Article(id=1238813322255061921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250820, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761926400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765123200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-08, onlineDate=1773285712063, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285712063, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285712063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285712063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1342, endPage=1360, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813322670298047, articleId=1238813322255061921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of different biochar materials on the colonization pattern and nitrogen fixation efficiency of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biochar serves as an excellent carrier for non-symbiotic nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria, enhancing their microbial activity and functions. However, the coupling mechanism between non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria and biochar remains unclear. Objective To explore the effects of different biochar materials on the colonization pattern and N fixation efficiency of non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria. Methods Non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria were inoculated onto biochar samples derived from maize straw and wood chips, the particle sizes of which were >2.00 mm, 0.25-2.00 mm, and <0.25 mm. We compared the porosity and specific surface area of different biochar samples. Throughout the incubation period, the dynamic changes in nitrogenase activity and the number of N-fixing bacteria, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) were monitored. Results N-fixing bacteria exhibited more uniform colonization and higher N fixation activity on straw biochar than on woody biochar, especially in the 0.25-2.00 mm group. The straw biochar with the particle size of 0.25-2.00 mm and inoculated with strains showed increases of 82.33%-160.55% and 231.46%-356.08% in the average MBC content and nitrogenase activity, respectively, compared with woody biochar. Moreover, significantly higher content of DOC and DON were maintained in all straw biochar groups, which provided a richer pool of available nutrients for microbial growth. The correlation heatmap indicated that pH significantly affected bacterial colonization and nitrogenase activity. Furthermore, nitrogenase activity showed strong positive correlations with DOC and MBC (P<0.001), which suggested that a carbon-rich environment was a key factor for the growth and N fixation of N-fixing bacteria. Conclusion Straw biochar with the particle size of 0.25-2.00 mm serves as an optimal carrier for non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria. It provides a favorable microenvironment for the N fixation and some other functions of the bacteria.

, correspAuthors=Bing LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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生物炭可作为非共生固氮菌的优良载体,提高微生物的活性和功能特性。然而,非共生固氮菌和生物炭的耦合机制仍不清楚。 目的 探究不同生物炭对非共生固氮菌定殖分布及固氮效率的影响。 方法 以定殖于玉米秸秆(S)和椴木枯枝(T)生物炭[粒径分级:>2.00 mm (a)、0.25-2.00 mm (b)、<0.25 mm (c)]的非共生固氮菌为研究对象,分析其比表面积和孔隙度的差异,并监测固氮菌数量、pH、可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)、可溶性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen, DON)、微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon, MBC)、微生物生物量氮(microbial biomass nitrogen, MBN)及固氮酶活性随培养时间延长的动态变化。 结果 固氮菌在秸秆炭上的定殖量分布更均匀,且能更好地发挥固氮作用,其中以0.25-2.00 mm粒径的秸秆炭效果更优。相较于木质炭,0.25-2.00 mm粒径秸秆炭负载菌株处理组的MBC平均含量和固氮酶活性分别提高了82.33%-160.55%和231.46%-356.08%。此外,在整个培养期间秸秆炭处理组的DOC和DON含量也显著高于木质炭处理组,为微生物生长提供了可利用的养分。相关性热图分析表明,酸碱性对非共生固氮菌的定殖数量和固氮酶活性具有显著影响;DOC和MBC与固氮酶活性呈强烈显著正相关(P<0.001),表明高碳生长环境是非共生固氮菌生长和发挥固氮作用的关键因素。 结论 玉米秸秆生物炭(0.25-2.00 mm粒径)有利于非共生固氮菌发挥固氮作用,其通过改善微生物的微生态环境提高了微生物的固氮活性和部分功能特性。

, correspAuthors=李冰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ywrEwZKBySr4M5xF0IgDew==, magXml=k0ExtgTa0rFb/KwPx6LHYA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LAe2wDnnn8ylhf5lmkQXwQ==, pdfFileSize=4482903, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=PEZctfojVLz6kqNX0+G/Fw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Yuqk8jU7izVAtH01XrDIug==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

王燚:实验操作、数据处理、结果分析、文章的撰写和修改;李新悦:实验设计、实验指导、文章修改;鲜一鸣:实验指导、监督管理;杨婉怡:实验操作、结果分析;梁靖国:实验操作、监督管理;赖琳:实验操作、数据分析;王潇珩:实验操作、数据收集;李冰:基金获取、项目管理、实验设计、实验指导、文章修改。

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S and T represent straw biochar and wood biochar respectively; a, b and c represent sizes with>2.00, 0.25-2.00 and <0.25 mm respectively; P represents Klebsiellapneumoniae. The same below., figureFileSmall=ZuoPfE12+XBe84KqBsdFdA==, figureFileBig=pg87uhy/J7Jzf0kLUOW8vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112740483833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图1, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)负载固氮菌电镜扫描图。S和T分别表示秸秆生物炭和木质生物炭;a、b和c分别表示粒径>2.00、0.25-2.00和<0.25 mm;P表示固氮菌。下同。