Article(id=1241045261842174282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230365, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1685030400000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1694707200000, acceptedDateStr=2023-09-15, onlineDate=1773817847928, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1704297600000, pubDateStr=2024-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773817847928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773817847928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773817847928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239895163967959761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2024', volume='64', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773543643228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820020328, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241054373594320900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241054373598515205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1239895163967959761, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=189, endPage=207, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241045262412599644, articleId=1241045261842174282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation and genome analysis of a novelSynechococcus cyanophage Yong-L2-223, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Cyanophages, the viruses specifically infecting cyanobacteria, are ubiquitous in water environments. They play a role in regulating the population dynamics and density of cyanobacteria and promote the biogeochemical cycling of the aquatic ecosystem. This study aims to isolate and identify a cyanophage.[Methods] A novel cyanophage Yong-L2-223 was isolated from fresh water samples with marineSynechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as the indicator host. The host range, genome sequence, open reading frames (ORFs), and phylogenetic relationship of Yong-L2-223 were studied.[Results] The host range tests against 31 strains of cyanobacteria showed that Yong-L2-223 could infect the indicator host PCC 7002 (Synechococcales) and two freshwater strainsMicrocystis viridis FACHB-1342 (Chroococcales) andAphanizomenon flos-aquae FACHB-1209 (Nostocales) from the Dianchi Lake. The infection of the cyanobacterial strains from both the seawater and freshwater samples indicated that Yong-L2-223 was a euryhaline cyanophage. Yong-L2-223 was myovirus-like, consisting of an icosahedral head (about 60 nm in diameter) and a contractile tail (about 136 nm in length). The genome (double-stranded DNA) of Yong-L2-223 had a length of 65 725 bp, with the G+C content of 58.6% and 100 ORFs. It was predicted to carry theCas4 gene, gene transfer factor (GTA) gene, auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), and a gene cluster for the synthesis of pre-Q0. These genes may contribute to the adaptation and infection of the cyanophage in cyanobacteria of three orders. The pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) illustrated that the highest similarity sharing by cyanophage Yong-L2-223 and all the viruses in the current genome databases was only 3.78%, far below the genus boundary cut-off of 70% defined by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. In the phylogenetic tree based on the whole proteomes, Yong-L2-223 formed an independent branch, with long evolutionary distances from other phages.[Conclusion] Yong-L2-223 is a new genus of theCaudoviricetes class. For the first time, we used a marine cyanobacterial strain as the indicator host to isolate and obtain a novel cyanophage from freshwater, which broadened the understanding of cyanophages, enriched cyanophage genome database, and laid a foundation for the development of cyanophage resources.

, correspAuthors=Dengfeng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Dengfeng, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaqi HU, Lingting PAN, Qin ZHOU, Minhua QIAN, Ruqian CAI, Fei WANG, Xiaoqing REN, Wei LIN, Dengfeng LI, Yigang TONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241045266577543632, articleId=1241045261842174282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=新型聚球藻噬藻体Yong-L2-223的分离及基因组分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】噬藻体(cyanophages)是特异性侵染蓝藻(cyanobacteria)的病毒,广泛分布于各类水体中,在调节蓝藻种群动态和密度、推动生物地球水生生态系统循环中起着重要作用。本研究的目的在于分离、鉴定噬藻体。【方法】本研究以海洋聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.) PCC 7002为指示宿主,从淡水水样中分离培养一株新型噬藻体Yong-L2-223,对其进行了宿主范围实验、全基因组测序、基因功能注释和系统进化分析。【结果】针对31株供试蓝藻的宿主范围实验,结果除指示藻PCC 7002 [属于聚球藻目(Synechococcales)]外,Yong-L2-223能够感染2株淡水蓝藻,分别是来源于滇池的绿色微囊藻(Microcystis viridis) FACHB-1342 [属于色球藻目(Chroococcales)]和水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenonflos-aquae) FACHB-1209 [属于念珠藻目(Nostocales)]。既可在高盐条件下感染海洋蓝藻,又可在低盐条件下感染淡水蓝藻,Yong-L2-223具有广盐性。透射电镜观察表明,Yong-L2-223呈肌尾病毒样(myovirus-like),头部直径约60 nm,尾部长约136 nm。Yong-L2-223的双链DNA基因组全长为65 725 bp,G+C含量为58.6%,含有100个开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORFs)。Yong-L2-223基因组中含有编码Cas4、基因转移因子(gene transfer factor, GTA)的基因,含有辅助代谢基因(auxiliary metabolic genes, AMGs),含有pre-Q0生物合成基因簇(gene cluster)。这些基因的编码产物可能有助于该噬藻体对宿主的适应、感染,从而实现跨3个目(order)感染蓝藻。将Yong-L2-223基因组与现有数据库中所有病毒基因组进行序列配对比较(pairwise sequence comparison, PASC),结果最高PASC值仅为3.78%,远远低于国际病毒分类委员会(International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ICTV)界定属的边界值(70%)。在基于全基因组的蛋白谱系统进化树中,Yong-L2-223形成一个独立的分支(branch),与其他病毒间进化距离远。【结论】Yong-L2-223在有尾纲中代表一个新的未知的属。本研究首次以海洋蓝藻为指示藻从淡水中分离获得噬藻体,且该噬藻体序列新颖,拓宽了对噬藻体的认知,丰富了噬藻体库、噬藻体基因库,为噬藻体资源开发奠定了基础。

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PCC 7002 cultures (A), plaques developed by cyanophage Yong-L2-223 (B), and transmission electron micrograph of negatively stained cyanophage Yong-L2-223 (C). A: Normal culture ofSynechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (left) and the PCC 7002 culture infected with cyanophage Yong-L2-223 (right). B: Plaques developed by cyanophage Yong-L2-223 onSynechococcus sp. PCC 7002 lawn (arrow). C: Negatively stained cyanophage Yong-L2-223 (scale bar=200 µm)., figureFileSmall=GV3d8j73aI9XiCSW8F8lbQ==, figureFileBig=nwPr13OdGTlaOOxn8TjvSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442157052284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PCC 7002藻液(A)和Yong-L2-223的噬藻斑(B)与透射电子显微图(C), figureFileSmall=GV3d8j73aI9XiCSW8F8lbQ==, figureFileBig=nwPr13OdGTlaOOxn8TjvSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442295464327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Genome map of cyanophage Yong-L2-223. The outermost circle represents 100 ORFs encoded in the genome, with different colors representing different functions (a clockwise arrow indicates the forward reading frame, and a counterclockwise arrow indicates the reverse reading frame). The dark circles in the middle represent the GC content (outwards indicates greater than the average GC content compared with the whole genome, and inwards indicates the opposite). The innermost circle represents the GC skew (G−C/G+C; Outwards indicates > 0, and