Article(id=1241045262622314852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230342, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1684080000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1690387200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-07-27, onlineDate=1773817848115, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1704297600000, pubDateStr=2024-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773817848115, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773817848115, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773817848115, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239895163967959761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773543643228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820020328, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054373594320900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054373598515205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=161, endPage=173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241045263641530751, articleId=1241045262622314852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening and metabolomic analysis of a fungal strain efficiently assimilating ammonia nitrogen, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To screen out a fungal strain that can efficiently assimilate ammonia nitrogen, reveal the metabolome differences of the strain in different media and the changes in the amino acid content of the feed fermented with the strain, and clarify the mechanism of its ammonia assimilation.[Methods] Seven strains ofTrichoderma, 7 strains ofAspergillus niger, and 9 strains ofAspergillus oryzae were cultured in the media with (NH4)2SO4 as the only nitrogen source. The strains with high ammonia nitrogen use efficiency and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity were selected for comparison of the metabolic differences in potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and inorganic nitrogen plates by non-targeted metabonomics. Furthermore, the crude protein and organic nitrogen content in the feed fermented with different strains was determined, and the changes in amino acid content in the fermented feed extract were measured by amino acid-targeted metabolomics.[Results] The utilization rate of ammonia nitrogen and the glutamine synthetase activity ofA. oryzae MQ28 were 54.46% and 0.61 μmol/(h·g), respectively, which were higher than those of other strains (P < 0.05). The comparative metabonomics analysis suggested that MQ28 was associated with the metabolism of multiple amino acids during ammonia assimilation. MQ28 fermentation increased the crude protein and organic nitrogen in the feed by 22.25% and 35.83% (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, MQ28 fermentation increased the total amino acid content in feed extract from 31.86 mmol/100 g to 57.69 mmol/100 g (P < 0.05). Specifically, it increased the content of 14 amino acids such as threonine, lysine, and arginine, glutamic acid (by 3.46 folds), and glutamine (by 99 folds) (P < 0.05).[Conclusion] To sum up,A.oryzae MQ28 has high ammonia nitrogen utilization capacity. It may regulate the ammonia assimilation process through the synthesis of glutamine to regulate amino acid metabolism and can be used as an elite strain for the production of single-cell protein.

, correspAuthors=Fuyuan ZUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*ZUO Fuyuan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wenming HUANG, Mengli YIN, Yu CHEN, Junxun LI, Changtong WANG, Jin ZHANG, Fuyuan ZUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241045267559010807, articleId=1241045262622314852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=一株高效同化氨氮霉菌的筛选及其代谢组分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】本试验旨在通过筛选出一株可以高效同化氨氮的霉菌,揭示其在不同培养基中的代谢组差异和其发酵饲料的氨基酸含量变化,明确霉菌氨同化代谢机制。【方法】用(NH4)2SO4为唯一氮源的培养基分别培养7株木霉(Trichoderma spp.)、7株黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和9株米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae),筛选氨氮利用率和谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)活性都较高的霉菌为供试菌株,再利用非靶向代谢组学比较供试菌株在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar, PDA)培养基和无机氮培养基中的代谢差异,测定发酵饲料的粗蛋白质和有机氮含量,利用氨基酸靶向代谢组学解析供试菌株发酵饲料提取液中氨基酸含量变化。【结果】结果表明,筛选到的米曲霉MQ28氨氮利用率为54.46%,GS活性为0.61 μmol/(h·g),均显著高于其他菌株(P < 0.05)。基于比较代谢组学分析,确定MQ28在氨同化过程中与多种氨基酸代谢密切相关。MQ28发酵使饲料粗蛋白质含量提高22.25% (P < 0.05),有机氮含量提高35.83% (P < 0.05),饲料提取液中的总氨基酸含量从31.86 mmol/100 g提高到57.69 mmol/100 g (P < 0.05),苏氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸等14种氨基酸含量均显著提高(P < 0.05),其中谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺含量分别提高3.46倍和99倍。【结论】综上所述,米曲霉MQ28具有较高的氨氮利用能力,可能是通过合成谷氨酰胺调节氨基酸代谢途径来调控氨同化过程,可以作为生产单细胞蛋白的优良菌株。

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refType=null, unstructuredReference=YOO HC, PARK SJ, NAM M, KANG J, KIM K, YEO JH, KIM JK, HEO Y, LEE HS, LEE MY, LEE CW, KANG JS, KIM YH, LEE JN, CHOI J, HWANG GS, BANG S, HAN JM.A variant of SLC1A5 is a mitochondrial glutamine transporter for metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells[J].Cell Metabolism,2020,31(2):267-283.e12., articleTitle=A variant of SLC1A5 is a mitochondrial glutamine transporter for metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241084443734102023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=26, issue=1, pageStart=6, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=Trends in Molecular Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STINE ZE, DANG CV.Glutamine skipping the Q into mitochondria[J].Trends in Molecular Medicine,2020,26(1):6-7., articleTitle=Glutamine skipping the Q 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2-phenylethanol andARO genes onSaccharomyces cerevisiae