, figureFileSmall=ZuoPfE12+XBe84KqBsdFdA==, figureFileBig=pg87uhy/J7Jzf0kLUOW8vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112904061700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria loaded on straw biochar (A) and wood biochar (B)., figureFileSmall=4+/4Z4MvrvIsn/DssOYqjQ==, figureFileBig=N/3QTNqdGtqoEPx58Dva8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113138942738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图2, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)负载固氮菌数量, figureFileSmall=4+/4Z4MvrvIsn/DssOYqjQ==, figureFileBig=N/3QTNqdGtqoEPx58Dva8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113285743386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Specific surface area of straw biochar (A) and wood biochar (B)., figureFileSmall=7N20we40RQ8fdZk3rM7fKQ==, figureFileBig=iriv+CMziTXvbsYCHDu5mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113407378206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图3, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)比表面积, figureFileSmall=7N20we40RQ8fdZk3rM7fKQ==, figureFileBig=iriv+CMziTXvbsYCHDu5mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113508041507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Porosity of straw biochar (A) and wood biochar (B)., figureFileSmall=lg9+F5jMy2uof41jDnhvVA==, figureFileBig=Dwt6J9Id1ZgTPkK4AQ8TPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113625482024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图4, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)孔隙度, figureFileSmall=lg9+F5jMy2uof41jDnhvVA==, figureFileBig=Dwt6J9Id1ZgTPkK4AQ8TPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113768088363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=pH value of straw biochar (A) and wood biochar (B). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of the same particle size at different times, and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of different particle sizes at the same time (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=UGNKxaCC6YT/ZXY6n1cy0w==, figureFileBig=mir+ytUtweS1YRrvcBXekA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113864557361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图5, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)pH值。不同小写字母表示同一粒径不同时间处理间差异显著,不同大写字母表示同一时间不同粒径处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=UGNKxaCC6YT/ZXY6n1cy0w==, figureFileBig=mir+ytUtweS1YRrvcBXekA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113940054838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Dissolved organic carbon content of straw biochar (A) and wood biochar (B). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of the same particle size at different times, and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of different particle sizes at the same time (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=1sizn95KG6DHKjE/jNhB/Q==, figureFileBig=MlZ+EVzSl0iGmGq3WTTnGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114057495355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图6, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)的可溶性有机碳含量。不同小写字母表示同一粒径不同时间处理间差异显著,不同大写字母表示同一时间不同粒径处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=1sizn95KG6DHKjE/jNhB/Q==, figureFileBig=MlZ+EVzSl0iGmGq3WTTnGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114179130178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Dissolved organic nitrogen content of straw biochar (A) and wood biochar (B). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of the same particle size at different times, and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of different particle sizes at the same time (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=++6SYmLb3eWovyDntcVggw==, figureFileBig=/iTuDcqdlkfyIKiSr7hyaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114296570693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图7, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)的可溶性有机氮含量。不同小写字母表示同一粒径不同时间处理间差异显著,不同大写字母表示同一时间不同粒径处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=++6SYmLb3eWovyDntcVggw==, figureFileBig=/iTuDcqdlkfyIKiSr7hyaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114430788431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Microbial biomass carbon content of straw biochar (A) and wood biochar (B). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of the same particle size at different times, and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of different particle sizes at the same time (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=bYR8RHMIbUCfmHbQWgddQQ==, figureFileBig=5j3hKjZ2ZgOiQAXCUlWfYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114560811863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图8, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)的微生物量碳含量。不同小写字母表示同一粒径不同时间处理间差异显著,不同大写字母表示同一时间不同粒径处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=bYR8RHMIbUCfmHbQWgddQQ==, figureFileBig=5j3hKjZ2ZgOiQAXCUlWfYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114711806813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Microbial biomass nitrogen content of straw biochar (A) and wood biochar (B). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of the same particle size at different times, and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of different particle sizes at the same time (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=siGgH0k7KSx0vNr/XAaExw==, figureFileBig=HS2Q47lc9LUUbZM2719taw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114820858722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图9, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)的微生物量氮含量。不同小写字母表示同一粒径不同时间处理间差异显著,不同大写字母表示同一时间不同粒径处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=siGgH0k7KSx0vNr/XAaExw==, figureFileBig=HS2Q47lc9LUUbZM2719taw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114913133417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Nitrogenase activity of azotobacter loaded on straw biochar (A) and wood biochar (B). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of the same particle size at different times, and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments of different particle sizes at the same time (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=m2PJGtgj2FcmTxO4d49U3g==, figureFileBig=7f2RudlkBqviwGO7tbmsBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891115013796718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图10, caption=秸秆生物炭(A)和木质生物炭(B)负载固氮菌固氮酶活性。不同小写字母表示同一粒径不同时间处理间差异显著,不同大写字母表示同一时间不同粒径处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=m2PJGtgj2FcmTxO4d49U3g==, figureFileBig=7f2RudlkBqviwGO7tbmsBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891115131237236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Correlation analysis. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=cZCw3jPTSL8gLOFKRdgPXg==, figureFileBig=xRkps6rXOqFNXijggIaKTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891115269649273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=图11, caption=相关性分析, figureFileSmall=cZCw3jPTSL8gLOFKRdgPXg==, figureFileBig=xRkps6rXOqFNXijggIaKTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891115403867007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic elemental analysis and ash content of biochar materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Biochar materialsElement content (%)

Ash content

(%)

pH
CNHO
Straw biochar45.390.602.3319.0032.548.19
Wood biochar75.320.122.4011.3810.498.31
), ArticleFig(id=1238891116913816454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813322255061921, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生物炭材料的基本元素分析和灰分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Biochar materialsElement content (%)

Ash content

(%)

pH
CNHO
Straw biochar45.390.602.3319.0032.548.19
Wood biochar75.320.122.4011.3810.498.31
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不同生物炭对非共生固氮菌定殖分布及固氮效率的影响
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王燚 , 李新悦 , 鲜一鸣 , 杨婉怡 , 梁靖国 , 赖琳 , 王潇珩 , 李冰 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(3): 1342-1360
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(3): 1342-1360
不同生物炭对非共生固氮菌定殖分布及固氮效率的影响
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王燚, 李新悦, 鲜一鸣, 杨婉怡, 梁靖国, 赖琳, 王潇珩, 李冰*
作者信息
  • 四川农业大学 资源学院,四川 成都
Effects of different biochar materials on the colonization pattern and nitrogen fixation efficiency of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Yi WANG, Xinyue LI, Yiming XIAN, Wanyi YANG, Jingguo LIANG, Lin LAI, Xiaoheng WANG, Bing LI*
Affiliations
  • College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250820
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生物炭可作为非共生固氮菌的优良载体,提高微生物的活性和功能特性。然而,非共生固氮菌和生物炭的耦合机制仍不清楚。 目的 探究不同生物炭对非共生固氮菌定殖分布及固氮效率的影响。 方法 以定殖于玉米秸秆(S)和椴木枯枝(T)生物炭[粒径分级:>2.00 mm (a)、0.25-2.00 mm (b)、<0.25 mm (c)]的非共生固氮菌为研究对象,分析其比表面积和孔隙度的差异,并监测固氮菌数量、pH、可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)、可溶性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen, DON)、微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon, MBC)、微生物生物量氮(microbial biomass nitrogen, MBN)及固氮酶活性随培养时间延长的动态变化。 结果 固氮菌在秸秆炭上的定殖量分布更均匀,且能更好地发挥固氮作用,其中以0.25-2.00 mm粒径的秸秆炭效果更优。相较于木质炭,0.25-2.00 mm粒径秸秆炭负载菌株处理组的MBC平均含量和固氮酶活性分别提高了82.33%-160.55%和231.46%-356.08%。此外,在整个培养期间秸秆炭处理组的DOC和DON含量也显著高于木质炭处理组,为微生物生长提供了可利用的养分。相关性热图分析表明,酸碱性对非共生固氮菌的定殖数量和固氮酶活性具有显著影响;DOC和MBC与固氮酶活性呈强烈显著正相关(P<0.001),表明高碳生长环境是非共生固氮菌生长和发挥固氮作用的关键因素。 结论 玉米秸秆生物炭(0.25-2.00 mm粒径)有利于非共生固氮菌发挥固氮作用,其通过改善微生物的微生态环境提高了微生物的固氮活性和部分功能特性。

生物炭  /  非共生固氮菌  /  碳氮组分  /  固氮酶活性

Biochar serves as an excellent carrier for non-symbiotic nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria, enhancing their microbial activity and functions. However, the coupling mechanism between non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria and biochar remains unclear. Objective To explore the effects of different biochar materials on the colonization pattern and N fixation efficiency of non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria. Methods Non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria were inoculated onto biochar samples derived from maize straw and wood chips, the particle sizes of which were >2.00 mm, 0.25-2.00 mm, and <0.25 mm. We compared the porosity and specific surface area of different biochar samples. Throughout the incubation period, the dynamic changes in nitrogenase activity and the number of N-fixing bacteria, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) were monitored. Results N-fixing bacteria exhibited more uniform colonization and higher N fixation activity on straw biochar than on woody biochar, especially in the 0.25-2.00 mm group. The straw biochar with the particle size of 0.25-2.00 mm and inoculated with strains showed increases of 82.33%-160.55% and 231.46%-356.08% in the average MBC content and nitrogenase activity, respectively, compared with woody biochar. Moreover, significantly higher content of DOC and DON were maintained in all straw biochar groups, which provided a richer pool of available nutrients for microbial growth. The correlation heatmap indicated that pH significantly affected bacterial colonization and nitrogenase activity. Furthermore, nitrogenase activity showed strong positive correlations with DOC and MBC (P<0.001), which suggested that a carbon-rich environment was a key factor for the growth and N fixation of N-fixing bacteria. Conclusion Straw biochar with the particle size of 0.25-2.00 mm serves as an optimal carrier for non-symbiotic N-fixing bacteria. It provides a favorable microenvironment for the N fixation and some other functions of the bacteria.

