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 2 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
BldM regulates morphological development and antibiotic synthesis inStreptomyces pactum Act12
Yuan ZHANG1, Hanqi ZHOU1, Kangkang ZHAO1, Quanhong XUE2, Lianghui JIA1, Xia YAN1, * , Hua YAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2024-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230312
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【目的】以多效生防菌株——密旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pactum) Act12为研究材料,探究转录因子BldM对生防链霉菌Act12形态发育及抗生素合成的调控作用。【方法】通过基因工程手段构建bldM基因缺失突变株∆bldM及过表达突变株OE-bldM,利用扫描电镜观察、抑菌实验、高效液相色谱检测和实时荧光定量PCR探究缺失突变株∆bldM及过表达突变株OE-bldM与野生型(wild) Act12在形态发育、生长速率、寡霉素产量及抗病原菌能力等方面的差异。【结果】经测序验证bldM基因缺失突变体∆bldM及过表达突变体OE-bldM均构建成功,其中∆bldM寡霉素D产量明显降低且无法形成气生菌丝,而过表达突变株OE-bldM的气生菌丝更加密集,产孢更为丰富。与野生型菌株相比,OE-bldM的寡霉素D产量增加了23%,编码寡霉素核心合成酶基因的转录水平上调了2−3倍,抑菌活性显著增强。【结论】全局性转录调控因子BldM不但能影响Act12气生菌丝及孢子形成,并且参与正调控Act12寡霉素的合成,本研究结果为转录因子BldM的调控功能进行了新的挖掘和补充,并为后续深入研究密旋链霉菌Act12的生长代谢途径和调控机制提供了参考。

密旋链霉菌Act12  /  寡霉素  /  bldM  /  形态发育

[Objective] To investigate the regulatory role of the transcription factor BldM in the morphological development and antibiotic synthesis ofStreptomyces pactum Act12, a biocontrol strain with multiple effects.[Methods] ThebldM-deleted mutant strain ∆bldM and thebldM-overexpressing mutant strain OE-bldM were constructed by genetic engineering. The scanning electron microscopy, antibacterial experiment, high performance liquid chromatography, and real-time quantitative PCR were employed to compare the morphological development, growth rate, oligomycin yield, and resistance to pathogens, respectively, between ∆bldM, OE-bldM, and the wild-type strain Act12.[Results] The sequencing results proved that ∆bldM and OE-bldM were successfully constructed. ∆bldM showed significantly reduced production of oligomycin D and was incapable of forming aerial hyphae. OE-bldM presented dense aerial hyphae and active sporulation. Compared with the wild type, OE-bldM showed an increase of 23% in the yield of oligomycin D and the up-regulation of 2–3 times in the transcriptional levels of the genes encoding oligomycin core synthetase. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of OE-bldM remarkably enhanced.[Conclusion] The global transcriptional regulator BldM can not only affect the formation of aerial hyphae and sporulation but also participate in the positive regulation of oligomycin synthesis in Act12. The results of this study supplement the knowledge about the regulatory function of BldM and provide a reference for further research on the growth, metabolism, and regulation mechanism ofS.pactum Act12.

