Article(id=1241045262282576216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230421, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1686844800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1692201600000, acceptedDateStr=2023-08-17, onlineDate=1773817848034, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1704297600000, pubDateStr=2024-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773817848034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773817848034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773817848034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239895163967959761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773543643228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820020328, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054373594320900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054373598515205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=268, endPage=282, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241045262781698410, articleId=1241045262282576216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=SapB-like peptides promote morphological differentiation ofStreptomyces, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive aerobic bacteria characterized by complex morphological differentiation and potent secondary metabolite-producing ability. SapB, a class Ⅲ lanthipeptide, promotes the morphological differentiation ofStreptomyces coelicolor, which suggests that SapB-like peptides might be developed as targets for engineering of morphological differentiation. In this study, we characterized the effects of SapB-like peptides on the morphological differentiation of multipleStreptomyces species, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the engineering of these peptides.[Methods] Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the gene clusters for the synthesis of SapB-like peptides in the genomes ofStreptomyces spp.. The plasmids for heterologous expression were constructed and introduced intoStreptomyces spp. through conjugation. The colony and mycelial morphology were compared to reveal the effects of these peptides on the morphological differentiation ofStreptomyces.[Results] SapB-like peptides promoted the differentiation ofStreptomyces from vegetative to aerial mycelia. Specifically, they increased the aerial mycelia and accelerated the differentiation, thus shortening the morphological differentiation cycle.[Conclusion] SapB-like peptides can help shorten the morphological differentiation cycle ofStreptomyces, demonstrating the potential for the morphological differentiation engineering ofStreptomyces.

, correspAuthors=Lingxin KONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*KONG Lingxin, Tel: +86-21-62932943, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hongjun SHAN, Junbo WANG, Baixin LIN, Kehui WANG, Zixin DENG, Delin YOU, Lingxin KONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241045266166501816, articleId=1241045262282576216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=羊毛硫肽SapB类多肽促进链霉菌形态分化作用的研究, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】链霉菌属于革兰氏阳性菌,以复杂的形态分化过程和强大的次级代谢产物合成能力为主要特征。链霉菌的形态分化与次级代谢产物的产生密切相关。Ⅲ型羊毛硫肽SapB能够促进天蓝色链霉菌气生菌丝体形成,暗示这类多肽可以作为靶标用于形态分化改造工程开发。本研究表征了SapB类多肽对多种链霉菌形态分化的影响,为该类多肽的工程化应用提供理论基础。【方法】生物信息学分析多个链霉菌基因组中SapB类多肽的生物合成基因簇,构建SapB类多肽的异源表达载体,利用接合转移方法导入不同链霉菌中进行异源表达,探究SapB类多肽对链霉菌形态分化的影响。【结果】SapB类多肽在不同程度上促进了多个链霉菌由营养菌丝向气生菌丝分化,表现为气生菌丝体数量的增多和分化速度的加快,缩短了链霉菌形态分化周期。【结论】SapB类多肽的过表达有助于缩短链霉菌形态分化周期,可用于针对链霉菌形态分化的工程改造。

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year=2021, volume=9, issue=3, pageStart=e01981, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=Microbiology Spectrum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PŁACHETKA M, KRAWIEC M, ZAKRZEWSKA-CZERWIŃSKA J, WOLAŃSKI M.AdpA positively regulates morphological differentiation and chloramphenicol biosynthesis inStreptomyces venezuelae[J].Microbiology Spectrum,2021,9(3):e01981-21., articleTitle=AdpA positively regulates morphological differentiation and chloramphenicol biosynthesis inStreptomyces venezuelae, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241084443130123240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, awardId=32170077, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170077), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241084443222397933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, awardId=32170077, language=CN, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241084441800528799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Biosynthetic gene clusters (A) and amino acid sequence alignment of SapB-like peptides (B)., figureFileSmall=j3dLo2Ve6rZ9cm+Ap9R5/w==, figureFileBig=0H05ioZkHTx2CXZ5Mqjcpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084441888609187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SapB类多肽的生物合成基因簇(A)和氨基酸序列比对(B), figureFileSmall=j3dLo2Ve6rZ9cm+Ap9R5/w==, figureFileBig=0H05ioZkHTx2CXZ5Mqjcpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442010244013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Plasmid