biochar  /  non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria  /  carbon and nitrogen  /  nitrogenase activity
王燚, 李新悦, 鲜一鸣, 杨婉怡, 梁靖国, 赖琳, 王潇珩, 李冰. 不同生物炭对非共生固氮菌定殖分布及固氮效率的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1342 -1360 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250820
Yi WANG, Xinyue LI, Yiming XIAN, Wanyi YANG, Jingguo LIANG, Lin LAI, Xiaoheng WANG, Bing LI. Effects of different biochar materials on the colonization pattern and nitrogen fixation efficiency of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1342 -1360 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250820
氮是限制农业生产力的关键元素,在植物生长过程中起着不可忽视的作用[1]。工业氮肥虽能在短时间内提升农产品产量,但其制作工艺复杂、肥料利用率低,大量不合理施用易引发氮素流失、土壤酸化、面源污染等环境问题,甚至导致农作物减产[2]。生物固氮是特定微生物(主要是固氮菌)在固氮酶催化下将氮气还原为氨的生物化学过程[3],具有高效固氮、生态友好和促进植物生长等优点。与共生固氮微生物相比,非共生固氮微生物(如自生固氮菌、蓝藻)能自行固定空气中的分子态氮,产生利于植物吸收利用的氮形式,且对植物无依存关系[4]。非共生固氮作用条件限制少、分布广,在自然界氮素循环中发挥着重要作用[5]。全球陆地生态系统每年生物固氮量约110 Tg,其中非共生固氮量约占陆地生物固氮量的一半[6]。在温带草地和热带雨林等生态系统中,非共生固氮作用贡献的氮素占主导地位[7],对全球生态系统氮素循环平衡起着关键作用。然而,非共生固氮菌活性低、对环境适应性差,在土壤中生存和繁殖均受到极大限制,难以大范围推广应用[8]
生物炭是生物质在缺氧或限氧条件下高温热解得到的多孔材料,具有比表面积大、高碳低氮、吸附能力强等特点,因此常被用作土壤改良剂和环境污染修复材料。杨贵婷等[9]研究表明,添加生物炭可优化土壤氮素时空分布,显著减少径流与渗漏养分流失。安增莉等[10]发现,生物炭可增加土壤表面活性吸附位点,增强土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附。Novak等[11]在土壤中施用生物炭,降低了渗滤液中Zn离子浓度。将生物炭添加到土壤中可成为固氮菌良好的栖息地,有助于提高固氮菌的活性及其环境适应性。在土壤中施用生物炭能显著提高固氮菌数量,明显提升生物固氮能力,增加土壤氮素[12-13]。王晓园等[14]进一步研究表明,施用生物炭还提高了放线菌、固氮菌等根际促生菌的相对丰度,降低了反硝化功能菌丰度,优化了土壤微生物群落结构,实现了植物-土壤-环境协同增效。此外,生物炭能改善土壤通气条件和容重,提高土壤pH值,有利于固氮微生物丰度的增加[15]。Lehmann等[16]研究发现,生物炭有利于微生物菌株定殖、生长繁殖,一方面是因为其能为微生物生长提供部分营养,另一方面是因为生物炭可作为保护微生物免受其他污染物影响的庇护所。由此可见,生物炭作为一种优良的土壤改良剂,其对土壤微生物的影响已有广泛研究。现有研究多聚焦于单一类型生物炭或静态培养条件,但由于不同原料所制备生物炭的孔隙结构与粒径分布存在显著差异,其保水保肥性能也随之变化,进而影响固氮菌的负载效率与定殖分布。因此,在将生物炭作为非共生固氮菌载体的应用背景下,其理化性质与固氮微生物之间复杂的物质循环及互作机制尚不明确,尤其缺乏对生物炭“高碳生长环境”对固氮菌活性与功能特性的深入认识。
本研究采用固定化微生物技术和室内培养手段,系统比较不同原料来源(玉米秸秆和椴木枯枝)与不同粒径级别在培养过程中对非共生固氮菌生长与功能的动态影响,综合分析生物炭类型、粒径梯度以及时间序列3个维度对非共生固氮菌功能的交互作用机制,探明非共生固氮菌在不同粒径生物炭上的定殖分布规律,揭示生物炭负载对非共生固氮微生物固氮效率的影响机制。本研究可为提高非共生生物固氮潜力、推广生物炭应用等方面提供科学理论依据,对促进土壤增碳固氮、减少化肥施用量、实现农业生态绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。
选取干燥的椴木枯枝(T)和玉米秸秆(S)生物质原料,洗涤3次,风干1周后于80 ℃下干燥24 h,再在马弗炉(Yamato公司)中以550 ℃热解制成生物炭,筛分制备成3种粒径:>2.00 mm (a)、0.25-2.00 mm (b)和<0.25 mm (c)。每份生物炭经121 ℃灭菌30 min后备用。
从无氮固体培养基上挑取1环肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)接入LB液体培养基活化,28 ℃、180 r/min培养至生长对数期(OD600=1.4)。将菌液4 000 r/min离心10 min后弃去上清液,收集菌株沉淀,用无菌磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)洗涤并重悬,调节悬浮液在600 nm处的光密度为0.7-0.8 (OD600=0.7-0.8),得到非共生固氮菌悬浮液。