Streptomyces pactum Act12  /  oligomycin  /  bldM  /  morphological development
张媛, 周涵奇, 赵康康, 薛泉宏, 贾良辉, 颜霞, 颜华. BldM对密旋链霉菌Act12形态发育及抗生素合成的调控. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (1) : 130 -142 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230312
Yuan ZHANG, Hanqi ZHOU, Kangkang ZHAO, Quanhong XUE, Lianghui JIA, Xia YAN, Hua YAN. BldM regulates morphological development and antibiotic synthesis inStreptomyces pactum Act12[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (1) : 130 -142 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230312
链霉菌是一类具有分枝状菌丝体的革兰氏阳性菌,作为生物活性化合物、医药化学品及新型药物的重要来源,其次生代谢产物得到了广泛的研究和应用[1]。据统计,目前超过2/3的抗菌和抗肿瘤生物活性物质均来自链霉菌属的次生代谢产物[2],但由于大部分的次生代谢产物合成基因簇(secondary metabolites-synthesize gene clusters, SM-BGCs)是沉默或低表达的,链霉菌属中潜在的天然活性产物资源还未得到充分的挖掘和利用[3],而相关研究表明,对玫瑰孢链霉菌中TetR蛋白家族调控因子DepR1基因高表达后,达托霉素的产量较于野生型提升了41%[4];全局性调控因子AveI基因的缺失则导致阿维链霉菌中阿维菌素的生物合成增加了10倍[5],相关研究证明通过基因工程手段对部分转录因子进行抑制或过表达已成为激活链霉菌次生代谢产物合成的有效方法。
影响链霉菌属的次生代谢的转录调控因子分为3种类型,包括全局性调控因子、簇内调控因子和多效调控因子[6]。其中,全局性转录调控因子控制多种代谢途径并且可以通过直接或间接的方式调控生物合成,双组分系统(two-component system, TCS)作为全局性调控因子中最主要的成分,其调控模式的复杂性和组成成分的多样性成为了转录因子研究的热点,大量研究表明TCS作为链霉菌中重要的信号传导系统,能参与到各种生理代谢过程中,特别是与链霉菌的形态分化和抗生素合成密切相关[7]。BldM属于双组分调控系统LuxR家族NarL/FixJ亚家族的DNA结合响应调控因子,包含螺旋-转角-螺旋(helix-turn-helix, HTH)结构域,在对委内瑞拉链霉菌和天蓝色链霉菌的BldM功能研究中发现,该转录因子不受磷酸化控制[8],通过形成同源二聚体BldM-BldM与异源二聚体BldM-Whil激活下游靶基因,包括ssgRrshAwhiBsmeA-sffAwhiE,进而在链霉菌的形态分化中发挥着关键调控作用[9],但BldM是否参与调控链霉菌次生代谢产物合成仍鲜有报道。
本研究则以一株分离自青藏高原的拮抗性放线菌——密旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pactum) Act12为研究对象,该链霉菌对多种病原真菌都有明显的抑制作用,对草莓、甜瓜、人参等多种园艺作物具有良好的促生作用,可以减轻受污染土壤中的金属胁迫,还可以调节作物次生代谢,改善作物根际微生物群落结构,维持土壤微生态平衡,具有多种生物学活性[10-13]。通过对Act12生物合成基因簇进行分析,可能存在30个次生代谢合成基因簇,目前,Act12的次生代谢产物寡霉素已得到分离鉴定,通过对相关转录调控因子SPA7074、SPA0520、LuxR-2306进行敲除及过表达,Act12的寡霉素合成基因簇表达得到激活,寡霉素D产量和抑菌活性均得到大幅提高[14-16]。在前期通过对构建得到的基因缺失突变株∆spa7074进行转录组学分析[17],发现bldM基因在∆spa7074菌株中的转录水平较野生型Act12高出2.69倍,推测BldM转录因子不仅参与形态发育的调控,同时对Act12抗生素的合成也起到一定的调控作用。鉴于此,本研究以密旋链霉菌Act12为研究对象,通过对bldM基因进行敲除及过表达,探究bldM基因对Act12形态发育及寡霉素合成的影响,对转录因子BldM的调控功能进行补充,并为后续利用分子生物学手段对其他链霉菌次生代谢产物的挖掘提供新的改造靶点。
