Article(id=1238813323312034368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250846, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762876800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765814400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineDate=1773285712316, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285712316, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285712316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285712316, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1361, endPage=1372, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813323718881890, articleId=1238813323312034368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Preparation and evaluation of Enterococcus faecium PL84 encapsulated with Fe-TA-GN for enhanced tolerance in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Probiotic additives for feed play a crucial role in maintaining the health and improving the production performance of livestock and poultry. However, the application of most probiotics is limited by their sensitivity to environmental stresses (e.g., acid, bile salt, and temperature) in the animal intestinal tract, and microencapsulation serves as a key approach to enhance their stability. Objective This study constructed a metal-polyphenol-prebiotic (Fe-TA-GN) composite coating system for the probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium PL84 isolated by us and verified its protective effect on PL84, aiming to provide technical support for the industrial application of the strain. Methods Coating parameters (Fe3+-TA molar ratio and GN concentration) were optimized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the CCK-8 assay were employed to evaluate the effects of coating materials on the viability of mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). The protective effect of the coating system was assessed through in vitro tolerance tests under acidic, bile salt, thermal conditions, as well as in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Results E. faecium PL84 exhibited the highest cell viability during the logarithmic growth phase, being suitable for microencapsulation. When the molar ratio of Fe3+ to TA was 1:3, the PL84-Fe-TA composite particles showed the smallest nanoscale particle size and formed a dense metal-polyphenol network. At a GN concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, the Fe-TA-GN coating layer achieved the highest zeta potential and optimal structural stability. SEM revealed a uniform and continuous surface coating layer of PL84-Fe-TA-GN. In vitro tolerance assays demonstrated that the survival rate of PL84-Fe-TA-GN was higher than that of uncoated PL84 under conditions of pH 3.0 and 0.6% bile salt (P<0.01). After treatment at 60 ℃, the survival rate of the coated strain increased by 16.29% compared with that of uncoated PL84. Additionally, the survival rates of PL84-Fe-TA-GN in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid improved by 20.8% and 13.53%, respectively. The coating materials (Fe-TA, GN, and Fe-TA-GN) had no significant effect on the viability of PL84 (P>0.05). Conclusion When the molar ratio of Fe3+ to TA is 1:3 and the GN concentration is 0.4 mg/mL, the metal-polyphenol-prebiotic composite coating system is stable and can significantly enhance the environmental tolerance of E. faecium PL84. Moreover, the coating materials possess good biocompatibility, laying a solid technical foundation for the industrial application of E. faecium PL84.