inwards indicates < 0)., figureFileSmall=Pjzj10Z7SgNZgnGpg6GkbQ==, figureFileBig=qg9O2R/WcgnLESQjv6gTnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442379350412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=CN, label=图2, caption=噬藻体Yong-L2-223的基因组图谱, figureFileSmall=Pjzj10Z7SgNZgnGpg6GkbQ==, figureFileBig=qg9O2R/WcgnLESQjv6gTnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442480013712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Phylogenetic proteomic tree of cyanophage Yong-L2-223. The proteomic tree was generated using ViPTree online, based on the genome-wide similarities determined by tBLASTx. The proteomic tree was based on the complete genome sequences ofSynechococcus cyanophage Yong-L2-223 (red star), 7 top-hit bacteriophages in BLASTn and in original proteomic tree (black star), 6 freshwaterSynechococcus cyanophages (pink triangle), 3 marine myovirus-likeSynechococcus cyanophages (green triangle), and 39 representative bacteriophages of 33 families of theCaudoviricetes class., figureFileSmall=UK+6bbvLafWK0JNN7whv9Q==, figureFileBig=InQjQc6mdyY1Ym0ZKC7Wow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442563899795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=CN, label=图3, caption=噬藻体Yong-L2-223的蛋白谱系统进化树, figureFileSmall=UK+6bbvLafWK0JNN7whv9Q==, figureFileBig=InQjQc6mdyY1Ym0ZKC7Wow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442643591573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Genome comparison of cyanophage Yong-L2-223 andSchmittlotzvirus sv771., figureFileSmall=3GMhmDKiUnvlbDN9vJ9BtQ==, figureFileBig=K9H79f7mGS5ptez1X3D6xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442719089048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=CN, label=图4, caption=噬藻体Yong-L2-223和Schmittlotzvirus sv771的基因组比较, figureFileSmall=3GMhmDKiUnvlbDN9vJ9BtQ==, figureFileBig=K9H79f7mGS5ptez1X3D6xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442815558043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Intergenomic similarities heatmap between cyanophage Yong-L2-223 andSchmittlotzvirus sv771., figureFileSmall=4CajM0o2iXyAI8ZPeWXJ/A==, figureFileBig=4FTqM//SKjYjomXhrx6fDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084442907832734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=CN, label=图5, caption=噬藻体Yong-L2-223和Schmittlotzvirus sv771的基因组间VIRIDIC比对图, figureFileSmall=4CajM0o2iXyAI8ZPeWXJ/A==, figureFileBig=4FTqM//SKjYjomXhrx6fDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241084443025273251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

A full list of reported freshwater cyanophages capable of infectingSynechococcus cyanobacteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cyanophage (reference)Accession No.Genome length (bp)HostMorphology
−: No information was reported.
Yong-L2-223OM86808165 725Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002
Microcystis viridis FACHB-1342
Aphanizomenonflos-aquae FACHB-1209
Myovirus-like
S-SRM01[19]NC_070963240 842Synechococcus sp. SR-C6Myovirus-like
S-CRM01[20]NC_015569178 563Synechococcus sp.Myovirus-like
S-SRP01[19]MW01508045 017Synechococcus sp. SR-R4S1Podovirus-like
S-SRP02[21]MW82260142 143Synechococcus sp. SR-C1Podovirus-like
SM-1[22]Synechococcus elongatus IU 563,Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1Podovirus-like
S-EIV1[23]KJ41074079 178Synechococcus sp. PCCC-A2cSiphovirus-like
SM-2[24]Synechococcus elongates IU 563,Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1Siphovirus-like
S-2L[25]MW33494645 087Synechococcus sp. 698,
Synechococcus elongatus 58,
Synechococcus elongatus 6907
Siphovirus-like
S-4L[26-27]Synechococcus elongatusSiphovirus-like
), ArticleFig(id=1241084443130130854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

已报道的淡水聚球藻噬藻体

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cyanophage (reference)Accession No.Genome length (bp)HostMorphology
−: No information was reported.
Yong-L2-223OM86808165 725Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002
Microcystis viridis FACHB-1342
Aphanizomenonflos-aquae FACHB-1209
Myovirus-like
S-SRM01[19]NC_070963240 842Synechococcus sp. SR-C6Myovirus-like
S-CRM01[20]NC_015569178 563Synechococcus sp.Myovirus-like
S-SRP01[19]MW01508045 017Synechococcus sp. SR-R4S1Podovirus-like
S-SRP02[21]MW82260142 143Synechococcus sp. SR-C1Podovirus-like
SM-1[22]Synechococcus elongatus IU 563,Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1Podovirus-like
S-EIV1[23]KJ41074079 178Synechococcus sp. PCCC-A2cSiphovirus-like
SM-2[24]Synechococcus elongates IU 563,Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1Siphovirus-like
S-2L[25]MW33494645 087Synechococcus sp. 698,
Synechococcus elongatus 58,
Synechococcus elongatus 6907
Siphovirus-like
S-4L[26-27]Synechococcus elongatusSiphovirus-like
), ArticleFig(id=1241084443234988458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition of D6 trace elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IngredientConcentration (g/L)Liquor concentration (mmol/L)
H3BO334.26550
MnCl2·4H2O4.3220
ZnSO4·7H2O/ZnCl20.665/0.3152.3
Na2MoO4·2H2O0.050 40.2
CuSO4·5H2O0.0030.012
CoCl2·6H2O0.012 150.000 05
), ArticleFig(id=1241084443339846062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

D6微量元素成分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IngredientConcentration (g/L)Liquor concentration (mmol/L)
H3BO334.26550
MnCl2·4H2O4.3220
ZnSO4·7H2O/ZnCl20.665/0.3152.3
Na2MoO4·2H2O0.050 40.2
CuSO4·5H2O0.0030.012
CoCl2·6H2O0.012 150.000 05
), ArticleFig(id=1241084443440509363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of the host range test of cyanophage Yong-L2-223

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OrdersFamiliesSpeciesStrainsSusceptibleOrigin
+: Infection; −: Non-infection.
SynechococcalesSynechococcaceaeSynechococcus sp.PCC 7002+America
PCC 7942 (FACHB-805)Australia
ChroococcalesMicrocystaceaeMicrocystis aeruginosaFACHB-942China
FACHB-924Australia
FACHB-925Australia
M. wesenbergiiFACHB-908China
FACHB-929Japan
FACHB-1112China
FACHB-1318China
FACHB-1317China
M. flos-aquaeFACHB-1323China
M. elabensFACHB-916Japan
M. panniformisFACHB-1757China
FACHB-1409China
M. viridisFACHB-979Japan
FACHB-1342+China
Microcystis sp.FACHB-915France
ChroococcaceaeChroococcus sp.FACHB-193China
NostocalesAphanizomenonaceaeAphanizomenon flos-aquaeFACHB-1209+China
FACHB-1040China
Anabaena sp.FACHB-245America
FACHB-418China
Dolichospermum flos-aquaeFACHB-1255France
NostocaceaeNostoc sp.FACHB-596China
OscillatorialesMicrocoleaceaePlanktothrix agardhiiFACHB-1166China
FACHB-1243China
FACHB-1261China
OscillatoriaceaeOscillatoria planctonicaFACHB-708China
Planktothricoides raciborskiiFACHB-881China
HormogonalesScytonemataceaePlectonema boryanumFACHB-402America
FACHB-240America
), ArticleFig(id=1241084443549561270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1241045261842174282, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

噬藻体Yong-L2-223的宿主范围测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OrdersFamiliesSpeciesStrainsSusceptibleOrigin
+: Infection; −: Non-infection.
