Article(id=1238813318790574406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250783, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760803200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765987200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineDate=1773285711237, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285711237, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285711237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285711237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1278, endPage=1293, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813319151284572, articleId=1238813318790574406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=The Tad pilus secretin CpaC is associated with motility, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Tad pili are widely distributed in Gram-negative bacteria and are associated with the virulence of various pathogens. However, the studies about the Tad pili in Vibrio parahaemolyticus remain limited. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the Tad pilus secretin CpaC (VP2419) in the biological functions of V. parahaemolyticus. Methods The cpaC-deleted mutant (ΔcpaC) and complemented strain (CΔcpaC) were constructed from the wild-type (WT) strain (SH112) of V. parahaemolyticus. The strains were compared in terms of biofilm formation, competitiveness, swarming and swimming motility, cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, as well as virulence, tissue colonization, and pathology in mice. Results Regarding environmental adaptation, compared with the WT strain, ΔcpaC exhibited significantly decreased competitiveness, motility, and biofilm formation. In terms of pathogenicity, ΔcpaC demonstrated significantly reduced cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, as well as attenuated virulence, tissue colonization, and pathological damage in mice, compared with the WT strain. Conclusion As the Tad pilus secretin in V. parahaemolyticus, CpaC participates in multiple functions related to environmental adaptation and pathogenicity, including competitiveness, biofilm formation, motility, cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, and tissue colonization. These findings provide important insights for a deeper understanding of the biological functions of Tad pili.

, correspAuthors=Wei JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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目的 Tad菌毛广泛分布于革兰氏阴性菌,与多种病原体的毒力相关。目前,关于副溶血弧菌Tad菌毛的研究极少。本研究旨在揭示Tad菌毛促胰液素CpaC (VP2419)对副溶血弧菌生物学功能的影响。 方法 以副溶血弧菌野生株SH112为基础,构建cpaC基因缺失株(ΔcpaC)及互补株(CΔcpaC),比较各菌株的生物被膜形成能力、细菌竞争力、集群与泳动能力、细胞黏附与毒性、小鼠毒力、组织定殖及病变情况的差异。 结果 在细菌环境适应方面,与野生株(WT株)相比,缺失株ΔcpaC的细菌竞争力、运动性和生物被膜形成能力均显著下降。在致病性方面,缺失株ΔcpaC在细胞黏附、细胞毒性,以及小鼠毒力、组织定殖和病变程度上较WT株均显著降低。 结论 CpaC作为副溶血弧菌Tad菌毛的组分,参与多种关于环境适应与致病性的功能,包括竞争能力、生物被膜形成、运动性,以及细胞黏附与毒性、组织定殖等,为深入理解Tad菌毛的生物学功能提供了重要依据。

