Article(id=1238813322791940637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250745, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1763049600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-14, onlineDate=1773285712191, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285712191, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285712191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285712191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1152, endPage=1166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813323211371066, articleId=1238813322791940637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Diversity of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimiahaemolytica in transported calves, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pasteurella multocida (Pm) and Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh) are major bacterial pathogens responsible for bovine respiratory diseases. However, the diversity of these two pathogens in transported calf populations remains poorly understood, which severely hinders the effective prevention and control of their infections. Objective To investigate the diversity of Pm and Mh in a group of fattening calves purchased from a calf trading market in Inner Mongolia and transported to a breeding farm in Hechuan, Chongqing. Methods After arrival, nasal swabs were collected from calves showing respiratory symptoms at four time points for bacterial isolation and culture. Suspected Pm and Mh colonies were selected based on colony morphology, hemolytic characteristics, and Wright-Giemsa staining results, followed by PCR identification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for confirmation. Furthermore, the serotypes, biochemical and antibiotic resistance profiles, virulence genes, and resistance genes of the isolates were analyzed. Results A total of 23 strains of Pm serotype A, 10 strains of Mhserotype A6, and 1 strain of Mhserotype A2 were isolated from 68 nasal swabs collected at 4 different time points, and only 1 nasal swab harbored both Pm and Mh. Some isolates exhibited diversity in biochemical and antibiotic resistance profiles, which had no significant correlation with sampling time points. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that Pm and Mh isolates were resistant to most penicillins, aminoglycosides, and lincosamides but remained sensitive to cephalosporins and quinolones. Resistance gene detection showed that β-lactamase resistance (blaTEM ) genes were detected in 73.91% of Pm isolates and 90.91% of Mh isolates, while sulfonamide resistance (sul2) genes were found in 69.57% of Pm isolates and 18.18% of Mh isolates. Only one Mh isolate carried aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA25 and aadB). Discrepancies were observed between resistance phenotype and the presence of selected resistance genes. All Pm and Mh isolates were pathogenic. Virulence gene analysis confirmed that Pm isolates consistently carried tonB, hsf-1, nanB, oma87, and tbpA, while Mh isolates showed the detection rates of 100% for gapA and dnaN, 82% for lktA, plpB, and tbpB, and 0 for ptfA. Conclusion These findings suggest that calves purchased from trading markets and transported over long distances to new farms harbor Pm and Mh strains exhibiting diversity in biochemical characteristics and drug resistance, which pose challenges for effective infection control. This study provides critical insights for developing prevention and control strategies against Pm and Mh infections in transported calves.

, correspAuthors=Nengzhang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida, Pm)和溶血性曼氏杆菌(Mannheimia haemolytica, Mh)是导致牛呼吸道疾病的主要细菌性病原。目前,对这2种病原在运输后犊牛群中存在的多样性情况仍缺乏了解,严重影响了其感染的有效防控。 目的 调查一批从内蒙古某犊牛交易市场购买并运送到重庆合川某养殖场的育肥犊牛群中存在的Pm和Mh多样性情况。 方法 犊牛运送到牛场后分4个时间点采集有呼吸道症状的犊牛鼻拭子进行细菌分离培养。根据菌落特点、溶血特性及瑞氏染色特性挑取Pm和Mh疑似菌落,通过特异PCR鉴定及16S rRNA基因序列分析进行确定,进而测定各分离株的血清型、生化及耐药特性,以及毒力基因和耐药基因的存在情况。 结果 在4个时间点所采集的68个有呼吸道症状的鼻拭子中共分离到23株A型Pm、10株A6型Mh和1株A2型Mh,总分离率达50%。仅在1个样本中同时分离到了Pm和Mh,部分菌株的生化特性及耐药特性呈现多样性,且与样本采集时间点无显著相关性。耐药性测定发现Pm及Mh分离株对多数青霉素类、氨基糖苷类及林可胺类抗生素具有耐药性,对头孢菌素类及喹诺酮类抗生素较为敏感。耐药基因检测显示,Pm及Mh分离株中β-内酰胺类基因(blaTEM )检出率分别为73.91%、90.91%,磺胺类基因(sul2)检出率分别为69.57%、18.18%,仅1株Mh检出氨基糖苷类基因(aadA25aadB),部分分离株的耐药表型与所选择测定的耐药基因间存在差异。所有Pm及Mh分离株均具有致病性,毒力基因检出发现,Pm分离株均能检出tonBhsf-1nanBoma87tbpA等毒力相关基因,Mh分离株中毒力基因gapAdnaN检出率为100%,lktAplpBtbpB基因检出率均为82%,并未检出ptfA结论 长途运输到新养殖场的犊牛群所携带的Pm和Mh在生化特性及耐药性等方面呈现出多样性,这给饲养期Pm和Mh感染的防控带来了较大挑战。该研究为运输后犊牛Pm和Mh感染的防控策略制定提供了参考依据。

, correspAuthors=李能章, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vHNUA5cnJyJaf1/+OXqljg==, magXml=t08VipQqeVa9lb2P+uQPXA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rPDeY/WX6iGL00isSEFzGw==, pdfFileSize=2443233, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KYBTyRTMXgIVEvC2rZ4hog==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SqUfx/tLHhulTXRNrFeyFA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

吕荣华:数据分析,撰写文章;刘心语:软件程序;王菡鹭:验证;杨洋:数据收集与监管;郝成武:项目管理;何芳:监督管理;赵光夫:方法论;彭远义:提供资源;李能章:提出概念,获取基金,执行调研。