SynechococcalesSynechococcaceaeSynechococcus sp.PCC 7002+America
PCC 7942 (FACHB-805)Australia
ChroococcalesMicrocystaceaeMicrocystis aeruginosaFACHB-942China
FACHB-924Australia
FACHB-925Australia
M. wesenbergiiFACHB-908China
FACHB-929Japan
FACHB-1112China
FACHB-1318China
FACHB-1317China
M. flos-aquaeFACHB-1323China
M. elabensFACHB-916Japan
M. panniformisFACHB-1757China
FACHB-1409China
M. viridisFACHB-979Japan
FACHB-1342+China
Microcystis sp.FACHB-915France
ChroococcaceaeChroococcus sp.FACHB-193China
NostocalesAphanizomenonaceaeAphanizomenon flos-aquaeFACHB-1209+China
FACHB-1040China
Anabaena sp.FACHB-245America
FACHB-418China
Dolichospermum flos-aquaeFACHB-1255France
NostocaceaeNostoc sp.FACHB-596China
OscillatorialesMicrocoleaceaePlanktothrix agardhiiFACHB-1166China
FACHB-1243China
FACHB-1261China
OscillatoriaceaeOscillatoria planctonicaFACHB-708China
Planktothricoides raciborskiiFACHB-881China
HormogonalesScytonemataceaePlectonema boryanumFACHB-402America
FACHB-240America
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新型聚球藻噬藻体Yong-L2-223的分离及基因组分析
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胡嘉琪 1 , 潘灵婷 1 , 周钦 1 , 钱敏桦 1 , 蔡汝倩 1 , 王飞 1 , 任晓清 1 , 林威 2 , 李登峰 1, * , 童贻刚 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024,64(1): 189-207
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2024, 64(1): 189-207
新型聚球藻噬藻体Yong-L2-223的分离及基因组分析
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胡嘉琪1, 潘灵婷1, 周钦1, 钱敏桦1, 蔡汝倩1, 王飞1, 任晓清1, 林威2, 李登峰1, * , 童贻刚2
作者信息
  • 1 宁波大学海洋学院, 浙江 宁波 315000
  • 2 北京化工大学生命科学与技术学院, 北京 100029
Isolation and genome analysis of a novelSynechococcus cyanophage Yong-L2-223
Jiaqi HU1, Lingting PAN1, Qin ZHOU1, Minhua QIAN1, Ruqian CAI1, Fei WANG1, Xiaoqing REN1, Wei LIN2, Dengfeng LI1, * , Yigang TONG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2024-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230365
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【目的】噬藻体(cyanophages)是特异性侵染蓝藻(cyanobacteria)的病毒,广泛分布于各类水体中,在调节蓝藻种群动态和密度、推动生物地球水生生态系统循环中起着重要作用。本研究的目的在于分离、鉴定噬藻体。【方法】本研究以海洋聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.) PCC 7002为指示宿主,从淡水水样中分离培养一株新型噬藻体Yong-L2-223,对其进行了宿主范围实验、全基因组测序、基因功能注释和系统进化分析。【结果】针对31株供试蓝藻的宿主范围实验,结果除指示藻PCC 7002 [属于聚球藻目(Synechococcales)]外,Yong-L2-223能够感染2株淡水蓝藻,分别是来源于滇池的绿色微囊藻(Microcystis viridis) FACHB-1342 [属于色球藻目(Chroococcales)]和水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenonflos-aquae) FACHB-1209 [属于念珠藻目(Nostocales)]。既可在高盐条件下感染海洋蓝藻,又可在低盐条件下感染淡水蓝藻,Yong-L2-223具有广盐性。透射电镜观察表明,Yong-L2-223呈肌尾病毒样(myovirus-like),头部直径约60 nm,尾部长约136 nm。Yong-L2-223的双链DNA基因组全长为65 725 bp,G+C含量为58.6%,含有100个开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORFs)。Yong-L2-223基因组中含有编码Cas4、基因转移因子(gene transfer factor, GTA)的基因,含有辅助代谢基因(auxiliary metabolic genes, AMGs),含有pre-Q0生物合成基因簇(gene cluster)。这些基因的编码产物可能有助于该噬藻体对宿主的适应、感染,从而实现跨3个目(order)感染蓝藻。将Yong-L2-223基因组与现有数据库中所有病毒基因组进行序列配对比较(pairwise sequence comparison, PASC),结果最高PASC值仅为3.78%,远远低于国际病毒分类委员会(International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ICTV)界定属的边界值(70%)。在基于全基因组的蛋白谱系统进化树中,Yong-L2-223形成一个独立的分支(branch),与其他病毒间进化距离远。【结论】Yong-L2-223在有尾纲中代表一个新的未知的属。本研究首次以海洋蓝藻为指示藻从淡水中分离获得噬藻体,且该噬藻体序列新颖,拓宽了对噬藻体的认知,丰富了噬藻体库、噬藻体基因库,为噬藻体资源开发奠定了基础。

海洋聚球藻  /  淡水噬藻体  /  基因组分析

[Objective] Cyanophages, the viruses specifically infecting cyanobacteria, are ubiquitous in water environments. They play a role in regulating the population dynamics and density of cyanobacteria and promote the biogeochemical cycling of the aquatic ecosystem. This study aims to isolate and identify a cyanophage.[Methods] A novel cyanophage Yong-L2-223 was isolated from fresh water samples with marineSynechococcus sp. PCC 7002 as the indicator host. The host range, genome sequence, open reading frames (ORFs), and phylogenetic relationship of Yong-L2-223 were studied.[Results] The host range tests against 31 strains of cyanobacteria showed that Yong-L2-223 could infect the indicator host PCC 7002 (Synechococcales) and two freshwater strainsMicrocystis viridis FACHB-1342 (Chroococcales) andAphanizomenon flos-aquae FACHB-1209 (Nostocales) from the Dianchi Lake. The infection of the cyanobacterial strains from both the seawater and freshwater samples indicated that Yong-L2-223 was a euryhaline cyanophage. Yong-L2-223 was myovirus-like, consisting of an icosahedral head (about 60 nm in diameter) and a contractile tail (about 136 nm in length). The genome (double-stranded DNA) of Yong-L2-223 had a length of 65 725 bp, with the G+C content of 58.6% and 100 ORFs. It was predicted to carry theCas4 gene, gene transfer factor (GTA) gene, auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), and a gene cluster for the synthesis of pre-Q0. These genes may contribute to the adaptation and infection of the cyanophage in cyanobacteria of three orders. The pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) illustrated that the highest similarity sharing by cyanophage Yong-L2-223 and all the viruses in the current genome databases was only 3.78%, far below the genus boundary cut-off of 70% defined by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. In the phylogenetic tree based on the whole proteomes, Yong-L2-223 formed an independent branch, with long evolutionary distances from other phages.[Conclusion] Yong-L2-223 is a new genus of theCaudoviricetes class. For the first time, we used a marine cyanobacterial strain as the indicator host to isolate and obtain a novel cyanophage from freshwater, which broadened the understanding of cyanophages, enriched cyanophage genome database, and laid a foundation for the development of cyanophage resources.