本研究所用菌株:密旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pactum) Act12;基因缺失突变株∆bldM (在野生型Act12基础上通过同源重组法构建得到);基因过表达突变株OE-bldM (通过位点特异性重组构建得到);大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) DH5α、S17-1;苹果腐烂菌(Valsa mali)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)和烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)。
本研究所用质粒:大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭质粒pKC1139,带有安普霉素抗性基因,含链霉菌温度敏感pSG5复制子,温度高于39 ℃时不能自主复制,用于构建基因缺失突变株[18];pSET152:: PermE*,带有安普霉素抗性基因,含红霉素抗性基因的强启动子,用于构建过表达菌株;pET28a,带有卡那霉素抗性基因,用来扩增kan基因片段(以上菌株、质粒均由本实验室保存)。
大肠杆菌培养基为LB,培养温度为37 ℃;链霉菌种子培养基为TSB,发酵培养基为SPY,接合转移采用2CMY培养基(胰蛋白胨0.2%,可溶性淀粉1%,氯化钠0.1%,硫酸铵0.2%,磷酸氢二钾0.1%,碳酸钙0.2%,硝酸钾0.1%,无机盐溶液,琼脂1.6%),固体培养基为NP培养基、高氏一号培养基、MS培养基及R2YE培养基,培养温度为28 ℃;真菌培养基为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar, PDA),培养温度为28 ℃,具体培养基的配制参照《微生物学实验手册》[19]。LB培养基中氨苄青霉素(ampicillin, Amp)和卡那霉素(kanamycin, Kan)使用终浓度均为50 μg/mL。高氏一号培养基中卡那霉素和安普霉素(apramycin, Apr)使用终浓度为10 μg/mL,萘啶酮酸(nalidixic acid, Nd)终浓度为25 μg/mL。
本研究所用引物(表1)由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
以密旋链霉菌Act12基因组为模板,bldM-U-F/bldM-U-R、bldM-D-F/bldM-D-R两对引物分别扩增bldM上、下游同源臂,以pET28a质粒载体为模板,bldM-KANA-F/bldM-KANA-R引物对扩增替换目的基因的kan基因片段,并通过多片段同源重组酶与经Hind Ⅲ和EcoR Ⅰ双酶切的载体pKC1139连接得到敲除重组质粒PKC1139:: ∆bldM,随后通过热激法转化至大肠杆菌S17-1,经接合转移将敲除重组质粒转至Act12,40 ℃高温培养,随后通过抗性筛选出只含Kan抗性的单克隆菌株,推测其为双交换缺失突变株,随后进行测序验证,获得基因缺失突变株∆bldM
通过同源重组的方法构建重组载体pSET152:: PermE*-bldM,随后转至S17-1,经过接合转移方法将重组载体整合至Act12基因组中,安普霉素抗性筛选及测序验证后,得到基因过表达突变株OE-bldM
分别将wild Act12、∆bldM和OE-bldM接种至4种不同的固体培养基,28 ℃培养7 d后观察3个菌体在形态、产孢等方面差异。
将wild Act12、∆bldM和OE-bldM孢子在高氏一号培养基上划线培养,随后用直径≤7 mm的灭菌盖玻片45°扦片培养7 d,用2.5%戊二醛常温浸渍固定1 h以上,随后4 ℃低温固定2 h以上,用pH 7.2、浓度0.1 mol/L的磷酸缓冲盐溶液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS)浸洗2−3次,再用30%、50%、70%、80%和90%乙醇进行梯度脱水,每次10 min,再用无水乙醇进行脱水2次,每次10 min,最后用乙酸异戊酯进行置换,时间10 min。随后对样品干燥喷金并进行扫描电镜观察。
挑取高氏平板上培养7 d的单个菌落接种至TSB培养基,28 ℃、180 r/min培养3 d,随后按照1:100 (体积比)的比例接种至SPY发酵培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min发酵培养。从第24小时开始,每隔12 h取样,抽滤、蒸发至恒重后,称量细胞干重,每组3个重复,取平均值并绘制生长曲线。
将培养3 d的TSB培养基中菌体按照1:100 (体积比)的比例接种至200 mL SPY发酵培养基,每组设置3个重复,28 ℃、180 r/min发酵培养10 d。采用菌丝生长速率法[20]对各菌株发酵液抑菌能力进行检测,取适量发酵液8 000 r/min离心10 min,将上清液经0.45 μm滤膜过滤除菌,随后按照1:10 (体积比)的比例加至约60 ℃已融化的PDA培养基,混匀后倒入直径9 mm的灭菌培养皿中,同时以加灭菌水的PDA培养基作为空白对照,再取直径为5 mm的病原菌菌饼置于平板中心,于28 ℃培养5 d。采用十字交叉法测量病原菌菌落生长直径,并计算抑菌率[21](公式1)。