, correspAuthors=Yang CAO, Yanqing ZANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: CAO Yang,
ZANG Yanqing,
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饲用益生菌对维持畜禽健康、促进畜禽生产具有重要作用。然而,多数益生菌的应用受限于其对动物肠道环境胁迫(酸、胆盐、温度)的敏感性,微囊化包被技术是提升其稳定性的关键手段。 目的 以自主分离的具有益生特性的屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium) PL84为材料,构建金属-多酚-益生元(Fe-TA-GN)复合包被体系,并验证该体系对PL84的保护效果,为其产业化应用提供技术支撑。 方法 通过优化包被参数(Fe3+与TA的比例、GN的浓度),结合电镜观察,同时采用CCK-8法检测包被材料对小鼠肠道上皮细胞(IEC-6)活性的影响。通过酸性、胆盐、温度及模拟胃肠液(SGF/SIF)环境的体外耐受性试验评价包被体系的保护效果。 结果 PL84在对数生长期时菌体活性最佳,适用于包被。当Fe3+与TA的化学计量比为1:3时PL84-Fe-TA复合颗粒的纳米粒度最小,形成致密的金属-多酚网络;当GN浓度为0.4 mg/mL时Fe-TA-GN保护层的zeta电位最高,结构最稳定。扫描电镜(SEM)观察显示,PL84-Fe-TA-GN表面的保护层均匀连续。体外耐受性实验表明,PL84-Fe-TA-GN在pH 3.0、胆盐浓度0.6%的条件下存活率极显著高于未包被的PL84 (P<0.01);在60 ℃处理后,其存活率较未包被菌株提升了16.29%,且在人工模拟胃液(simulated gastric fluid, SGF)、模拟肠液(simulated intestinal fluid, SIF)中的存活率分别提升了20.80%、13.53%。包被材料(Fe-TA、GN、Fe-TA-GN)对PL84的活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。 结论 当Fe3+与TA的化学计量比为1:3、GN浓度为0.4 mg/mL时,金属-多酚-益生元复合包被体系稳定,可显著提升屎肠球菌PL84的环境耐受性,且包被材料具有良好的生物安全性,为菌株PL84的产业化应用奠定了技术基础。

, correspAuthors=曹阳, 臧延青, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4QAHUNyBqWTejUtHVDeJ2A==, magXml=/NDGoy0WYfmRejUq9oJLdQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rLctS5+wMGb5sEI5C9Wn+g==, pdfFileSize=1508875, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=VgjPhA0TJir3XOJmIOiPdQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=C7BKRlas2FfxtRJKnJnmPw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

刘宇纯:研究构思与设计,论文撰写和修改;王家莹:实验实施与样品采集处理;夏子涵:数据分析与结果监管;曹阳:试验方案设计、投稿及全程修订;臧延青:试验方案设计及全程修订。

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Fe-TA-GN包被猪源屎肠球菌PL84的制备及其体外环境耐受性评价
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刘宇纯 1, 2, 3 , 王家莹 1, 2, 3 , 夏子涵 1, 2, 3 , 曹阳 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 臧延青 6, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(3): 1361-1372
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(3): 1361-1372
Fe-TA-GN包被猪源屎肠球菌PL84的制备及其体外环境耐受性评价
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刘宇纯1, 2, 3, 王家莹1, 2, 3, 夏子涵1, 2, 3, 曹阳1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 臧延青6, *
作者信息
  • 1.黑龙江八一农垦大学 动物科技学院,黑龙江 大庆
  • 2.黑龙江省寒区饲料资源高效利用与营养调控重点实验室,黑龙江 大庆
  • 3.大庆市生物饲料开发与安全利用工程技术研究中心,黑龙江 大庆
  • 4.粮食副产物加工与利用教育部工程研究中心,黑龙江 大庆
  • 5.农业农村部东北平原农业绿色低碳重点实验室,黑龙江 大庆
  • 6.黑龙江八一农垦大学 食品学院,黑龙江 大庆
Preparation and evaluation of Enterococcus faecium PL84 encapsulated with Fe-TA-GN for enhanced tolerance in simulated gastrointestinal conditions
Yuchun LIU1, 2, 3, Jiaying WANG1, 2, 3, Zihan XIA1, 2, 3, Yang CAO1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , Yanqing ZANG6, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
  • 2.Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Feed Resources and Nutrition Regulation in Cold Regions, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
  • 3.Daqing Engineering Research Center for Development and Safe Utilization of Biological Feed, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
  • 4.Engineering Research Center of Grain Byproducts Processing and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
  • 5.Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Green Agriculture in Northeast Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
  • 6.College of Food Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250846