profile and electrophoretic verification of pIB139-HEA (A) and pIB139-HEB (B). +: Positive control, using genome DNA of wild type strain as template; −: Negative control, using pIB139 vector as template; 1−4: Different clones carrying pIB139-HEA or pIB139-HEB as template., figureFileSmall=hmYyLDvq6jO938nqcJGukg==, figureFileBig=Cdp30mr0AnxqhbufvqtFdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442161238967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=CN, label=图2, caption=pIB139-HEA (A)及pIB139-HEB (B)的质粒图谱和电泳验证, figureFileSmall=hmYyLDvq6jO938nqcJGukg==, figureFileBig=Cdp30mr0AnxqhbufvqtFdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442249319355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The morphologic observation ofStreptomyces lividans TK24 andStreptomyces sp. CPCC 204980 carrying the expression plasmid of SapB and its analogue. A: Time course morphology ofS.lividans TK24 and its derivative strains HE1 and HE2. B: Time course morphology ofStreptomyces sp. CPCC 204980 and its derivative strains HE3 and HE4. C: Scanning electron microscope morphology ofStreptomyces sp. CPCC 204980 and its derivative strains HE3 and HE4. All the microscope photographs were taken at 3 000× magnification with accelerating voltage at 20 kV., figureFileSmall=+5Knzboqa0JDYoqzTOh4rQ==, figureFileBig=yZpsCPm8O2cO1XKe1kjOmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442316428224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Streptomyces lividans TK24和Streptomyces sp. CPCC 204980及其突变株的菌苔形态, figureFileSmall=+5Knzboqa0JDYoqzTOh4rQ==, figureFileBig=yZpsCPm8O2cO1XKe1kjOmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442396120005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The morphologic observation ofStreptomyces auratus DSM 41897 andAmycolatopsis regifaucium DSM 45072 carrying the expression plasmid of SapB and its analogue. A: Time course morphology ofS.auratus DSM 41897 and its derivative strains HE5 and HE6. B: Scanning electron microscope morphology ofS.auratus DSM 41897 and its derivative strains HE5 and HE6. C: Time course morphology ofA.regifaucium DSM 45072 and its derivative strains HE7 and HE8. D: Scanning electron microscope morphology ofA.regifaucium DSM 45072 and its derivative strains HE7 and HE8. All the microscope photographs were taken at 3 000× magnification with accelerating voltage at 20 kV., figureFileSmall=D1GPjC7BPaUa8jhkXYFIdQ==, figureFileBig=YfLUncEasGnFICCDGRuH1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442480006091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Streptomyces auratus DSM 41897和Amycolatopsis regifaucium DSM 45072及其突变株的菌苔形态, figureFileSmall=D1GPjC7BPaUa8jhkXYFIdQ==, figureFileBig=YfLUncEasGnFICCDGRuH1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442576475091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainSource and relevant characteristic
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)Type strains, source of SapB BGC
Streptomyces luteosporeus NRRL 2401Wild type strain from NRRL, source of SapB analogues BGC
Streptomyces lividans TK24Type strains
  HE1SapB heterologous expression strain derived from TK24
  HE2SapB analogues heterologous expression strain derived from TK24
Streptomyces sp. CPCC 204980Wild type strain from CPCC
  HE3SapB heterologous expression strain derived from CPCC 204980
  HE4SapB analogues heterologous expression strain derived from CPCC 204980
Streptomycesauratus DSM 41897Wild type strain from DSMZ
  HE5SapB heterologous expression strain derived from DSM 41897
  HE6SapB analogues heterologous expression strain derived from DSM 41897
Amycolatopsis regifaucium DSM 45072Wild type strain from DSMZ
  HE7SapB heterologous expression strain derived from DSM 45072
  HE8SapB analogues heterologous expression strain derived from DSM 45072
Escherichia coli DH10BF,mcrA, Δ(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC), Φ80dlacZΔM15ΔlacX74,deoR,recA1,endA1,araD139, Δ(ara,leu)7697,galU,galK λ,rpsL,nupG
Escherichia coli ET12567/pUZ8002recF,dam,dcm,hsdS, CmR, StrR, TetR, KmR
), ArticleFig(id=1241084442710692822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用的菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainSource and relevant characteristic
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)Type strains, source of SapB BGC
Streptomyces luteosporeus NRRL 2401Wild type strain from NRRL, source of SapB analogues BGC
Streptomyces lividans TK24Type strains
  HE1SapB heterologous expression strain derived from TK24
  HE2SapB analogues heterologous expression strain derived from TK24
Streptomyces sp. CPCC 204980Wild type strain from CPCC
  HE3SapB heterologous expression strain derived from CPCC 204980
  HE4SapB analogues heterologous expression strain derived from CPCC 204980