剩余发酵液则按照1:1 (体积比)的比例向其中加入乙酸乙酯进行萃取,共萃取2次,随后用分液漏斗进行分液,获得萃取后的乙酸乙酯,用圆底烧瓶进行旋蒸,蒸干后吸取2 mL甲醇溶解,用0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤除菌后用于高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)检测,HPLC的条件为:使用Symmetry 5 μm的C18反向层析柱;以甲醇为流动相A,水为流动相B。梯度洗脱程序为:0−10 min 80%甲醇、10−13 min 95%甲醇、13−14 min 95%甲醇− 80%甲醇、14−20 min 80%甲醇。温度为25 ℃,柱温范围为±5 ℃,进样量10 μL,流速1 mL/min,检测波长215 nm。
采用实时荧光定量PCR分析野生型菌株wild Act12与突变菌株∆bldM和OE-bldM中寡霉素合成相关基因的转录水平,以cDNA为模板,hrdB基因为内参,根据ΔΔCt的计算公式[22],通过比较Ct值计算目标基因在各突变菌株和野生菌株的转录水平差异。
提取菌体总RNA,方法依照TaKaRa RNAiso Plus试剂盒操作说明书进行,gDNA的去除及RNA反转录参照Thermo Fisher Scientific试剂公司相关产品的说明书,qRT-PCR反应按照上海翌圣公司染料法定量PCR检测试剂盒Hieff® qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix操作说明进行。
Streptomyces pactum Act12基因组中bldM (B1H29_14650),其编码蛋白为LuxR家族NarL/FixJ亚家族的DNA响应调控因子,该蛋白共由203个氨基酸组成,预测分子量为22.0 kDa,与大多数响应转录因子一样,蛋白结构预测BldM有1个N端受体结构域REC以及C末端的HTH的DNA结合结构域。为研究BldM的功能,通过生物信息学分析找到不同链霉菌基因组中对应的同源蛋白编码序列并进行比对分析,发现Act12中BldM的氨基酸序列与灰色链霉菌(Streptomyces griseus)、白色链霉菌(Streptomyces albus)、天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)和委内瑞拉链霉菌(Streptomyces venezuelae)中同源蛋白氨基酸序列均为100%一致(图1),说明该调控因子具有高度的保守性。随后,对Act12基因组中bldM上下游基因座与天蓝色链霉菌和委内瑞拉链霉菌进行比对分析(图2),发现Act12基因组中bldM上下游临近的4个基因与天蓝色链霉菌和委内瑞拉链霉菌中bldM上下游4个基因非常类似,且在Act12基因组中bldM基因上下游40 kb范围内并未发现组氨酸激酶结构基因,表明转录因子BldM属于孤立响应调控因子[23]
为了探究bldM基因在密旋链霉菌Act12的功能,通过同源重组法构建成功的基因敲除载体PKC1139:: ∆bldM与过表达载体pSET152:: PermE*-bldM转至大肠杆菌S17-1后,分别与Act12进行接合转移,通过抗性筛选得到可能的双交换基因缺失突变株和过表达突变株。设计引物进行PCR扩增和DNA测序,用于验证基因双交换缺失突变体的引物设计如图3所示,筛选得到正确的bldM敲除突变株和bldM过表达突变株(图4)。
图5所示,将wild Act12、∆bldM和OE-bldM接种至不同的固体培养基,28 ℃培养7 d后观察到,菌株wild Act12和OE-bldM菌落表面呈现干燥、不透明呈致密的丝绒状态,上层有可以轻易挑取的干粉状孢子,且OE-bldM形成的孢子更加浓密,而∆bldM菌落表面较为湿润,表现出“光秃”表型,并未产生孢子。根据扫描电镜的进一步观察,如图6所示,野生型菌株正常发育形成气生菌丝和孢子,∆bldM未观察到孢子丝的形成和孢子的分化,菌丝表面光滑无气生菌丝和孢子表面特有的粗糙疏水鞘结构[24],而OE-bldM则产生长而紧密盘绕的气生菌丝并分化成大量柔曲、钩环状至松敞或紧密螺旋形,且具有频繁隔膜的孢子丝以及密集的孢子分布。
经过对发酵培养基中菌体分时间段进行取样并称重,绘制得到wild Act12、∆bldM与OE-bldM生长曲线,如图7所示,生长曲线表明∆bldM和OE-bldM相较于wild Act12存在一定的差异。在早期(48 h之前),∆bldM生长较为缓慢,随着时间的推移,从60 h到84 h,它继续生长并获得更高的生物量,而OE-bldM则在早期表现出更快的生长速率,但从60 h开始则进入了生长稳定期,产生了相对较低的生物量。
采用菌丝生长速率法对各菌株发酵液抑菌能力进行检测,如图8所示,菌株OE-bldM发酵液对病原真菌苹果腐烂菌、油菜菌核病菌和烟草赤星病菌都表现出更高的抑菌活性,病原菌菌丝生长受到了更强的抑制,而∆bldM则相反。随后统计抑菌直径和抑菌率数据,如表2所示,菌株OE-bldM发酵液对病原菌的拮抗能力显著增强,而∆bldM则显示出最弱的抑制效果。在3个病原真菌中,对油菜菌核盘菌的抑菌活性最强,wild Act12、∆bldM与OE-bldM的抑菌率分别为42.08%、27.29%和73.96%。