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Gray: Fermentation; White: Non fermentation., figureFileSmall=yuSXeIxXe8UaT2Iwdja95w==, figureFileBig=oofOkwecB1nJV9DhvCNKEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113407378208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Pm生化发酵结果。灰色:发酵;白色:不发酵。, figureFileSmall=yuSXeIxXe8UaT2Iwdja95w==, figureFileBig=oofOkwecB1nJV9DhvCNKEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113508041508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Biochemical fermentation results of Mannheimia heamolytica strains. Gray: Fermentation; White: Non fermentation., figureFileSmall=ym7Ay3XnrWf2FAFoZJ5wew==, figureFileBig=tasGUf3u3sBDePcZ0/Il4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113621287718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Mh生化发酵结果。灰色:发酵;白色:不发酵。, figureFileSmall=ym7Ay3XnrWf2FAFoZJ5wew==, figureFileBig=tasGUf3u3sBDePcZ0/Il4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113768088364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Drug resistance and resistance genes distribution in Pasteurella multocida strains. Pm: Pasteurella multocida; Blue: Sensitivity; Yellow: Intermediate; Red: Drug resistance; Gray: Carrying this gene; White: Missing this gene., figureFileSmall=cDssOMSRf1/LQN4Hu/hnFg==, figureFileBig=K1c9syVZw0THh8fJa9KQYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113927471925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=CN, label=图4, caption=多杀性巴氏杆菌药物敏感性与耐药基因分布。Pm:Pasteurella multocida。蓝色:敏感;黄色:中介;红色:耐药;灰色:携带该基因;白色:缺失该基因。, figureFileSmall=cDssOMSRf1/LQN4Hu/hnFg==, figureFileBig=K1c9syVZw0THh8fJa9KQYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114036523832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Drug resistance and resistance genes distribution in Mannheimia haemolytica strains. Mh: Mannheimia haemolytica; Blue: Sensitivity; Yellow: Intermediate; Red: Drug resistance; Gray: Carrying this gene; White: Missing this gene., figureFileSmall=TcuZUNd/ok5wx9HK+9lGrQ==, figureFileBig=exNRYxyCEfLQuOaE6QjlcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114170741567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=CN, label=图5, caption=溶血性曼氏杆菌药物敏感性与耐药基因分布。Mh:Mannheimia haemolytica。蓝色:敏感;黄色:中介;红色:耐药;灰色:携带该基因;白色:缺失该基因。, figureFileSmall=TcuZUNd/ok5wx9HK+9lGrQ==, figureFileBig=exNRYxyCEfLQuOaE6QjlcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114300764998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Distribution of virulence genes in different strains. A: Virulence genes in different strains of Pasteurella multocida; B: Virulence genes in different strains of Mannheimia haemolytica. Gray: Carrying this gene; White: Missing this gene., figureFileSmall=52Wv0S1BTrjZQOCFUIqxdg==, figureFileBig=GzwfSowetHhnKpGnmyzmSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114405622603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=CN, label=图6, caption=毒力基因分布情况。A:Pm毒力基因分布;B:Mh毒力基因分布。灰色:携带该基因;白色:缺失该基因。, figureFileSmall=52Wv0S1BTrjZQOCFUIqxdg==, figureFileBig=GzwfSowetHhnKpGnmyzmSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114527257427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primer names

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

扩增长度

Amplification length (bp)