, correspAuthors=蒋蔚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=36csdjQ6dTDNOS4pn0llGA==, magXml=uHBTqJfUcM5NAHifXiOY5A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AaPhmo4qdGN5SgJnF88udw==, pdfFileSize=2894889, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=a4zYRZDUhi2rKBhScM9eCQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EAGzCJZEzSyBT+36sffFRQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

白雪瑞:研究构思和设计、数据收集和处理、论文撰写和修改;郭蓉:协助实验操作、数据收集和处理;卢淑淇:协助实验操作、论文讨论;范冰冰:协助实验操作;张权:协助实验操作;方维焕:实验技术支持;蒋蔚:研究构思、论文修改和项目技术支持。

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Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lanes 1-3: The primers cpaC-E/F amplified cpaC genes of WT, ΔcpaC, CΔcpaC strains, respectively; Lanes 4-6: The primers cpaC-pMMB-F/R amplified genes of WT, ΔcpaC, CΔcpaC strains, respectively; Lane 7: The primers sacB-F/R amplified gene of ΔcpaC., figureFileSmall=LW7zI4ySXKUAGNNBKFDSFw==, figureFileBig=1oYXOoHYeP2Ri+w6gT7HRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915125810361313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=图1, caption=副溶血弧菌ΔcpaCcpaCPCR检测结果。泳道M:DL2000 DNA marker;泳道1-3:引物cpaC-E/F分别检测WT、ΔcpaC、CΔcpaC基因;泳道4-6:引物cpaC-pMMB-F/R分别检测WT、ΔcpaC、CΔcpaC基因;泳道7:引物sacB-F/R检测ΔcpaC, figureFileSmall=LW7zI4ySXKUAGNNBKFDSFw==, figureFileBig=1oYXOoHYeP2Ri+w6gT7HRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915125906830307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Growth of the WT, ΔcpaC and CΔcpaC of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Bars represent mean±SD for 10 replications., figureFileSmall=IE7AFsBdtsf0HqefEUEkIg==, figureFileBig=8hLRSe3ZAzBrsAYmkbzKKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915125961356260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各弧菌生长情况, figureFileSmall=IE7AFsBdtsf0HqefEUEkIg==, figureFileBig=8hLRSe3ZAzBrsAYmkbzKKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126045242344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Assay for the competitiveness of each Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain (attacker) against Escherichia coli (prey). A: Viability counts of E. coli and V. parahaemolyticus were determined at 0 h and 4 h after co-culture at 30 ℃; B: Viability counts of E. coli and V. parahaemolyticus were determined at 0 h and 4 h after co-culture at 37 ℃. **: P<0.01; ns: No significant., figureFileSmall=A3JB422JHNf+A32ah8hRXg==, figureFileBig=i48jQR9r687jWw7oHrPK9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126116545514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=图3, caption=副溶血性弧菌(攻击者)与大肠杆菌(猎物)的细菌竞争能力测定。A:30 ℃共培养0 h和4 h时各弧菌和大肠杆菌的细菌存活数;B:37 ℃共培养0 h和4 h时各弧菌与大肠杆菌的细菌存活数。, figureFileSmall=A3JB422JHNf+A32ah8hRXg==, figureFileBig=i48jQR9r687jWw7oHrPK9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126187848684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Motility assay of the strains. A: The swimming motility and zone diameter determination (**: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001); B: The swarming motility and zone diameter determination (***: P<0.001); C: The flagella observation of the WT, ΔcpaC and CΔcpaC strains., figureFileSmall=ZHsd/mst5posUEA1VwsD2A==, figureFileBig=m8udk8WqlDs0xkJYDRqzqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126254957551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各菌株运动性测定。