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饲用益生菌对维持畜禽健康、促进畜禽生产具有重要作用。然而,多数益生菌的应用受限于其对动物肠道环境胁迫(酸、胆盐、温度)的敏感性,微囊化包被技术是提升其稳定性的关键手段。 目的 以自主分离的具有益生特性的屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium) PL84为材料,构建金属-多酚-益生元(Fe-TA-GN)复合包被体系,并验证该体系对PL84的保护效果,为其产业化应用提供技术支撑。 方法 通过优化包被参数(Fe3+与TA的比例、GN的浓度),结合电镜观察,同时采用CCK-8法检测包被材料对小鼠肠道上皮细胞(IEC-6)活性的影响。通过酸性、胆盐、温度及模拟胃肠液(SGF/SIF)环境的体外耐受性试验评价包被体系的保护效果。 结果 PL84在对数生长期时菌体活性最佳,适用于包被。当Fe3+与TA的化学计量比为1:3时PL84-Fe-TA复合颗粒的纳米粒度最小,形成致密的金属-多酚网络;当GN浓度为0.4 mg/mL时Fe-TA-GN保护层的zeta电位最高,结构最稳定。扫描电镜(SEM)观察显示,PL84-Fe-TA-GN表面的保护层均匀连续。体外耐受性实验表明,PL84-Fe-TA-GN在pH 3.0、胆盐浓度0.6%的条件下存活率极显著高于未包被的PL84 (P<0.01);在60 ℃处理后,其存活率较未包被菌株提升了16.29%,且在人工模拟胃液(simulated gastric fluid, SGF)、模拟肠液(simulated intestinal fluid, SIF)中的存活率分别提升了20.80%、13.53%。包被材料(Fe-TA、GN、Fe-TA-GN)对PL84的活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。 结论 当Fe3+与TA的化学计量比为1:3、GN浓度为0.4 mg/mL时,金属-多酚-益生元复合包被体系稳定,可显著提升屎肠球菌PL84的环境耐受性,且包被材料具有良好的生物安全性,为菌株PL84的产业化应用奠定了技术基础。

Fe-TA-GN包被  /  耐受性  /  屎肠球菌  /  体外  /  猪源

Probiotic additives for feed play a crucial role in maintaining the health and improving the production performance of livestock and poultry. However, the application of most probiotics is limited by their sensitivity to environmental stresses (e.g., acid, bile salt, and temperature) in the animal intestinal tract, and microencapsulation serves as a key approach to enhance their stability. Objective This study constructed a metal-polyphenol-prebiotic (Fe-TA-GN) composite coating system for the probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium PL84 isolated by us and verified its protective effect on PL84, aiming to provide technical support for the industrial application of the strain. Methods Coating parameters (Fe3+-TA molar ratio and GN concentration) were optimized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the CCK-8 assay were employed to evaluate the effects of coating materials on the viability of mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). The protective effect of the coating system was assessed through in vitro tolerance tests under acidic, bile salt, thermal conditions, as well as in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Results E. faecium PL84 exhibited the highest cell viability during the logarithmic growth phase, being suitable for microencapsulation. When the molar ratio of Fe3+ to TA was 1:3, the PL84-Fe-TA composite particles showed the smallest nanoscale particle size and formed a dense metal-polyphenol network. At a GN concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, the Fe-TA-GN coating layer achieved the highest zeta potential and optimal structural stability. SEM revealed a uniform and continuous surface coating layer of PL84-Fe-TA-GN. In vitro tolerance assays demonstrated that the survival rate of PL84-Fe-TA-GN was higher than that of uncoated PL84 under conditions of pH 3.0 and 0.6% bile salt (P<0.01). After treatment at 60 ℃, the survival rate of the coated strain increased by 16.29% compared with that of uncoated PL84. Additionally, the survival rates of PL84-Fe-TA-GN in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid improved by 20.8% and 13.53%, respectively. The coating materials (Fe-TA, GN, and Fe-TA-GN) had no significant effect on the viability of PL84 (P>0.05). Conclusion When the molar ratio of Fe3+ to TA is 1:3 and the GN concentration is 0.4 mg/mL, the metal-polyphenol-prebiotic composite coating system is stable and can significantly enhance the environmental tolerance of E. faecium PL84. Moreover, the coating materials possess good biocompatibility, laying a solid technical foundation for the industrial application of E. faecium PL84.