biofilm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241084444212252699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, doi=10.1128/spectrum.00570-22, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=10, issue=4, pageStart=e0057022, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=Microbiology Spectrum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CUI GB, HUANG CW, BI XP, WANG YX, YIN K, ZHU LY, JIANG ZD, CHEN BS, DENG YZ.Aminotransferase SsAro8 regulates tryptophan metabolism essential for filamentous growth of sugarcane smut fungusSporisorium scitamineum[J].Microbiology Spectrum,2022,10(4):e0057022., articleTitle=Aminotransferase SsAro8 regulates tryptophan metabolism essential for filamentous growth of sugarcane smut fungusSporisorium scitamineum, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241084437757219571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, awardId=cstc2021jscx-tpyzxX0014, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development(cstc2021jscx-tpyzxX0014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241084437866271486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, awardId=cstc2021jscx-tpyzxX0014, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重点项目(cstc2021jscx-tpyzxX0014), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241084429511217496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241084429523800410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, companyId=1241084429511217496, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241084429548966235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, companyId=1241084429511217496, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 西南大学动物科学技术学院, 重庆 402460)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241084429666406753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241084429674795362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, companyId=1241084429666406753, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shandong Taishan Shengliyuan Group Co., Ltd., Tai'an 271000, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241084429683183972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, companyId=1241084429666406753, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 山东泰山生力源集团股份有限公司, 山东 泰安 271000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241084434393387607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Growth curves of the strain in different media. The standard deviation in the figure shows the degree of dispersion of the results of the three measurements., figureFileSmall=Vytu4QZdWWYnJ94/8W9X3A==, figureFileBig=G0Pb8x/yWipHV39bdqY0Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084434473079392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株在不同培养基中的生长曲线, figureFileSmall=Vytu4QZdWWYnJ94/8W9X3A==, figureFileBig=G0Pb8x/yWipHV39bdqY0Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084434603102824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=OPLS-DA score graph. MN is inorganic nitrogen culture medium sample, MP is PDA culture medium sample. R2X represents the interpretation rate of the established model to the quantitative metabolite, R2Y represents the interpretation rate of the established model to the sample grouping matrix, and Q2Y represents whether the established model can distinguish the correct sample grouping by the amount of metabolic expression., figureFileSmall=xpkllvhFTnVQtckzmBzwIQ==, figureFileBig=6fpZOND5rVFE9snE8QfnFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084434682794607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=CN, label=图2, caption=OPLS-DA得分图, figureFileSmall=xpkllvhFTnVQtckzmBzwIQ==, figureFileBig=6fpZOND5rVFE9snE8QfnFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084434791846522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=OPLS-DA model permutation test chart in the figure. The blue and red dots represent the R2Y and Q2Y of the model after replacement respectively, and the two dashed lines are the regression lines fitted by R2Y and Q2Y., figureFileSmall=B+oWW1bsjhvKLlOa9A9wKA==, figureFileBig=a/gc+cM6J3nnvHwRISPm6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084434921869951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=CN, label=图3, caption=OPLS-DA模型置换检验图, figureFileSmall=B+oWW1bsjhvKLlOa9A9wKA==, figureFileBig=a/gc+cM6J3nnvHwRISPm6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084435018338949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The diameter of the mold colony

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain No.Colony diameter (cm)
The different letter means significant difference (P < 0.05).
M133.03±0.17b
M141.60±0.08d
HQ151.82±0.10d
HQ211.37±0.12d
MQ252.45±0.04c
MQ262.67±0.12c
MQ284.49±0.09a
P-value< 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241084435110613647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

霉菌的菌落直径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain No.Colony diameter (cm)
The different letter means significant difference (P < 0.05).
M133.03±0.17b
M141.60±0.08d
HQ151.82±0.10d
HQ211.37±0.12d
MQ252.45±0.04c
MQ262.67±0.12c
MQ284.49±0.09a
P-value< 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241084435232248470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ammonia nitrogen utilization and GS activity of the strain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain No.Ammonia nitrogen utilization (%)GS activity (μmol/(h·g))
The different letter means significant difference (P < 0.05).
M1340.17±0.13c0.08±0.01d
M1445.74±0.14b0.37±0.07c
HQ1551.17±0.08a0.50±0.12b
HQ2126.73±0.04d0.04±0.03d
MQ2528.16±0.06d0.07±0.01d
MQ2642.88±0.07b0.14±0.02d
MQ28
P-value
54.46±0.03a
< 0.05
0.61±0.01a
< 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241084435358077599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株的氨氮利用率和GS活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain No.Ammonia nitrogen utilization (%)GS activity (μmol/(h·g))
The different letter means significant difference (P < 0.05).
