Article(id=1238813321990820741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250788, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760976000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764172800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineDate=1773285712001, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285712001, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285712001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285712001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1326, endPage=1341, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813322347336613, articleId=1238813321990820741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Hypoxia tolerance and its underlying mechanisms in Cucurbita pepocv Dayangua, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To determine the efficacy of Cucurbita pepo cv Dayangua (CPD) in alleviating hypoxia and explore the potential mechanisms involving the modulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Methods Male Kunming mice were randomly assigned into two groups: a control group (normoxia ddH2O, ND) and a CPD intervention group (normoxia CPD, CPD). The CPD group received a dose of 800 mg/(kg·d) of CPD, while the ND group received an equal volume of ddH2O for 15 consecutive days. One hour after the final administration, mice from each group were placed in wide-mouth bottles, and the survival time was observed and recorded. Fecal samples collected prior to the last administration were subjected to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and targeted metabolomics analysis. Correlation analysis between gut microbiota and metabolites was subsequently performed. Results CPD intervention significantly prolonged the survival time of mice under hypoxic conditions compared to the ND group. CPD altered the structural composition of the gut microbiota in mice. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) revealed significantly different bacterial taxa between the ND group and the CPD group, with higher relative abundance of Bacillota, Lactobacillus, and Alistipes in the CPD group. Microbial genera, including Paraprevotella and Lactobacillus, showed a positive correlation with survival time. Targeted metabolomics identified 9 upregulated and 31 downregulated metabolites in the CPD group. Notably, metabolites such as palmitoleic acid, glyoxylic acid, hendecanoic acid, l-aspartic acid, O-succinylhomoserine, and allantoic acid were significantly enriched and positively correlated with the survival time of mice after CPD intervention. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of differential metabolites showed the highest enrichment in the tryptophan metabolism and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways. Conclusion CPD intervention significantly prolonged the survival time of hypoxic mice. CPD intervention enriched beneficial microorganisms, including Lactobacillus, and elevated the levels of beneficial metabolites such as choline and allantoic acid. These findings suggest that modulating the “gut microbiota-metabolite” axis may be one mechanism through which CPD enhances host hypoxia tolerance, providing a theoretical basis and potential targets for developing microecological intervention strategies against hypoxia-related diseases.

, correspAuthors=Shengqun DENG, Yujing BI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: BI Yujing,
DENG Shengqun,
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Yitong LI, Huan ZHANG, Canying HU, Jianghui TONG, Xing FU, Zengming WANG, Hao GUO, Yafang TAN, Ruifu YANG, Shengqun DENG, Yujing BI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1238813323802759197, articleId=1238813321990820741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=苦味西葫芦提高缺氧耐受性及其相关机制, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 明确苦味西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo cv Dayangua, CPD)对机体缺氧的改善能力,并探究其可能通过调节肠道菌群及代谢产物发挥作用的潜在机制。 方法 将雄性昆明小鼠随机分为2组:对照组(normoxia ddH2O, ND)、CPD干预组(normoxia CPD, CPD)。CPD干预组剂量为800 mg/(kg·d),对照组给予相同体积的ddH2O,连续给药15 d于最后一次给药1 h后将各组小鼠置于广口瓶内,观察并记录小鼠在广口瓶中的生存时间。在最后一次给药前收集小鼠粪便,进行16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和靶向代谢组检测,并开展肠道微生物和代谢物的关联性分析。 结果 与对照组相比,CPD干预后显著延长了小鼠在缺氧条件下的存活时间。CPD干预可改变小鼠肠道菌群结构组成。线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)分析发现,ND组与CPD组之间存在显著差异的细菌类群:CPD组中芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes)等微生物的相对丰度较高。与小鼠生存时间呈正相关的菌属有副普雷沃氏菌属(Paraprevotella)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)等。靶向代谢组学表明CPD干预后有9种代谢物上调,31种代谢物下调,其中代谢物棕榈油酸(palmitoleic acid)、乙醛酸(glyoxylic acid)、十一烷酸(hendecanoic acid)、l-天冬氨酸(l-aspartic acid)、O-琥珀酰高丝氨酸(O-succinyhomoserine)、尿囊酸(allantoic acid)在CPD干预后显著富集,并且与小鼠生存时间呈显著正相关。通过差异代谢物KEGG富集分析,色氨酸代谢通路和甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢通路的富集程度最高。 结论 CPD干预可显著延长缺氧小鼠的存活时间。CPD干预富集了包括乳杆菌属在内的有益微生物,并提升了胆碱(choline)、尿囊酸等有益代谢物的水平。这些发现提示调节“肠道微生物-代谢物”轴可能是CPD增强机体缺氧耐受性的机制之一,为开发针对缺氧相关疾病的微生态干预策略提供了理论依据和潜在靶点。