marineSynechococcus  /  freshwater cyanophage  /  genome analysis
胡嘉琪, 潘灵婷, 周钦, 钱敏桦, 蔡汝倩, 王飞, 任晓清, 林威, 李登峰, 童贻刚. 新型聚球藻噬藻体Yong-L2-223的分离及基因组分析. 微生物学报, 2024 , 64 (1) : 189 -207 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230365
Jiaqi HU, Lingting PAN, Qin ZHOU, Minhua QIAN, Ruqian CAI, Fei WANG, Xiaoqing REN, Wei LIN, Dengfeng LI, Yigang TONG. Isolation and genome analysis of a novelSynechococcus cyanophage Yong-L2-223[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2024 , 64 (1) : 189 -207 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230365
噬藻体(cyanophages)是特异性感染蓝藻即蓝细菌(cyanobacteria)的病毒(噬菌体),广泛分布在各种水生生态系统中,通过裂解宿主细胞控制水生态环境中蓝藻的种群分布和代谢活动,影响全球生态系统的能量流动和碳氮循环[1-3]。在近岸表层海水中,噬藻体的浓度可以达到106 PFU/mL,每天有 > 80%的聚球藻细胞与噬藻体接触[4]。人们普遍认为,在地表水中,细菌总死亡率的10%−50%是由病毒导致的;在对原生生物不友好的环境中,如富营养化的低氧湖水中,细菌总死亡率的50%−100%归因于病毒[5-6]。此外,噬藻体还会通过水平基因转移和拮抗协同进化影响宿主与其自身的基因组多样性和进化[7-9],如噬藻体P-SSP7会获取宿主蓝藻基因组中的光合作用基因并整合到自身的基因组中,而后在宿主细胞中表达该类基因,并可将基因带到其他宿主细胞中,在这一过程中宿主和噬藻体之间发生了基因转移,而这种基因转移对两者的协同进化起到了驱动作用[10]
聚球藻(Synechococcus)在各类淡水水域分布广泛,Shi等的研究发现湖泊超微蓝藻(Picocyanobacteria)主要为聚球藻[11-12]。同样地,聚球藻是海洋蓝藻中最主要的代表性类群之一,在海洋中分布广泛,从赤道到极地,从沿海到远洋的广阔环境中都存在[13],在沿海水域中的丰度可高达103−105 cell/mL。研究表明,聚球藻的能量转换迅速,是众多浮游动物的饵料,在整个水生生态系统中占有重要地位,对海洋总初级生产力的贡献高达20%以上[14],影响着生物地球化学循环和能量代谢[15]。噬藻体是聚球藻死亡的重要驱动因素,对其进行分离鉴定与研究,将为深入研究聚球藻的种群动态与进化提供重要依据[16]
海洋聚球藻噬藻体的分离与鉴定始于20世纪90年代[17]。1993年Wilson[18]分离得到的聚球藻噬藻体中,分别具有肌尾样(myovirus-like)、长尾样(siphovirus-like)和短尾样(podovirus-like)形态。随着噬藻体逐渐成为研究热点,近年来,分离报道的噬藻体愈来愈多。通过检索,发现截至2023年3月15日,在文献及NCBI数据库中公布了361株聚球藻噬藻体的完整基因组序列,其中绝大多为海洋噬藻体,淡水聚球藻噬藻体仅有9株(表1)。绝大多数噬藻体只是被提交了基因组序列到NCBI数据库中。针对这些聚球藻噬藻体进行基因组系统分析和系统进化分析的文献报道少之又少,限制了对聚球藻噬藻体的认知。以往报道的聚球藻噬藻体,要么是用海洋噬藻体从海水、咸淡水中分离的,要么是用淡水聚球藻从淡水中分离的。
为了获得新型噬藻体,拓宽对噬藻体的认知,为噬藻体水华治理应用研究奠定基础,并探究淡水中是否有广盐性噬藻体,本研究首次尝试以来自海洋的、用高盐培养基培养的蓝藻聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.) PCC 7002为指示宿主,从淡水中分离噬藻体。对获得的噬藻体Yong-L2-223进行了基因组序列测定、注释和基于全基因比对的系统进化分析。
海洋聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.) PCC 7002:作为指示藻,用于分离聚球藻噬藻体,由宁波大学海洋学院姜海波教授馈赠。
其余藻株:用于宿主范围实验,均购自中国科学院水生生物研究所藻种保藏中心(Freshwater Algae Culture Collection at the Institute of Hydrobiology, FACHB)。
A+液体培养基(A-plus medium)[28]:氯化钠18 g,氯化钾0.6 g,硝酸钠1 g,七水合硫酸镁5 g,氯化钙0.275 g,用蒸馏水定容至1 000 mL,121 ℃灭菌20 min,冷却后加入1 mol/L的三羟甲基氨基甲烷盐酸盐(pH 8.2) 8.3 mL、32.5 mmol/L的乙二胺四乙酸二钠2 mL、7.5 mmol/L的乙二胺四乙酸铁钠2 mL、D6微量元素(配方见表2) 1 mL、磷酸二氢钾370 μL和维生素B12 100 μL。
BG11液体培养基:称取BG11粉剂1.7 g,用蒸馏水定容至1 000 mL,121 ℃灭菌20 min。BG11粉剂配方同王飞等[29]
海洋聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.) PCC 7002用A+培养基培养;其他藻株用BG11培养基培养。
在锥形瓶中按照藻液: 培养基体积比为1:10加入实验所需藻液和相应的无菌液体培养基,置于25 ℃的温控光照培养箱中(光照强度:2 000 lx,光暗周期:12 h/12 h)。
2020年12月采集浙江省宁波市北仑区江北区路林市场下水道(29.906 349°N,121.605 659°E),于4 ℃低温转运至实验室。4 ℃下12 000×g 离心15 min,取上清液,依次用0.45 μm和0.22 μm孔径的聚醚砜滤器过滤,滤液用于后续实验。
于锥形瓶中,按照水样上清滤液: A+液体培养基: 对数期PCC 7002藻液(体积比)=4:1:1的比例,配制120 mL混合液作为实验组;用纯水代替水样上清滤液作为对照组。置于25 ℃的温控光照培养箱中培养,每日观察实验组与对照组的状态。待实验组藻液黄化后,将其在4 ℃下8 000×g离心10 min,取上清液依次经0.45 μm和0.22 μm孔径的聚醚砜滤器过滤。取20 mL过滤液与200 mL对数期PCC 7002藻液,倒入锥形瓶中混匀,置于25 ℃的温控光照培养箱中培养,至实验组藻液黄化,即得到噬藻体富集液。
将经高温灭菌的A+半固体培养基(含0.7%琼脂)分装成8 mL/管,置于42 ℃的恒温水浴锅中,使其温度恒定。取1.5所述噬藻体富集液,于4 ℃下8 000×g离心10 min,取上清液,依次用0.45 μm和0.22 μm孔径的聚醚砜滤器过滤。用A+液体培养基对上清滤液进行梯度系列稀释(10−1−10−7)。各取100 μL不同稀释度的噬藻体上清滤液,分别与900 μL的对数期PCC 7002藻液混匀,置于转速为70 r/min的恒温振荡培养箱中,25 ℃孵育30 min。将孵育好的混合液分别加入含A+半固体培养基(含0.7%琼脂)的试管中,混匀后倒至提前准备好的A+固体培养基(含1.5%琼脂)平板上,凝固后封口。将平板倒置于25 ℃的温控光照培养箱中培养(光照强度:2 000 lx,光暗周期:12 h/12 h)。待平板上长出噬藻斑后,挖取独立的噬藻斑,将其悬浮于500 μL的A+液体培养基中,置于4 ℃冰箱,过夜。在4 ℃下8 000×g离心10 min,取100 μL上清液与900 μL对数期PCC 7002藻液混匀,将其置于25 ℃温控光照培养箱中培养(光照强度:2 000 lx,光暗周期:12 h/12 h)。待藻液黄化后重复上述实验步骤,直至得到大小、形态均一的噬藻斑。挖取最后一代噬藻斑时,将独立的噬藻斑悬浮于3 mL对数期PCC 7002藻液中培养,黄化后8 000×g离心10 min,取上清液,用0.45 μm和0.22 μm孔径的聚醚砜滤器过滤。