Fe-TA-GN encapsulation  /  tolerance  /  Enterococcus faecium  /  in vitro  /  porcine-derived
刘宇纯, 王家莹, 夏子涵, 曹阳, 臧延青. Fe-TA-GN包被猪源屎肠球菌PL84的制备及其体外环境耐受性评价. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1361 -1372 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250846
Yuchun LIU, Jiaying WANG, Zihan XIA, Yang CAO, Yanqing ZANG. Preparation and evaluation of Enterococcus faecium PL84 encapsulated with Fe-TA-GN for enhanced tolerance in simulated gastrointestinal conditions[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1361 -1372 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250846
益生菌在促进幼龄动物生长发育、降低腹泻发生率、改善机体免疫功能以及强化肠道屏障功能方面发挥着关键作用[1-4]。作为一种能够有效防治动物腹泻并促进动物健康生长的微生物制剂,益生菌受到了广泛认可[5]。其中,屎肠球菌能够调节肠道微生物区系平衡[6],刺激机体的免疫反应[7]。Zhou等[8]研究发现,屎肠球菌HDRsEf1可促进全身性Th1免疫反应并启动防御感染。Sukegawa等[9]研究发现,屎肠球菌NHRD IHARA能够增强肠道物理屏障,减少致病菌的黏附数量,有效阻止肠炎链球菌的入侵,改善空肠绒毛生长。
当摄入量大于106-107 CFU/g益生菌时,益生菌可在宿主肠道内定殖并发挥益生作用[10]。然而益生菌常常受到胃肠道中不良环境的影响,导致活性和稳定性丧失[10]。目前,微囊化包被技术已成为维持益生菌活性的重要技术手段[11]。常见的益生菌包被方法有挤压法、乳化法、冷冻干燥法、喷雾干燥法、凝聚法和电流体加工技术等[12-13]。金属-多酚纳米网络(metal-phenolic networks, MPNs)常用于药物涂布,可保护药物并实现靶向递送[13]。其中,铁-单宁酸(Fe3+-TA)因廉价易得,应用最为广泛[14]。在有底物存在的情况下,单宁酸(tannic acid, TA)分子首先吸附在模板表面,进而与Fe3+络合自组装[15]。β-葡聚糖(β-glucan, GN)是一种广泛分布于谷物和微生物中的天然多糖,具有多种生物活性,包括免疫调节、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤特性以及菌群调节作用[16]。凭借其独特结构与先天免疫活性,β-葡聚糖被认为是极具潜力的靶向递送载体[17]
本研究旨在提高自主分离的猪源屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium) PL84在动物肠道中的耐受性及其定殖能力。为此,构建Fe-TA-GN复合包被体系,优化包被材料参数,通过扫描电镜观察包被形态,通过体外检测不同条件下菌体的耐受性来评价包被效果,以期为益生菌高效包被技术的开发提供理论依据与实践参考,为畜禽养殖提供益生菌资源。
屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium) PL84自主分离自健康仔猪粪便,保存于黑龙江省寒区饲料资源高效利用与营养调控重点实验室。
MRS培养基,青岛海博生物技术有限公司;无水三氯化铁(FeCl3),辽宁泉瑞试剂有限公司;单宁酸(TA),山东科源生化有限公司;β-葡聚糖(GN),上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;DMEM/F12 (1:1)培养基,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;CCK-8试剂盒,合肥兰杰柯科技有限公司;牛胆盐,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;人工模拟肠液(pH 6.8)、人工模拟胃液(pH 1.5),福州飞净生物科技有限公司。