, correspAuthors=邓胜群, 毕玉晶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=r4h170Sm/Mgc+6Vl+N+K1A==, magXml=kwUvPFn7UiaYh0EYf/GUDQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0BLRiY8GR7sWTNIirial7A==, pdfFileSize=3720511, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gkNLcAeFaUTZIBlEeo5D6A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IfcsG+Q0XpdZiRDMsVH43g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

李奕彤:进行实验研究并撰写文章;张欢:完成部分实验和文章修改润色;胡灿颖:参与数据分析及文章润色;童江辉:参与协助实验操作及文献检索;付兴:参与协助实验操作;王增明:提供实验原材料;郭浩:参与实验方案的设计;谭亚芳:参与文章框架构建;杨瑞馥:参与实验方案的设计与选题;邓胜群:参与实验的研究构思和设计以及对文章的审校;毕玉晶:参与实验的研究构思和设计,并参与文章的修改润色。

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A: Body weight change trend of mice over 15 days; B: Body weight difference between the two groups of mice at the experimental endpoint; C: Survival time of mice in the acute normobaric hypoxia tolerance test. ns: Not statistically significant; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=nFI+24npH+QHCdIq+dLs/Q==, figureFileBig=67TYSO2LMt0/3pq+2ggEMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114032320616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813321990820741, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CPD对小鼠体重及抗缺氧能力的影响。A:小鼠15 d的体重变化趋势;B:实验终点阶段的两组小鼠体重差异;C:小鼠在常压耐缺氧实验中的存活时间。, figureFileSmall=nFI+24npH+QHCdIq+dLs/Q==, figureFileBig=67TYSO2LMt0/3pq+2ggEMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114195898479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813321990820741, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The effect of CPD on the gut microbiota in mice. A: Top 10 species at the genus level by relative abundance; B: Chao1 index; C: Shannon index; D: Weighted UniFrac analysis; E: Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA); F: LEfSe analysis of species with significant differences between groups; G: Phylogenetic tree diagram., figureFileSmall=GTSnmmLPDxZTpPRWH1qsFg==, figureFileBig=myUa3H29wXBY2/A7Ziiwjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114309144693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813321990820741, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CPD对小鼠肠道微生物的影响。A:属水平相对丰度前10的物种;B:Chao1指数;C:Shannon指数;D:加权的UniFrac分析;E:主坐标分析(PCoA);F:对组间存在显著差异的物种进行LEfSe分析;G:系统发育树图。, figureFileSmall=GTSnmmLPDxZTpPRWH1qsFg==, figureFileBig=myUa3H29wXBY2/A7Ziiwjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114430779517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813321990820741, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The effect of CPD on fecal metabolites in mice. A: PLS-DA score plot; B: PLS-DA permutation test plot; C: Volcano plot of differential metabolites; D: Clustering heatmap of differential metabolites; E: KEGG enrichment bubble plot., figureFileSmall=waLxnNu+3fJeQB+imYhvIg==, figureFileBig=B8bvmIYRooMUMhKRN4H4hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114556608646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813321990820741, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CPD对小鼠粪便代谢物的影响。A:PLS-DA得分散点图;B:PLS-DA排序验证图;C:差异代谢物火山图;D:差异代谢物聚类热图;E:KEGG富集气泡图。, figureFileSmall=waLxnNu+3fJeQB+imYhvIg==, figureFileBig=B8bvmIYRooMUMhKRN4H4hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114703409291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813321990820741, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Differential metabolite comparison: ND vs. CPD. A: Fatty acids; B: Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues; C: Amino acids; D: Cholines; E: Fatty alcohols; F: Benzenoids; G: Indoles; H: Organic acids; I: Carbohydrates; J: Phenylpropanoic acids; K: Quinolines; L: Short chain fatty acids. **: P<0.01; *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=uI7P6meAooy4XkabgbdtVg==, figureFileBig=QwuL7Ym+oimLhrEL2M+89Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114812461199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813321990820741, language=CN, label=图4, caption=两组差异代谢物比较。A:脂肪酸类;B:核苷、核苷酸及类似物;C:氨基酸类;D:胆碱类;E:脂肪醇类;F:苯环型化合物类;G:吲哚类;H:有机酸类;I:碳水化合物类;J:苯丙酸类;K:喹啉类;L:短链脂肪酸类。, figureFileSmall=uI7P6meAooy4XkabgbdtVg==, figureFileBig=QwuL7Ym+oimLhrEL2M+89Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891114908930197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813321990820741, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Analysis of the association between mouse survival time and fecal metabolites. 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苦味西葫芦提高缺氧耐受性及其相关机制