A:细菌泳动和直径测定;B:细菌群集运动和直径测定;C:细菌鞭毛观察。, figureFileSmall=ZHsd/mst5posUEA1VwsD2A==, figureFileBig=m8udk8WqlDs0xkJYDRqzqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126322066417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Biofilm experiment (A) was performed at 30 ℃ and 37 ℃, respectively, and the OD595 values (B) of crystal violet staining were analyzed (*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01)., figureFileSmall=+ABkxRO6orM8g00bYscZLA==, figureFileBig=TCxJM4jvt/HySGlTPFgHiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126380786676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各菌株在30 ℃37 ℃条件下的生物被膜形成情况(A)与结晶紫检测结果(B), figureFileSmall=+ABkxRO6orM8g00bYscZLA==, figureFileBig=TCxJM4jvt/HySGlTPFgHiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126460478452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Adhesion (A) and cytotoxicity (B) test in HeLa cells at MOI of 10:1 (bacteria: cells). *: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=HUf/4Z+d/+gBfxBHXrORqg==, figureFileBig=C7p12wM2mCjzSoOYNmcq1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126548558838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=图6, caption=细胞黏附(A)与毒性试验(B), figureFileSmall=HUf/4Z+d/+gBfxBHXrORqg==, figureFileBig=C7p12wM2mCjzSoOYNmcq1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126607279096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The survival rates of mice injected intraperitoneally with WT, ΔcpaC and CΔcpaC strains (3×107 CFU/animal) and physiological saline (control group). **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=oalP4XftIkHc4gMR8wIr3w==, figureFileBig=k1NpdHMUiepLHPPoqAKzTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126674387962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各菌株感染小鼠的存活率, figureFileSmall=oalP4XftIkHc4gMR8wIr3w==, figureFileBig=k1NpdHMUiepLHPPoqAKzTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126737302524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The bacterial loads in the liver (A), spleen (B), heart (C), kidney (D) tissues of mice infected by each strain (5×106 CFU/animal). *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=z0jwDgd0pGB6CgLk6jqllg==, figureFileBig=FdivKoUpAeKqB8kXkQ4n9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126800217086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各菌株感染小鼠肝(A)、脾(B)、心(C)、肾(D)的细菌载量, figureFileSmall=z0jwDgd0pGB6CgLk6jqllg==, figureFileBig=FdivKoUpAeKqB8kXkQ4n9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126858937344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=The tissue sections from liver (A), spleen (B), heart (C), kidney (D) in mice infected by each strain. Black, blue, red, and yellow arrows indicate necrosis or reduction in cell numbers, degeneration, congestion, and inflammatory