M1340.17±0.13c0.08±0.01d
M1445.74±0.14b0.37±0.07c
HQ1551.17±0.08a0.50±0.12b
HQ2126.73±0.04d0.04±0.03d
MQ2528.16±0.06d0.07±0.01d
MQ2642.88±0.07b0.14±0.02d
MQ28
P-value
54.46±0.03a
< 0.05
0.61±0.01a
< 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241084435454546595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Major differential metabolites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryMetabolite nameP-valueVIPRegulated
Amino acidsAlanine0.031.07Up
Phenylalanine0.031.07Up
S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine0.011.12Up
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolyl-l-glutamic acid0.001.13Up
l-ornithine0.011.13Up
Leucine0.001.14Down
Lysine0.031.07Up
Threonine0.001.13Up
N-acetyl-dl-serine0.011.11Up
Histidine0.001.13Up
Arginine0.001.13Up
Small peptideHomocarnosine0.011.12Up
AntibioticsAnhydrotetracycline0.051.04Up
Neomycin B0.001.14Down
2'''-N-acetyl-6'''-deamino-6'''-hydroxyparomomycin0.011.11Up
34a-deoxy-rifamycin W0.001.14Down
Landomycin D0.021.09Up
Aclacinomycin N0.011.13Up
Viomycin0.021.09Up
Organic acidsAnisic acid0.001.14Down
D(-)-β-hydroxy butyric acid0.001.13Down
3-methyl pyruvic acid0.021.08Down
Hexanoic acid0.001.14Down
Methoxyacetic acid0.011.11Up
VitaminsVitamin K30.031.08Up
Biochanin A0.011.12Up
LipidsPC (16:1(9Z)/0:0)0.001.14Down
), ArticleFig(id=1241084435584570036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主要差异代谢物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryMetabolite nameP-valueVIPRegulated
Amino acidsAlanine0.031.07Up
Phenylalanine0.031.07Up
S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine0.011.12Up
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolyl-l-glutamic acid0.001.13Up
l-ornithine0.011.13Up
Leucine0.001.14Down
Lysine0.031.07Up
Threonine0.001.13Up
N-acetyl-dl-serine0.011.11Up
Histidine0.001.13Up
Arginine0.001.13Up
Small peptideHomocarnosine0.011.12Up
AntibioticsAnhydrotetracycline0.051.04Up
Neomycin B0.001.14Down
2'''-N-acetyl-6'''-deamino-6'''-hydroxyparomomycin0.011.11Up
34a-deoxy-rifamycin W0.001.14Down
Landomycin D0.021.09Up
Aclacinomycin N0.011.13Up
Viomycin0.021.09Up
Organic acidsAnisic acid0.001.14Down
D(-)-β-hydroxy butyric acid0.001.13Down
3-methyl pyruvic acid0.021.08Down
Hexanoic acid0.001.14Down
Methoxyacetic acid0.011.11Up
VitaminsVitamin K30.031.08Up
Biochanin A0.011.12Up
LipidsPC (16:1(9Z)/0:0)0.001.14Down
), ArticleFig(id=1241084435697816248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Metabolic pathways involved in differential metabolites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.KEGG metabolic pathwayNumber of differential metabolites
1Arginine and proline metabolism (ko00330)17
2Biosynthesis of 12,14 and 16 membered macrolides (ko00522)15
3Pyrimidine metabolism (ko00240)12
4d-amino acid metabolism (ko00470)12
5Two-component system (ko02020)11
6Tryptophan metabolism (ko00380)10
7Tyrosine metabolism (ko00350)10
8Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) (ko00020)9
9beta-alanine metabolism (ko00410)9
10Biosynthesis of ornithine, lysine and niacin-derived alkaloids (ko01064)8
11Phenylalanine metabolism (ko00360)8
12Degradation of aminobenzoate (ko00627)8
13Arachidonic acid metabolism (ko00590)8
14Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism (ko00260)8
15Toluene degradation (ko00623)7
16Serotonergic synapses (ko04726)7
17Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis (ko00960)7
18Biosynthesis of shikimate pathway alkaloids (ko01063)7
19Niacin and niacinamide metabolism (ko00760)7
20Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism (ko00592)7
21Riboflavin metabolism (ko00740)6
22Linoleic acid metabolism (ko00591)6
23Histidine metabolism (ko00340)6
24Diterpenoid biosynthesis (ko00904)5
25Carotenoid biosynthesis (ko00906)5
26Neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin biosynthesis (ko00524)5
27Lysine biosynthesis (ko00300)5
28Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling (ko04723)4
29Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism (ko00250)4
30Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (ko00520)4
), ArticleFig(id=1241084435802673857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

差异代谢物涉及的代谢通路

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.KEGG metabolic pathwayNumber of differential metabolites
1Arginine and proline metabolism (ko00330)17
2Biosynthesis of 12,14 and 16 membered macrolides (ko00522)15
3Pyrimidine metabolism (ko00240)12
4d-amino acid metabolism (ko00470)12
5Two-component system (ko02020)11
6Tryptophan metabolism (ko00380)10
7Tyrosine metabolism (ko00350)10
8Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) (ko00020)9
9beta-alanine metabolism (ko00410)9
10Biosynthesis of ornithine, lysine and niacin-derived alkaloids (ko01064)8
11Phenylalanine metabolism (ko00360)8
12Degradation of aminobenzoate (ko00627)8
13Arachidonic acid metabolism (ko00590)8
14Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism (ko00260)8
15Toluene degradation (ko00623)7
16Serotonergic synapses (ko04726)7
17Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis (ko00960)7
18Biosynthesis of shikimate pathway alkaloids (ko01063)7
19Niacin and niacinamide metabolism (ko00760)7
20Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism (ko00592)7
21Riboflavin metabolism (ko00740)6
22Linoleic acid metabolism (ko00591)6
23Histidine metabolism (ko00340)6
24Diterpenoid biosynthesis (ko00904)5
25Carotenoid biosynthesis (ko00906)5
26Neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin biosynthesis (ko00524)5
27Lysine biosynthesis (ko00300)5
28Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling (ko04723)4
29Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism (ko00250)4
30Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (ko00520)4
), ArticleFig(id=1241084437283263176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Contents of crude protein and organic nitrogen in fermentation group and unfermented group (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsFermentation groupUnfermented group
Different letters in the same row indicate significant difference (P < 0.05).
Crude protein23.90±1.17a19.55±1.06b
Organic nitrogen19.41±0.27a14.29±0.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1241084437367149264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

发酵组和对照组中粗蛋白质和有机氮的含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsFermentation groupUnfermented group
Different letters in the same row indicate significant difference (P < 0.05).
Crude protein23.90±1.17a19.55±1.06b
Organic nitrogen19.41±0.27a14.29±0.05b
), ArticleFig(id=1241084437472006878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Contents of 25 amino acids in fermentation group and the unfermented group (mmol/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Amino acidFermentation groupUnfermented group
Different letters in the same row indicate significant difference (P < 0.05). N.D.: The target compound was not detected in this sample. 0.00: Standard deviation≤0.001.