Streptomycesauratus DSM 41897Wild type strain from DSMZ
  HE5SapB heterologous expression strain derived from DSM 41897
  HE6SapB analogues heterologous expression strain derived from DSM 41897
Amycolatopsis regifaucium DSM 45072Wild type strain from DSMZ
  HE7SapB heterologous expression strain derived from DSM 45072
  HE8SapB analogues heterologous expression strain derived from DSM 45072
Escherichia coli DH10BF,mcrA, Δ(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC), Φ80dlacZΔM15ΔlacX74,deoR,recA1,endA1,araD139, Δ(ara,leu)7697,galU,galK λ,rpsL,nupG
Escherichia coli ET12567/pUZ8002recF,dam,dcm,hsdS, CmR, StrR, TetR, KmR
), ArticleFig(id=1241084442828133342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequences (5′→3′)
HEA-1-FGGTTGGTAGGATCCACATATGGTGACAGCCGCAACTGTCCG
HEA-1-RGCACCCAGGTAGGGCATGGTGCGCCAGCC
HEA-2-FACCATGCCCTACCTGGGTGCCGGCAGT
HEA-2-RTGCGGCAACCGGCGTACGAAGCCGTCGGC
HEA-3-FTTCGTACGCCGGTTGCCGCACGGCTAC
HEA-3-RAATTCGATATCGCGCGCGGCCGCTCACGAGTTCCAGTGTCC
HEB-1-FGGTTGGTAGGATCCACATATGATGGAGAAGCGGTACGAGGTC
HEB-1-RGCGAGGTAGTCGTCGAGCACCGCGCCAAT
HEB-2-FTCGACGACTACCTCGCCCACCGCCCCGACGA
HEB-2-RCGCCGATCGTCTCCCCCAGCAGCG
HEB-3-FGAGACGATCGGCGACACGATC
HEB-3-RAATTCGATATCGCGCGCGGCCGCCTGTCACTGGCCGCC
M13-FCGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC
M13-RAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA
HEA-V-RACTCCGGGATGCGGAA
HEB-V-RGTCGGTGCAGTAGCGG
), ArticleFig(id=1241084442937185249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045262282576216, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequences (5′→3′)
HEA-1-FGGTTGGTAGGATCCACATATGGTGACAGCCGCAACTGTCCG
HEA-1-RGCACCCAGGTAGGGCATGGTGCGCCAGCC
HEA-2-FACCATGCCCTACCTGGGTGCCGGCAGT
HEA-2-RTGCGGCAACCGGCGTACGAAGCCGTCGGC
HEA-3-FTTCGTACGCCGGTTGCCGCACGGCTAC
HEA-3-RAATTCGATATCGCGCGCGGCCGCTCACGAGTTCCAGTGTCC
HEB-1-FGGTTGGTAGGATCCACATATGATGGAGAAGCGGTACGAGGTC
HEB-1-RGCGAGGTAGTCGTCGAGCACCGCGCCAAT
HEB-2-FTCGACGACTACCTCGCCCACCGCCCCGACGA
HEB-2-RCGCCGATCGTCTCCCCCAGCAGCG
HEB-3-FGAGACGATCGGCGACACGATC
HEB-3-RAATTCGATATCGCGCGCGGCCGCCTGTCACTGGCCGCC
M13-FCGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC
M13-RAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA
HEA-V-RACTCCGGGATGCGGAA
HEB-V-RGTCGGTGCAGTAGCGG
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羊毛硫肽SapB类多肽促进链霉菌形态分化作用的研究
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单泓俊 , 王俊博 , 林百欣 , 王柯惠 , 邓子新 , 由德林 , 孔令新 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(1): 268-282
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(1): 268-282
羊毛硫肽SapB类多肽促进链霉菌形态分化作用的研究
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单泓俊, 王俊博, 林百欣, 王柯惠, 邓子新, 由德林, 孔令新*
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学生命科学技术学院 微生物代谢国家重点实验室, 上海 200030
SapB-like peptides promote morphological differentiation ofStreptomyces
Hongjun SHAN, Junbo WANG, Baixin LIN, Kehui WANG, Zixin DENG, Delin YOU, Lingxin KONG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
出版时间: 2024-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230421
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【目的】链霉菌属于革兰氏阳性菌,以复杂的形态分化过程和强大的次级代谢产物合成能力为主要特征。链霉菌的形态分化与次级代谢产物的产生密切相关。Ⅲ型羊毛硫肽SapB能够促进天蓝色链霉菌气生菌丝体形成,暗示这类多肽可以作为靶标用于形态分化改造工程开发。本研究表征了SapB类多肽对多种链霉菌形态分化的影响,为该类多肽的工程化应用提供理论基础。【方法】生物信息学分析多个链霉菌基因组中SapB类多肽的生物合成基因簇,构建SapB类多肽的异源表达载体,利用接合转移方法导入不同链霉菌中进行异源表达,探究SapB类多肽对链霉菌形态分化的影响。【结果】SapB类多肽在不同程度上促进了多个链霉菌由营养菌丝向气生菌丝分化,表现为气生菌丝体数量的增多和分化速度的加快,缩短了链霉菌形态分化周期。【结论】SapB类多肽的过表达有助于缩短链霉菌形态分化周期,可用于针对链霉菌形态分化的工程改造。

链霉菌  /  形态分化  /  气生菌丝  /  羊毛硫肽  /  SapB

[Objective] Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive aerobic bacteria characterized by complex morphological differentiation and potent secondary metabolite-producing ability. SapB, a class Ⅲ lanthipeptide, promotes the morphological differentiation ofStreptomyces coelicolor, which suggests that SapB-like peptides might be developed as targets for engineering of morphological differentiation. In this study, we characterized the effects of SapB-like peptides on the morphological differentiation of multipleStreptomyces species, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the engineering of these peptides.[Methods] Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the gene clusters for the synthesis of SapB-like peptides in the genomes ofStreptomyces spp.. The plasmids for heterologous expression were constructed and introduced intoStreptomyces spp. through conjugation. The colony and mycelial morphology were compared to reveal the effects of these peptides on the morphological differentiation ofStreptomyces.[Results] SapB-like peptides promoted the differentiation ofStreptomyces from vegetative to aerial mycelia. Specifically, they increased the aerial mycelia and accelerated the differentiation, thus shortening the morphological differentiation cycle.[Conclusion] SapB-like peptides can help shorten the morphological differentiation cycle ofStreptomyces, demonstrating the potential for the morphological differentiation engineering ofStreptomyces.