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李奕彤 1, 2 , 张欢 3 , 胡灿颖 2 , 童江辉 2 , 付兴 1, 2 , 王增明 4 , 郭浩 3 , 谭亚芳 2 , 杨瑞馥 2 , 邓胜群 1, * , 毕玉晶 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(3): 1326-1341
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(3): 1326-1341
苦味西葫芦提高缺氧耐受性及其相关机制
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李奕彤1, 2, 张欢3, 胡灿颖2, 童江辉2, 付兴1, 2, 王增明4, 郭浩3, 谭亚芳2, 杨瑞馥2, 邓胜群1, * , 毕玉晶1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.安徽医科大学 基础医学院,安徽 合肥
  • 2.军事医学研究院,病原微生物生物安全全国重点实验室,北京
  • 3.中国中医科学院西苑医院,安全性评价实验室,北京
  • 4.国家安全特需药品全国重点实验室,北京
Hypoxia tolerance and its underlying mechanisms in Cucurbita pepocv Dayangua
Yitong LI1, 2, Huan ZHANG3, Canying HU2, Jianghui TONG2, Xing FU1, 2, Zengming WANG4, Hao GUO3, Yafang TAN2, Ruifu YANG2, Shengqun DENG1, * , Yujing BI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.Safety Evaluation Laboratory, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of National Security Specially Needed Medicines, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250788
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目的 明确苦味西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo cv Dayangua, CPD)对机体缺氧的改善能力,并探究其可能通过调节肠道菌群及代谢产物发挥作用的潜在机制。 方法 将雄性昆明小鼠随机分为2组:对照组(normoxia ddH2O, ND)、CPD干预组(normoxia CPD, CPD)。CPD干预组剂量为800 mg/(kg·d),对照组给予相同体积的ddH2O,连续给药15 d于最后一次给药1 h后将各组小鼠置于广口瓶内,观察并记录小鼠在广口瓶中的生存时间。在最后一次给药前收集小鼠粪便,进行16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和靶向代谢组检测,并开展肠道微生物和代谢物的关联性分析。 结果 与对照组相比,CPD干预后显著延长了小鼠在缺氧条件下的存活时间。CPD干预可改变小鼠肠道菌群结构组成。线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)分析发现,ND组与CPD组之间存在显著差异的细菌类群:CPD组中芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes)等微生物的相对丰度较高。与小鼠生存时间呈正相关的菌属有副普雷沃氏菌属(Paraprevotella)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)等。靶向代谢组学表明CPD干预后有9种代谢物上调,31种代谢物下调,其中代谢物棕榈油酸(palmitoleic acid)、乙醛酸(glyoxylic acid)、十一烷酸(hendecanoic acid)、l-天冬氨酸(l-aspartic acid)、O-琥珀酰高丝氨酸(O-succinyhomoserine)、尿囊酸(allantoic acid)在CPD干预后显著富集,并且与小鼠生存时间呈显著正相关。通过差异代谢物KEGG富集分析,色氨酸代谢通路和甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢通路的富集程度最高。 结论 CPD干预可显著延长缺氧小鼠的存活时间。CPD干预富集了包括乳杆菌属在内的有益微生物,并提升了胆碱(choline)、尿囊酸等有益代谢物的水平。这些发现提示调节“肠道微生物-代谢物”轴可能是CPD增强机体缺氧耐受性的机制之一,为开发针对缺氧相关疾病的微生态干预策略提供了理论依据和潜在靶点。

缺氧耐受性  /  苦味西葫芦  /  肠道微生物  /  作用机制

Objective To determine the efficacy of Cucurbita pepo cv Dayangua (CPD) in alleviating hypoxia and explore the potential mechanisms involving the modulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Methods Male Kunming mice were randomly assigned into two groups: a control group (normoxia ddH2O, ND) and a CPD intervention group (normoxia CPD, CPD). The CPD group received a dose of 800 mg/(kg·d) of CPD, while the ND group received an equal volume of ddH2O for 15 consecutive days. One hour after the final administration, mice from each group were placed in wide-mouth bottles, and the survival time was observed and recorded. Fecal samples collected prior to the last administration were subjected to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and targeted metabolomics analysis. Correlation analysis between gut microbiota and metabolites was subsequently performed. Results CPD intervention significantly prolonged the survival time of mice under hypoxic conditions compared to the ND group. CPD altered the structural composition of the gut microbiota in mice. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) revealed significantly different bacterial taxa between the ND group and the CPD group, with higher relative abundance of Bacillota, Lactobacillus, and Alistipes in the CPD group. Microbial genera, including Paraprevotella and Lactobacillus, showed a positive correlation with survival time. Targeted metabolomics identified 9 upregulated and 31 downregulated metabolites in the CPD group. Notably, metabolites such as palmitoleic acid, glyoxylic acid, hendecanoic acid, l-aspartic acid, O-succinylhomoserine, and allantoic acid were significantly enriched and positively correlated with the survival time of mice after CPD intervention. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of differential metabolites showed the highest enrichment in the tryptophan metabolism and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways. Conclusion CPD intervention significantly prolonged the survival time of hypoxic mice. CPD intervention enriched beneficial microorganisms, including Lactobacillus, and elevated the levels of beneficial metabolites such as choline and allantoic acid. These findings suggest that modulating the “gut microbiota-metabolite” axis may be one mechanism through which CPD enhances host hypoxia tolerance, providing a theoretical basis and potential targets for developing microecological intervention strategies against hypoxia-related diseases.