cells, respectively., figureFileSmall=mGPjHFEVPoSuB5ng+S87rQ==, figureFileBig=/e6fhZ44py+wKSoRXF6lfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915126921850882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各菌株感染小鼠肝(A)、脾(B)、心(C)、肾(D)的组织切片, figureFileSmall=mGPjHFEVPoSuB5ng+S87rQ==, figureFileBig=/e6fhZ44py+wKSoRXF6lfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238915127005736964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains or plasmidsRelevant characteristics descriptionSource or reference
V. parahaemolyticus strains
SH112Wild type, tdh+, Cms[31]
cpaCMutation in cpaC gene of strain SH112This study
C∆cpaCcpaC with plasmid pMMB207-tssL2This study
E. coli strains
CC118 λpirApir lysogen of CC118 ∆(ara-leu) araDlacX74 galE galK phoA20 thi-1 rpsE rpoB argE (Am) recA1[31]
DH5αF- ∆(lacZYA-argF) U169 recA, endA1 hsdR17 (rk-, mk+ ) phoA supE44 λ -[31]
Plasmids
pYAK1R6K-ori suicide vector with sacB gene, Cmr[31]
pMMB207RSF1010 derivative, IncQ Iaclq Cmr P tac oriT[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1238915127081234439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究使用的菌株和质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains or plasmidsRelevant characteristics descriptionSource or reference
V. parahaemolyticus strains
SH112Wild type, tdh+, Cms[31]
cpaCMutation in cpaC gene of strain SH112This study
C∆cpaCcpaC with plasmid pMMB207-tssL2This study
E. coli strains
CC118 λpirApir lysogen of CC118 ∆(ara-leu) araDlacX74 galE galK phoA20 thi-1 rpsE rpoB argE (Am) recA1[31]
DH5αF- ∆(lacZYA-argF) U169 recA, endA1 hsdR17 (rk-, mk+ ) phoA supE44 λ -[31]
Plasmids
pYAK1R6K-ori suicide vector with sacB gene, Cmr[31]
pMMB207RSF1010 derivative, IncQ Iaclq Cmr P tac oriT[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1238915127148343304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Restriction enzymeFragment length (bp)Reference
cpaC-AACCCTGCAGAAACCAGCCAACAGTAGAACPst I484[32]
cpaC-BAATTCACCTAATTACTGACTCGGACAC
cpaC-CGTAATTAGGTGAATTATGGAGAGCAAGAT431[32]
cpaC-DATTCCCGGGGCATTCTGTAGGCGTGTTTTSma I
cpaC-ECAAAAGATTTATTGGGCATT

Wide type: 3 326

Mutant: 1 862

[32]
cpaC-FCCGCACCGCTATTGCCAGTC
cpaC-pMMB-FGGCCGCCTGCAGATGAAAACAATAATATTPst I1 482[32]
cpaC-pMMB-RCATGAGCTCTTATAGACTGTGCCCAAACTSac I
sacB-FACGGCACTGTCGCAAACTATA600[32]
sacB-RTTCCGTCACCGTCAAAGAT
), ArticleFig(id=1238915127215452170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813318790574406, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Restriction enzymeFragment length (bp)Reference
cpaC-AACCCTGCAGAAACCAGCCAACAGTAGAACPst I484[32]
cpaC-BAATTCACCTAATTACTGACTCGGACAC
cpaC-CGTAATTAGGTGAATTATGGAGAGCAAGAT431[32]
cpaC-DATTCCCGGGGCATTCTGTAGGCGTGTTTTSma I
cpaC-ECAAAAGATTTATTGGGCATT

Wide type: 3 326

Mutant: 1 862

[32]
cpaC-FCCGCACCGCTATTGCCAGTC
cpaC-pMMB-FGGCCGCCTGCAGATGAAAACAATAATATTPst I1 482[32]
cpaC-pMMB-RCATGAGCTCTTATAGACTGTGCCCAAACTSac I
sacB-FACGGCACTGTCGCAAACTATA600[32]
sacB-RTTCCGTCACCGTCAAAGAT
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Tad型菌毛促胰液素CpaC对副溶血弧菌的运动性、生物被膜形成及致病性的影响