Streptomyces  /  morphological differentiation  /  aerial mycelium  /  lanthipeptide  /  SapB
单泓俊, 王俊博, 林百欣, 王柯惠, 邓子新, 由德林, 孔令新. 羊毛硫肽SapB类多肽促进链霉菌形态分化作用的研究. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (1) : 268 -282 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230421
Hongjun SHAN, Junbo WANG, Baixin LIN, Kehui WANG, Zixin DENG, Delin YOU, Lingxin KONG. SapB-like peptides promote morphological differentiation ofStreptomyces[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (1) : 268 -282 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230421
链霉菌属(Streptomyces)是基因组DNA中高鸟嘌呤(G)与胞嘧啶(C)含量的革兰氏阳性丝状细菌,具有复杂的形态分化周期和强大的次级代谢产物合成能力,大多数链霉菌生命周期的大部分时间都是半休眠的孢子状态[1-2]。多细胞丝状链霉菌的生命周期起始于孢子(spore)的萌发,孢子在一端或两端生长形成发芽孢子,之后继续沿顶端生长形成多分枝多核的营养菌丝体(vegetative mycelium)[3]。营养菌丝体在培养基中生长,形成菌落和菌苔。在营养枯竭等不利环境条件或信号分子的刺激下,大部分营养菌丝细胞发生不规则的程序性死亡,积累了氨基酸、氨基糖、核苷酸和脂质等大量营养物质,小部分营养菌丝利用这些营养物质开始冲破培养环境的表面张力向空中延伸生长,分化形成直立的气生菌丝体(aerial mycelium)[4-5]。气生菌丝赋予了链霉菌菌落特征性的蓬松外观,并逐步发育形成螺旋状、波浪状等不同形态的细丝,这些细丝之后被高度规则间隔的隔膜分开形成多个孢子,DNA也被分配和封闭到每个孢子中,隔膜最终断裂,并将单倍体的孢子释放出来[6]。固体培养环境中,次级代谢产物的产生通常发生在营养菌丝向气生菌丝和孢子分化的过渡时期[7]。在这个时期产生的抗生素为链霉菌程序性死亡产生的大量营养物质提供了重要的保护屏障,这些营养物质也为链霉菌进一步的发育分化提供了能量[8]。链霉菌在不同的培养和调控条件下会呈现不同的菌丝形态,菌丝形态的差异也会对次级代谢产物的种类和产量产生很大的影响[9-10]
营养菌丝生长分化为气生菌丝的时期是链霉菌形态分化的关键时期。气生菌丝的形成依赖于大多数已知的气生菌丝形态发生所必需的“光秃(bald)”基因[11-12]。“光秃”基因的缺失会在不同程度上阻止气生菌丝的形成,从而产生了类似于裸露无毛的“光秃”表型。除了受到bld家族基因的调控,气生菌丝的形成还需要疏水性的生物表面活性剂参与。天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)中已知的表面活性分子包括chaplin[13-15]、rodlin[16-18]和spore-associated polypeptide B (SapB)[19-20],这些生物表面活性剂能够降低菌落-空气界面处的表面张力,促使新生气生菌丝的出现和生长。细胞表面蛋白chaplin (ChpA-H)和rodlin (RdlAB)是气生菌丝体和孢子的组成部分,两者共同参与了疏水鞘的形成。疏水鞘能够给菌丝提供膨胀压力,促使气生菌丝向空中生长[16]。SapB和部分chaplin (如ChpE)则在气生菌丝形成开始之前就被分泌到细胞外,它们分布于细胞外的培养环境中,或是附着于菌丝和孢子的表面,形成一层疏水的膜结构,从而能够大大降低培养基、土壤、水与空气之间的表面张力,为气生菌丝的空中生长提供条件[13,21-22]
SapB是一类由核糖体合成、经过位点特异性裂解和翻译后修饰、含有羊毛硫氨酸或β-甲基羊毛硫氨酸的Ⅲ型羊毛硫肽,最早在天蓝色链霉菌中发现[23-25]。SapB合成的激活依赖于气生菌丝形态发生所必需的bld基因的多重级联调控,因而被认为是气生菌丝合成的起点[24-25]。目前主要在天蓝色链霉菌中发现SapB能够调节菌株的形态分化[26-28]。为了充分利用和挖掘SapB类多肽用于菌体形态分化工程化改造的潜能,本研究分析和获取了SapB类多肽的生物合成基因序列,构建了SapB类多肽的表达质粒。在变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans) TK24、金黄链霉菌(Streptomycesauratus) DSM 41897、拟无枝酸菌(Amycolatopsis regifaucium) DSM 45072和链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.) CPCC 204980中的异源表达,证明了这些多肽具有促进菌体形态分化的功能,为以SapB为靶标进行气生菌丝形态分化的控制提供了良好的研究材料。
本研究采用的实验菌株如表1所示,包含天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor) A3(2)、变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans) TK24、藤黄生孢链霉菌(Streptomyces luteosporeus) NRRL 2401、金黄链霉菌(Streptomycesauratus) DSM 41897、拟无枝酸菌(Amycolatopsis regifaucium) DSM 45072、链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.) CPCC 204980、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) DH10B、E.coli ET12567/pUZ8002和本研究构建的8个异源表达菌株。本研究采用的质粒有pIB139、pIB139-HEA和pIB139-HEB,其中pIB139为含有ermEoriTattPφC31 intaac(3)IV的整合型质粒,由上海交通大学微生物代谢国家重点实验室保藏,pIB139-HEA和pIB139-HEB分别为含有SapB及其类似物基因的pIB139质粒,由本研究构建。本研究采用的引物如表2所示,由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成。
聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)所用的高保真DNA聚合酶Phanta Master Mix和多片段一步克隆试剂盒ClonExpress MultiS为南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司产品,DNA聚合酶Taq PCR Master Mix为生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司产品。质粒快速提取和琼脂糖凝胶回收试剂盒为OMEGA公司产品,限制性核酸内切酶Nde Ⅰ和Not Ⅰ为Thermo Fisher Scientific公司产品,1 kb Plus DNA Ladder为Invitrogen公司产品。振荡摇床为上海知楚仪器有限公司产品,高速离心机为Thermo Fisher Scientific公司产品,高分辨场发射扫描电子显微镜Sirion 200和VEGA3由上海交通大学分析测试中心提供。
(1) 大豆饼粉甘露醇培养基(soybean mannitol medium, SFM或MS) (g/L):灭菌过滤的黄豆饼粉20,甘露醇20,琼脂18,调节pH至7.2,121 ℃灭菌20 min,使用时补加0.01 mol/L氯化镁[29]。(2) 国际链霉菌计划(InternationalStreptomyces Projects) 4号培养基(ISP4) (g/L):糊化的可溶性淀粉10,七水合硫酸镁1,氯化钠1,硫酸铵2,碳酸钙2,琼脂18,微量盐溶液1 mL/L,调节pH至7.2,121 ℃高压灭菌20 min。(3) Luria-Bertani (LB)培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10,酵母提取物5,氯化钠10,121 ℃高压灭菌20 min。(4) 酵母提取物-麦芽提取物培养基(yeast extract malt extract medium, YEME) (g/L):酵母提取物3,麦芽提取物3,细菌蛋白胨5,葡萄糖10,蔗糖103,115 ℃高压灭菌20 min,灭菌后补加5 mmol/L的氯化镁。(5) 胰胨豆汤(tryptic soy broth, TSB)培养基(g/L):胰酶大豆肉汤30,121 ℃灭菌20 min。
S.coelicolor A3(2)、S.lividans TK24、S.luteosporeus NRRL 2401、S.auratus DSM 41897、和A.regifaucium DSM 45072使用YEME培养基和MS培养基进行培养,Streptomyces sp. CPCC 204980使用LB培养基和MS培养基进行培养,E.coli DH10B和E.coli ET12567/ pUZ8002使用LB培养基进行培养[30]。链霉菌和拟无枝酸菌的培养温度为30 ℃,大肠杆菌的培养温度为37 ℃,液体培养的振荡速度为200−220 r/min。
利用整合型载体pIB139构建SapB及其类似物的异源表达质粒[31]。首先,使用限制性内切酶Nde Ⅰ、Not Ⅰ酶切消化pIB139,获取约6 kb的pIB139线性化载体。然后,分别设计3对多片段一步克隆引物,其中HEA-1/2/3-F/R用于扩增Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)的ramCSAB基因,HEB-1/2/3-F/R用于扩增Streptomyces luteosporeus NRRL 2401的ramCSAB基因(表1)。接下来,使用高保真DNA聚合酶Phanta Master Mix分别扩增长度约2 kb的6个插入片段HEA-1/2/3和HEB-1/2/3,利用一步克隆重组酶ClonExpress MultiS分别将HEA和HEB的3个插入片段和pIB139线性化载体连接起来,将一步克隆产物转化至大肠杆菌DH10B感受态细胞中。最后,通过抗性筛选含有重组质粒的单克隆,分别对其进行PCR电泳二次筛选,将电泳验证正确的质粒送北京擎科生物科技有限公司测序,确保重组质粒和野生型菌株的基因序列完全一致。
将构建好的表达质粒载体转化进入E.coli ET12567/pUZ8002 (供体菌),与野生型的放线菌(受体菌)进行双亲本结合转移[32-33]。首先,将低温保藏的受体菌接种至对应的液体培养基中30 ℃振荡48 h,取5 mL菌液转接至50 mL的TSB培养基中培养过夜,取1 mL菌液转接至3 mL的TSB培养基中培养4 h,与此同时,将携带目的质粒的供体菌接种至含有对应抗性的LB培养基中37 ℃振荡过夜,取0.5 mL菌液转接至5 mL的LB培养基中培养3 h。然后,将受体菌和供体菌的菌液分装至EP管中,3 500 r/min离心10 min收集菌体,使用TSB培养基清洗菌体2次,将清洗后的受体菌和供体菌按100:1、10:1、1:1和0.1:1的比例混合,均匀涂布于无抗性的ISP4培养平板上,30 ℃培养16−20 h,使用阿泊拉霉素和萘啶酮酸进行覆盖,30 ℃培养5−10 d。最后,挑取ISP4平板上生长的接合子涂布至另一含有阿泊拉霉素和萘啶酮酸的ISP4平板扩大培养,30 ℃培养3 d,接种至含有阿泊拉霉素和萘啶酮酸的种子培养液中30 ℃振荡培养3 d至菌体黏稠,提取链霉菌基因组DNA进行PCR和测序验证。