高压灭菌锅,致微(厦门)仪器有限公司;厌氧培养箱,上海新苗医疗器械制造有限公司;电子天平,赛多利斯称重技术有限公司;高速冷冻离心机,Sigma-Aldrich公司;摇床,其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司;迷你混合仪,杭州米欧仪器有限公司;-80 ℃超低温冰箱,美菱公司;微型离心机,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;恒温水浴锅、电热恒温培养箱,上海森信实验仪器有限公司;全自动酶标仪,深圳容金科技有限公司。
采用单因素试验设计,固定屎肠球菌PL84菌悬液浓度为108 CFU/mL、FeCl3浓度为10 mg/mL、反应温度为37 ℃,设置Fe3+与TA比例为1:0-1:4 (TA浓度0-40 mg/mL),以纳米粒度为指标筛选最佳比例;基于此比例,设置GN浓度为0-1.6 mg/mL,以Zeta电位为指标筛选适宜浓度。
参考Kailasapathy[18]的方法并稍作修改,设置对照组(未包被PL84)及5个独立处理组:(1) 温度处理组(分别在20、40、60 ℃水浴30 min后培养12 h);(2) pH处理组(在pH为3.0、4.0、5.0的MRS培养基中培养12 h);(3) 胆盐处理组(在含0.2%、0.4%、0.6%胆盐的MRS培养基培养12 h);(4) 模拟胃液处理组(处理2 h);(5) 模拟肠液处理组(处理2 h)。每组设置3个重复,通过菌落数计算存活率,验证包被对不同胁迫的保护效果。
从-80 ℃冰箱取出屎肠球菌PL84甘油保存管,室温放置1-2 min至部分解冻。在无菌超净工作台中,用无菌接种环蘸取少量解冻后的菌液,在MRS固体培养基上进行分区划线,确保最终能形成单菌落。将划线后的平板倒置放入37 ℃恒温培养箱,静态培养24 h。用无菌接种环挑取1-2个屎肠球菌,接入装有5 mL无菌MRS液体培养基的试管中制备成菌悬液。屎肠球菌PL84菌悬液于37 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h,加入浓度为10 mg/mL的Fe3+溶液20 μL后手动振荡培养1 min,随后加入不同浓度TA (0、10、20、30、40 mg/mL)溶液20 μL继续振荡培养1 min,6 000 r/min离心5 min,用PBS缓冲液冲洗,重复2次后使用激光粒度分析仪对粒径进行测定,确定构成网状保护层的最佳TA浓度,每组设置3个重复。
参考1.4节制备PL84菌悬液,将屎肠球菌PL84菌悬液20 μL加入5 mL MRS液体培养基,于37 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h。加入10 mg/mL Fe3+溶液20 μL手动振荡培养1 min,再加入30 mg/mL TA溶液20 μL手动振荡培养1 min,随后加入20 μL不同浓度GN溶液(0、0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6 mg/mL)手动振荡1 min,6 000 r/min离心5 min,用PBS缓冲液冲洗菌体,重复2次后测定zeta电位以确定GN与网状保护层结合的最佳浓度,每组设置3个重复。
参考1.4节制备PL84菌悬液,取100 μL菌悬液进行梯度稀释,每个稀释度取100 μL涂布于MRS平板,37 ℃培养24 h,计数菌落数,如公式(1)所示。
N0=菌落数×稀释倍数×10
包被后活菌数(N1)测定,按照优化参数(Fe3+:TA=1:3,GN=0.4 mg/mL)制备PL84-Fe-TA-GN包被菌液,取1 mL包被菌液加入9 mL 0.1 mol/L HCl溶液(pH 2.0),振荡10 min,使未包被菌体完全失活,4 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清,沉淀用PBS (pH 7.4)洗涤2次,将洗涤后的沉淀重悬于1 mL PBS中进行梯度稀释和活菌计数,得到N1。包被率计算如公式(2)所示。
包被率=N1/N0×100%