Tryptophan0.21±0.02b3.03±0.11a
Phenylalanine0.56±0.120.54±0.02
Methionine0.08±0.010.07±0.01
Valine1.30±0.281.28±0.14
4-aminobutyric acid7.16±1.33a4.86±0.06b
Tyrosine1.75±0.29a0.65±0.03b
Proline1.63±0.301.79±0.04
Beta-alanine0.63±0.08a0.47±0.02b
Alanine7.82±1.75a5.19±0.06b
Glycine1.68±0.301.94±0.12
Glutamic acid9.23±1.80a2.07±0.09b
Hydroxyproline0.33±0.05a0.14±0.01b
Threonine1.64±0.22a0.68±0.03b
Aspartic acid1.28±0.23b2.39±0.02a
Glutamine16.00±1.66a0.16±0.03b
Serine2.10±0.30a0.65±0.02b
Citrulline0.12±0.03a0.02±0.01b
Asparagine2.13±0.30b5.02±0.09a
Arginine0.77±0.13a0.53±0.02b
3-methyl-l-histidine0.01±0.00b0.02±0.00a
Lysine0.57±0.09a0.21±0.01b
Histidine0.55±0.15a0.12±0.01b
Ornithine0.13±0.02a0.03±0.00b
1-methyl-l-histidineN.D.N.D.
5-hydroxylysineN.D.N.D.
Total57.69±9.48a31.86±0.96b
), ArticleFig(id=1241084437585253093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262622314852, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

发酵组和对照组中25种氨基酸的含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Amino acidFermentation groupUnfermented group
Different letters in the same row indicate significant difference (P < 0.05). N.D.: The target compound was not detected in this sample. 0.00: Standard deviation≤0.001.
Tryptophan0.21±0.02b3.03±0.11a
Phenylalanine0.56±0.120.54±0.02
Methionine0.08±0.010.07±0.01
Valine1.30±0.281.28±0.14
4-aminobutyric acid7.16±1.33a4.86±0.06b
Tyrosine1.75±0.29a0.65±0.03b
Proline1.63±0.301.79±0.04
Beta-alanine0.63±0.08a0.47±0.02b
Alanine7.82±1.75a5.19±0.06b
Glycine1.68±0.301.94±0.12
Glutamic acid9.23±1.80a2.07±0.09b
Hydroxyproline0.33±0.05a0.14±0.01b
Threonine1.64±0.22a0.68±0.03b
Aspartic acid1.28±0.23b2.39±0.02a
Glutamine16.00±1.66a0.16±0.03b
Serine2.10±0.30a0.65±0.02b
Citrulline0.12±0.03a0.02±0.01b
Asparagine2.13±0.30b5.02±0.09a
Arginine0.77±0.13a0.53±0.02b
3-methyl-l-histidine0.01±0.00b0.02±0.00a
Lysine0.57±0.09a0.21±0.01b
Histidine0.55±0.15a0.12±0.01b
Ornithine0.13±0.02a0.03±0.00b
1-methyl-l-histidineN.D.N.D.
5-hydroxylysineN.D.N.D.
Total57.69±9.48a31.86±0.96b
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一株高效同化氨氮霉菌的筛选及其代谢组分析
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黄文明 1 , 尹梦丽 1 , 陈煜 1 , 李军训 2 , 王常童 1 , 张进 1 , 左福元 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(1): 161-173
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(1): 161-173
一株高效同化氨氮霉菌的筛选及其代谢组分析
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黄文明1, 尹梦丽1, 陈煜1, 李军训2, 王常童1, 张进1, 左福元1, *
作者信息
  • 1 西南大学动物科学技术学院, 重庆 402460
  • 2 山东泰山生力源集团股份有限公司, 山东 泰安 271000
Screening and metabolomic analysis of a fungal strain efficiently assimilating ammonia nitrogen
Wenming HUANG1, Mengli YIN1, Yu CHEN1, Junxun LI2, Changtong WANG1, Jin ZHANG1, Fuyuan ZUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
  • 2 Shandong Taishan Shengliyuan Group Co., Ltd., Tai'an 271000, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2024-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230342