16S rRNA-F

16S rRNA-R

AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG

GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT

1 540

Kmt1-F

Kmt1-R

ATCCGCTATTTACCCAGTGG

GCTGTAAACGAACTCGCCAC

460

Lkt-F

Lkt-R

GCAGGAGGTGATTATTAAAGTGG

CAGCAGTTATTGTCATACCTGAAC

206

hyaD-hyaC-F

hyaD-hyaC-R

TGCCAAAATCGCAGTCAG

TTGCCATCATTGTCAGTG

1 044

bcbD-F

bcbD-R

CATTTATCCAAGCTCCACC

GCCCGAGAGTTTCAATCC

760

dcbF-F

dcbF-R

TTACAAAAGAAAGACTAGGAGCCC

CATCTACCCACTCAACCATATCAG

657

ecbJ-F

ecbJ-R

TCCGCAGAAAATTATTGACTC

TGCTGCTTGATTTTGTC

511

fcbD-F

fcbD-R

AATCGGAGAACGCAGAAATCAG

TTCCGCCGTCAATTACTCTG

851

Hyp-F

Hyp-R

CATTTCCTTAGGTTCAGC

AAGTCATCGTAATGCCT

306

Core2-F

Core2-R

GGCATATCCTAAAGCCGT

AGAATCCACTATTGGGCACC

160

TupA-F

TupA-R

TGAGAATTTCGACAGCACT

ACCTTGGCATATCGTACC

78

aadA25-F

aadA25-R

TATGGAGGCTTCGGCTTT

GCTATGTTCTCTTGCTTTTGTC

217

aadB-F

aadB-R

CAGTCGCCCTAAAACAAA

CAGTCAAGTAACTCATCCCC

247

blaTEM -F

blaTEM -R

GAGTATTCAACATTTTCGT

ACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGA

857

sul2-F

sul2-R

ATGATCTAACCCTCGGTCTC

CGGCATCGTCAACATAACC

722

sul1-F

sul1-R

TTCGGCATTGTGAATCTCAC

ATGATCTAACCCTCGGTCTC

822

lnuA-F

lnuA-R

GCATGTTATTGATTTTAAATT

GCTTAGGAGGGATAAAATGAA

500

ermC-F

ermC-R

GGATCAGGAAAAGGACATTTTAC

GCTAATATTGTTTAAATCGTCAAT

572

hgbB-F

hgbB-R

TGAGTACGGCTTGACATTTAGGT

GTTATGCGGTTCGTGGTGTT

831

tonB-F

tonB-R

CGACGGTGAAACCTGAGCCA

CCGAGCGATAAGCATTGACT

261

hsf-1-F

hsf-1-R

GGATTAACAAGACTCAAGGTTG

ATGGTAAGAATGGCGGAA

703

nanB-F

nanB-R

ATAAAGTGACGCCGAAAGCT

AGGAAGACTGTCCTTTATTCCG

573

tbpA-F

tbpA-R

TTGGTTGGAAACGGTAAAGC

TAACGTGTACGGAAAAGCCC

728

oma87-F

oma87-R

GGCAGCGAGCAACAGATAACG

TGTTCGTCAAATGTCGGGTGA

838

lktA-F

lktA-R

CTTACATTTTAGCCCAACGTG

TAAATTCGCAAGATAACGGG

497

plpB-F

plpB-R

CGTACAGGCGGATACCTCAC

ACCAACCTTTCACCACACCA

272

tbpB-F

tbpB-R

GATTTTACTACCGATGCGAGA

TTTATTAGCAAAATCAGCCGTA

165

gapA-F

gapA-R

GGTATTACCTGCATTAAACGG

GCACCATTGAAGTCTGTTGAA

210

dnaN-F

dnaN-R

GCGAGGCAGAACTCGGCGGT

ATCGTGCCACGCAAAGCCGT

171

ptfA-F

ptfA-R

TGTGGAATTCAGCATTTTAGTGTGTC

TCATGAATTCTTATGCGCAAAATCCT

480
), ArticleFig(id=1238891114674058073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所使用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primer names

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

扩增长度

Amplification length (bp)