设未包被组和包被组,将2组菌株分别活化后,按2%接种量接种于MRS液体培养基中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养48 h。从0 h开始,每隔2 h取样1次,每次取0.5 mL菌液,用无菌PBS进行10倍梯度稀释,取适宜稀释液0.1 mL均匀涂布于MRS固体培养基,37 ℃培养24 h计数菌落数(CFU/mL),绘制生长曲线。
采用CCK-8法,将小鼠肠道上皮细胞(IEC-6)复苏培养至对数期,调整浓度为5×104个/mL,每孔100 μL接种96孔板,37 ℃孵育24 h至细胞贴壁。提前用含10%胎牛血清DMEM培养基配制材料液(Fe-TA、GN、Fe-TA-GN组所用),材料浓度与包被试验一致。设5组(3重复孔),总体积200 μL:空白对照(200 μL培养基)、细胞对照(100 μL细胞悬液+100 μL培养基)、Fe-TA组(100 μL细胞悬液+100 μL Fe-TA材料液)、GN组(100 μL细胞悬液+100 μL GN材料液)、Fe-TA-GN组(100 μL细胞悬液+100 μL Fe-TA-GN材料液),继续孵育24 h。每孔加20 μL CCK-8试剂,避光孵2 h,测OD450值。存活率计算如公式(3)所示。
存活率=(试验组OD-空白OD)/(细胞对照OD-空白OD)×100%
参考1.4节制备PL84菌悬液,随后分别加入4 mL未作处理的MRS液体培养基、pH为3.0、4.0、5.0的MRS液体培养基以及含有0.2%、0.4%、0.6%胆盐的MRS液体培养基中,充分振荡混匀。将加入未作处理MRS液体培养基的菌悬液分别置于20、40、60 ℃水浴锅中水浴30 min,所有菌悬液在37 ℃、200 r/min培养12 h,平板计数法分别计数各处理后的活菌数,以屎肠球菌PL84在37 ℃培养12 h的菌落数为对照计算存活率,每组设置3个重复。
参考1.4节制备PL84菌悬液,随后分别加入4 mL含人工肠液、人工胃液的MRS液体培养基,充分振荡混匀,所有菌悬液于恒温培养振荡器中培养2 h,采用平板计数法分别计数各处理后的活菌数,以屎肠球菌PL84在37 ℃培养12 h的菌落数为对照计算存活率,每组设置3个重复。
所有数据用Excel 2020处理后,采用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA),并用Duncan’s进行多重比较。各组数据以“平均值±标准误”表示。*P<0.05、**P<0.01、***P<0.001表示差异有统计学意义。
分别将10 mg/mL的FeCl3与不同浓度的TA反应,检测PL84菌体表面保护层纳米粒度的大小。结果表明,当Fe3+与TA的化学计量比为1:3时,PL84-Fe-TA纳米颗粒大小降至最低,为331 nm,形成紧密的金属-酚网络结构(图1)。
GN分子含有大量羟基,可与Fe-TA网络通过氢键结合,且GN带微弱正电,适量GN可增加保护层表面正电荷密度。当GN浓度为0.4 mg/mL时,所构成的Fe-TA-GN保护层的Zeta电位最大,且结构最为稳定(图2)。
包被结构示意图见图3,扫描电镜结果见图4。未包被的PL84呈球杆状,表面光滑,无明显附着物;PL84-Fe-TA-GN表面覆盖一层连续均匀的保护层。
为明确Fe-TA-GN复合体系对屎肠球菌PL84的包被效果,采用酸性处理选择性失活游离菌法测定包被率,结果见图5。包被前PL84总活菌数(N0)平均值为(1.36±0.07)×108 CFU/mL;经Fe-TA-GN包被并酸性处理后,包被活菌数平均值为(1.17±0.07)×108 CFU/mL。根据公式(2)计算,平均包被率为86.02%。
生长曲线见图6,PL84菌株培养0-4 h为延迟期,活菌数增长缓慢;4-12 h为指数生长期,活菌数快速增长,12 h时达到峰值,随后稳定下来。因此,选择培养12 h的指数生长期菌体进行后续包被实验,此时菌体活性强、代谢旺盛,更易与包被材料结合。未包被的PL84与PL84-Fe-TA-GN均呈现典型的微生物生长特征,二者生长曲线趋势高度一致,各时间点菌落数无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,Fe-TA-GN复合包被体系未影响菌株PL84的生长。
通过CCK-8法检测Fe-TA、GN及Fe-TA-GN 3种包被材料对小鼠肠道上皮细胞(IEC-6)存活率的影响,结果见图7,Fe-TA组细胞存活率为(98.29±2.68)%,GN组为(91.11±2.99)%,Fe-TA-GN组为(96.27±3.75)%,所有处理组与对照组(100.00%)相比均无显著差异(P>0.05),表明3种包被材料对肠道上皮细胞均无明显毒性。