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【目的】本试验旨在通过筛选出一株可以高效同化氨氮的霉菌,揭示其在不同培养基中的代谢组差异和其发酵饲料的氨基酸含量变化,明确霉菌氨同化代谢机制。【方法】用(NH4)2SO4为唯一氮源的培养基分别培养7株木霉(Trichoderma spp.)、7株黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和9株米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae),筛选氨氮利用率和谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)活性都较高的霉菌为供试菌株,再利用非靶向代谢组学比较供试菌株在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar, PDA)培养基和无机氮培养基中的代谢差异,测定发酵饲料的粗蛋白质和有机氮含量,利用氨基酸靶向代谢组学解析供试菌株发酵饲料提取液中氨基酸含量变化。【结果】结果表明,筛选到的米曲霉MQ28氨氮利用率为54.46%,GS活性为0.61 μmol/(h·g),均显著高于其他菌株(P < 0.05)。基于比较代谢组学分析,确定MQ28在氨同化过程中与多种氨基酸代谢密切相关。MQ28发酵使饲料粗蛋白质含量提高22.25% (P < 0.05),有机氮含量提高35.83% (P < 0.05),饲料提取液中的总氨基酸含量从31.86 mmol/100 g提高到57.69 mmol/100 g (P < 0.05),苏氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸等14种氨基酸含量均显著提高(P < 0.05),其中谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺含量分别提高3.46倍和99倍。【结论】综上所述,米曲霉MQ28具有较高的氨氮利用能力,可能是通过合成谷氨酰胺调节氨基酸代谢途径来调控氨同化过程,可以作为生产单细胞蛋白的优良菌株。

氨氮同化  /  霉菌  /  代谢组学  /  氨基酸

[Objective] To screen out a fungal strain that can efficiently assimilate ammonia nitrogen, reveal the metabolome differences of the strain in different media and the changes in the amino acid content of the feed fermented with the strain, and clarify the mechanism of its ammonia assimilation.[Methods] Seven strains ofTrichoderma, 7 strains ofAspergillus niger, and 9 strains ofAspergillus oryzae were cultured in the media with (NH4)2SO4 as the only nitrogen source. The strains with high ammonia nitrogen use efficiency and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity were selected for comparison of the metabolic differences in potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and inorganic nitrogen plates by non-targeted metabonomics. Furthermore, the crude protein and organic nitrogen content in the feed fermented with different strains was determined, and the changes in amino acid content in the fermented feed extract were measured by amino acid-targeted metabolomics.[Results] The utilization rate of ammonia nitrogen and the glutamine synthetase activity ofA. oryzae MQ28 were 54.46% and 0.61 μmol/(h·g), respectively, which were higher than those of other strains (P < 0.05). The comparative metabonomics analysis suggested that MQ28 was associated with the metabolism of multiple amino acids during ammonia assimilation. MQ28 fermentation increased the crude protein and organic nitrogen in the feed by 22.25% and 35.83% (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, MQ28 fermentation increased the total amino acid content in feed extract from 31.86 mmol/100 g to 57.69 mmol/100 g (P < 0.05). Specifically, it increased the content of 14 amino acids such as threonine, lysine, and arginine, glutamic acid (by 3.46 folds), and glutamine (by 99 folds) (P < 0.05).[Conclusion] To sum up,A.oryzae MQ28 has high ammonia nitrogen utilization capacity. It may regulate the ammonia assimilation process through the synthesis of glutamine to regulate amino acid metabolism and can be used as an elite strain for the production of single-cell protein.

ammonia nitrogen assimilation  /  fungal strain  /  metabolomics  /  amino acid
黄文明, 尹梦丽, 陈煜, 李军训, 王常童, 张进, 左福元. 一株高效同化氨氮霉菌的筛选及其代谢组分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (1) : 161 -173 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230342
Wenming HUANG, Mengli YIN, Yu CHEN, Junxun LI, Changtong WANG, Jin ZHANG, Fuyuan ZUO. Screening and metabolomic analysis of a fungal strain efficiently assimilating ammonia nitrogen[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (1) : 161 -173 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230342