将无菌生物炭和细菌悬浮液充分混合均匀,使生物炭的质量分数为10%,28 ℃、180 r/min培养24 h,直至细菌细胞吸附到生物炭表面和孔隙中。随后将混合液4 000 r/min离心10 min后弃去上清液,得到生物炭负载非共生固氮菌材料。同时,以无菌生物炭作为对照处理,置于25 ℃人工气候箱中培养。每个处理设置3个重复,每个重复分装为8个离心管,分别在培养时间为1、7、14、21、35、49、70、91 d时进行破坏性采集炭-菌复合样品以减少采样干扰,整个培养周期内无其他营养物质加入。所有样品一式两份,1份样品用于测定鲜样指标,置于4 ℃或-21 ℃的冰箱保存备用;另一部分用冻干机冻干,研磨过100目筛备用。生物炭材料的基本元素分析和灰分含量见表1
利用扫描电子显微镜(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)观察冻干样品的非共生固氮菌定殖情况。采用BET-N2吸附法[17]测定样品比表面积和孔隙度。具体操作为:称取冻干生物炭样品置于密闭容器中,在300 ℃真空下脱气3-6 h,然后在-195.85 ℃下使用N2于比表面孔隙分析仪(Micromeritics公司)进行吸附和解吸。在此过程中,测量氮气的吸附量和脱附量,从而得出不同粒径生物炭材料的比表面积和孔隙度。
利用稀释平板计数法[18]分析非共生固氮菌落丰度。取1 mL生物炭悬液稀释后均匀涂布到无氮固体培养基上,由单个细胞生长繁殖并形成肉眼可见的菌落,根据形成的菌落数、稀释倍数以及取样量来计算附着在生物炭上的非共生固氮菌数量。
称取1.00 g冻干样于50 mL离心管中,加入10 mL去二氧化碳水,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡1 h,过滤后用pH计测定生物炭pH值。
可溶性有机碳和氮采用总有机碳分析法[19]测定。称取1.00 g冻干样于50 mL离心管中,加入20 mL去离子水,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡1 h后,4 000 r/min离心10 min,上清液过0.45 μm滤膜后用总有机碳分析仪(Elementar公司)测定可溶性有机碳和氮含量。
采用氯仿熏蒸-总有机碳分析法[20]测定微生物生物量碳和氮。称取1.00 g新鲜湿润生物炭2份,分别置于真空干燥器内,其中1份放置含有氯仿的烧杯。分别用真空泵将装置抽真空,于25 ℃黑暗条件下培养24 h。加入10 mL 0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡1 h,用定量滤纸过滤后,使用总有机碳分析仪测定微生物量碳氮。
采用乙炔还原法和气相色谱仪[21]测定固氮酶活性。取新鲜湿润生物炭1.00 g于110 mL灭菌血清瓶中,塞上异丁基胶塞后密封。氮吹15 s,用注射器注射11 mL乙炔置换瓶内气体(使血清瓶中乙炔浓度为10%),于28 ℃培养48 h。同时制作乙烯标曲。反应结束后通过气相色谱仪(Agilent公司)测定乙烯峰面积,从而计算出固氮酶活性。
采用Excel 2016和SPSS 22.0进行试验数据处理,采用单因素(one-way ANOVA)方差分析,并用LSD和S-N-K差异显著性检验(α=0.05)。
通过电镜扫描(图1A)可以看出,Sa和Sb处理组中肺炎克雷伯氏菌的定殖数量明显高于Sc处理组。Sa处理组中菌株主要分布在生物炭孔隙中,Sb处理组中菌株则分布于生物炭孔隙和表面。Ta处理组中肺炎克雷伯氏菌的定殖数量明显高于Tb和Tc处理组(图1B)。粗粒径生物炭具有孔隙丰富度高、比表面积大的特点,为菌株提供了更多附着位点。
图2A可知,秸秆炭负载菌株后,培养第1天时各粒径处理组的固氮菌数量达到整个周期的最大值,分别为109.00 (Sa)、108.77 (Sb)和108.75 CFU/g (Sc)。培养第7天时,生物炭负载固氮菌数量显著降低。至培养35 d后,生物炭负载固氮菌数量趋于稳定,呈现Sb≥Sa>Sc的规律。与Sa和Sc处理组相比,Sb处理组在整个培养期间固氮菌数量分别提高了1.06%-15.31%和0.25%-31.59%。
图2B可知,培养前7天内,木质炭负载处理组可保持固氮菌数量与初始值持平,分别为108.80 (Ta)、108.58 (Tb)和108.84 CFU/g (Tc)。培养14 d后,固氮菌数量显著降低,并于35 d后趋于稳定,呈现Tb>Ta≥Tc的规律。与Ta和Tc处理组相比,Tb处理组在整个培养期间分别提高固氮菌数量0.20%-13.60%和3.51%-22.73%。综上所述,2种生物炭均在培养初期对固氮菌表现出较强吸附能力,随后定殖数量迅速下降,至35 d左右逐渐趋于稳定;其中,0.25-2.00 mm粒径的生物炭在维持固氮菌定殖方面表现较优。
图3A可知,生物炭比表面积随粒径减小而增大,Sa、Sb和Sc材料的比表面积分别为28.69、40.85、46.11 m2/g,呈现Sc>Sb>Sa的规律。由图4A可知,平均孔隙直径分别为2.98 (Sa)、2.89 (Sb)和3.35 nm (Sc),呈现Sc>Sa>Sb的规律,Sc材料的平均孔隙直径最大,可能因为其碎屑多,蜂窝状孔隙结构较少(图1A)。Sb材料的比表面积较Sa材料提高了42.38%。
图3B可知,Ta、Tb和Tc材料的比表面积分别为24.77、29.86、40.70 m2/g,呈现Tc>Tb>Ta的规律。由图4B可知,平均孔隙直径分别为3.53 (Ta)、3.35 (Tb)和3.04 nm (Tc),呈现Ta>Tb>Tc的规律。