在pH 4.0和pH 5.0环境下,PL84-Fe-TA-GN的存活率分别为(58.15±1.30)%和(73.68±1.30)%,显著高于(P<0.05)未包被PL84的(49.87±0.90)%和(66.17±1.10)%;在pH 3.0环境中PL84-Fe-TA-GN的存活率为(49.37±1.10)%,显著高于(P<0.01)未包被PL84的(35.83±1.10)% (图8)。
随着胆盐浓度从0.2%增至0.6%,未包被PL84的存活率从(69.67±0.60)%降至(38.10±0.60)%,而PL84-Fe-TA-GN的存活率从(75.44±1.50)%降至(49.62±1.10)% (图9)。在各浓度下,包被菌株的存活率均显著高于未包被菌株(P<0.05)。
温度耐受性结果见图10,在20 ℃处理后,PL84-Fe-TA-GN的存活率为(77.69±1.90)%,较未包被PL84的(60.40±1.80)%提升17.29% (P<0.05);在40 ℃处理后,2组存活率无显著差异(P>0.05);在60 ℃处理后,PL84-Fe-TA-GN的存活率为(60.65±0.90)%,较未包被菌株的(44.36±1.10)%提升16.29% (P<0.01)。
在体外进行人工模拟胃液(SGF)、人工模拟肠液(SIF)的耐受性检测,结果如图11所示。在SGF中PL84-Fe-TA-GN的存活率为(49.37±1.60)%,较未包被PL84的(28.57±1.30)%提升20.80% (P<0.01);在SIF中PL84-Fe-TA-GN的存活率为(60.65±2.70)%,较未包被菌株的(47.12±2.40)%提升13.53% (P<0.05)。
饲用益生菌疗法凭借其低耐药性和调节肠道菌群的独特优势成为预防和治疗疾病最有前途的方法之一,然而在经过消化道的过程中其通常受到胃肠内环境的影响,导致定殖效果减弱,益生菌的微胶囊化被认为是克服这一挑战的最有效方法[19]。金属-酚类网络(metal-phenolic networks, MPNs)因其易于合成、成本效益高、物理化学稳定性好、生物相容性好且应用广泛,成为益生菌包埋的有前途的候选者[20]。有机配体(多酚)的酚羟基对表面附着表现出强亲和力,使其能够根据底物的不同几何形状进行适应性包被。不过,其在口服益生菌微胶囊化中的应用研究仍较为匮乏,这可能是由于多酚与金属离子的相互作用在极端酸性条件(如胃肠道环境)下结构不稳定且易解离所致[21-22]。为解决这一问题,本研究在MPNs框架中加入了已被验证可用作涂层材料的益生元β-葡聚糖[23]以加强其结构完整性,提高益生菌的存活率,从而有望促进肠道的有效定殖。
通过优化Fe3+与TA的化学计量比,本研究发现当比例为1:3时,PL84-Fe-TA纳米颗粒的粒度降至最低。在MPNs的构建过程中,TA分子中的多酚基团(如没食子酸单元)是与Fe3+发生作用的核心位点,二者主要通过配位键结合形成三维网络结构。当Fe3+与TA的比例调控为1:3时,TA中的多酚基团能与Fe3+实现更充分、更有序的配位结合,既避免了Fe3+过量导致的配位位点竞争,也防止了TA过量造成的网络结构松散[24-25]。当GN浓度为0.4 mg/mL时,Fe-TA-GN保护层的zeta电位达到峰值,表明此时GN通过静电吸附与Fe-TA网络结合最紧密。GN作为益生元,其蜂窝状结构不仅提供物理屏障,还能通过促进肠道菌群代谢短链脂肪酸,间接增强益生菌的定殖能力[26]。未包被PL84与PL84-Fe-TA-GN的生长曲线无显著差异。本研究构建的金属-多酚网络(MPNs)是一种通过配位键自组装形成的超薄、多孔的非连续薄膜。这种独特的结构允许小分子营养物质(如单糖、氨基酸)和代谢废物(如乳酸)自由扩散,不会对菌体的正常新陈代谢造成物理性屏障[27]。同时,GN作为益生元,其分子结构为分支状葡聚糖链,天然形成纳米级多孔通道并未改变该网络的多孔特性,包被层在提供物理保护的同时,确保了菌体与外界环境的物质交换畅通无阻。因此,PL84在包被后仍保留了原有的生长节律与增殖潜能。包被材料对肠道上皮细胞无毒性的特性对于益生菌递送系统至关重要。本研究采用CCK-8测定法评估Fe-TA-GN的生物相容性,结果显示共孵育24 h后细胞活力均保持在90.00%以上。Fe-TA网络结构之所以具有良好的细胞相容性,可能是因为其主要通过非共价键形成,且在生理条件下具有一定的降解性,不会在细胞内蓄积产生毒性。Yao等[28]研究发现,TA-Fe纳米颗粒在Caco-2人肠上皮细胞中的细胞毒性极低,即使在高浓度(100 μg/mL)下处理24 h,细胞存活率仍保持在95%以上;该研究还表明,与传统铁补充剂(FeSO4)相比,TA-Fe NPs显著降低了ROS水平,证明其对肠道上皮细胞具有保护作用而非毒性。