16S rRNA-F

16S rRNA-R

AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG

GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT

1 540

Kmt1-F

Kmt1-R

ATCCGCTATTTACCCAGTGG

GCTGTAAACGAACTCGCCAC

460

Lkt-F

Lkt-R

GCAGGAGGTGATTATTAAAGTGG

CAGCAGTTATTGTCATACCTGAAC

206

hyaD-hyaC-F

hyaD-hyaC-R

TGCCAAAATCGCAGTCAG

TTGCCATCATTGTCAGTG

1 044

bcbD-F

bcbD-R

CATTTATCCAAGCTCCACC

GCCCGAGAGTTTCAATCC

760

dcbF-F

dcbF-R

TTACAAAAGAAAGACTAGGAGCCC

CATCTACCCACTCAACCATATCAG

657

ecbJ-F

ecbJ-R

TCCGCAGAAAATTATTGACTC

TGCTGCTTGATTTTGTC

511

fcbD-F

fcbD-R

AATCGGAGAACGCAGAAATCAG

TTCCGCCGTCAATTACTCTG

851

Hyp-F

Hyp-R

CATTTCCTTAGGTTCAGC

AAGTCATCGTAATGCCT

306

Core2-F

Core2-R

GGCATATCCTAAAGCCGT

AGAATCCACTATTGGGCACC

160

TupA-F

TupA-R

TGAGAATTTCGACAGCACT

ACCTTGGCATATCGTACC

78

aadA25-F

aadA25-R

TATGGAGGCTTCGGCTTT

GCTATGTTCTCTTGCTTTTGTC

217

aadB-F

aadB-R

CAGTCGCCCTAAAACAAA

CAGTCAAGTAACTCATCCCC

247

blaTEM -F

blaTEM -R

GAGTATTCAACATTTTCGT

ACCAATGCTTAATCAGTGA

857

sul2-F

sul2-R

ATGATCTAACCCTCGGTCTC

CGGCATCGTCAACATAACC

722

sul1-F

sul1-R

TTCGGCATTGTGAATCTCAC

ATGATCTAACCCTCGGTCTC

822

lnuA-F

lnuA-R

GCATGTTATTGATTTTAAATT

GCTTAGGAGGGATAAAATGAA

500

ermC-F

ermC-R

GGATCAGGAAAAGGACATTTTAC

GCTAATATTGTTTAAATCGTCAAT

572

hgbB-F

hgbB-R

TGAGTACGGCTTGACATTTAGGT

GTTATGCGGTTCGTGGTGTT

831

tonB-F

tonB-R

CGACGGTGAAACCTGAGCCA

CCGAGCGATAAGCATTGACT

261

hsf-1-F

hsf-1-R

GGATTAACAAGACTCAAGGTTG

ATGGTAAGAATGGCGGAA

703

nanB-F

nanB-R

ATAAAGTGACGCCGAAAGCT

AGGAAGACTGTCCTTTATTCCG

573

tbpA-F

tbpA-R

TTGGTTGGAAACGGTAAAGC

TAACGTGTACGGAAAAGCCC

728

oma87-F

oma87-R

GGCAGCGAGCAACAGATAACG

TGTTCGTCAAATGTCGGGTGA

838

lktA-F

lktA-R

CTTACATTTTAGCCCAACGTG

TAAATTCGCAAGATAACGGG

497

plpB-F

plpB-R

CGTACAGGCGGATACCTCAC

ACCAACCTTTCACCACACCA

272

tbpB-F

tbpB-R

GATTTTACTACCGATGCGAGA

TTTATTAGCAAAATCAGCCGTA

165

gapA-F

gapA-R

GGTATTACCTGCATTAAACGG

GCACCATTGAAGTCTGTTGAA

210

dnaN-F

dnaN-R

GCGAGGCAGAACTCGGCGGT

ATCGTGCCACGCAAAGCCGT

171

ptfA-F

ptfA-R

TGTGGAATTCAGCATTTTAGTGTGTC

TCATGAATTCTTATGCGCAAAATCCT

480
), ArticleFig(id=1238891114774721376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Isolates from the nasal swabs collected at each time point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time pointPmMh
D01-11-21-41-51-6
D72-22-62-92-112-132-142-172-182-182-22
D303-63-173-13-23-33-83-93-113-123-13
D604-14-54-84-104-114-144-164-204-6
), ArticleFig(id=1238891114833441637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322791940637, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各时间点分离菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time pointPmMh
D01-11-21-41-51-6
D72-22-62-92-112-132-142-172-182-182-22
D303-63-173-13-23-33-83-93-113-123-13
D604-14-54-84-104-114-144-164-204-6
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运输后犊牛感染多杀性巴氏杆菌及溶血性曼氏杆菌的多样性分析
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吕荣华 1 , 刘心语 1 , 王菡鹭 1 , 杨洋 1 , 郝成武 2 , 何芳 1 , 赵光夫 1 , 彭远义 1 , 李能章 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(3): 1152-1166
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(3): 1152-1166
运输后犊牛感染多杀性巴氏杆菌及溶血性曼氏杆菌的多样性分析
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吕荣华1, 刘心语1, 王菡鹭1, 杨洋1, 郝成武2, 何芳1, 赵光夫1, 彭远义1, 李能章1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南大学 动物医学院,重庆
  • 2.天康生物制药有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐
Diversity of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimiahaemolytica in transported calves
Ronghua LYU1, Xinyu LIU1, Hanlu WANG1, Yang YANG1, Chengwu HAO2, Fang HE1, Guangfu ZHAO1, Yuanyi PENG1, Nengzhang LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
  • 2.Tecon Biopharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. , Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250745
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多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida, Pm)和溶血性曼氏杆菌(Mannheimia haemolytica, Mh)是导致牛呼吸道疾病的主要细菌性病原。目前,对这2种病原在运输后犊牛群中存在的多样性情况仍缺乏了解,严重影响了其感染的有效防控。 目的 调查一批从内蒙古某犊牛交易市场购买并运送到重庆合川某养殖场的育肥犊牛群中存在的Pm和Mh多样性情况。 方法 犊牛运送到牛场后分4个时间点采集有呼吸道症状的犊牛鼻拭子进行细菌分离培养。根据菌落特点、溶血特性及瑞氏染色特性挑取Pm和Mh疑似菌落,通过特异PCR鉴定及16S rRNA基因序列分析进行确定,进而测定各分离株的血清型、生化及耐药特性,以及毒力基因和耐药基因的存在情况。 结果 在4个时间点所采集的68个有呼吸道症状的鼻拭子中共分离到23株A型Pm、10株A6型Mh和1株A2型Mh,总分离率达50%。仅在1个样本中同时分离到了Pm和Mh,部分菌株的生化特性及耐药特性呈现多样性,且与样本采集时间点无显著相关性。耐药性测定发现Pm及Mh分离株对多数青霉素类、氨基糖苷类及林可胺类抗生素具有耐药性,对头孢菌素类及喹诺酮类抗生素较为敏感。耐药基因检测显示,Pm及Mh分离株中β-内酰胺类基因(blaTEM )检出率分别为73.91%、90.91%,磺胺类基因(sul2)检出率分别为69.57%、18.18%,仅1株Mh检出氨基糖苷类基因(aadA25aadB),部分分离株的耐药表型与所选择测定的耐药基因间存在差异。所有Pm及Mh分离株均具有致病性,毒力基因检出发现,Pm分离株均能检出tonBhsf-1nanBoma87tbpA等毒力相关基因,Mh分离株中毒力基因gapAdnaN检出率为100%,lktAplpBtbpB基因检出率均为82%,并未检出ptfA结论 长途运输到新养殖场的犊牛群所携带的Pm和Mh在生化特性及耐药性等方面呈现出多样性,这给饲养期Pm和Mh感染的防控带来了较大挑战。该研究为运输后犊牛Pm和Mh感染的防控策略制定提供了参考依据。

长途运输犊牛  /  多杀性巴氏杆菌  /  溶血性曼氏杆菌  /  分离培养  /  多样性分析

Pasteurella multocida (Pm) and Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh) are major bacterial pathogens responsible for bovine respiratory diseases. However, the diversity of these two pathogens in transported calf populations remains poorly understood, which severely hinders the effective prevention and control of their infections. Objective To investigate the diversity of Pm and Mh in a group of fattening calves purchased from a calf trading market in Inner Mongolia and transported to a breeding farm in Hechuan, Chongqing. Methods After arrival, nasal swabs were collected from calves showing respiratory symptoms at four time points for bacterial isolation and culture. Suspected Pm and Mh colonies were selected based on colony morphology, hemolytic characteristics, and Wright-Giemsa staining results, followed by PCR identification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for confirmation. Furthermore, the serotypes, biochemical and antibiotic resistance profiles, virulence genes, and resistance genes of the isolates were analyzed. Results A total of 23 strains of Pm serotype A, 10 strains of Mhserotype A6, and 1 strain of Mhserotype A2 were isolated from 68 nasal swabs collected at 4 different time points, and only 1 nasal swab harbored both Pm and Mh. Some isolates exhibited diversity in biochemical and antibiotic resistance profiles, which had no significant correlation with sampling time points. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that Pm and Mh isolates were resistant to most penicillins, aminoglycosides, and lincosamides but remained sensitive to cephalosporins and quinolones. Resistance gene detection showed that β-lactamase resistance (blaTEM ) genes were detected in 73.91% of Pm isolates and 90.91% of Mh isolates, while sulfonamide resistance (sul2) genes were found in 69.57% of Pm isolates and 18.18% of Mh isolates. Only one Mh isolate carried aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA25 and aadB). Discrepancies were observed between resistance phenotype and the presence of selected resistance genes. All Pm and Mh isolates were pathogenic. Virulence gene analysis confirmed that Pm isolates consistently carried tonB, hsf-1, nanB, oma87, and tbpA, while Mh isolates showed the detection rates of 100% for gapA and dnaN, 82% for lktA, plpB, and tbpB, and 0 for ptfA. Conclusion These findings suggest that calves purchased from trading markets and transported over long distances to new farms harbor Pm and Mh strains exhibiting diversity in biochemical characteristics and drug resistance, which pose challenges for effective infection control. This study provides critical insights for developing prevention and control strategies against Pm and Mh infections in transported calves.