按照滤液: 对数期PCC 7002藻液(体积比)=1:9的比例,将两者混匀、培养。黄化后,取黄化的藻裂解液离心、过滤,再按照1:9的体积比与对数期PCC 7002藻液进行混匀、培养。如此逐级扩大培养。
取新鲜的噬藻体-藻培养液培养黄化液,滴至铜网(200目)上,静置10 min后,用中性滤纸从侧面吸去多余水分,用2%乙酸铀酰负染色30 s,用中性滤纸从侧面吸去染色剂。静置10 min后,使用透射电镜(Hitachi)观察噬藻体形态。
淡水水华的优势藻通常是蓝藻,而海水藻华的优势藻通常不是蓝藻。虽然,噬藻体Yong-L2-223是用高盐培养基(A-plus medium)和来自海洋的聚球藻PCC 7002分离获得的,而PCC 7002是广盐性模式生物,Yong-L2-223分离自淡水水样,为了初步探究Yong-L2-223对淡水蓝藻的侵染力,除PCC 7002外,针对30株(表3)淡水蓝藻开展了人工感染试验。分别取表3所列的藻株,培养至对数期,分别取对数期蓝藻600 μL和噬藻体上清滤液200 μL,混匀后,加入到48孔板中作为实验组;用200 μL的A+液体培养基代替噬藻体上清滤液作为PCC 7002的对照组,用200 μL的BG11液体培养基代替噬藻体上清滤液作为其他藻株的对照组。将48孔板置于25 ℃的温控光照培养箱中培养(光照强度:2 000 lx,光暗周期:12 h/12 h),实验设置3组平行。每日使用光学显微镜观察实验组和对照组的藻细胞状态,并使用酶标仪测定各孔的OD680值,若实验组发现藻液黄化且OD680呈下降趋势(对照组与实验组的OD680比值不小于1.2),则判定其对噬藻体易感。
噬藻体基因组提取、全基因组测序与拼接方法参照王飞等[29]的研究。简而言之,取噬藻体上清滤液,用Dnase Ⅰ和Rnase A去除污染的宿主遗传物质,用经典法提取噬藻体DNA,用试剂盒NEBNext Ultra Ⅱ DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (NEB)构建文库,在Illumina MiSeq上进行测序,用Trimmomatic v0.36软件去除低质量测序数据(Q < 20),使用SPAdes v3.13.0软件(http://cab.spbu.ru/software/spades/)对高质量数据进行拼接,用Bandage[30]分析拼接产物可否环化。
Yong-L2-223基因组开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORFs)功能预测:综合运用RAST (rapid annotation using subsystem technology,http://rast.nmpdr.org)[31]、Hhpred (https://toolkit.tuebingen.mpg.de/tools/hhpred) (posbility > 96% andE-value < 10−5)[32]、BLASTp (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) (E-value < 10−5)和HMMER (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/hmmer/search/hmmscan) (domain完整且E-value < 10−5)[33]进行ORF功能注释。
Yong-L2-223基因组末端分析:使用童贻刚教授团队研发的方法[34]和PhageTerm软件[35]进行噬藻体基因组末端分析。
Yong-L2-223基因谱图绘制:用Perl绘制,用Inkscape软件[36]美化。
耐药基因搜索:用CARD数据库(https://card.mcmaster.ca/)[37]分析Yong-L2-223基因组中是否含有耐药基因。
毒力因子基因搜索:用VFBD数据库(http://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/main.htm)[38]分析Yong-L2-223基因组中是否含有毒力因子基因。
tRNA基因分析:用软件tRNAscan-SE (http://lowelab.ucsc.edu/tRNAscan-SE/)[39]搜索Yong-L2-223基因组中的tRNA基因。
将Yong-L2-223基因组用BLASTn (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastn&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_LOC=blasthome)与Nr数据库中所有序列进行比对(2023年3月15日);用PASC (pairwise sequence comparison) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/pasc/)[40],将Yong-L2-223基因组与公共数据库中所有病毒基因组进行的核苷酸序列相似性比对(2023年3月15日)。用在线平台ViPTree (https://www.genome.jp/viptree/)[41],基于tBLASTx计算的全基因组序列相似性,以公共数据库中所有病毒基因组作为参考序列与Yong-L2-223一同构建原始蛋白谱系统进化树(2023年3月15日)。
将BLASTn比对、PASC比对和原始蛋白谱系统进化树中与Yong-L2-223具有最高同源性的7株噬菌体(Paracoccus phage vB_PmaS-R3、Schmittlotzvirus sv771Rigallicvirus P106BShewanella sp. phage 1/44、Gorganvirus isfahanSashavirussashaNonanavirus nv9NA)、6株淡水聚球藻噬藻体(Synechococcus phage S-SRM01、Synechococcus phage S-SRP01、Synechococcus phage S-SRP02、Synechococcus phage S-EIV1、Synechococcus phage S-CRM01和Cyanophage S-2L)、3株肌尾病毒样(myovirus-like)海洋聚球藻噬藻体(Shenzhenivirus sszbm1Synechococcus phage S-B43、Synechococcus phage S-B05)和代表有尾纲33个科的39株噬菌体,共计56株噬菌体的基因组作为参考序列,与噬藻体Yong-L2-223的基因组一起上传至在线平台ViPTree(https://www.genome.jp/viptree/)[41],构建蛋白谱系统进化树(proteomic tree)。
分别用在线平台EZBioCloud (http://www.ezbiocloud.net/ezgenome/ani)[42]、Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (http://ggdc.dsmz.de)[43]和The Virus Inter genomic Distance Calculator (http://rhea.icbm.uni-oldenburg.de/VIRIDIC/)[44]计算噬藻体Yong-L2-223与其亲缘关系最近的噬菌体之间的平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)、DNA分子原位杂交值(in silico DNA-DNA hybridization, isDDH)和成对基因组间相似性(pairwise intergenomic similarities amongst viral genomes, VIRIDIC)。用Easyfig软件[45]构建噬藻体Yong-L2-223和与之亲缘关系最近的噬菌体之间的基因组相似性比较图。