hypoxia tolerance  /  Cucurbita pepo cv Dayangua  /  gut microbiota  /  mechanism of action
李奕彤, 张欢, 胡灿颖, 童江辉, 付兴, 王增明, 郭浩, 谭亚芳, 杨瑞馥, 邓胜群, 毕玉晶. 苦味西葫芦提高缺氧耐受性及其相关机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1326 -1341 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250788
Yitong LI, Huan ZHANG, Canying HU, Jianghui TONG, Xing FU, Zengming WANG, Hao GUO, Yafang TAN, Ruifu YANG, Shengqun DENG, Yujing BI. Hypoxia tolerance and its underlying mechanisms in Cucurbita pepocv Dayangua[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1326 -1341 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250788
高原地区在全球分布广泛,约占陆地总面积的45%,海拔超过2 500 m的地区居住着8 160万人[1]。近年来,由于工作、生活或其他原因,前往高海拔地区的人类活动逐渐增多,人们必须面对高海拔地区独特环境带来的挑战,例如低压、低氧、低气温和强烈辐射等[2-3]。急性高原缺氧是指人体从低海拔地区迅速到达高海拔地区,在急性低压、低氧暴露期间,因身体暂时无法适应环境变化而出现生理不适[4]。超过50%的人在高原暴露期间会出现急性反应,如恶心、呕吐、腹泻和腹胀等[5]。长期处于高原环境后,机体对高原低氧环境的代偿适应会出现慢性高山病(chronic mountain sickness, CMS),严重危害人体健康。
肠道是人体最大的微生物栖息地,肠道微生物群落和机体在这里维持着一种互惠关系。肠道微生物群被称为“人类第二基因组”,在促进宿主适应高海拔缺氧环境方面发挥着重要作用[6-7],因此高原病与肠道微生态之间的关系愈发受到关注。研究表明,肠道微生物的衍生代谢物是肠道微生物与宿主间通讯和相互作用的关键机制因素,也是影响宿主健康与疾病发生的重要环节[8-9]。低氧环境对肠道微生物群及其代谢产物产生显著影响,三者形成复杂的相互作用网络,共同调节宿主的代谢稳态和健康[7,10]
苦味西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo cv Dayangua, CPD),别名大烟瓜,是葫芦科南瓜属西葫芦的一个变种,主要分布于内蒙古多伦地区[11-12]。研究表明南瓜属植物具有抗炎[13]、抗菌[14]、抗氧化[15]、抗病毒[14]及解热镇痛[16]等作用。本实验室[17]前期对CPD进行的毒性评估结果显示,小鼠灌胃CPD后未观察到急性或亚慢性毒性作用。鉴于炎症和缺氧暴露诱导的氧化应激是高原病的关键病理机制[18-19],而CPD具有抗炎、抗氧化特性,本研究探讨CPD是否能提升机体对缺氧的耐受能力,并从肠道微生物群及代谢产物改变的角度解析CPD发挥作用的潜在机制。
雄性SPF (specific-pathogen-free)级昆明小鼠(KM小鼠),体重(20±2) g,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,许可证号:SCKX(京)2021-0011。饲养于军事医学研究院实验动物中心,且已通过动物伦理委员会批准,编号为IACUC-DWZX-2025-046。在恒温、恒湿标准条件下饲喂,小鼠可自由饮水,并自动控制昼夜节律。
苦味西葫芦由黑龙江拜欧迪生物医药科技有限公司提供,并经北京市农业与林业科学院生物技术研究所刘贵明教授鉴定。首先将新鲜的苦味西葫芦晒干,洗净后烘干并研磨成粉,经25目筛网过滤。过滤后使用激光粒度仪(Sympatec公司)测定粉末粒径,CPD平均粒径范围为20-30 μm。称取筛分后的粉末,用蒸馏水配制成100 mg/mL浓度的悬浮液,随后使用均质机(上海弗鲁克科技发展有限公司)均质3 min,使悬浮液均匀分散,确保制备的CPD悬浮液能顺畅通过小鼠灌胃针。最终将CPD溶液用蒸馏水配制至指定剂量浓度,于-80 ℃冰箱保存待用。
将40只KM小鼠适应性喂养1周后,按照随机数字表法分为2组,分别为常压常氧对照组(normoxia ddH2O, ND)、常压常氧CPD干预组(normoxia CPD, CPD),每组20只。实验正式开始后,各组小鼠每日灌胃给药1次,CPD给药组剂量为800 mg/(kg·d),对照组给予相同体积的ddH2O,连续干预15 d。每隔3 d称量1次小鼠体重。于最后1次给药1 h后,将各组小鼠放入盛有10 g钠石灰的250 mL广口瓶内(1只/瓶),广口瓶内事先放置合适大小的滤纸以吸收小鼠尿液,钠石灰主要用于吸收小鼠呼吸产生的二氧化碳和水蒸气。之后取适量凡士林涂抹瓶口,盖严,确保不漏气后开始计时,以呼吸停止为指标,观察并记录小鼠在广口瓶中的生存时间,并进行统计分析。