long-distance transported calves  /  Pasteurella multocida  /  Mannheimia haemolytica  /  isolation  /  diversity analysis
吕荣华, 刘心语, 王菡鹭, 杨洋, 郝成武, 何芳, 赵光夫, 彭远义, 李能章. 运输后犊牛感染多杀性巴氏杆菌及溶血性曼氏杆菌的多样性分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1152 -1166 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250745
Ronghua LYU, Xinyu LIU, Hanlu WANG, Yang YANG, Chengwu HAO, Fang HE, Guangfu ZHAO, Yuanyi PENG, Nengzhang LI. Diversity of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimiahaemolytica in transported calves[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1152 -1166 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250745
近年来,随着我国肉牛养殖业的迅速发展,形成了“北繁南育”和“北牛南调”的养殖模式[1]。然而,因长途运输引发的“运输应激”严重影响了所调运牛的健康。长途运输过程中路途颠簸、运输车厢环境拥挤、饲养条件差异以及气候变化等不良因素易导致牛只发生严重的应激反应,致使机体免疫力下降,诱发运输应激综合征,进而引发呼吸道、消化道乃至全身性病理性反应症状[2]。运输应激是引发犊牛患病和死亡的重要因素之一,严重影响了犊牛的生产性能,给我国肉牛养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失[3]
运输应激所诱发的牛呼吸道疾病(bovine respiratory disease, BRD)是多种细菌性病原和病毒呼吸道感染共同作用的结果,其细菌性病原主要包括多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida, Pm)、溶血性曼氏杆菌(Mannheimia haemolytica,Mh)、化脓隐秘杆菌(Trueperella pyogenes, Trp)和昏睡嗜血杆菌(Histophilus somni,Hs)等[4-5]。其中,以多杀性巴氏杆菌(P. multocida, Pm)和溶血性曼氏杆菌(M. haemolytica, Mh)最为常见[6],它们可引起咳嗽、流鼻涕、呼吸困难等呼吸道症状。Pm可分为A、B、D、E、F等5种荚膜血清型,其中A、F型可引发BRD,但以A型为主;而Mh共分为12个血清型,临床分离株以A1、A2、A6血清型为主[7]。Pm和Mh作为条件致病菌,常作为正常菌群定殖于牛上呼吸道。在非应激状态下其含量较低,而在应激状态下其在上呼吸道中的含量会急速上升,并侵入牛下呼吸道,进而导致肺部炎症[5],这是复杂环境条件综合作用的结果[8-9]。目前,虽然已知Pm和Mh可引发牛呼吸道疾病,但对于长途运输后一段时间内,同一群有呼吸道疾病的犊牛所感染的Pm和Mh的多样性情况仍了解甚少,这不利于Pm和Mh感染的有效防控。
本研究采用鼻拭子采样进行细菌分离培养的方法调查分析了一批长途运输后2个月内犊牛群中Pm和Mh的存在情况。通过测定各分离株的致病性、生化特点、耐药特性,以及所含毒力基因和耐药基因的情况,旨在揭示犊牛群中Pm和Mh的多样性特点,为牛呼吸道疾病的流行病学调查及防控策略制定提供参考依据。
一批购自内蒙古通辽市某肉牛交易市场的60头犊牛(180-250 kg,雄性,西门塔尔品种)被运送到重庆合川某肉牛养殖场进行育肥(运输时间为45 h,距离>2 600 km)。运输前和运输期间均未使用抗生素,养殖场提前1周进行了彻底消毒处理。在运回当天及之后的2个月内,分4个时间点采集了牛群中有呼吸道症状犊牛的鼻拭子,共计68份。犊牛运送到牛场的当天(D0)采集有呼吸道症状犊牛鼻拭子6份,编号分别为1-1,...,1-6;第7天(D7)采集22份,编号分别为2-1,...,2-22;第30天(D30)采集20份,编号分别为3-1,...,3-20;第60天(D60)采集20份,编号分别为4-1,...,4-20。所采集的鼻拭子均加冰袋低温运送回实验室进行细菌病原的分离鉴定。102只雌性昆明小鼠(18-20 g)购自重庆恩斯维尔生物科技有限公司,2只新西兰大耳白兔(2 kg)购自重庆市北碚区某养殖场,实验动物饲养及试验方法均已获得西南大学实验动物伦理审查委员会批准,编号为IACUC-20210625-05。
马丁肉汤培养基,青岛高科园海博生物技术有限公司;细菌微量生化反应管、药敏纸片、革兰染色试剂盒和瑞氏染色试剂盒,杭州微生物试剂有限公司;2×San Taq PCR Mix、DL2000 DNA marker,北京博迈德生物技术有限公司;基因组DNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司。
PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;常温离心机、冷冻离心机,Eppendorf公司;电泳仪,北京六一仪器厂;凝胶成像仪,上海天能科技有限公司;超纯水仪,Milipore公司;-80 ℃超低温冰箱,Thermo公司;4 ℃冰箱,青岛海尔股份有限公司;隔水式恒温培养箱,上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司;生物安全柜,苏州净化设备有限公司;电子天平,上海精天电子仪器有限公司;高压蒸汽灭菌锅,TOMY公司;37 ℃恒温摇床,上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司。
细菌16S rRNA基因序列扩增通用引物、多杀性巴氏杆菌及曼氏杆菌特异性基因Kmt1 (Pm)和Lkt (Mh)鉴定引物、荚膜血清型分型引物、耐药基因及毒力相关基因引物[10-14] (表1),均由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
参照基因组DNA提取试剂盒的操作步骤提取细菌DNA。PCR反应体系(20 µL):2×San Taq PCR Mix 10 µL,上、下游引物(100 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 7 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸40 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。
将鼻拭子放入装有1 mL马丁肉汤培养基的离心管中,充分振荡,使鼻拭子中的细菌悬浮于培养基中,取菌悬液进行10倍比梯度稀释至10-2,取不同稀释度的悬液100 μL,分别涂布于马丁肉汤琼脂平板及马丁+兔血平板,置于CO2培养箱中37 ℃培养48 h。根据多杀性巴氏杆菌的菌落特点及曼氏杆菌的溶血特性挑取菌落,进行瑞氏染色。对菌落光滑并带有一定荧光特性,且菌体染色呈两极浓染的初步判定为多杀性巴氏杆菌,而对有菌落有溶血特性及菌染色两极浓染的初步判定为溶血性曼氏杆菌。其后,通过多杀性巴氏杆菌及曼氏杆菌各自特异的鉴定基因Kmt1Lkt进行PCR扩增,最终通过16S rRNA基因序列扩增测序分析进行确定。将鉴定准确的多杀性巴氏杆菌及曼氏杆菌于-80 ℃保存。为便于统计分析,所分离菌株的编号与鼻拭子编号对应。
取Pm及Mh各分离株分别划线于马丁平板,37 ℃培养24 h。各挑取2-3个菌落于5 mL马丁液体培养基中,200 r/min培养12 h后,进行菌落计数。分别取2×108 CFU的菌对昆明小鼠进行腹腔攻毒,记录小鼠死亡结果,分析各菌株的致病性。
对Pm及Mh各分离株,分别以Pm的5个荚膜血清型基因(hyaD-hyaCbcbDdcbFecbJfcbD)及Mh的3个荚膜血清型基因(HypCore2TupA)进行PCR扩增,依据各基因的扩增情况确定分离株的血清型。
取1.5节中分离出的Pm及Mh各菌株分别划线于马丁平板,37 ℃培养12 h。挑取单菌落接种到微量生化管中,37 ℃培养24-36 h,观察并记录生化结果,参照细菌生化管说明书进行结果判定,比较不同时间点分离株的生化特点。
采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)测定Pm及Mh各分离菌的药物敏感性。取100 μL (1×108 CFU/mL)细菌悬液分别涂布于马丁肉汤固体培养基上,以5片/平板放置药敏片,测试28种抗生素,37 ℃恒温培养12 h,测量抑菌圈直径大小,并根据美国临床实验室标准化委员会(National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, NCCLS)标准判定各菌株的药物敏感性与耐药性。
以Pm及Mh基因组DNA为模板,选择Pm的毒力基因(hgbBtonBhsf-1nanBtbpAoma87)和Mh的毒力基因(lktAplpBtbpgapAdnaNptfA)及耐药基因(aadA25aadBblaTEMsul2sul1lnuAermC) (引物见表1)进行PCR扩增,分析各菌株耐药基因及毒力基因的存在情况。
经细菌分离培养,从犊牛运输到牛场后4个时间点所采集的共68个鼻拭子中,共分离到Pm和Mh合计34株。所分离菌株编号与所来源鼻拭子的编号对应,其中23株为Pm,血清型均为A型;1株为Mh,血清型为A6型的有10株,A2型的有1株,编号为Mh 3-3。仅在1个鼻拭子样本中同时分离到了Pm和Mh。其中,Pm在4个时间点所采集的样本中均能分离到,但Mh在犊牛运送到育肥场的当天(D0)所采集的样本中未分离到(表2)。Pm整体分离率显著高于Mh。在刚运输到育肥场的有呼吸道症状的犊牛中,Pm的分离率较高,Mh分离率为0;Mh在运输后1月左右的有呼吸道症状的犊牛中分离率高(图1)。
为了解Pm和Mh各分离株的生化特点,本研究利用微量生化管分别测定了各分离株对蔗糖、乳糖等12种底物的发酵情况。研究结果显示,Pm所有分离株均可发酵蔗糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇、麦芽糖、山梨醇,对于其他几种底物则是部分菌株可发酵(图2);而针对Mh,其分离株均可发酵蔗糖和甘露醇,对于另10种底物,也只有部分菌株可以发酵(图3)。不同时间点所分离的菌株其生化特点并无明显规律,Pm和Mh各分离株生化特点的差异反映了运输后犊牛群体中所携带的Pm和Mh菌株存在多样性。