分离得到的噬藻体能在5 d内使聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.) PCC 7002藻液黄化(图1A),能在8 d内在PCC 7002藻苔上形成圆形的噬藻斑(图1B)。将该噬藻体命名为聚球藻噬藻体(Synechococcus cyanophage) Yong-L2-223,简称为Yong-L2-223。其中Yong为宁波的简称“甬”的拼音。
在透射电子显微镜下观察到噬藻体Yong-L2-223呈现肌尾病毒样形态特性,头部直径约60 nm,尾部长约136 nm,尾部直径约23 nm (图1C)。其头部直径与尾部长度的比值为44.1%,尾部直径与头部直径的比值约38.3%。
在已报道的9株淡水聚球藻噬藻体中,有2株呈肌尾病毒样形态特征,分别是S-SRM01和S-CRM01 (表1)。S-SRM01的头部直径约85 nm,尾部长约100 nm,尾部直径约23 nm[19]。S-SRM01的头部直径与尾部长度的比值为85.0%,尾部直径与头部直径的比值约为27.1%。S-CRM01的头部约92.5 nm,尾部长约155 nm,尾部直径约17.5 nm[20]。S-CRM01的头部直径与尾部长度的比值为59.7%,尾部直径与头部直径的比例约为18.9%。从形态上看,Yong-L2-223与S-SRM01、S-CRM01差异显著,后二者的头部均大于Yong-L2-223,它们的直径均超过其尾部长度的一半,而Yong-L2-223则反之。Yong-L2-223的尾部直径与头部直径的比值(38.3%)则远大于S-SRM01 (27.1%)与S-CRM01 (18.9%)。
宿主范围实验结果显示,在31株供试蓝藻中,噬藻体Yong-L2-223能跨3个目感染3株蓝藻:分别是属于聚球藻目(Synechococcales)的Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002、属于色球藻目(Chroococcales)的绿色微囊藻(Microcystisviridis) FACHB-1342和属于念珠藻目(Nostocales)的水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) FACHB-1209。
聚球藻PCC 7002分离自海洋,虽然其在实验室被发现具有广盐性[46-47],其在自然水域中分布于海洋。本研究按照常规,采用用于培养海洋藻的高盐培养基(A+培养基)来进行PCC 7002的培养。反常规地用PCC 7002从淡水中分离噬藻体Yong-L2-223,在噬藻体富集、双层平板法制备噬藻斑等噬藻体分离过程中均采用高盐的A+培养基。而另2株对噬藻体Yong-L2-223易感的淡水蓝藻藻株(FACHB-1342和FACHB-1209)则是用低盐的BG11培养基培养的。结果表明噬藻体Yong-L2-223具有广盐性。
在已分离报道的9株淡水聚球藻噬藻体(表1)中,有6株具有严格的宿主特异性,仅能感染其指示宿主;S-2L可感染3株聚球藻;SM-1和SM-2均可跨2个目感染2株蓝藻,分别是Synechococcus elongates IU 563和Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1。相对而言,噬藻体Yong-L2-223能跨3个目感染蓝藻,具有更广的宿主范围。
噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组全长为65 725 bp,G+C含量为58.6%,至少存在1个固定末端。Yong-L2-223的基因组较已报道的2个肌尾病毒样(myovirus-like)淡水聚球藻噬藻体S-SRM01 (240 842 bp)和S-CRM01(178 563 bp)小,不到S-SRM01的1/3,约为S-CRM01的36.8%。噬藻体Yong-L2-223含有100个ORFs (图2),所有ORFs覆盖长度为61 133 bp,占基因组总长的93.01%。经CARD和VFBD搜索,在噬藻体Yong-L2-223的基因组中未发现已知的毒力因子基因和抗生素耐药基因,这显示其在基因水平上的应用安全性。经在线平台tRNAscan-SE分析,在噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组中未发现编码tRNA的基因。已将噬藻体Yong-L2-223的完整基因组序列上传至GenBank数据库中,登录号为OM868081。
噬藻体Yong-L2-223的100个ORFs中,仅32个被预测为编码已知功能的蛋白,占总数的32%;余下的68个ORFs被预测为编码未知功能的蛋白(假设蛋白hypothetical protein),占总ORFs的68%。这与该噬藻体基因组序列非常新颖有关。根据注释结果构建的基因组图谱见图2。噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组中被注释的基因基于功能呈模块化分布(图2):12个ORFs被注释为编码噬菌体结构和组装相关的蛋白(ORF 8、9、10、16、17、20、23、24、25、26、27和28);2个ORFs被注释为编码参与DNA包装的蛋白(ORF 7、100);16个ORFs被注释成编码参与DNA复制与调控的蛋白(ORF 40、42、45、46、47、48、49、51、52、56、60、62、65、69、73和99);ORF15被注释为编码基因转移因子(gene transfer agent, GTA);ORF 34被注释为编码l-丙氨-d-谷氨酸肽酶(l-alanyl-d-glutamate peptidase)。
在噬菌体结构和组装模块中,ORF 8被注释成编码噬藻体门户蛋白(portal protein),噬藻体门户蛋白在衣壳组装,基因组包装和头部蛋白附着中起关键作用[48]。ORF 9被注释为有尾病毒头部丝氨酸蛋白酶(caudovirus prohead serine protease),丝氨酸蛋白酶作为衣壳蛋白组装的触发因素参与衣壳组装和成熟过程[49]。ORF 10编码噬藻体衣壳主结构蛋白(majorcapsidprotein)。ORF 16编码头尾连接蛋白(head-tail joining protein),是噬藻体形态发生的最后一步连接头部和尾部所必需的[50]。ORF 17编码噬藻体衣壳组装蛋白(putative capsid assembly protein G)。ORF 20编码噬藻体尾鞘蛋白(tail sheath protein),尾鞘蛋白组成噬菌体可收缩的尾鞘。ORF 23编码噬藻体卷尺蛋白(tail tape measure protein),通常卷尺蛋白质的长度与噬菌体尾巴的长度成正比[51]。ORF 24编码噬藻体环化蛋白(circularization protein),在噬菌体将基因组DNA注射到宿主细胞后,负责对其进行环化,并保护病毒基因组的线性双链DNA免受宿主核酸外切酶降解[52]。ORF 25编码噬藻体尾部蛋白(tail protein)。ORF 26和ORF27分别编码mu-like prophage proteins。ORF 28编码噬藻体基板组装蛋白(baseplate wedge protein)。
末端酶(terminase)是寡聚体多功能蛋白,是dsDNA病毒包装过程中所必需的功能蛋白。噬菌体的末端酶由大小亚基组成。噬藻体Yong-L2-223的ORF 7编码末端酶大亚基(terminase large subunit),大亚基在噬菌体DNA包装中起主要作用。ORF 100编码末端酶小亚基(terminase small subunit),末端酶小亚基会在包装开始过程中识别病毒DNA,并在DNA易位过程中调节末端酶大亚基的ATP酶和核酸酶活性[53]