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白雪瑞 1 , 郭蓉 2 , 卢淑淇 2 , 范冰冰 2 , 张权 2 , 方维焕 3 , 蒋蔚 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(3): 1278-1293
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(3): 1278-1293
Tad型菌毛促胰液素CpaC对副溶血弧菌的运动性、生物被膜形成及致病性的影响
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白雪瑞1, 郭蓉2, 卢淑淇2, 范冰冰2, 张权2, 方维焕3, 蒋蔚2, *
作者信息
  • 1.上海农林职业技术学院 动物科学技术系,上海
  • 2.中国农业科学院上海兽医研究所,上海
  • 3.浙江农林大学 动物科技学院,浙江 临安
The Tad pilus secretin CpaC is associated with motility, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Xuerui BAI1, Rong GUO2, Shuqi LU2, Bingbing FAN2, Quan ZHANG2, Weihuan FANG3, Wei JIANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, China
  • 2.Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
  • 3.College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250783
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目的 Tad菌毛广泛分布于革兰氏阴性菌,与多种病原体的毒力相关。目前,关于副溶血弧菌Tad菌毛的研究极少。本研究旨在揭示Tad菌毛促胰液素CpaC (VP2419)对副溶血弧菌生物学功能的影响。 方法 以副溶血弧菌野生株SH112为基础,构建cpaC基因缺失株(ΔcpaC)及互补株(CΔcpaC),比较各菌株的生物被膜形成能力、细菌竞争力、集群与泳动能力、细胞黏附与毒性、小鼠毒力、组织定殖及病变情况的差异。 结果 在细菌环境适应方面,与野生株(WT株)相比,缺失株ΔcpaC的细菌竞争力、运动性和生物被膜形成能力均显著下降。在致病性方面,缺失株ΔcpaC在细胞黏附、细胞毒性,以及小鼠毒力、组织定殖和病变程度上较WT株均显著降低。 结论 CpaC作为副溶血弧菌Tad菌毛的组分,参与多种关于环境适应与致病性的功能,包括竞争能力、生物被膜形成、运动性,以及细胞黏附与毒性、组织定殖等,为深入理解Tad菌毛的生物学功能提供了重要依据。

副溶血弧菌  /  Tad型菌毛  /  生物被膜  /  运动性  /  致病性

Objective Tad pili are widely distributed in Gram-negative bacteria and are associated with the virulence of various pathogens. However, the studies about the Tad pili in Vibrio parahaemolyticus remain limited. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the Tad pilus secretin CpaC (VP2419) in the biological functions of V. parahaemolyticus. Methods The cpaC-deleted mutant (ΔcpaC) and complemented strain (CΔcpaC) were constructed from the wild-type (WT) strain (SH112) of V. parahaemolyticus. The strains were compared in terms of biofilm formation, competitiveness, swarming and swimming motility, cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, as well as virulence, tissue colonization, and pathology in mice. Results Regarding environmental adaptation, compared with the WT strain, ΔcpaC exhibited significantly decreased competitiveness, motility, and biofilm formation. In terms of pathogenicity, ΔcpaC demonstrated significantly reduced cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, as well as attenuated virulence, tissue colonization, and pathological damage in mice, compared with the WT strain. Conclusion As the Tad pilus secretin in V. parahaemolyticus, CpaC participates in multiple functions related to environmental adaptation and pathogenicity, including competitiveness, biofilm formation, motility, cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, and tissue colonization. These findings provide important insights for a deeper understanding of the biological functions of Tad pili.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus  /  Tad pilus  /  biofilm  /  motility  /  pathogenicity