小鼠灌胃剂量的选择依据:在急性毒性实验中CPD半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50)大于2 000 mg/(kg·d);而亚慢性毒性实验结果表明,给予200、400及600 mg/(kg·d)剂量的苦味西葫芦3个月均不会导致小鼠死亡或明显的器官损伤[17]。因此,在保证小鼠健康的前提下将药物剂量设定为800 mg/(kg·d),实验时间设定为15 d。
于最后1次给药后使用无菌粪便收集盒收集小鼠粪便,收集过程中保持粪便收集盒洁净,尽量保证粪便不接触尿液。收集的新鲜粪便立即装入1.5 mL无菌EP管中,并用液氮速冻。待粪便全部收集完成后立即放置于医用低温箱(-80 ℃)中冷冻保存。
16S rRNA基因扩增子测序样本量为每组20只。采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)方法对粪便样品进行基因组DNA提取,使用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测提取的基因组DNA纯度和浓度。采用特异性引物341F (5′-CCTAYGGGRBG CASCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACNNGGGTAT CTAAT-3′)以高效高保真酶扩增基因序列的V3-V4区域构建文库。文库合格后,通过NovaSeq 6000平台进行上机测序(PCR反应由北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司完成)。使用FLASH (v1.2.11, http://ccb.jhu.edu/software/FLASH/)[20]软件对样本下机数据进行拼接,得到raw tags。随后使用fastp (v0.23.1)软件对raw tags进行质控,得到高质量的clean tags。采用USearch软件将clean tags与数据库进行比对,去除嵌合体得到有效数据[21]
基于有效数据,通过DADA2进行降噪并过滤掉丰度小于5的序列,获得最终的扩增子序列变异(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)以及特征表。使用QIIME 2软件中的classify-sklearn模块将得到的ASVs与Silva138.1数据库比对,得到每个ASV的物种信息。使用QIIME 2软件计算α多样性指数并对组间差异进行分析;计算加权UniFrac (weighted UniFrac)距离并绘制主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA)图进行β多样性分析,使用Anosim函数分析组间群落结构差异的显著性;采用LEfSe分析组间显著差异性物种,LDA score阈值为4。
由于小鼠粪便样本量不足,靶向代谢组学样本量为每组6只。准确称取各代谢物标准品,制备混标线性母液,用甲醇稀释线性母液得到系列浓度的工作液。配制一定浓度的同位素内标溶液,混匀得到内标溶液。线性、内标和质控的母液及工作溶液均保存于-20 ℃冰箱。液氮研磨样本,分别称取ND组和CPD组一定量的粪便样本,加入300 μL 80%甲醇水溶液,涡旋混匀,静置10 min后,4 ℃、15 000 r/min离心15 min,取50 μL上清液,加入150 μL衍生化试剂,于40 ℃衍生40 min;稀释衍生后的样本到对应倍数,取90 μL上清液,加入10 μL的混合内标溶液,混匀后使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用(UHPLC-MS/MS)系统定量代谢物(靶向代谢组学检测由北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司完成)。
N500代谢组是为体外高通量绝对定量小分子代谢物而开发的靶向代谢组学技术,一次检测可对生物样本中近500种物质进行绝对定量,并且同时解决了非靶向代谢组学验证难和靶向代谢组学检测物质少的问题。涉及的关键通路包括胆汁酸生物合成、脂肪酸生物合成、三羧酸循环、氨基酸代谢、短链脂肪酸代谢等,包含众多肠道菌群相关小分子代谢物。
差异代谢物的筛选主要参考变量重要性投影(variable importance in the projection, VIP)、比较对差异倍数(fold change, FC)和比较对显著性(P-value, P) 3个参数。VIP是指偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis, PLS-DA)模型第一主成分的变量投影重要度[22],反映每一个样品定量值对差异的贡献程度;FC为每个代谢物在比较组中所有生物重复定量值的均值的比值;P是通过t检验计算得到[23],表示差异显著性水平。设定阈值为VIP>1.0,FC>1.2或FC<0.833且P<0.05[24-25]