将冷冻的链霉菌置于相应的液体培养基中30 ℃活化2 d,接种至含有MS固体培养基的12孔板中,30 ℃培养4 d。使用2.5%戊二醛固定至少2 h,0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液置换4次,使用锇酸后固定1.5−2 h,0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液置换3次,30%乙醇置换2次,50%、70%、90%乙醇依次置换1次,无水乙醇置换3次,每次置换10−15 min。将样品从12孔板中取出,使用CO2临界点干燥仪干燥脱水。使用导电胶将样品固定在样品台上,使用高真空镀膜仪对每个样品进行钯/金金属溅射镀膜30 s。使用高分辨场发射扫描电子显微镜Sirion 200和VEGA3对样品的菌丝形态进行观察。
利用antiSMASH bacterial version 6.1.1对基因组的生物合成基因簇进行在线分析预测,利用美国国家生物信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI)的Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)在线分析平台对基因簇中的功能基因进行比对分析。
SapB是Ⅲ型羊毛硫肽家族的多肽,由快速气生菌丝体(rapid aerial mycelium,ram)基因簇编码合成,该基因簇包含1个由4个生物合成基因(ramCSAB)组成的操纵子和1个调控基因ramR[24]。在ramCramSramAramB这4个基因组成的操纵子下游是编码LuxR家族调控蛋白的ramR基因,RamR蛋白可以与ramCSAB操纵子的DNA启动子区域结合,从而激活SapB的合成[25](图1A)。ramS编码SapB前体肽,该前体肽由前导序列和核心序列两部分组成,同时在这两部分之间还存在蛋白酶切割位点。ramC位于ram基因簇的最上游,编码ram基因簇中唯一具有催化功能的酶。该酶包含3个不同的蛋白结构域,分别是丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(Ser/Thr kinase)结构域、磷酸丝氨酸/磷酸苏氨酸裂解酶(pSer/pThr lyase)结构域和环化酶(cyclase)结构域。ramAramB位于ramS的下游,两者都编码ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABC transporter),这2个ABC转运蛋白的N端具有跨膜结构域,C端具有ATP结合结构域,可以将SapB运输至菌丝表面并分散到培养基中,为菌体提供疏水环境[26]。随着测序技术的发展,许多SapB类似多肽编码的基因簇得到鉴定,这些基因簇编码氨基酸序列高度相似的SapB类多肽[27-28]。这些多肽的核心肽部分具有保守的S-XX-S-XXX-C基序,该基序可以形成酸性稳定的硫醚羊毛硫氨酸(Lan)大环结构[34](图1B)。
为了验证和探究SapB类多肽促进形态分化的功能,对本研究室现有菌株S.coelicolor A3(2)、S.luteosporeus NRRL 2401、S.auratus DSM 41897和A.regifaucium DSM 45072的基因组进行序列分析,并利用次级代谢生物合成基因簇预测在线软件antiSMASH进行预测以挖掘SapB类多肽的生物合成基因簇。在S.coelicolor A3(2)和S.luteosporeus NRRL 2401的基因组中,发现了负责编码SapB类多肽的基因簇(图1A),而在S.auratus DSM 41897和A.regifaucium DSM 45072并未发现与ramCSAB类似的生物合成基因簇。在S.luteosporeus NRRL 2401菌株中编码SapB类多肽的基因簇其基因组成和基因排列都与S.coelicolor A3(2)中编码SapB的基因簇高度相似(图1A)。使用antiSMASH对2个基因簇进行比较,两者的相似度为75%。该基因簇共由5个基因组成,按照基因排列分别与多功能合成酶编码基因ramC、前体肽编码基因ramS、ABC转运蛋白编码基因ramAB和调控基因ramR相对应(图1A)。使用Protein Blast (BLASTP)对S.coelicolor A3(2)和S.luteosporeus NRRL 2401的ram基因簇进行比对,发现RamC、RamS、RamA、RamB和RamR这5个蛋白都具有较高的氨基酸序列相似性(identity),分别为57.77%、46.34%、54.42%、52.01%和47.06%。S.luteosporeus NRRL 2401编码的前体肽同样由前导肽和核心肽2个部分组成,其前导肽N端含有1个保守的M-X-L-X-DLQ基序,核心肽中含有2个保守的S-XX-S-XXX-C基序,核心肽部分还包含有较多的丝氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸,这些疏水性氨基酸很可能在降低表面张力等方面发挥作用。这些基因簇的发现为探究SapB类多肽的功能提供了研究材料。
为了探讨SapB类多肽对形态分化的影响,首先构建了SapB及其类似物的异源表达载体,选取天蓝色链霉菌(S.coelicolor) A3(2)和藤黄生孢链霉菌(S.luteosporeus) NRRL 2401作为对象,用于获取编码SapB类多肽的ramCSAB基因簇。S.coelicolor A3(2)和S.luteosporeus NRRL 2401的基因组中ramCSAB基因簇大小分别为6 728 bp和6 517 bp。为了获得完整的DNA片段,将基因簇分成长度约2 000 bp的3段序列进行PCR扩增,这些片段分别为HEA Ⅰ (2 384 bp)、HEA Ⅱ (2 081 bp)、HEA Ⅲ (2 347 bp)和HEB Ⅰ (2 237 bp)、HEB Ⅱ (1 907 bp)、HEB Ⅲ (2 449 bp),每段序列的上下游均含有15−20 bp的同源臂。将获取的片段与Nde Ⅰ/Not Ⅰ线性化的pIB139载体进行同源重组,以分别构建SapB类多肽的异源表达载体pIB139-HEA和pIB139-HEB。对得到的单克隆进行PCR验证,电泳分析得到的PCR产物,大小分别为963 bp和767 bp (图2A2B),初步证实了这些克隆的正确性。为了确定克隆片段序列上的真实性,将电泳验证正确的质粒送北京擎科生物科技有限公司测序,测得的DNA序列与质粒图谱序列完全一致,说明成功构建了含有ramCSAB基因的重组质粒pIB139-HEA和pIB139-HEB。