图5A可知,秸秆炭负载菌株的各处理组在培养初期(7 d内) pH平均值较高,分别为8.19 (S0)、7.91 (Sa)、7.91 (Sb)和8.31 (Sc)。培养至第35天时,pH值分别显著降低(P<0.05)至6.42-6.92区间。培养结束时,与培养第1天相比,S0、Sa、Sb和Sc处理组的pH值分别降低0.88、0.59、0.29和0.92个单位。
图5B可知,与秸秆炭pH变化规律类似,木质炭负载菌株处理组在培养前7 d的pH平均值高于其余时间段。与培养初始值相比,Ta处理组的pH值在培养第14天显著降低0.77个单位,Tb处理组的pH值在培养第35天显著降低0.96个单位。
图6A可知,秸秆炭负载菌株后Sb处理组的可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量总体呈现先增加后减少的趋势,而Sc处理组的DOC含量总体呈现减少趋势。整个培养期内,S0、Sa和Sb处理组的DOC含量在培养第7天时显著提高,较培养第1天分别显著提高了70.59%、83.79%和77.56%。培养第14天时,各处理组的DOC含量出现显著降低趋势(Sc处理除外),而S0和Sa处理组的DOC含量在培养第14-35天内呈现持续增加趋势,增幅分别为28.93%和46.98%。
图6B可知,木质炭负载菌株后,与T0处理组相比,Ta、Tb和Tc处理组在整个周期的DOC平均含量分别提高9.17%、15.89%和12.71%。Ta和Tb处理组的DOC含量总体呈现先增加后减少的趋势。与培养第1天相比,各处理组的DOC含量均在培养第7天分别显著提高104.39% (S0)、56.98% (Ta)、112.36% (Tb)和106.45% (Tc);T0和Ta处理组的DOC含量在培养第35天较第21天分别显著提高36.99%和13.05%。总体来看,与木质生物炭相比秸秆生物炭负载固氮菌使整个培养周期的DOC平均含量提高了34.73%。
图7A可知,秸秆炭负载菌株后,与S0处理相比,Sa、Sb和Sc处理组在整个周期的可溶性有机氮(DON)平均含量分别提高32.02%、51.73%和71.71%。与培养第14天相比,各处理的DON含量均在培养第21天分别显著提高36.56% (S0)、143.49% (Sa)、54.88% (Sb)和34.05% (Sc)。Sb处理组在整个周期中的DON平均含量显著高于S0和Sa处理组,高出51.73%和14.93%。
图7B可知,木质炭负载菌株后,与T0处理组相比,Ta、Tb和Tc处理组在整个周期DON平均含量分别提高42.12%、43.89%和59.31%。Tb和Tc处理组的DON含量总体呈现先增加后减少的趋势。Ta、Tb和Tc处理组的DON含量在培养第21天较第14天分别显著提高110.49%、80.67%和156.91%。Ta和Tb处理组的DON含量在培养第49天较第35天分别显著提高129.26%和36.04%。Tc处理组在整个周期的DON平均含量显著高于其余粒径处理组,分别高出59.31% (T0)、12.10% (Ta)和10.72% (Tb)。总体来看,与木质生物炭相比秸秆生物炭负载固氮菌使整个培养周期的DON平均含量提高了39.07%。综上所述,与木质生物炭相比,秸秆生物炭负载固氮菌能更有效地促进可溶性有机碳(DOC)与可溶性有机氮(DON)的积累,显著提高了整个培养周期内DOC和DON的平均含量。
图8A可知,秸秆炭负载菌株后Sc处理组的微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量总体呈现下降趋势。与培养第1天相比,Sa和Sb处理组的MBC含量在培养第7天时分别显著提高47.16%和31.11%。Sa处理组的MBC含量在第21、49天相较于前一时期显著提高,分别提高65.84%、89.57%,Sb处理组的MBC含量在第35天显著提高50.40%。
图8B可知,木质炭负载菌株后,与初始值相比各粒径处理组的微生物量碳(MBC)含量均在培养第21天时分别显著降低980.28% (Ta)、246.59% (Tb)和65.46% (Tc)。至培养第35天时,各处理组的MBC含量均显著提高,分别提高了730.40% (Ta)、363.49% (Tb)和299.56% (Tc),其中以Tb处理组的提升效果最佳。培养35-91 d内,Tb处理较Ta和Tc处理组的MBC平均含量分别显著提高71.27%和64.52%。总体来看,与木质生物炭相比秸秆生物炭负载固氮菌使整个培养周期的MBC平均含量提高了58.50%,值得注意的是,Sb处理组的提高效果最优,分别提高了148.28% (Ta)、82.33% (Tb)和160.55% (Tc)。
图9A可知,秸秆炭负载菌株后各处理组的微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量均在培养第7天较初始值分别显著提高752.25% (Sa)、502.99% (Sb)和53.76% (Sc)。与培养第21天相比,Sb和Sc处理组的MBN含量在培养第35天时分别显著提高211.98%和110.70%。培养49-91 d内,Sa和Sb处理组的MBN含量呈现持续增加趋势,增幅分别为166.22%和106.71%。
图9B可知,木质炭负载菌株后Tc处理组的MBN含量在培养第1天出现峰值,随后持续处于低水平。Ta和Tb处理组的MBN含量在培养第7天较初始值分别显著提高13.31%和49.77%,随后总体呈现先减少后增加的趋势。总体来看,与秸秆生物炭相比,木质生物炭负载固氮菌使整个培养周期的微生物生物量氮平均含量提高了23.20%;而秸秆生物炭显著促进了体系中的微生物生物量碳含量。