为进一步了解Pm和Mh各分离株的药物敏感性及耐药基因存在情况,首先选用K-B法分别测定了各分离株对28种抗生素的敏感性。结果发现,除少数分离株外,Pm和Mh多数分离株的整体耐药性不强。Pm和Mh所有分离株对头孢类及沙星类抗生素均较为敏感,而对苯唑西林、丁胺卡那、克林霉素等几种抗生素完全耐药(图4图5)。各分离株间的耐药特性均存在明显差异,分离株耐药性与其分离时间点间无线性相关性。根据各分离株耐药特性综合分析,选择了部分耐药基因进行检测(表1),发现部分Pm和Mh菌株中含有blaTEMsul2基因,aadA25基因和aadB基因仅在Mh 3-11中检测到,其他分离菌均未检测到这2个基因,而lnuA基因和ermC基因在Pm和Mh所有分离株中均未检测到(图4图5)。比对耐药表型与耐药基因检出情况,发现Pm和Mh均对林可胺类克林霉素完全耐药,却未检出与林克胺类耐药相关的lnuAermC耐药基因;大部分Pm分离菌株对氨基糖苷类耐药,但未检测到与氨基糖苷类耐药相关的aadA25aadB基因;而分离菌株Mh 2-18、Mh 2-22对β-内酰胺类耐药,同时检测到含有β-内酰胺类基因(blaTEM )。Pm及Mh分离株中,β-内酰胺类基因(blaTEM )检出率分别为73.91%、90.91%,而磺胺类基因(sul2)检出率则分别为69.57%、18.18%,仅在1株Mh中检出氨基糖苷类基因(aadA25aadB)。所分离到的Pm和Mh有部分菌株的耐药表型与测定的耐药基因间存在一定偏差,预示着这些菌株的耐药表型应由其他耐药基因或耐药机制所决定。
采用小鼠腹腔途径攻毒对Pm和Mh分离株进行致病性测定(每株菌3只小鼠),发现所有分离株均可致小鼠死亡,这表明从有呼吸道症状的牛鼻拭子中分离到的Pm和Mh与牛呼吸道疾病密切相关。毒力相关基因检测发现,Pm所有分离株均含有tonBhsf-1nanBoma87tbpA等毒力相关基因,但未检出hgbB基因(图6A)。在Mh分离株中,毒力相关基因lktAplpBtbpB的检出率为82%,gapAdnaN的检出率则为100%,未检测到ptfA基因(图6B)。从测定的毒力基因来看,有2株Mh菌株(Mh 3-11和Mh 3-12)与其他Mh分离株显著不同,这2株菌的生化特点及所含的耐药基因也明显与其他Mh分离株不同(图3图5)。
牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)是肉牛养殖业最常见的疾病之一,对肉牛行业的经济稳定产生重大不利影响[15]。美国90%的大型养殖场报道BRD是其最常见疾病[16]。近年来,BRD也成为限制我国肉牛产业发展的重要疫病,每年带来数十亿元的经济损失。Pm和Mh是导致BRD的主要细菌病原,在患BRD的牛中分离率较高[17],其分离率可达60%以上[18]。然而,目前对这2种病原在同一患BRD牛群中的多样性情况了解较少,这不利于其有效防控。
本研究选取了一批从内蒙古通辽市经连续>40 h长途运输到重庆合川某肉牛育肥场的60头犊牛,调查分析了这批犊牛运送到牛场后2个月内,犊牛群中Pm和Mh的存在情况及分离株特性差异。这批犊牛运输到牛场的2个月内陆续有犊牛出现发热、咳嗽、流鼻涕及腹泻等症状。根据实际情况,本研究总共采集了4个时间点的犊牛鼻拭子,所采集鼻拭子的犊牛均具有一定呼吸道症状。这主要是从病原参与感染的可能性及分离率的角度考虑,通常参与感染的病原数量较高,易于分离。针对Pm和Mh的分离,采用具有一定鉴别作用的适宜培养基:Pm选用马丁固体培养基,其上生长的菌落透光具有一定荧光特性;Mh选用兔血培养基,其初次分离出的菌落周围会有溶血环。这批犊牛运到牛场当天,有6头犊牛流鼻涕,对这6头犊牛采集了鼻拭子,细菌分离发现,其中5头犊牛的鼻拭子中均有大量Pm,但未分离到Mh。其后2个月,即便有针对性地用药,但始终有犊牛陆续出现呼吸道症状。其后3个时间点所采集的鼻拭子中均分离到不同数量的Pm和Mh。从4个时间点来看,Pm和Mh的分离率呈现起伏,这可能与犊牛所处的应激状态对Pm和Mh生长繁殖的影响有关,但其具体原因还需深入研究。本研究所采集的68份鼻拭子中仅从1个样本中同时分离到了Pm和Mh,其原因可能与Pm和Mh的生长存在邻近依赖性抑制有关[19],二者在牛呼吸道上皮细胞表面的生长也存在相互抑制作用[20]。Pm和Mh总分离率虽达50%,但也有50%的鼻拭子样本中并未分离到Pm和Mh。Pm和Mh的这种分离率可能与呼吸道其他微生物有关,有报道称牛呼吸道合胞体病毒可以抑制Pm在上呼吸道的定殖[21-22],而牛呼吸道存在的乳酸菌则可抑制Mh在呼吸道定殖[23]。因此,未来可从调节牛呼吸道微生物群落入手,限制Pm和Mh的生长繁殖,从而减少抗生素的使用。
这一批犊牛运输到牛场后全场进行了运输应激干预,对有呼吸道症状的犊牛使用了抗生素。早期使用过咳喘康(免疫因子)、30%氟苯尼考、板蓝根注射液及加米霉素,晚期使用过多西环素及卡那霉素等。在选择采样时间点期间,即便牛场采取了应激干预并使用了抗生素,仍然在有呼吸道症状的犊牛中分离到大量Pm和Mh,而在另外未发生呼吸道症状的犊牛中采集鼻拭子,其Pm和Mh的分离率非常低。这种分离率差异应与犊牛的应激状态密切相关。本研究对所有分离株进行了生化测定和耐药性分析,发现不同时间点所分离菌株间无明显规律,多数分离株表现出不同的生化特性和耐药性。这表明在这一批犊牛群中存在多种不同特性的Pm和Mh菌株,其原因应与这批犊牛来源于肉牛交易市场有关。交易市场中很多犊牛来源于不同的生产地,不同来源的犊牛可能携带不同的菌株,在交易市场这样一个复杂环境条件下,病原在不同个体中相互交叉传播,导致犊牛群所携带的Pm和Mh毒株具有多样性和复杂性。此外,本研究发现所分离的Pm和Mh菌株生化特性与《兽医微生物学》[24]相关教材中的描述有所出入,书中提到Pm可分解果糖及半乳糖,一般对麦芽糖、乳糖、鼠李糖及阿拉伯糖不发酵,但此研究中分离到的Pm有少部分菌株并不能分解果糖及半乳糖,而多数菌株可发酵乳糖、鼠李糖,少部分菌株可发酵阿拉伯糖;针对Mh,教材中提到一般分解乳糖、麦芽糖,不分解阿拉伯糖、海藻糖及甘露醇,尿素酶阴性。本研究中分离的Mh菌株均不分解乳糖,与董海燕[13]、韩瑞等[25]的研究结果一致;有1株不分解麦芽糖,部分菌株可分解海藻糖及甘露醇,少部分菌株可分解阿拉伯糖,多数菌株尿素酶阳性,也与董海燕[13]、谢倩茹等[26]的研究结果一致。