蛋白质饲料资源自给率低是制约我国畜牧业健康、可持续发展的主要因素。单细胞蛋白(single cell protein, SCP)在解决蛋白质短缺问题上具有较大潜力[1-2]。目前,用于生产SCP的微生物主要有细菌、酵母、霉菌和微藻。酵母和霉菌因具有较快的生长速度和较高的蛋白质含量成为生产SCP的主要菌种[3]。霉菌具有丰富的酶系,工业酶中有大约50%是由霉菌生产的[4]。有研究表明,酵母菌的蛋白酶活力为55–82 U/mL[5],黑曲霉的蛋白酶活力可达到1 543.01 U/mL[6]。有研究表明,霉菌是较适合固态发酵的微生物,能够提高固态发酵饲料的粗蛋白质含量[7]。Baldensperger等[8]利用黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)发酵香蕉废料使其蛋白质含量从6%提高到18%。顾赛红等[9]利用黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)发酵使棉籽粕的粗蛋白质含量提高10.92%,除精氨酸外的必需氨基酸含量均增加。这些结果表明,霉菌是生产SCP的优良菌株。
氮是微生物生长的关键条件,而氨同化是微生物将无机氮变为有机氮的重要过程。有研究表明,细菌和酵母菌在谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH)的作用下利用NH4+合成谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸,谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸是其他氨基酸合成的前体物质,可以通过合成其他氨基酸促进蛋白质合成[10-13]。对于霉菌氨同化的研究却鲜有报道。本试验拟从23株霉菌中筛选出一株可以高效同化氨氮的霉菌,并利用非靶向代谢组学和氨基酸靶向代谢组学揭示霉菌在不同培养基中的代谢组差异和其发酵饲料的氨基酸含量变化,揭示霉菌氨同化的代谢机制,为利用霉菌生产SCP提供优良菌株。
试验所选用的23株霉菌为山东泰山生力源集团股份有限公司用于生产发酵饲料的保藏菌种,其中,木霉(Trichoderma spp.) 7株,编号分别为M8–M14;黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) 7株,编号分别为HQ15–HQ21;米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae) 9株,编号分别为MQ22–MQ30。
无机氮培养基:3%葡萄糖,2%硫酸铵,0.2%磷酸氢二钾,0.1%磷酸二氢钾;麦麸培养基:60%麦麸,40%大豆皮,5%硫酸铵。马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar, PDA)培养基,广东环凯微生物科技有限公司;葡萄糖、硫酸铵、磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二氢钾,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;甲醇(LC-MS级)、乙腈(LC-MS级),Merck公司;谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)试剂盒,南京建成生物工程研究所。
将23株霉菌同时接种到无机氮固体培养基中,于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养48 h后观察其生长状况,选择菌落直径大于1 cm的菌株,采用三区划线法对其进行纯化与保藏。
将初筛的菌株用接种环钓取一环接种到100 mL无机氮液体培养基中,每株菌3个重复,于30 ℃、150 r/min的恒温摇床中培养48 h后将菌液放于4 ℃冰箱保存待测。取1 mL菌液5 000 r/min离心15 min,取上清,根据国标HJ 535—22009测定菌液和空白培养基的氨氮含量,根据公式(1)计算氨氮利用率;利用GS试剂盒测定GS活性。选择氨氮利用率和GS活性都较高的菌株为供试菌株。
式中:M0为空白培养基的氨氮含量;M1为菌液中剩余氨氮含量。
将供试菌株接种到PDA液体培养基中培养48 h作为种子液,然后以2% (体积分数)的接种量将种子液分别接种于100 mL的无机氮液体培养基和PDA液体培养基中,在30 ℃、150 r/min的恒温摇床中培养0、12、24、28、32、36、40、44、48、52、56和60 h后取样,每个时间点设3个重复,用分光光度计测定OD600值,调整OD600值在0.1–0.8,然后以时间为横坐标,OD600值×稀释倍数为纵坐标绘制生长曲线。
将供试菌株分别接种到PDA液体培养基和无机氮液体培养基中,每种培养基设3个重复,于30 ℃、150 r/min的恒温摇床中培养到菌株对数生长期时取2 mL菌液5 000 r/min离心15 min,吸取上清液到新的离心管中,经液氮冷冻后保存到–80 ℃冰箱待测。
吸取100 μL菌液上清液,加入500 μL含有内标的提取液(甲醇: 乙腈体积比1:1,内标浓度20 mg/L),涡旋混匀30 s;超声10 min (冰水浴),重复3次;–20 ℃静置1 h;将样本4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min后取500 μL上清液于EP管中;在真空浓缩器中干燥;向干燥后的代谢物中加入160 μL提取液(乙腈: 水体积比1:1)复溶;涡旋混匀30 s,超声10 min (冰水浴),重复3次;4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min后取120 μL上清液于2 mL进样瓶中。每个样本各取10 μL混合成质控样本(quality control, QC)上机检测。
将40 g含水量为50%的麦麸装入250 mL三角瓶,于121 ℃灭菌30 min。切取供试菌株的斜面单菌落1/3,接种于三角瓶中,在32 ℃培养箱中培养3 d后40 ℃烘干,粉碎后放于–20 ℃冰箱保存备用。
试验组以0.5% (质量分数)的接种量将霉菌种子接种于含水量为50%的麦麸培养基中,置于32 ℃培养箱中培养36 h后45 ℃烘干、粉碎,保存于–20 ℃冰箱待测。对照组不接种霉菌,其余和试验组相同,每组3个重复。
样品中的粗蛋白质含量测定参照国标GB/T 6432—2018。无机氮含量测定参照国标GB 5009.234—2016的方法并略作修改:称取0.2 g样品放入消化管,加入1 g氧化镁后利用凯氏定氮仪测定样品中的无机氮含量。样品粗蛋白质含量减去无机氮含量即为有机氮含量。
称取20 mg饲料样本于EP管中,加2个小钢珠,向样本中加入1 000 μL提取液(乙腈: 甲醇: 水的体积比2:2:1,含同位素标记内标混合物,–40 ℃预冷),涡旋混匀30 s;40 Hz研磨处理4 min,超声5 min (冰水浴),重复3次;–40 ℃静置1 h;将样本4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min后取上清液稀释5倍,涡旋混匀30 s;取80 μL上清液稀释液至进样瓶中,用于超高液相色谱串联质谱法(ultra high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, UHPLC-MS/MS)分析。