图10A可知,秸秆炭负载菌株后各处理组固氮酶活性均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在培养第14天时达到峰值。各处理组固氮酶活性在培养第14天较初始值分别显著提高216.18% (Sa)、116.88% (Sb)和39.91% (Sc)。随后,固氮酶活性随着培养时间延长逐渐降低,培养第91天分别较第14天降低了739.62% (Sa)、593.03% (Sb)和990.80% (Sc)。不同粒径之间固氮酶活性也存在显著差异,总体呈Sb>Sa>Sc规律,Sb处理组整个培养期间固氮酶平均活性较Sa和Sc处理分别提高23.49%和60.83%。
图10B可知,木质炭负载菌株后各处理固氮酶活性随着培养时间延长均呈现持续减少的趋势,在培养21 d后趋于稳定,且较培养第1天降低了90.56%-134.50%。在培养第1天时,Tb处理组较Ta和Tc处理组分别显著提高52.51%和37.79%。至培养第91天时,Tb处理组较Ta和Tc处理组分别显著提高了27.69%和20.99%;Ta和Tc处理之间无显著差异。2种材料相比,秸秆生物炭固氮酶活性较木质生物炭提高了277.94%,Sb处理组的提高效果最优,分别提高了353.49% (Ta)、231.46% (Tb)和356.08% (Tc)。
相关性分析表明(图11),固氮菌数量与pH值在一定范围内(6.00<pH<9.00)呈极显著正相关(r=0.50, P<0.001)。固氮酶活性与pH值在一定范围内(6.00<pH<9.00)呈显著正相关(r=0.17, P<0.05)。固氮酶活性与可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.44, P<0.001)。固氮酶活性与微生物量碳(MBC)含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.57, P<0.001),固氮酶活性与微生物量氮(MBN)含量呈显著正相关(r=0.20, P<0.05)。MBC含量与DOC含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.23, P<0.01),而MBN含量与可溶性有机氮(DON)含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.29, P<0.001)。
非共生固氮菌的定殖分布受材料、粒径、pH值、培养时间等多种环境因素调控[8]。本研究结果显示,非共生固氮菌在玉米秸秆生物炭上定殖量更高且分布更均匀,这与Purakayastha等[22]对4种作物秸秆上生物炭-微生物效应研究结果一致,表明玉米秸秆生物炭更适用于微生物接种及土壤改良。这可能与生物炭原料差异有关,玉米秸秆生物炭来自草本植物秸秆,其纤维素、半纤维素含量较高,木质素含量则较低且结构疏松,有利于其分解营养物质供微生物生长活动。木质生物炭中结构稳定的木质素含量高,热解后更易形成致密的碳骨架,不易分解。此外,秸秆原料密度低,秸秆炭灰分含量较高(表1),因此在相同热解温度下玉米秸秆生物炭的产率高于木质生物炭。灰分中包含大量元素和无机矿物成分[23],这可能导致玉米秸秆生物炭可溶性有机碳、氮含量高于木质生物炭(图6图7),进一步说明秸秆炭可以为非共生固氮菌提供丰富的碳源。
培养第1天时,粒径<0.25 mm木质生物炭负载固氮菌数量(Tc)显著高于其余粒径(图2),这可能是由于其比表面积最大,可为菌株提供更多附着位点,因此在初始时吸附了大量固氮菌。然而随着培养时间延长,Tc处理固氮菌数量降幅最大,这可能是由于微生物资源竞争加剧降低了整体固氮菌丰度。Palmer等[24]指出微生物间互相抢夺资源,扩大自身生态位。小粒径生物炭保水性较差,结构稳定性较弱,易引起细胞失水,不利于菌株生长繁殖。Liao等[25]的研究结果也表明,就生物炭粒径而言,并不是简单的“越小越好”。相比之下,0.25-2.00 mm粒径生物炭负载菌株数量(Sb和Tb)适中,不但能吸附较多固氮菌数量,还能持续维持固氮菌活性。该粒径结构稳定性好,保水性优良,为菌株生长繁殖提供了良好的栖息条件。杨大盛等[26]的研究证实,生物炭比表面积和孔隙特征是影响微生物定殖与存活的关键因素,0.25-2.00 mm粒径平衡了菌株附着位点数量与养分资源竞争矛盾,既避免了过大比表面积导致的菌株过度吸附与养分争夺,又能为菌株提供充足生长繁殖空间,菌株定殖于生物炭后会分泌形成大量生物膜,为微生物群落构建提供良好微环境[27],从而维持固氮菌良好生长。郑华楠等[28]以芦苇生物炭接种微生物3 d后发现,优势菌种定殖效果随着生物炭粒径减小而增大(从0.60 mm减小至0.15 mm)。这与本研究结果不同,可能是由不同生物炭材料导致,且随着培养时间延长(91 d),载体材料含水率和透气性等因素对非共生固氮菌生长繁殖也产生了巨大影响。秸秆炭和木质炭负载固氮菌数量均在培养前中期(1-35 d)维持较高水平,并于35 d后趋于稳定,表明生物炭能维持固氮菌生长,但是过度营养不良胁迫可能导致固氮菌活性显著降低。胡敏敏等[29]发现在营养不良条件下,饥饿细胞可能会进入不可培养状态,引起菌落数量降低。生物炭中可溶性有机碳等易降解组分含量在初期促进了菌株增殖,而后期因养分消耗较快导致菌株生长受限。
酸碱性也显著影响了非共生固氮菌定殖分布情况。在培养35 d后,炭-菌体系pH值显著降低,同时固氮菌数量也趋于稳定,从相关性分析可知,生物炭pH值在一定范围内(6.00<pH<9.00)与固氮菌数量呈极显著正相关(图11),这与Chen等[30]研究结果一致,生物炭添加增加土壤pH值的同时也增加了固氮菌丰度。秸秆炭pH值高于木质炭,这是因为秸秆中灰分(无机矿物质)含量远高于木材(表1),碱性矿物质在热解过程中会保留在生物炭中,且部分转化为可溶性碱性成分。当秸秆生物炭与水或土壤接触时,这些成分易溶解并释放OH-,显著提高环境pH值,这与胡青等[31]在研究不同材料生物炭理化性质差异的结果一致,当灰分含量提高时,pH值也随之升高。