白雪瑞, 郭蓉, 卢淑淇, 范冰冰, 张权, 方维焕, 蒋蔚. Tad型菌毛促胰液素CpaC对副溶血弧菌的运动性、生物被膜形成及致病性的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1278 -1293 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250783
Xuerui BAI, Rong GUO, Shuqi LU, Bingbing FAN, Quan ZHANG, Weihuan FANG, Wei JIANG. The Tad pilus secretin CpaC is associated with motility, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1278 -1293 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250783
副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)属于弧菌属,是其中一种重要的嗜盐食源性细菌,该菌广泛分布于淡水、海水及水产品中,已成为全球海鲜产品致腹泻病的主要病原体[1]。副溶血弧菌感染主要与食用未煮熟或生的受污染海鲜有关,例如牡蛎、虾、鱼和贻贝等[2]。感染副溶血弧菌的患者通常在2-10 d内出现胃肠炎症状,如水样腹泻、胃痉挛、腹痛、呕吐、寒战和低热等症状,而伴有糖尿病、肝病、酗酒等合并症的患者易引发败血症甚至死亡[3]。此外,副溶血弧菌可致鱼类患眼疾、败血症等疾病,以及虾类患肝胰坏死病,对海水养殖动物的健康产生直接影响[4]。目前,副溶血弧菌被认为是一种全球分布的新兴病原体,其引发的感染率呈稳步上升趋势,对鱼类养殖业和公共卫生安全等方面构成日益严峻的挑战[5-6]。因此,研究细菌生物学对于深入理解副溶血弧菌的发病机制,以及开发疾病预防和治疗策略至关重要。
IV型菌毛(type IV pili, T4P)广泛存在于原核生物(细菌和古细菌)中,作为一种表面黏附素,直接参与多种功能,包括表面感应、黏附、生物膜形成、抽搐运动、蛋白质分泌和DNA摄取[7-8]。近期,T4P被证实对许多革兰氏阴性病原菌的毒力与致病性至关重要[8-11]。根据蛋白质组成和结构的不同,T4P可分为IVa型菌毛(T4aP)、IVb型菌毛(T4bP)和IVc型菌毛[8]。其中,IVc型菌毛因被证实具有促进细菌与表面紧密黏附的作用,又被称为紧密黏附(tight adherence, Tad)菌毛[12]。同一时期,IVc型菌毛的蛋白合成被证实与粗糙的菌落形态有关,相关蛋白被命名为粗糙菌落蛋白(rough colony protein, Rcp)[13]。此外,在新月柄杆菌中也鉴定出了菌毛系统,并将相关遗传位点命名为柄杆菌菌毛组装(caulobacter pilus assembly, Cpa)基因[14]。因此,关于细菌Tad相关基因或蛋白的命名方法有多种,如cpa/rcptad[15]。Tad菌毛对于抽搐运动、细菌表面传感、DNA摄取及生物膜形成至关重要,因此获得Tad菌毛的细菌具有广泛的适应性优势[16-17]。此外,Tad菌毛通过多种功能促进不同细菌病原体的毒力作用,如细胞黏附和定殖[18-20]
Tad菌毛广泛分布于弧菌科,是一种由细丝、马达亚复合物、外膜孔组成的多亚基跨膜纳米机器,包含12-14种核心蛋白成分[8,21]。细丝主要由单蛋白质亚基(Flp/PilA)聚合而成。在聚合前,肽酶TadV/CpaA负责将不成熟的Flp前体加工成用于组装的成熟菌毛蛋白Flp[22]。此外,细丝生产需要一个或多个次要菌毛蛋白,如CpaJ (TadE)、CpaK (TadF)、CpaL (TadG),它们通常位于菌毛尖端,占细丝的极小部分[15]。研究表明次要菌毛蛋白均具有特定功能,如黏附或DNA摄取[23]。马达亚复合物负责为细丝聚合提供能量,其成分包括细胞溶质、六聚体ATP酶CpaF (TadA)和内膜平台蛋白CpaG (TadB)和CpaH (TadC)[23]。其中,CpaF作为ATP酶在2个平台蛋白CpaG和CpaH辅助下催化菌毛延伸和回缩[8]。此外,由促胰液素CpaC (RcpA)形成的多聚体外膜分泌通道主要负责菌毛穿过外膜孔,并转移到外部环境中[24]。研究证实蛋白CpaC缺失易阻碍亚基PilA的动态伸展和退缩动力[25]。关于新月柄杆菌的研究表明,在细丝亚基PilA合成和聚合之前,外膜分泌通道的CpaC蛋白在细胞周期中的极化定位至关重要[26]。因此,CpaC对Tad菌毛的形成与活动较为关键。此外,促胰液素CpaC对刺激DNA复制启动和细胞周期进展起关键作用[25]
关于副溶血弧菌IV型菌毛的研究主要集中在T4aP甘露糖敏感血凝素(mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin, MSHA)菌毛和新型的(chitin-regulated pili, ChiRP)型菌毛,并证实这2种IV型菌毛是生物膜形成和病原体在宿主体内持久性所必需的[27-28]。目前,已有数据提示Tad菌毛与副溶血弧菌的致病能力有关[29]。Zhu等[30]研究发现rcpA (cpaC)基因对副溶血弧菌的生物膜形成、运动性和毒力方面具有显著作用。本研究利用副溶血弧菌SH112临床株cpaC (vp02419)基因缺失株与互补株,进一步较为全面地研究CpaC蛋白对副溶血弧菌环境适应性与致病性的影响,旨在为进一步探究副溶血弧菌Tad型菌毛的发病机制和疾病防治提供重要资料。
本研究使用的细菌菌株和质粒见表1。副溶血弧菌SH112临床分离株(血清型O3:K6)由中国农业科学院上海兽医研究所实验室保存。大肠杆菌在LB肉汤(Luria-Bertani broth)中生长;副溶血弧菌在含3% NaCl的LB (简称3% NaCl-LB)中生长。硫代硫酸盐-柠檬酸盐-胆盐-蔗糖(thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose, TCBS)琼脂平板用于鉴别副溶血弧菌,其上呈现绿色菌落。含0.01 g/L氯霉素的LB或TCBS (简称Cm+-LB或Cm+-TCBS)、200 g/L蔗糖LB (简称G-LB)用于筛选突变菌株。含0.3%琼脂和3% NaCl的LB平板(简称泳动平板)用于检测细菌泳动;含1.5%琼脂的脑心浸液(brain heart infusion, BHI)肉汤平板(简称群集平板)用于检测细菌群集运动。
此外,基于RIMD2210633副溶血弧菌株cpaC (vp2419)序列,参考郭容[32]设计方法合成所需引物。
TCBS、BHI等培养基,广东环凯微生物科技有限公司;细菌质粒、DNA提取试剂盒、DNA内切酶与连接酶等试剂,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;CytoTox 96®细胞毒性试剂盒,Promega公司;DMEM细胞培养液、FBS胎牛血清,Gibco公司。
PCR、低温高速离心机,Eppendorf公司;自动细胞计数仪,Bio-Rad公司;超微量紫外分光光度仪,Thermo公司;T12透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM),FEI公司。