由于胃酸、胆汁酸和其他不利环境的存在,口服益生菌成功穿越恶劣的胃肠道环境并到达理想的定殖部位十分困难。本研究中在不同pH、胆盐浓度和温度条件下,Fe-TA-GN纳米保护层都有效地保护了菌株PL84。TA存在丰富的活性酚基,具有多个反应位点,在构建交联膜方面具有高度通用性,使其与Fe3+形成稳定的络合物,从而构建新的稳定膜结构[29-30]。本研究推测在酸性胁迫下,该包被层能有效阻隔H⁺离子的渗透,延缓胞内pH的急剧下降,从而避免菌体蛋白变性和酶失活。在20 ℃和60 ℃时,PL84-Fe-TA-GN的存活率与PL84相比分别提高了17.29%和16.29%;在40 ℃时无差异,可能是因为PL84最适生长温度接近40 ℃,所以该温度对PL84的影响不大。与本研究结果一致,Luo等[31]通过将TA与Fe3+络合,覆盖在大肠杆菌表面,帮助益生菌更好地抵抗肠道寄生的不良环境影响,保持其生物活性。在经过SGF和SIF的连续处理后,包被菌株的存活率分别提升了20.80%和13.53% (P<0.05)。这证明Fe-TA-GN包被层不仅能抵抗胃液的极端酸性和胃蛋白酶,还能在肠液的胆盐和胰蛋白酶环境中维持结构完整性。Xie等[32]的研究也表明经Fe-TA和益生元包被后的大肠杆菌尼索尔1917,在模拟胃液中存活率显著提高。
此外,本研究结果为开发高效微生态制剂提供了新思路。未来研究可以进一步探索:(1) 包被菌株在动物模型体内的定殖效率和益生功能;(2) 包被技术的规模化生产工艺优化;(3) Fe-TA-GN与宿主微生物群的代谢相互作用。这些研究将进一步推动益生菌在养殖业中的应用,为绿色健康养殖提供技术支持。
本研究构建的金属-多酚-益生元(Fe-TA-GN)复合包被体系,在Fe3+与TA化学计量比为1:3、GN浓度为0.4 mg/mL时结构稳定性最优。Fe-TA-GN包被显著提升了屎肠球菌PL84的体外环境耐受性,且包被材料无毒性。接下来将着重研究包被菌株在动物体内的定殖效率、益生功能及作用机制,为开发高效微生态制剂奠定基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32171676)
  • 齐齐哈尔鹏博饲料科技有限公司合作研发项目(104/2041200038)
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文章信息
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250846
  • 接收时间:2025-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-12
  • 录用日期:2025-12-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171676)
国家自然科学基金(32171676)
Collaborative Research and Development Project of Qiqihar Pengbo Feed Technology Co., Ltd(104/2041200038)
齐齐哈尔鹏博饲料科技有限公司合作研发项目(104/2041200038)
作者信息
    1.黑龙江八一农垦大学 动物科技学院,黑龙江 大庆
    2.黑龙江省寒区饲料资源高效利用与营养调控重点实验室,黑龙江 大庆
    3.大庆市生物饲料开发与安全利用工程技术研究中心,黑龙江 大庆
    4.粮食副产物加工与利用教育部工程研究中心,黑龙江 大庆
    5.农业农村部东北平原农业绿色低碳重点实验室,黑龙江 大庆
    6.黑龙江八一农垦大学 食品学院,黑龙江 大庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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