为评估小鼠生存时间与肠道微生物及代谢物之间的关系,并揭示与表型改善相关的微生态特征,采用Pearson相关系数计算小鼠生存时间、差异代谢物及差异微生物之间的相关性。对相关系数进行显著性t检验,筛选出具有统计学意义的相关性对,设定FDR<0.05,将FDR校正后的Q-value作为阈值,当Q-value<0.05时认为差异具有统计学意义。绘制相关性热图,所有分析使用R软件(“vegan”包)完成。
生理数据采用mean±SD表示,对于2组数据之间的比较,若数据资料满足正态分布和方差齐性等前提条件时使用独立样本t检验;否则使用秩转换的非参数检验(Mann-Whitney U检验)。以P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。所有统计分析均使用GraphPad Prism软件(v9.5.0)进行数据分析。
整个灌胃期间,两组小鼠体重均呈增加趋势(图1A)。取实验终点的两组小鼠的体重进行分析,与对照组相比,CPD干预对小鼠体重无影响(P>0.05,图1B)。连续15 d给予小鼠CPD后,与对照组相比,CPD组在缺氧条件下的存活时间显著延长(P<0.01,图1C)。
物种丰度柱形图(图2A)展示了属水平上ND组和CPD组小鼠粪便样本中相对丰度排名前10的物种。在属水平上,排名前10的物种分别为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、宿主关联乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、毛螺菌科NK4A136群(Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)、暂定枝状杆菌(Candidatus_Arthromitus)、普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001 (Prevotellaceae UCG-001)、埃希氏菌属-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes)。其中,相较于ND组,CPD给药后Lactobacillus (P=0.02)、Alistipes (P=0.004)的丰度显著升高,而LigilactobacillusLachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group丰度有升高趋势,Bacteroides (P=0.03)、Escherichia-Shigella (P=0.04)、Akkermansia (P=0.007)的丰度显著降低,Candidatus Arthromitus、Prevotellaceae UCG-001Blautia的丰度有下降趋势。
为评估小鼠肠道微生物群落内部物种的丰富度和均匀度,采用α多样性进行表示。ND组与CPD组之间的Chao1指数(图2B)和Shannon指数(图2C)无显著性差异,表明短期的CPD给药不会影响肠道微生物群的物种丰富度和均匀度。此外,本研究基于加权的UniFrac分析(图2D)和主坐标分析(PCoA,图2E)来反映β多样性,其用以描述不同组别的微生物群落构成差异,结果表明CPD干预可显著改变小鼠肠道菌群结构组成(P=0.001)。进一步采用LEfSe分析确定组间肠道菌群的差异物种,在LDA阈值设定为4的基础上,LDA值分布柱状图和LEfSe进化分支图如图2F2G所示,在CPD组芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)、乳杆菌目(Lactobacillales)、乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、理化所菌科(Rikenellaceae)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes)的相对丰度较高。在ND组疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、疣微菌纲(Verrucomicrobiae)、疣微菌目(Verrucomicrobiales)、拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、阿克曼氏菌科(Akkermansiaceae)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)的相对丰度较高。
采用PLS-DA进行差异代谢物筛选。如图3A3B所示,PLS-DA模型评价参数R2接近1,且R2Y>Q2Y (Y表示PLS-DA模型的响应变量),表明模型建立良好,可作为寻找模型生物标记物群的前提。因此,本研究以VIP>1.0,FC>1.2或FC<0.833且P<0.05作为差异代谢物的筛选标准。研究发现,与ND组相比,CPD组小鼠的许多代谢物表现出明显改变。在40种代谢物中,CPD组有9种代谢物上调,31种代谢物下调(图3C)。样本间聚类分析(图3D)显示,各组组内样本聚类关系相近,差异代谢物丰度一致性较高。