利用SPSS 22软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),LSD (least significant digit)多重比较。统计结果以P < 0.05具有统计学意义,用“平均值±标准差”表示。使用MassLynxV4.2采集代谢组原始数据,通过Progenesis QI软件做峰提取、峰对齐等数据处理操作,基于Progenesis QI软件在线METLIN数据库、公共数据库以及百迈客自建库进行鉴定。基于正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)模型的变量重要性投影(variable Importance in projection, VIP)值、单变量分析的P-value和差异倍数值(fold change)来筛选,选取VIP≥1、P-value≤0.05、|fold change|≥1的代谢物为差异代谢物。对差异代谢物进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG)富集通路分析。通过Agilent MassHunter Work Station Software (B.08.00, Agilent Technologies)对25种氨基酸进行定量分析。
23株霉菌中共有7株霉菌在无机氮培养基中的菌落直径 > 1 cm (表1),生长良好且稳定,分别为M13、M14、HQ15、HQ21、MQ25、MQ26和MQ28。MQ28的菌落直径显著大于其余菌株(P < 0.05)。MQ28的氨氮利用率和GS活性分别为54.46%和0.61 μmol/(h·g),均显著高于其余菌株(P < 0.05,表2)。因此,选择MQ28为供试菌株。
MQ28在PDA培养基和无机氮培养基中的生长曲线如图1所示,在无机氮培养基中,MQ28在0–24 h为延迟生长期,24–48 h为对数生长期,48–60 h稳定期;在PDA培养基中,MQ28在0–24 h为延迟生长期,24–44 h为对数生长期,44–52 h为稳定期。这说明MQ28在无机氮培养基中仍然生长良好。
图2可知,R2Y为1,Q2Y为0.997,这说明此模型能够反映两组之间100%的差异, 并且此模型对差异代谢物的预测能力为99.7%,即该模型筛选的差异代谢物较为可靠。为进一步验证OPLS-DA模型的可靠性,需要进行置换检验,结果如图3所示。差异代谢物的R2Y值普遍高于Q2Y值,这说明OPLS-DA模型的建模训练集和测试集的独立性较好;Q2Y拟合回归线的斜率为正且截距为负,说明模型有效、没有过拟合。
基于非靶向代谢组技术,在默认模式下共检测到3 235个代谢物,其中有2 049个差异显著代谢物,819个显著上调,1 230个显著下调。差异代谢物主要包含氨基酸、有机酸、脂类等初级代谢物,苷类、醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、胺类和抗生素等次级代谢物。根据差异代谢物含量的高低,筛选出在无机氮培养基中相对含量较高的27种代谢物,分别为氨基酸类、小肽、抗生素类、有机酸类、维生素类和脂类(表3)。与PDA培养基相比,无机氮培养基中丙氨酸、组氨酸和赖氨酸等10种氨基酸及其衍生物上调,亮氨酸下调;高肌肽上调;无水四环素、兰多霉素D和紫霉素等5种抗生素上调,新霉素B和34a脱氧利福霉素W下调;茴香酸、己酸等4种有机酸下调;甲氧基乙酸上调;维生素K3和生物素A上调;磷脂酰胆碱下调。
对差异代谢物KEGG的注释结果进行富集分析,筛选出富集差异代谢物数量较多的30个代谢通路(表4)。在默认模式下,差异代谢物富集的30个代谢通路里有11个是关于氨基酸的代谢,其次是12、14和16元大环内酯的生物合成、嘧啶代谢、双组分系统和三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid, TCA)循环等。这说明氨基酸代谢可能是米曲霉MQ28氨同化过程的关键代谢通路。
发酵组的粗蛋白质含量和有机氮含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05,表5),其中粗蛋白质含量提高22.25%,有机氮含量提高35.83%。发酵组和对照组提取液的氨基酸总量分别为57.69 mmol/100 g和31.86 mmol/100 g (P < 0.05,表6)。发酵组中的4-氨基丁酸、酪氨酸、beta-丙氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸、羟基脯氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酰胺、丝氨酸、瓜氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和鸟氨酸含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),色氨酸、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺和3-甲基-l-组氨酸的含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),苯基丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、脯氨酸和甘氨酸的含量和对照组无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。
微生物可以利用氨合成微生物蛋白,其合成效率与微生物的氨同化能力密切相关。凌晓[14]从不同样品中筛选出具有高氨氮利用能力的酿酒酵母的蛋白质含量高达62.22%。马霞飞等[15]筛选的非蛋白氮(non-protein nitrogen, NPN)利用能力较强的两株酵母菌的蛋白质含量分别为48.78%和58.71%。霉菌具有丰富的酶系,利用益生霉菌发酵不仅能提高蛋白质含量,还能够降低一些霉菌毒素含量[16]。目前对于霉菌氨同化的研究鲜有报道。本试验用(NH4)2SO4为唯一氮源的培养基,筛选出一株氨氮利用率和GS活性都较高的米曲霉,其氨氮利用率为54.46%,GS活性为0.61 μmol/(h·g)。凌晓[14]从8株酵母菌中筛选出3株可以高效同化氨氮的菌株,这3株酵母菌在培养5 d后,氨氮利用率分别为36.99%、12.42%和15.77%,GS活性分别为0.85、0.30、0.28 μmol/(h·mL)。而曹玉飞[17]以(NH4)2SO4为唯一氮源的培养基,筛选出的10株东方伊萨酵母氨氮利用率均在10%以下,17株马克思克鲁维酵母氨氮利用率为30%–55%,34株假丝酵母氨氮利用率为40%–80%。这说明本研究筛选到的米曲霉MQ28具有较好的氨氮利用能力,可以作为生产SCP的备用菌株。
OPLS-DA是一个有监督的模型,模型的两个得分值,R2Y说明了模型的可解释性,R2Y越接近1,说明能解释两组分类的信息越多,即两组之间的差异越大。而Q2Y则说明模型的可预测性,Q2Y越接近1,说明模型的可预测性越强,即模型越可靠。为避免OPLS-DA模型出现过拟合现象,需要对其进行置换检验,置换检验是一种外部验证方法,若Q2Y拟合回归线的斜率为正且截距为负,则说明模型不存在过拟合现象。本试验中R2Y为1,Q2Y为0.997,这说明该模型较可靠且两组间的差异较大,置换检验中Q2Y拟合回归线的斜率为正且截距为负,说明该模型不存在过拟合现象[18]