为了验证SapB类多肽能否促进链霉菌的形态分化,选用链霉菌模式菌株变铅青链霉菌(S.lividans) TK24进行验证。通过双亲本接合转移的方法,将重组质粒pIB139-HEA和pIB139-HEB分别转入S.lividans TK24中,利用阿泊拉霉素抗性筛选和PCR验证,得到了异源表达菌株HE1和HE2。将S.lividans TK24及其异源表达菌株HE1和HE2分别在MS固体培养基上培养并观察这些菌株的形态分化差异。从图3A可以看出,相较于TK24,HE2的菌苔形态没有明显差异,而HE1的菌苔显著增白增厚,形成了气生菌丝特征性的蓬松外观,菌苔上白色颗粒物的数量显著增加。这一结果表明,SapB的过表达在一定程度上促进了链霉菌向气生菌丝分化的能力,验证了异源表达质粒的有效性,为利用SapB进行其他链霉菌形态分化研究奠定了基础。
营养菌丝向气生菌丝分化是链霉菌形态的分化过程中重要的一步,为了考察SapB类多肽能否适用于促进其他缺失内源SapB类多肽基因簇的菌株进行形态分化,将pIB139-HEA和pIB139-HEB引入到不含有SapB类多肽基因簇的“光秃”链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.) CPCC 204980中。Streptomyces sp. CPCC 204980是多环氧杂蒽酮类化合物cervinomycins的产生菌,同时还能够产生大量暗绿色和黑色的生物活性色素[35-36]。利用菌丝体属间结合转移的方法,将重组质粒pIB139-HEA和pIB139-HEB转入Streptomyces sp. CPCC 204980,得到异源表达菌株HE3和HE4。将CPCC 204980、HE3和HE4分别接种到MS平板培养基上培养6 d,连续观察菌株在培养平板上的菌苔形貌(图3B)。HE3和HE4相较于CPCC 204980,菌苔显著增厚,黑色和暗绿色坚硬光滑的菌膜被白色的粉末状物质覆盖,部分菌苔上形成了白色蓬松的颗粒样隆起。其中黑色和暗绿色的菌膜含有大量CPCC 204980分泌的生物活性色素,白色蓬松的颗粒样隆起可能是直立生长的气生菌丝体。
为了进一步确认HE3和HE4的气生菌丝体状态,将CPCC 204980、HE3和HE4分别接种到含有MS培养基的12孔板中培养4 d,经戊二醛-锇酸固定和钯-金金属溅射镀膜后,使用高分辨场发射扫描电子显微镜Sirion 200对这些菌的菌丝体进行观察(图3C)。HE3在培养的第4天可以观察到大量粗细不一、具有多个分枝的气生菌丝,以及少量具有隔膜结构的链状孢子丝,CPCC 204980和HE4在培养的第4天则观察不到发育茂盛的气生菌丝,但是可以观察到错综复杂的多分枝的营养菌丝体和球状突起。这些球状突起很可能是已经程序性死亡的营养菌丝体,在球状突起的表面还可以观察到一些已经分枝化的菌丝,部分菌丝已经脱离营养菌丝体,开始向空中生长,形成气生菌丝。从图3C中可以看出,HE4显然比CPCC 204980具有更多的球状突起和气生菌丝,而HE3已经形成了大量气生菌丝和少量孢子丝,表明SapB类多肽能够促进“光秃”链霉菌CPCC 204980中营养菌丝向气生菌丝体形态分化。
上述SapB类多肽促进气生菌丝体增多、菌苔变厚的现象暗示这类多肽可以用作促进链霉菌形态分化的通用工具。为了评估SapB类多肽是否可以用作形态工程化改造的工具,选取分化缓慢的S.auratus DSM 41897进行进一步的探索。S.auratus DSM 41897是多环氧杂蒽酮类化合物lysolipins的生产菌株,该菌株形成气生菌丝体和孢子需要10 d左右[37]。将重组质粒pIB139-HEA和pIB139-HEB转入S.auratus DSM 41897,得到异源表达菌株HE5和HE6。从图4A可以看出,相较于野生型的DSM 41897,HE5和HE6产生了更厚的菌苔,培养4 d后可以在HE5的菌苔上观察到大量细小的白色颗粒,培养6 d后HE6和DSM 41897也相继产生了相同的白色颗粒,这些白色颗粒可能是链霉菌向空中生长的气生菌丝。在扫描电子显微镜VEGA3下观察,HE5、HE6和DSM 41897向气生菌丝分化的程度依次递减(图4B)。DSM 41897多为营养菌丝结构,HE5多为气生菌丝结构,而HE6介于两者之间。这一结果与先前的实验结果类似,证实SapB加快了S.auratus DSM 41897向气生菌丝分化的速度,有助于缩短S.auratus DSM 41897的形态分化周期。
除了链霉菌以外的其他放线菌也是活性次级代谢产物的重要来源,这其中有许多放线菌因为不具备像链霉菌一样的形态分化过程,难以在培养过程中获得气生菌丝体和孢子,使得对这些菌株的保藏和遗传操作比较困难。为了拓展SapB类多肽促进气生菌丝体分化的应用范围,选取一株不具备明显分化特征和很少产生色素的拟无枝酸菌(A.regifaucium) DSM 45072进行了分化表型观察[38]。将重组质粒pIB139-HEA和pIB139-HEB转入A.regifaucium DSM 45072,得到异源表达菌株HE7和HE8。从图4C可以看出,相较于野生型菌株DSM 45072,突变株HE7和HE8的菌苔褶皱减少,菌苔表面颜色加深,但未见明显菌苔增厚、颗粒样隆起等现象。在扫描电子显微镜VEGA3下观察发现,HE7和HE8比DSM 45072的菌丝体聚集性增强,并且具有明显的分枝现象(图4D)。在A.regifaucium DSM 45072中的尝试展示了SapB类多肽可能也具有微弱促进其他类型放线菌菌丝体分化的功能,未来需要进行深度优化以实现菌丝体分化的目的。