Institute of cancer research (ICR)雌性小鼠,上海雷根达科技有限公司。本研究所有动物实验获得中国农业科学院上海兽医研究所动物伦理委员会批准,编号为SYXK<沪>2020-0027。
参考文献[32]的研究方法,将副溶血弧菌WT培养至对数期(OD600=0.2),提取其DNA备用。通过PCR获取cpaC基因的上、下游片段AB和CD,再将其通过融合PCR形成cpaC基因缺失片段cpaC-AD (引物cpaC-A/B、cpaC-C/D、cpaC-A/D,见表2)。将基因缺失片段插入含有对蔗糖敏感的sacB基因的自杀质粒pYAK1,再转入大肠杆菌CC118λpir细胞。以含阳性质粒的CC118λpir为供体菌,WT为受体菌进行质粒转移,经Cm+-TCBS和G-LB平板传代筛选,并进行PCR鉴定(引物cpaC-E/F、sacB-F/R,见表2),将阳性基因缺失株命名为ΔcpaC
通过PCR获得WT的cpaC完整基因(引物cpaC-pMMB-F/R,见表2),将其连接至pMMB207质粒中,然后转入CC118λpir细胞。以含阳性互补质粒的CC118λpir为供体菌,ΔcpaC株为受体菌进行质粒转移,经传代与Cm+-TCBS筛选,并进行PCR鉴定(引物cpaC-pMMB-F/R,见表2),将含有阳性质粒的互补株命名为CΔcpaC
将3种菌(WT、ΔcpaC及CΔcpaC)均培养至对数期(OD600=0.2),各取50 μL菌液加至5 mL无菌培养基中稀释混匀,再取100 μL加入酶标板孔中,每种菌液重复10个孔,对照孔为无菌培养基。最后,将酶标板置于37 ℃温箱孵育12 h,每间隔1 h记录1次600 nm处的相应光密度值(OD600),绘制细菌生长曲线图。
同1.4节方法,取3种菌各200 μL菌液至酶标板孔中,每菌10个重复孔,对照孔为无菌培养基,将无盖的酶标板静置于37 ℃温箱,培养48 h。参考白雪瑞等[33]的生物被膜测定方法,使用酶标仪检测各细菌生物被膜在595 nm波长下的吸光度值(OD595值)。
同1.4节方法,将3种菌均培养至OD600=0.2时,分别取1 µL各菌液接种在泳动平板表面,经37 ℃温箱培养4 h,观察并记录细菌菌苔泳动(swimming)直径。同理,分别取1 µL 3种菌液(OD600=0.2)接种在群集平板表面,在30 ℃温箱中作用16 h,观察并记录细菌菌苔群集运动(swarming)直径。
参考白雪瑞等[34]的方法,将WT、ΔcpaC及CΔcpaC菌株分别接种于泳动平板表面,经37 ℃培养3.5 h,用PBS将细菌单菌落轻柔稀释。各菌液经2%磷钨酸负染法固定后,使用透射电镜观察细菌微观结构。
将副溶血弧菌WT、ΔcpaC及CΔcpaC和大肠杆菌DH5α培养至OD600=0.2,按菌量4:1比例(副溶血弧菌:大肠杆菌)混合形成WT组、ΔcpaC组及CΔcpaC组菌液,每组设置3次重复,1个重复组平均2份。1份经倍比稀释,分别涂于TCBS板和含氨苄西林LB板上培养,检测0 h时各副溶血弧菌和大肠杆菌的细菌浓度(CFU/mL)。另1份混合液于30 ℃条件作用4 h时,经倍比稀释,在TCBS板和含氨苄西林LB板上培养,检测4 h时各细菌浓度(CFU/mL)。以同样的方法,检测37 ℃条件下3种副溶血弧菌和大肠杆菌DH5α的细菌竞争试验。
参考郭容[32]的方法,将HeLa细胞培养至单细胞层铺满,洗涤2次待用。将WT、ΔcpaC及CΔcpaC菌株培养至OD600=0.2,以10:1 (活菌数:细胞数)的感染率(multiplicity of infection, MOI)作用1 h,每菌重复4孔。感染的HeLa细胞经2次洗涤,在含0.5% Triton X-100的无菌PBS中裂解。最后,将裂解液稀释并接种至3% NaCl-LB平板,通过计数各菌株CFU确定黏附率。
根据CytoTox 96®细胞毒性检测试剂盒说明书操作,测定HeLa细胞释放的乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)。将WT、ΔcpaC及CΔcpaC (OD600=0.2)分别以MOI=10:1感染HeLa细胞1.5 h,每种菌重复4个孔,并设置相应对照孔。
参考文献[32]的研究方法,选3周龄SPF级ICR雌性小鼠分成WT组、ΔcpaC组、CΔcpaC组和对照组(生理盐水),每组8只。将各菌液培养至OD600值为0.2,用无菌PBS洗2次,并重悬于PBS至终体积为100 μL/只(3×108 CFU/mL)。各组ICR小鼠腹腔注射后,监测其7 d的存活率,每隔2 h记录1次,绘制小鼠存活率图。
将ICR小鼠随机分成4组,即WT组、ΔcpaC组、CΔcpaC组和对照组,每组10只。各细菌菌液同时培养至OD600=0.2,用无菌PBS洗2次,并重悬于PBS至终体积为100 μL/只(5×107 CFU/mL);对照组为100 μL/只生理盐水。各小鼠腹腔注射10 h后,每组随机选5只小鼠进行剖检,取部分心、肝、脾、肾进行研磨与稀释,稀释液涂于TCBS平板,通过计数各菌株CFU确定细菌定殖数;取部分心、肝、脾、肾送至武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司,制作组织病理切片,分析各菌株致小鼠脏器病变的程度。
所有试验均重复3次。数据使用GraphPad Prism软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),结果以均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。
PCR鉴定结果显示(图1),WT株DNA经cpaC-E/F引物扩增,获得cpaC完整片段3 326 bp (泳道1),而ΔcpaC和CΔcpaC株均获得cpaC基因缺失片段1 862 bp (泳道2和3)。WT和CΔcpaCcpaC-pMMB-F/R引物扩增基因后均获得1 482 bp片段(泳道4和6),而ΔcpaC未获得片段(泳道5)。此外,ΔcpaC基因经sacB-F/R引物扩增,无条带(泳道7)。上述结果表明副溶血弧菌ΔcpaC与CΔcpaC株构建成功。
图2所示,各副溶血弧菌(WT、ΔcpaC和CΔcpaC)生长无显著差异(P>0.05),表明Tad型菌毛cpaC基因缺失对副溶血弧菌的生长无显著作用。
将WT、ΔcpaC与CΔcpaC副溶血弧菌分别与大肠杆菌混合培养,30 ℃作用下,当3种副溶血弧菌菌量一致时与ΔcpaC菌株共培养的大肠杆菌存活率显著高于与野生株和互补株共培养的大肠杆菌(图3A),表明ΔcpaC对大肠杆菌的抗菌力显著弱于WT和CΔcpaC。在37 ℃时,各细菌菌量均等时ΔcpaC组的大肠杆菌存活数较WT组和CΔcpaC组无显著差异(P>0.05) (图3B)。上述结果提示,副溶血弧菌cpaC基因在不同温度下影响细菌竞争能力的程度不同。在30 ℃时,cpaC基因对副溶血弧菌的细菌竞争能力有一定影响(图3C);而在37 ℃时,cpaC基因对其细菌竞争能力无显著影响(图3D)。