微生物氨同化主要有两种途径:一是α-酮戊二酸和氨在谷氨酸脱氢酶(glucose dehydrogenase, GDH)参与下生成谷氨酸,谷氨酸和氨在GS作用下生成谷氨酰胺[19-20];另一途径是谷氨酰胺的酰胺氮通过谷氨酸合成酶(glutamate synthase, GOGAT)转移到α-酮戊二酸上,然后将GOGAT反应与GS反应耦合,实现了一个不可逆的谷氨酸生成途径[21]。因此,GS在微生物氨同化中有极其重要的作用,而GS的基因表达明显受到代谢物水平的调节,主要通过碳骨架和氨基酸的相对含量来控制[22]。本研究通过比较代谢组学分析发现,相比于PDA培养基,无机氮培养基中相对含量较高的差异代谢物以氨基酸为主。通过KEGG通路分析发现,富集差异代谢物数量较多的代谢通路主要包括各种氨基酸代谢、双组分系统和三羧酸(TCA)循环等。
氨基酸代谢除了与蛋白质合成密切相关,也参与ATP生成,核苷酸合成和氧化还原平衡等代谢途径,以支持细胞和生物体功能[23]。本研究中,相比于PDA培养基,无机氮培养基中的丙氨酸、苯丙氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸等均显著上调,这说明米曲霉MQ28的氨同化过程可能与这些氨基酸代谢密切相关。氨同化的有效运转需要大量ATP、碳骨架和还原力的参与[24],而碳代谢,尤其是TCA循环,可以为氨同化提供ATP、碳骨架和还原力。本研究中,无机氮培养基里富集在TCA循环里的琥珀酸、柠檬酸、α-酮戊二酸等显著下调,这可能是因为琥珀酸、柠檬酸和α-酮戊二酸都参与TCA循环,生成ATP和还原力供氨同化有效运转。双组分系统是微生物中主要的信号转导系统,氮调节蛋白在双组分系统调控微生物氮代谢过程中起着关键作用。GLNL和GLNK是在双组分转运调节系统中的两个重要氮调节蛋白,GLNK可以直接感知NH4+的浓度,通过信号转导调节基因glnL的表达,进而由转录调节蛋白GLNL调控氨转运蛋白atmB的表达,atmB可以保持细胞内外的氮源平衡[25]。本试验中,无机氮培养基里富集在双组分系统的代谢物较多,可能是因为米曲霉MQ28在利用NH4+合成蛋白质时双组分系统高效运作导致的。本试验中,米曲霉MQ28还产生了一些多糖、腺苷和三萜类等物质,这些功能性物质除了具有抗炎、抗菌、抗疲劳和抗疟疾的作用外,还可以保护肺和肝脏,增强免疫力和抗氧化能力[26-27]
本研究结果表明,发酵组粗蛋白质含量、有机氮含量和提取液中的氨基酸总量显著高于对照组,其中,谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺含量分别提高3.46倍和99倍。这说明MQ28可能是通过氨同化作用提高饲料蛋白质含量。谷氨酰胺是动物体内最丰富的氨基酸,可用于所有细胞,作为生产烟酰胺、腺嘌呤磷酸盐、核苷酸、嘌呤、嘧啶、抗氧化剂和许多其他生物合成途径的物质,这些途径涉及细胞的完整性及其正常功能[28]。在真菌氨同化过程中,谷氨酰胺是氨同化的主要产物[29],除了作为酰胺化反应的底物外,还通过w-酰胺酶转化为氨基酸的α-氨基、α-酮戊二酸和铵。谷氨酰胺也可以在GS作用下直接被同化为α-氨基氮。w-酰胺酶途径释放的铵不仅被GDH同化,也被GS同化,从而导致谷氨酰胺的循环运行,在这个循环中,氨基酸不断被合成[30]
谷氨酰胺在细胞代谢中具有广泛的作用,细胞质中的谷氨酰胺可以通过线粒体谷氨酰胺转运体SLC1A5运输到线粒体中,然后通过谷氨酰胺酶(glutaminase, GLS)转化为谷氨酸,释放铵离子[31]。这些线粒体谷氨酸通过SLC25A18和SLC25A22转运体从线粒体输出到胞浆,在几种转氨酶的作用下参与谷胱甘肽、丙氨酸、丝氨酸和精氨酸的生物合成[32]。此外,谷氨酸也可以在吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, P5CS)和谷氨酸脱羧酶作用下降解为瓜氨酸[33]和4-氨基丁酸。因此,本试验中,发酵组丙氨酸、丝氨酸、瓜氨酸、精氨酸和4-氨基丁酸含量均显著上升。有研究证明,谷氨酰胺用于合成色氨酸的吲哚部分和组氨酸的咪唑基[34],色氨酸脱氨产生相应的α-酮酸,通过α-酮酸脱羧酶(keto acid decarboxylase, KDC)脱羧为醛,然后在酒精脱氢酶(alcohol dehydrogenase, ADHs)作用下还原为色胺醇(TryOH)[35],TryOH通过调节丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)和蛋白激酶AGC (protein kinase A, G, C, AGC)信号通路促进丝状真菌的生长[36]。本试验中,发酵组色氨酸、天冬氨酸和天冬酰胺的含量显著下降,这可能是因为色氨酸被大量用于促进霉菌生长,而天冬氨酸在天冬氨酸转氨酶作用下生成了谷氨酸。
本试验以(NH4)2SO4为唯一氮源的培养基筛选出高效同化无机氮的米曲霉MQ28,其氨氮利用率为54.46%,GS活性为0.61 μmol/(h·g)。MQ28的氨同化作用与氨基酸代谢密切相关,使无机氮培养基中的丙氨酸、组氨酸和赖氨酸等10种氨基酸及其衍生物显著上调。MQ28发酵后显著提高了饲料中的粗蛋白质、有机氮含量以及苏氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸等14种氨基酸的含量,其中,谷氨酸和谷氨酰胺含量分别提高3.46倍和99倍。这说明米曲霉MQ28可能是通过合成谷氨酰胺调节氨基酸代谢途径来调控氨同化过程。MQ28还能产生多种抗炎、抑菌的代谢产物,是一株具有开发应用前景的菌株。
  • 重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重点项目(cstc2021jscx-tpyzxX0014)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230342
  • 接收时间:2023-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-15
  • 录用日期:2023-07-27
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Key Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development(cstc2021jscx-tpyzxX0014)
重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重点项目(cstc2021jscx-tpyzxX0014)
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    1 西南大学动物科学技术学院, 重庆 402460
    2 山东泰山生力源集团股份有限公司, 山东 泰安 271000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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