这批犊牛虽然在运输后进行了抗生素干预,但从中分离出的Pm和Mh菌株整体耐药性并不强,仅对少数抗生素表现出耐药性。犊牛运抵牛场后使用了多西环素和氟苯尼考,然而分离到的Pm和Mh菌株绝大多数对这2种抗生素仍保持敏感性。这表明,菌株对某一抗生素的耐药性是长期累积的结果,因此应避免长时间和频繁使用单一抗生素。本研究进一步对比分析了Pm和Mh的耐药表型与耐药基因检测结果,发现分离菌株的耐药表型与所测耐药基因的携带情况不完全一致。这一现象与贾开文等[27]、董海燕[13]和王子杰等[28]的研究结果相似,但与高瑞等[29]和李贵琴等[30]的研究结果不同。对于Pm和Mh耐药基因与耐药表型不完全一致的原因,可能包括:一是所检测的耐药基因不够全面,存在多个具有相同耐药特性的基因;二是某一耐药特性可能由多个基因共同作用所致,而非单一基因决定;此外,外界环境因子也可能对相关基因的表达调控产生影响[31]。该研究表明,仅依赖耐药基因检测来指导临床用药存在一定局限性,因为病原细菌的耐药表型是多种因素共同作用的结果。因此,在临床用药过程中应综合考虑病原耐药表型、基因型以及临床实际情况进行综合诊断,并制定精准的治疗方案。
毒力基因与细菌的毒力密切相关,因此毒力基因的鉴定分析对深入研究菌株的致病机制、疫苗研发和分子分型具有重要意义[32-33]。研究表明A型Pm的唾液酸nanB基因的检出率与毒力强弱密切相关,缺失这种毒力基因的Pm致病性会有所下降[34]。本研究中nanB基因检出率为100%,与邬琴等[35]的研究结果一致,而高瑞[36]的研究菌株却并未检测到nanB基因,表明不同分离株携带nanB基因的情况存在差异。邬琴等[35]研究显示,hgbB基因仅在B型Pm中检出,hsf-1基因仅在A型Pm中检出,tbpA基因只在牛源Pm中检出,本研究对这几个基因的检测结果与此一致。Mh毒力因子众多,其中白细胞毒素(leukotoxin, LKT)是Mh最重要的毒力因子[37]。在本研究中未在Mh分离株中检测到黏附素相关基因(pfhA),这与贾开文等[27]、韩小丽[11]的Mh毒力基因检测结果不同。有研究显示,lktA基因在Mh中的检出率为100%[13],然而在本研究分离的Mh菌株中lktA基因的检出率仅为75%。这表明并非所有Mh菌株都含有lktA基因。因此,单一依赖LktA因子制备的亚单位疫苗对那些不含lktA基因的Mh菌株感染将无法提供保护作用。这一发现表明,针对Mh有必要研发多价、多抗原的疫苗以应对其血清型的多样性和毒力基因的变异,从而实现对Mh病的有效防控。
综合研究结果来看,从肉牛交易市场购买的犊牛,其所携带的Pm和Mh菌株存在显著多样性,在各种环境应激下均可导致牛呼吸道感染,这显著增加了防控难度。因此,为降低犊牛群中携带的Pm和Mh的多样性,降低防控难度,应尽量从繁育场直接购买犊牛,减少犊牛流通中间环节。
  • 重庆市博士后特别资助项目(2023CQBSHTB2030)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金(ZYYD2025CG12)
  • 西南大学大学生创新基金(S202410635289)
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2026年第66卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250745
  • 接收时间:2025-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-30
  • 录用日期:2025-11-14
基金
Special Funding for Chongqing Postdoctoral Research Project(2023CQBSHTB2030)
重庆市博士后特别资助项目(2023CQBSHTB2030)
Central Guidance for Local Technology Development Funding(ZYYD2025CG12)
中央引导地方科技发展资金(ZYYD2025CG12)
Innovation Training Program for College Students of Southwest University(S202410635289)
西南大学大学生创新基金(S202410635289)
作者信息
    1.西南大学 动物医学院,重庆
    2.天康生物制药有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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