为进一步探究bldM对寡霉素合成调控影响,将上述各菌株的发酵萃取液进行HPLC检测,结果如图9所示,∆bldM寡霉素D产量较野生型wild Act12减少了约19%,OE-bldM的寡霉素D产量则增加了23%,随后,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测在转录水平上寡霉素合成的差异,如图10所示,在∆bldM菌株中,3个编码寡霉素核心合成酶基因oil2298oil2302oil2305的相对表达量均显著下降,而OE-bldM菌株中编码寡霉素核心合成酶基因的转录水平相较于野生型则有了显著的提高,提高了2−3倍。以上结果表明BldM转录因子可以通过正调控Act12中编码寡霉素核心合成酶基因的转录,进而促进寡霉素D的生物合成。
通过平板和扫描电镜观察发现,∆bldM表现出“光秃”的表型特征,未能形成气生菌丝且无法正常分化成孢子,而OE-bldM则与之相反,可以清楚地观察到其密集盘绕的气生菌丝形态和丰富的孢子生成。气生菌丝的形成与两类表面活性分子——SapB和chaplins有关,二者可使气生菌丝打破基质菌丝体水环境的表面张力,从而在空气中生长。研究表明,SapB和chaplins是在丰富培养基上正常气生菌丝形成所必需的。对于大多数bld突变体,其气生菌丝体形成可以通过在含有甘露醇作为唯一碳源的NL19培养基上来恢复[25-27]。然而,菌株∆bldM在含有甘露醇的MS以及其他固体培养基上仍然呈现“光秃”的表型特征。表明bldM对于Act12气生菌丝和孢子的形成起到了关键的调控作用,且无法通过外源物质改变进行恢复。同时由于菌株∆bldM不产孢子的特性,在构建回补菌株时无法通过回收孢子进行接合转移实验,后续可选择原生质体转化等方法构建回补菌株进行进一步验证。
通过绘制生长曲线,发现相较于wild Act12,突变株∆bldM和OE-bldM表现出了不同的生长情况,∆bldM生长缓慢,但随着时间推移,其生物量的积累却超过了wild Act12与OE-bldM,而OE-bldM虽然在早期生长速率更快,但其生物量的积累却并未表现出突出的优势。可能是由于早期OE-bldM的快速生长,造成培养基中的菌体密度快速增长,营养物质被快速消耗,进而抑制了菌体的生长。
本研究检测了野生型菌株与突变菌株的抗病原菌能力及编码寡霉素合成酶基因表达量与寡霉素D产量之间的差异,结果显示∆bldM发酵液的抗病原菌能力相较于野生型有所减弱,而OE-bldM的抑菌能力得到显著提高,与之结果相同的,其编码寡霉素核心合成酶基因的表达量及寡霉素D的产量也在wild Act12、∆bldM和OE-bldM 3个菌株中表现出与抑菌实验同样的趋势。前期研究发现,当Act12中转录因子LuxR-2306基因缺失后,∆LuxR-2306菌株发酵液中几乎检测不到寡霉素D的存在,且抑菌活性几乎彻底丧失,推测Act12发挥抑菌活性的主要贡献成分为寡霉素D[16]。本研究中,重组菌株的病原真菌活性也与寡霉素D产量以及寡霉素核心合成酶基因的表达量显著相关,因此推测转录因子BldM通过参与正调控Act12寡霉素D的生物合成从而增强了菌株发酵液对病原真菌的抑菌活性。同时,研究发现BldM直接调控的下游靶标基因whiE不仅参与调控链霉菌孢子色素的合成,还涉及了聚酮类化合物的生物合成[28]。综合以上信息,推测转录因子BldM可能通过激活whiE或其他调控聚酮类化合物的基因表达间接调控了寡霉素D的生物合成,后续可通过构建whiE基因缺失突变株和过表达突变株进行验证。
Act12作为一株根际促生菌,因其优良的生防活性现已得到了广泛的研究和应用,本文通过研究Act12中BldM转录因子的调控作用,探究得到BldM对Act12的形态发育起到了关键的调控作用,并且可以正向调控Act12中寡霉素的合成,提高Act12对病原菌的拮抗能力。本研究进一步补充了全局性转录因子BldM的调控功能,菌株OE-bldM密集的气生菌丝生成和孢子的大量产生以及拮抗能力的显著增强为更高效的生防菌株的挖掘改造提供了新的可能,后续可通过相关的促生实验进行进一步的探究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31601700)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32072477)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2021JM-105)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230312
  • 接收时间:2023-05-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-04
  • 录用日期:2023-09-13
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601700)
国家自然科学基金(31601700)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072477)
国家自然科学基金(32072477)
Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(2021JM-105)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2021JM-105)
作者信息
    1 西北农林科技大学生命科学学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
    2 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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