链霉菌是天然次级代谢产物的重要生产者,是优秀的微生物合成“工厂”,在工业、农业、畜牧业、食品和药物等多个领域发挥着极为重要的作用[1]。早期对链霉菌的分子操作手段主要集中于次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇的改造和调控上,而很少考虑到链霉菌细胞自身形态的影响。链霉菌的形态分化是一个复杂的生理过程,涉及到多种细胞形态相关蛋白,包括细胞分裂蛋白、细胞骨架蛋白、细胞壁合成和水解蛋白。同时,细胞形态分化也受到复杂的网络调控,包括bldA的全局调控[39-40]、MacRS和PhoPR双组分调控[41-42]、拟核结合蛋白Lsr2调控[43]等多个方面。随着对链霉菌生长周期、形态分化以及次级代谢产物产生调控机制研究的不断深入,研究者逐渐认识到菌丝体形态与次级代谢产物的种类和产量有着密切的关联[44]。如通过调整转速和搅拌速度以改变菌丝体形态可以提高拉达霉素甲酯的产量[9];过表达枯草杆菌蛋白酶类丝氨酸肽酶APASM_4187促进菌丝体断裂和分散,有效提高了氨丝菌素P-3、盐霉素和井冈霉素的产量[10]。与细胞形态分化相关的蛋白通常是微生物生长必需的,该蛋白的表达量直接影响微生物的生长速率和生命周期。通过调控链霉菌的形态和分化的相关蛋白,可以帮助链霉菌突破自身的生理性能限制,更好地发挥链霉菌的催化潜力。然而,菌丝体形态与产量之间的关系是由次级代谢产物的种类及菌株特性共同决定的。通过发酵工艺优化来改变菌丝体形态以提高目的产物产量的方法通常是针对某一特定菌株的优化,而并不具备普适性。通过遗传改造改变菌丝体形态并使其利于目标代谢产物的产生,可能是一种具有更加优越稳定性和可操作性的手段。目前已经有许多利用遗传改造改变链霉菌形态以提升次级代谢产物产量的研究。例如,过表达发育因子ssgA,能够使菌丝体变成疏松的菌体团,加快菌丝体生长速度从而提高酪氨酸酶产量[45]。敲除Mat蛋白编码基因matAmatB,能够导致链霉菌的菌丝体分散,从而加快菌丝体生长并提高酪氨酸酶的产量[46]。过表达能加快菌丝体分化并促进孢子形成的调控基因adpA,有助于提高Streptomyces venezuelae的氯霉素产量[47]。考虑到链霉菌形态分化的复杂性,其他形态分化相关的蛋白也是潜在的形态改造靶点。
表面活性分子SapB、chaplin和rodlin在链霉菌的形态分化过程中扮演着极为关键作用的,它们能够有效降低菌落、水和空气界面之间的表面张力(chaplin和SapB分别能将水的表面张力从72 mJ/m2降低到26 mJ/m2和32 mJ/m2[13,21-22]),赋予菌丝体疏水性的气生菌丝体结构。Rodlin不存在于正常发育的野生型阿维链霉菌的基因组中,敲除rodlin合成相关基因(rdlArdlB)后天蓝色链霉菌的形态分化未见异常,气生菌丝和孢子的疏水性也不受影响,表明了rodlin在链霉菌的形态分化功能上的冗余性[16]。Chaplin在疏水鞘的形成过程中发挥关键作用,但8个chaplin基因(chpAH)的功能同样存在冗余,敲除其中特定4个chaplin基因的天蓝色链霉菌依然能够维持正常的形态分化功能[13,17]。尽管SapB最初是从孢子表面分离得到的,但它并不作为气生菌丝和孢子的一部分发挥作用,而是分泌到细胞外,在体外形成一层疏水的膜结构,导致SapB既存在于气生菌丝和孢子的表面,也存在于链霉菌生长的培养基中。已有的研究还发现,SapB的生产似乎依赖于培养基的成分,SapB能够在一些营养丰富的培养基中生产,而不能在基本培养基中生产[19]。由于SapB具有溶解性差、产量低且不稳定、分离纯化难度高等特性,导致外源添加SapB的工程化应用存在诸多困难。与此同时,SapB生物合成基因(ramCSAB)的长度合适、结构简单、功能明确,对该生物合成基因簇的异源表达可以大大降低以SapB为靶标的形态学工程改造的难度和突变株生理特征的不确定性,也展示出以SapB为靶标的形态学工程化应用的潜力。
本研究选取几株难以形态分化和产孢的链霉菌,通过外源引入SapB类多肽的生物合成基因簇,探索了SapB类多肽促进异源链霉菌形态分化的功能,具体表现为这些菌株气生菌丝分化数量的增多和分化速度的加快,链霉菌的形态分化周期缩短(图3图4A4B)。与此同时,为了拓展SapB类多肽的应用范围,本研究还选取了拟无枝酸菌(A.regifaucium) DSM 45072考察SapB类多肽是否能够促进其分化。研究结果表明,SapB类多肽也能发挥微弱的刺激菌丝体分化的作用(图4C图4D),未来可以考虑继续构建其他SapB类多肽的表达菌株以深入考证这些多肽在其他放线菌中的应用。考虑到链霉菌从营养菌丝向气生菌丝分化的时期也是众多抗生素产生的时期,考察了TK24中次级代谢产物合成情况,初步结果显示SapB类多肽的表达也影响了次级代谢产物的合成。未来还将系统评估以SapB为靶标的形态学工程改造对链霉菌次级代谢产物产量和种类的影响,期望能有助于实现对链霉菌形态分化周期的工程化控制。与此同时,这种细胞形态学改变是否可以诱导其他新型次级代谢产物的产生,也将是未来工作的内容,从而期望能拓展形态学遗传改造在代谢产物挖掘方面的应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32170077)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32170075)
  • 上海交通大学“新进青年教师启动计划”(21X010500720)
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2024年第64卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230421
  • 接收时间:2023-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-16
  • 录用日期:2023-08-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170077)
国家自然科学基金(32170077)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170075)
国家自然科学基金(32170075)
Start-up Fund for Young Faculty at Shanghai Jiao Tong University(21X010500720)
上海交通大学“新进青年教师启动计划”(21X010500720)
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    上海交通大学生命科学技术学院 微生物代谢国家重点实验室, 上海 200030

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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