固氮酶活性是反映固氮效率的重要指标。本研究中秸秆炭负载固氮菌固氮酶活性显著高于木质炭(图10),这可能与秸秆炭中较高的可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳含量有关(图6图8)。从相关性分析可知,固氮酶活性、微生物量均与可溶性有机碳呈极显著正相关(图11),表明高碳生长环境有利于非共生固氮菌生长和固氮功能发挥。作为最易直接利用的碳源,高含量可溶性有机碳为固氮菌生物合成提供了充足的碳骨架,促进了氨基酸、核苷酸、脂肪酸合成,可促进非共生固氮菌生长[32]。Xu等[33]对高有机质土壤中微生物碳利用效率的研究也支持该观点,高碳环境能显著促进微生物生长与繁殖。此外,可溶性有机碳的增加还提高了非共生固氮菌代谢活性,能够为固氮过程提供必要的还原力和三磷酸腺苷(ATP),进而显著影响生物固氮作用效率[34]。然而,生物炭可溶性有机氮含量可能抑制了微生物量氮含量的积累(图11),减弱了非共生固氮菌活性与功能。这可能是因为外源氮素提高会抑制非共生固氮菌体内含氮化合物的合成[35],表明高氮水平的生境对非共生固氮菌活性有显著抑制作用,影响非共生固氮菌丰度[36],进而影响固氮酶活性,Reed等[37]的研究也支持这一结论,固氮酶活性和nifH基因丰度与总氮量呈负相关。因此,秸秆炭所营造的高碳低氮生境更有利于非共生固氮菌的生长与固氮功能表达。
秸秆生物炭和木质生物炭固氮酶活性均以0.25-2.00 mm粒径处理较高,这可能是其物理结构和化学性质共同作用、为固氮菌创造了一个“理想微环境”的结果。0.25-2.00 mm粒径提供了充足但不过量的比表面积、宏孔和介孔,保证了吸附菌株数量和养分供应,从而最大限度地激发了固氮酶的活性。Chen等[38]还研究表明,具有较好孔隙结构的生物炭颗粒促进了微生物氧化还原反应,有效地消耗了氧气,从而形成并维持有利于固氮酶功能的缺氧微环境。此外,相对于更小粒径(易团聚堵塞)和更大粒径(扩散路径长)生物炭,0.25-2.00 mm粒径生物炭形成了较为疏松的多孔结构,有利于水分、营养物质以及固氮产物(如铵)扩散和传输,这与Liao等[25]在研究不同生物炭粒径影响植物性能的结果类似。这一特性有效缓解了外界环境波动所带来的胁迫,从而更有利于维持固氮菌的高效固氮功能。本研究发现,0.25-2.00 mm粒径生物炭促进了固氮菌吸附和生长。这与刘秉儒等[39]研究发现土壤粉粒比例增加能提升微生物酶活性的结论不同,这可能是由于土壤粉粒优化了土壤团聚结构,而0.25-2.00 mm生物炭比表面积和孔隙结构能更高效地调节水分、通气。何芳兰等[40]研究也表明,当土壤细砂粒含量增加时土壤通气性改善,进而提高了土壤微生物数量。这表明生物炭粒径可通过调控含水量、通气性及比表面积等多重因素综合影响微生物定殖与生长过程。
生物炭原料来源广泛。木质生物炭通常碳含量较高、稳定性较强[41],但其灰分含量较低,所含钾、钙等矿物质养分相对有限。秸秆生物炭则原料丰富、成本较低,灰分中富含硅、钾等营养元素,孔隙结构较为适中,因此在土壤改良中应用广泛[42]。在农业实践中,配施生物炭可减少化肥用量,还能降低环境污染风险。因此,生物炭负载固氮菌有望能够提高土壤有机碳含量[43],显著减少氮、磷等养分流失,改善土壤结构,提升养分生物有效性[44]
生物炭因其具有高孔隙度、高表面积和高吸附能力可作为非共生固氮菌优良载体,通过改善微生物的微生态环境,提高了微生物的固氮活性和部分功能特性。其中,玉米秸秆生物炭因含有较高比表面积、灰分和可溶性有机碳含量,有利于非共生固氮菌定殖,其固氮效率显著高于木质生物炭。0.25-2.00 mm粒径生物炭平衡了菌株附着位点数量与养分资源竞争间的矛盾,较其余粒径显著提高了菌株数量、微生物生物量碳和固氮酶活性。本研究明确了生物炭负载对非共生固氮微生物固氮效率的影响情况,可为提高非共生生物固氮潜力、推广生物炭应用等方面提供理论依据。虽然非共生固氮菌在生物炭表面能发挥固氮作用,但是长期过度营养不良刺激可能导致细菌功能退化,关于生物炭生境对非共生固氮菌的营养调控机制还需进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42377333)
  • 全国大学生创新创业训练计划(202410626006)
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2026年第66卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250820
  • 接收时间:2025-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-01
  • 录用日期:2025-12-08
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377333)
国家自然科学基金(42377333)
National Undergraduate Training Program on Innovation and Entrepreneurship(202410626006)
全国大学生创新创业训练计划(202410626006)
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    四川农业大学 资源学院,四川 成都

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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