在DNA复制和调控模块中,ORF 40编码核糖5-磷酸异构酶B (ribose 5-phosphate isomerase B)。ORF 42编码乙酰鸟氨酸转氨酶(acetylornithine aminotransferase)。ORF 45编码DNA聚合酶Ⅰ (DNA polymerase Ⅰ)。ORF 46编码DNA聚合酶Ⅲ β亚基(DNA polymerase Ⅲ beta subunit)。DNA聚合酶Ⅲ是一种复杂的多链全酶,负责细菌中大多数DNA的复制、合成[54]。DNA聚合酶Ⅲ β亚基作为DNA聚合酶Ⅲ全酶的一部分,会在细菌中形成一个环形二聚体包围dsDNA[55]。ORF 47编码奎因(queuine) tRNA鸟嘌呤转糖苷酶(queuine tRNA-guanine transglycosylase, TGT),TGT是一种参与修饰tRNA反密码子的酶[56]。ORF 48编码GTP环水解酶Ⅰ(GTP cyclohydrolase Ⅰ, FolE),FolE能够通过一系列复杂的反应催化GTP生成三磷酸二氢新蝶呤和甲酸。ORF 49编码喹嗪生物合成蛋白D (queuosine biosynthesis protein, QueD)。ORF51编码喹嗪生物合成蛋白C (queuosine biosynthesis protein, QueC),和QueD一同参与从GTP合成pre-Q0到喹嗪修饰tRNA的过程[57]。ORF52被注释为编码7-羧基-7-脱杂胍合成酶(7-carboxy-7-deazaguanine synthase, QueE),QueE能够催化含有7-脱氮嘌呤的生物合成[58]。ORF56编码DNA螺旋酶(DNA helicase, uvsW),在重组依赖性DNA修复和病毒DNA合成过程中停滞的复制分叉的重组中起重要作用。ORF 60被注释为CRISPR/Cas系统中的Cas4核酸酶(CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas4),Cas4含有外切核酸酶RecB家族的motif,Cas4蛋白广泛分布于CRISPR-Cas系统,可能参与间隔序列的获取[59]。ORF 62编码转录抑制因子(transcriptional repressor, DicA),DicA是细胞分裂抑制剂的负调节因子[60]。ORF 65编码重组酶RecA,细菌的RecA蛋白在DNA损伤修复系统的复杂系统中起重要作用,RecA蛋白催化单链DNA (single-stranded DNA, ssDNA)和同源双链DNA (dsDNA)分子之间的链交换反应,并通过SOS反应调控网络诱导DNA修复蛋白的表达[61]。ORF 69编码DNA引物酶(DNA primase)。ORF 73被注释为编码含有VRR-NUC结构域的蛋白(VRR-NUC domain protein),这类蛋白是一种结构选择性DNA修复核酸酶,具有5′内切酶活性,参与链间DNA交联的修复。该蛋白通常作为独立结构域存在于许多细菌和病毒中。晶体结构表明,其在结构上类似于holliday连接分离酶(holliday ligate separating enzymes, HJRs),这些结构域在噬藻体中可能参与DNA重组、复制和包装[62]。ORF99编码转录终止/抗终止蛋白(transcription termination/antitermination protein, NusG)。NusG是一种保守的调节蛋白,与RNA聚合酶(RNA polymerase, RNAP)和其他蛋白质相互作用,形成调节转录的多组分复合物[63]
噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组中的ORF 15被注释为编码基因转移因子(gene transfer agent, GTA)。GTA携带宿主基因组随机片段。近年来,大量细菌基因组被测定,结果发现在海洋细菌基因组上广泛存在编码GTA的基因,表明GTA是在海洋环境中种间实现水平基因转移的重要模式[64]。Xu等从南海中分离到的噬菌体Paracoccusmarcusii phage vB_PmaS-R3中含有4个GTA样基因(GTA-like genes)[65]。在此前报道的聚球藻噬藻体中未发现编码GTA的相关基因。在噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组中,发现了GTA的存在。GTA可能介导蓝藻种间水平基因转移、病毒与细菌之间的基因转移,促使适应性进化。基因组中的gta基因可能与噬藻体Yong-L2-223为在不同环境中生存,与海水藻之间进行了基因转移有关。
噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组中的ORF 34编码l-丙氨-d-谷氨酸肽酶(l-alanyl-d-glutamate peptidase),肽酶能够水解细菌细胞壁糖肽中l-丙氨酸和d-谷氨酸残基之间的连接[66],帮助噬藻体裂解宿主细胞。
基因注释结果显示噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组中含有至少10个辅助代谢基因(AMGs)。AMGs是指病毒感染宿主的过程中表达并参与调控宿主的代谢过程的与宿主同源的基因,其有利于子代病毒更高效地组装和释放,对于病毒种群的繁衍具有重要意义[67]。病毒基因组中的AMGs通常编码参与中央碳代谢、氮代谢、磷与硫循环、核酸合成与代谢,以及与氧化应激反应相关的蛋白。例如,从肌尾病毒样海洋聚球藻噬藻体S-B43基因组[68]中鉴定出14个AMGs,其中包括5个光合相关基因和几个与适应高浊度与低氮磷比(HNLP)的富营养化沿海环境有关的AMGs。肌尾病毒样海洋聚球藻噬藻体S-B05基因组[69]中含有参与光合作用的基因、参与碳代谢、DNA生物合成等功能的14个AMGs。再如,肌尾病毒样淡水聚球藻噬藻体S-SRM01[19]含有4个与光合作用相关的辅助代谢基因、1个磷酸盐诱导基因PhoH和1个碳代谢调节基因CP12。在噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组中,ORF 40编码核糖5-磷酸异构酶B (ribose 5-phosphate isomerase B, Rpi),核糖-5-磷酸异构酶催化d-核糖5-磷酸(R5P)向d-核酮糖5-磷酸的转化,这是磷酸戊糖途径非氧化途径和光合作用卡尔文循环的重要步骤[70]。噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组中含有5-磷酸异构酶B基因,意味着Yong-L2-223可能通过中央碳代谢系统中的关键酶参与并调控碳循环。Yong-L2-223的ORF 42编码乙酰鸟氨酸转氨酶(acetylornithine aminotransferase),乙酰鸟氨酸转氨酶作用于碱性氨基酸及其衍生物,通过参与氨基酸转运和代谢影响宿主细胞的代谢活动[71]。ORF 47、48、49、51和52分别编码奎因tRNA鸟嘌呤转糖苷酶(TGT)、GTP环水解酶Ⅰ (FolE)、喹嗪生物合成蛋白QueD、喹嗪生物合成蛋白QueC和7-羧基-7-脱杂胍合成酶QueE,这些基因构成一个完整的pre-Q0生物合成基因簇(pre-Q0 biosynthesis genes cluster)。pre-Q0生物合成基因簇参与tRNA-喹嗪生物合成通路,是tRNA修饰的一部分。这些基因的产物可能会帮助噬藻体Yong-L2-223转化宿主或自身的tRNA和DNA,提高宿主翻译效率,更加高效地组装子代病毒,进而有助于噬藻体适应各类宿主,这可能是Yong-L2-223可跨3个目(orders)感染蓝藻的重要原因。在2株可跨目感染2株蓝藻的淡水聚球藻噬藻体SM-1和SM-2中,未发现pre-Q0生物合成基因簇的相关基因。在已报道的2株肌尾病毒样淡水聚球藻噬藻体S-SRM01、S-CRM01基因组中也未发现pre-Q0生物合成基因簇的相关基因。与Yong-L2-223类似的,可跨3个目感染12株蓝藻的广谱噬藻体vB_MelS-Me-ZS1中,也有一个完整的pre-Q0生物合成基因簇[72]
此外,近年来有学者在对噬菌体基因组中编码Cas4的同源物进行研究时有了新的发现[73],研究表明含有编码Cas4样蛋白基因的噬菌体可利用该蛋白刺激弯曲杆菌属Ⅱ型CRISPR-Cas系统(campylobacter type Ⅱ-CRISPR-Cas system) (该系统缺乏Cas4),获取源自宿主的间隔区,噬菌体似乎利用这种机制来规避宿主的防御系统,其具体机制尚待鉴定。Yong-L2-223基因组中的被发现含有Cas4基因(ORF 60),这可能有助于噬藻体抵抗宿主防御,可能是Yong-L2-223可跨3个目感染蓝藻的另一个原因。