本研究聚焦于具体的差异代谢物,发现主要有以下12类代谢产物(图4A-4L),其中脂肪酸类(fatty acids)、氨基酸类(amino acids)及苯环型化合物类(benzenoids)占主要地位(图4A4C4F),核苷酸及类似物(nucleosides, nucleotides and analogues)、胆碱类(cholines)、脂肪醇类(fatty alcohols)、短链脂肪酸类(short chain fatty acids)相对较少(图4B4D4E4L)。
本研究通过差异代谢物KEGG富集分析(图3E)发现,共有20条通路被富集出来,其中富集差异代谢物数量较多的2条通路是色氨酸代谢通路(tryptophan metabolism)和甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢通路(glycine, serine and threonine metabolism);同时,甘油磷脂代谢通路(glycerophospholipid metabolism)、叶酸生物合成通路(folate biosynthesis)、胆碱能突触通路(cholinergic synapse)、癌症中的胆碱代谢通路(choline metabolism in cancer)的变化最为显著。
图5所示,将两组间的差异代谢物(图4)与小鼠生存时间和实验分组进行关联,发现生存时间与差异菌属表现一致。与小鼠生存时间呈正相关的菌属有副普雷沃氏菌属(Paraprevotella)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、毛螺菌科[Lachnospiraceae (ASV501)]等。在CPD干预后显著富集的粪便代谢物有棕榈油酸(palmitoleic acid)、乙醛酸(glyoxylic acid)、十一烷酸(hendecanoic acid)、l-天冬氨酸(l-aspartic acid)、O-琥珀酰高丝氨酸(O-succinyhomoserine)、dl-3-苯乳酸(phenyllactic acid)、胆碱(choline)、尿囊酸,其中除dl-3-苯乳酸(phenyllactic acid)、胆碱(choline)外,剩余富集代谢物与小鼠生存时间呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。此外,与CPD干预及生存时间负相关的代谢物包含多个氨基酸及其分解代谢物:色醇(tryptophol)、l-脯氨酸(l-proline)、l-亮氨酸(l-leucine)、3-吲哚丁酸(3-indolebutyric acid)、 N -乙酰缬氨酸(N-acetylvaline)、丙甘氨酸(propionylglycine)、吲哚乙酸(indoleacetic acid);有机酸:4-羟基苯甲酸(4-hydroxybenzoic acid)、草酸(oxalic acid)、壬二酸(azelaic acid)、3,5-二羟基-3-甲基戊酸(mevalonic acid)、3-(甲硫基)丙酸[3-(methylthio)propanoic acid]、水杨尿酸(salicyluric acid)、延胡索酸(fumaric acid);脂肪酸:2-丁烯酸(but-2-enoic acid)、二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid)、二十二碳四烯酸(docosic acidtraenoic acid);胆汁酸:β-猪去氧胆酸(beta-hyodeoxycholic acid)、石胆酸(lithocholic acid)。
对显著关联的差异代谢物与微生物菌属进行关联性分析,结果(图5)显示,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)的增加与葵二酸(sebacic acid)、3-羟基异戊酸(3-hydroxyisovaleric acid)、辛二酸(suberic acid)、壬二酸(azelaic acid)、2-羟基-2-甲基丁酸(2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid)、扁桃酸(mandelic acid)、喹哪啶酸(quinaldic acid)、2-丁烯酸(but-2-enoic acid)、异己酸(isocaproic acid)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与棕榈油酸(palmitoleic acid)、乙醛酸、O-琥珀酰高丝氨酸、尿囊酸(allantoic acid)呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而鼠杆状菌科(Muribaculaceae)、普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)等的关联结果则相反。
随着前往高海拔地区人群的增加,因高海拔缺氧导致的相关疾病已成为一个严重的公共卫生问题,因此如何改善高原缺氧状况具有重要意义。本研究发现,CPD干预可显著延长缺氧小鼠的存活时间,表明CPD具有较好的抗缺氧能力,这一积极的表型效应与肠道微生物群落结构的重塑及粪便代谢物谱的改变密切相关。