在BLASTn中(默认参数)上传噬藻体Yong-L2-223的基因组序列,与NCBI数据库中的全基因组序列进行比对,结果显示与噬藻体Yong-L2-223同源性最高的噬菌体是Paracoccus phage vB_PmaS-R3 (GenBank: NC_026608.1,E-value: 7e-06; percent identity: 72.97%),但是Query Coverage低至0%。该结果表明Paracoccus phage vB_PmaS-R3只有很少的核苷酸序列与Yong-L2-223同源,Yong-L2-223的基因组序列非常新颖。
将噬藻体Yong-L2-223的基因组序列上传至蛋白谱树在线分析平台ViPTree (https://www.genome.jp/viptree/),与该数据库中所有病毒(共计6 238株)构建原始蛋白谱进化树。结果显示与Yong-L2-223亲缘关系最近的有6株噬菌体:Schmittlotzvirus sv771Rigallicvirus P106BShewanellasp. phage 1/44、GorganvirusisfahanSashavirussashaNonanavirus nv9NA
在选取参考序列重新构建的精细蛋白谱进化树(图3)中,Yong-L2-223形成一个独立的分支(branch),与其他病毒间进化距离远(> 0.45)。在进化树中,噬菌体Schmittlotzvirus sv771是与噬菌体Yong-L2-223进化距离最小的病毒(图3)。为进一步阐明噬藻体Yong-L2-223的进化地位,分别计算了噬藻体Yong-L2-223与Schmittlotzvirus sv771之间的平均核苷酸一致性(ANI)和DNA分子原位杂交值(DNA moleculein situ hybridization values, isDDH),结果分别为55.50%和0%,均小于种的边界值(ANI≥95%, isDDH≥70%),Yong-L2-223与Schmittlotzvirus sv771基因组间的比较图(图4)也显示了二者间同源性很低。结果表明Yong-L2-223是一个新种。运用国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)下的细菌与古菌病毒小组委员会(Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee, BAVS)推荐的PASC分析平台(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/pasc/)和VIRIDIC分析平台(http://rhea.icbm.uni-oldenburg.de/VIRIDIC/),比对分析噬藻体Yong-L2-223与数据库中所有病毒间的核苷酸序列相似度(PASC)和成对基因组间相似性(VIRIDIC),结果最高的PASC值仅有3.78%,最高VIRIDIC值(图5)仅有2.5%,二者均远低于70%的属边界值。结果表明噬藻体Yong-L2-223代表一个新的未知的属。
噬藻体Yong-L2-223是首株以海洋蓝藻为指示藻用高盐培养基从淡水中分离获得的噬藻体。Yong-L2-223具有广盐性,既可在高盐条件下感染海洋蓝藻又可在低盐条件下感染淡水蓝藻。
在BLASTn比对中,噬藻体Yong-L2-223与Top hit间同源覆盖度低至0%,表明Yong-L2-223的基因组序列非常新颖;在蛋白谱系统进化树中,虽然噬藻体Yong-L2-223与Schmittlotzvirus sv771聚集在一个clade上,二者间的ANI值、isDDH值、PASC值和VIRIDIC值却很低,进一步表明噬藻体Yong-L2-223非常新颖,是一种新的病毒,在有尾纲中至少代表一个新的未知的属。噬藻体Yong-L2-223与海洋聚球藻肌尾病毒样噬藻体有着很远的进化距离(图3),这也许和本研究特创性的以海洋聚球藻PCC 7002为宿主藻株,分离淡水水样的方法有关。
Yong-L2-223可以跨3个目(SynechococcalesChroococcalesNostocales)感染蓝藻藻株。在宿主范围试验中,除指示藻——海洋聚球藻PCC 7002外,Yong-L2-223还能够跨目感染2株淡水蓝藻:色球藻目(Chroococcales)的绿色微囊藻(M.viridis) FACHB-1342和念珠藻目(Nostocales)的水华束丝藻(A.flos-aquae) FACHB-1209。
噬藻体Yong-L2-223的基因组中含有辅助代谢基因(AMGs)、Cas4基因、pre-Q0生物合成基因簇和编码基因转移因子(GTA)的基因。这些基因的编码产物可能有助于该噬藻体对宿主的适应、感染,从而实现跨目感染蓝藻。类似地,广谱微囊藻噬藻体vB_MelS-Me-ZS1的基因组也有pre-Q0生物合成基因簇。噬藻体Yong-L2-223基因组中含有在海洋细菌基因组上广泛存在的编码GTA的基因,而在此前分离报道的聚球藻噬藻体中并未发现编码GTA的相关基因,这可能与噬藻体Yong-L2-223的广盐性有关,具体机制有待试验验证分析。
在Yong-L2-223的基因组中未发现已知的毒力因子基因和抗生素耐药基因,这显示其具有良好的生物安全性。且该噬藻体具有宿主范围较广的特点,这也对其在藻华治理中的应用有利,因水华往往不是由单一藻株而是由数株优势蓝藻爆发引起的。然而,虽然Yong-L2-223可以在5 d内使宿主藻藻液黄化,但无法使藻液彻底裂解成无色或白色、透明的澄清液。其基因组中有编码可裂解细菌胞壁的肽酶的基因(ORF 34),但也含有溶源相关的基因。其ORF 26和ORF 27则分别编码mu样原噬菌体蛋白(mu-like prophage proteins)。噬菌体mu可以随机整合其基因组至宿主染色体上,成为原噬菌体(prophage)。Yong-L2-223基因组的这一特性,可能是其呈现溶藻活性(lytic activity),但溶藻并不彻底的表型的原因。这限制了该噬藻体在藻华防控中的运用。但通过合成生物学手段,去除基因组中编码mu-like prophage proteins的基因可能可提高其溶藻能力、提高其可应用性。
噬藻体Yong-L2-223的分离与鉴定开了以海洋蓝藻为指示宿主,从淡水中分离淡水噬藻体的先河,获得了广盐性噬藻体,这丰富了聚球藻噬藻体库、噬藻体基因库,并为今后进一步研究噬藻体与其宿主的相互作用和适应性进化,以及噬藻体的应用开发奠定了基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903000)
  • 宁波市重点研发计划(2022Z170)
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2024年第64卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20230365
  • 接收时间:2023-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-26
  • 录用日期:2023-09-15
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0903000)
国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903000)
Key Research and Development Project of Ningbo(2022Z170)
宁波市重点研发计划(2022Z170)
作者信息
    1 宁波大学海洋学院, 浙江 宁波 315000
    2 北京化工大学生命科学与技术学院, 北京 100029

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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