化学成分是CPD发挥药理作用的基础。研究表明CPD水提醇沉物能明显抑制蛋清、二甲苯和弗氏完全佐剂引起的炎性水肿[13];此外,CPD粗提物对鸡新城疫病毒、犬细小病毒及金黄色葡萄球菌的增殖也起到一定的抑制作用[14]。目前,已鉴定出CPD含有多种化学成分,如β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol)、胡萝卜苷(daucosterol)、琥珀酸(amber acid)等[26]。其中β-谷甾醇[27]和胡萝卜苷[28-29]已被证明具有较好的抗氧化及抗炎活性,同时琥珀酸在脑出血模型中也表现出抗炎及抗氧化作用[30]
虽然我们推测CPD的抗炎、抗氧化作用可能与上述化学成分的存在有关,但也有研究表明肠道菌群在维持药物-宿主相互作用中扮演重要角色,并介导了许多中药的治疗过程[31-33]。为阐释CPD提高缺氧耐受力的过程是否通过肠道菌群发挥作用,本研究采用Pearson相关系数,计算小鼠生存时间、差异代谢物与差异微生物菌属之间的相关性。
关联性分析发现,部分毛螺菌科(ASV501)在CPD组富集且与小鼠生存时间延长显著正相关,其对肠道健康有益,与尿囊酸的代谢直接相关[34]。尿囊酸是嘌呤核苷酸降解代谢途径中的一个中间产物,在哺乳动物中这条通路的核心作用是处理体内老化或受损的细胞,以及从食物中摄入的核酸,最终生成尿酸排出体外,这表明CPD促进了肠道微生物的嘌呤代谢并与胆碱、不饱和脂肪酸等保护性代谢物形成协同作用,不仅为肠道上皮提供能量,还具有全身性的抗炎和能量代谢调节功能[35-36];同时,尿囊酸可能与CPD组中升高的棕榈油酸等脂质代谢物协同作用,共同贡献于血氧水平的改善[7]。CPD组关联的代谢物,如胆碱(choline),是磷脂代谢和神经递质乙酰胆碱的前体,与细胞膜稳定和神经调节有关[37]l-天冬氨酸参与尿素循环和能量代谢[38]。这些代谢物的升高可能反映了CPD干预后机体能量代谢和细胞功能趋于正常化,从而提高小鼠在缺氧过程中的抵抗能力。
此外,CPD组显著富集了乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),该菌的代谢产物(如乳酸、短链脂肪酸)具有维持肠道屏障完整性、调节免疫和抗炎的作用[39]。有研究表明,乳杆菌属具备显著的抗氧化特性,在利用偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐/H2O2诱导人肠上皮细胞Caco-2氧化损伤的模型中,乳杆菌属干预后表现出良好的自由基清除能力,调控多种抗氧化酶的表达。同时,该干预还下调了多个氧化应激相关基因的表达[40-42],这提示乳杆菌属在抗缺氧方面具有潜在功能。乳杆菌属的富集与葵二酸(sebacic acid)、3-羟基异戊酸(3-hydroxyisovaleric acid)等9种代谢物水平的下降同时发生,这强烈提示乳杆菌属可能通过直接或间接的方式参与对这些代谢物的调控,这些代谢物主要属于细菌发酵副产物、宿主-微生物共代谢产物以及能量代谢中间体。该现象表明CPD干预使小鼠肠道微生物整体代谢从以蛋白质发酵为主的代谢模式,转向以糖类、乳酸发酵为主的代谢模式,减少了潜在有害发酵产物的积累[43]
综上所述,CPD可能通过促进乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)等有益菌的生长来调节肠道菌群平衡,并通过提升胆碱(choline)、尿囊酸等有益代谢物水平以重塑肠道代谢谱,从而增强小鼠对缺氧的抵抗能力。这些发现提示,调节“肠道微生物-代谢物”轴可能是CPD增强机体缺氧耐受性和改善高原不良反应的重要机制之一,为开发针对缺氧相关疾病的微生态干预策略提供了理论依据和潜在靶点。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(32394045)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250788
  • 接收时间:2025-10-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-21
  • 录用日期:2025-11-27
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National Natural Science Foundation for Key Program of China(32394045)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(32394045)
作者信息
    1.安徽医科大学 基础医学院,安徽 合肥
    2.军事医学研究院,病原微生物生物安全全国重点实验室,北京
    3.中国中医科学院西苑医院,安全性评价实验室,北京
    4.国家安全特需药品全国重点实验室,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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