各菌株经4 h泳动培养的结果显示(图4A),WT菌株呈现较大圆形泳动轨迹,互补株CΔcpaC为较小的泳动轨迹,而缺失株ΔcpaC未见从中央向周围扩大的泳动轨迹。经直径测量分析显示,ΔcpaC株泳动直径较WT显著减小,且CΔcpaC与WT株的泳动直径呈现显著差异。群集平板运动的结果显示(图4B),WT和CΔcpaC株均展示较大的运动轨迹,而ΔcpaC未见扩大的运动轨迹。经直径测量统计,ΔcpaC株的群集运动半径较WT株显著减小,而CΔcpaC与WT无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果提示,cpaC基因在副溶血弧菌的泳动及群集运动中发挥重要作用。透射电镜试验结果表明(图4C),野生株WT侧身鞭毛较多(如箭头所示),CΔcpaC株侧身鞭毛的数量较WT株减少,而缺失株ΔcpaC偶见侧身鞭毛。结果提示,cpaC基因缺失可通过影响副溶血弧菌的侧身鞭毛的数量,进而减弱细菌的运动性。
通过染色法比较3种菌株的生物被膜形成能力,结果表明(图5),30 ℃和37 ℃时ΔcpaC株的生物被膜形成能力较WT株均显著降低,而CΔcpaC的被膜形成能力均恢复至WT水平(P>0.05)。结果表明,cpaC基因对副溶血弧菌生物被膜形成能力起促进作用。
细胞黏附结果显示(图6A),缺失株ΔcpaC感染HeLa细胞1 h后的黏附率较WT株显著下降,互补株的细胞黏附作用恢复至WT株水平,证明cpaC基因有助于副溶血弧菌对细胞的黏附能力。细胞毒性结果显示(图6B),与WT株相比,ΔcpaC株对HeLa细胞的毒性显著降低,证实cpaC参与副溶血弧菌的细胞毒性作用。
以每只3×107 CFU的细菌量感染3周龄ICR小鼠,临床症状表现为:WT组小鼠在2 h出现精神低迷、被毛蓬乱、呼吸困难、腹泻等临床症状;缺失株ΔcpaC组小鼠主要表现为精神低迷,死亡时间较WT组延后;CΔcpaC组小鼠的临床症状与WT组相似;对照组小鼠未见异常临床症状。统计小鼠感染7 d内的存活率,结果显示(图7):WT组、ΔcpaC组、CΔcpaC组和对照组小鼠的存活率分别为0、37.5%、12.5%、100.0%,且ΔcpaC组与WT组呈现显著差异,CΔcpaC组与WT组无显著差异,证实cpaC缺失导致副溶血弧菌感染小鼠的毒力减弱。
以5×106 CFU/只的剂量感染ICR小鼠,WT组10只小鼠中有3只死亡,CΔcpaC组有1只死亡,ΔcpaC组均未出现死亡。每组随机挑选感染10 h的5只活小鼠进行剖检,组织载量测定结果显示(图8):缺失株ΔcpaC在ICR小鼠肝、脾、心、肾的细菌定殖数均显著低于亲本株,同时互补株在小鼠相应脏器的细菌定殖恢复至亲本株水平。结果说明cpaC基因与副溶血弧菌在小鼠组织脏器的定殖能力有关。
对比各组鼠肝组织病理切片,结果显示(图9A):WT组可见肝区域坏死灶,出现肝细胞核固缩、核碎裂、核溶解(黑色箭头),较多肝细胞发生细胞肿胀,较多肝血窦被挤压消失(蓝色箭头),较多中央静脉瘀血(红色箭头);ΔcpaC组仅见肝血窦轻度瘀血(红色箭头),肝细胞未见异常;CΔcpaC组广泛肝窦明显瘀血(红色箭头),肝血窦炎性细胞轻微增多(黄色箭头)。比较3组脾脏病理切片显示(图9B):WT组可见动脉周围淋巴鞘淋巴细胞明显减少(黑色箭头),白髓形状不规则,红髓重度瘀血且明显扩张(红色箭头);ΔcpaC组见淋巴细胞轻微减少;CΔcpaC组淋巴组织明显萎缩,红髓轻微扩张(红色箭头)。比较心脏病理切片显示(图9C):WT组见局部心肌细胞灶性坏死,胞核固缩、碎裂、溶解,中心可见蓝紫色的颗粒坏死物质(黑色箭头);ΔcpaC组无明显的病理变化;CΔcpaC组出现较多淡染的心肌变性(黑色箭头)。比较肾脏病理切片显示(图9D):WT组见较多肾小管内皮细胞坏死消失,管腔扩张(黑色箭头),肾小管间质毛细血管瘀血(红色箭头),肾小管内皮细胞发生广泛变性(蓝色箭头);ΔcpaC组偶见肾小管内皮细胞发生变性(蓝色箭头),肾小管间质毛细血管轻度瘀血(红色箭头);CΔcpaC组见肾小管轻度扩张(黑色箭头),肾小管内皮细胞轻度变性(蓝色箭头),间质毛细血管轻度瘀血(红色箭头)。综合以上病变,WT组和CΔcpaC组小鼠的心、肝、脾、肾组织出现细胞变性或坏死等病变较为明显,而ΔcpaC组出现组织病变较为轻微。
副溶血弧菌通过调控一系列复杂机制参与环境适应与致病性过程,其中涉及Tad型菌毛。Tad菌毛参与多种生物过程,包括DNA摄取、抽搐运动、生物膜形成、细胞黏附、组织定殖和毒力等[17,35-37]。此外,Tad菌毛已被证实与细菌诱导宿主细胞死亡有关[38]。Tad菌毛在弧菌科中广泛存在,但目前对其生物学功能的研究较少。仅创伤弧菌的Tad菌毛被证实参与菌体表面附着、生物膜生成和抵抗机械清除等过程[21],而关于其在对副溶血弧菌中的功能研究则更为匮乏。本研究通过对副溶血弧菌的cpaC基因在生物学特性和致病性等多方面进行分析,为深入理解Tad菌毛在致病菌中的功能机制提供了重要的实验依据。
由于环境营养稀缺且空间有限,细菌通常与不同菌株或物种展开竞争活动,并演化出多种杀伤机制,主要包括释放扩散化合物和接触依赖性作用2种[39-40]。其中,接触依赖性机制是通过细胞间的直接接触完成毒素递送,从而杀伤竞争者,这通常与T4P菌毛有关[40]。此外,T4P菌毛的天然多样性决定细胞间接触的可能性,进而影响VI型分泌系统(T6SS)介导的细菌竞争程度[40]。橙黄色黏球菌在细菌竞争过程中,Tad菌毛对接触依赖性杀伤宿主起着关键作用[41]。本研究显示,在30 ℃条件下,Tad菌毛的cpaC基因缺失会导致副溶血弧菌杀伤大肠杆菌的能力显著降低,这提示在接近自然环境的条件下副溶血弧菌的Tad菌毛可能通过调节细胞间直接接触,或影响T6SS介导的细菌竞争能力,从而提高副溶血弧菌对其他细菌的杀伤作用。
弧菌具有较强的生物被膜形成能力,进而在环境生存和致病机制方面具备优势[42]。Tad菌毛作为细菌表面初始附着的关键黏附因子,可通过增强细胞间作用和聚集促进生物膜的发育和成熟[43]。在放线菌中,Tad菌毛的cpaC (rcpA)基因的表达对其生物被膜的形成具有关键调控作用[44]。副溶血弧菌的rcpA缺失会削弱细菌在不同表面的生物膜形成能力[30]。与该结果一致,本研究发现副溶血弧菌的cpaC缺失会导致生物膜产量显著下降,表明Tad菌毛的CpaC在副溶血弧菌生物膜形成过程中同样发挥着重要作用。
弧菌拥有强大的双鞭毛系统完成菌体运动,从而适应多样环境,并在定位最佳宿主位点、黏附细胞或表面、组织定殖、维持感染及增强毒力等过程中发挥关键作用[45-46]。其中,单根极性鞭毛主要负责细菌在液体环境中的泳动,而多根侧身鞭毛负责在黏稠表面进行群集运动[31]。Zhu等[30]研究表明,副溶血弧菌的rcpA缺失会导致细菌泳动和群集运动减弱。本研究结果与之一致,Tad菌毛的cpaC缺失显著减弱副溶血弧菌在液体环境中的泳动和在高黏度表面的群集运动。电镜观察进一步发现,cpaC缺失株的侧身鞭毛数量明显减少,提示CpaC缺失可能通过影响细菌鞭毛合成,从而削弱细菌的运动能力。霍乱弧菌的MSHA菌毛被证实可通过与鞭毛相互作用,调控其运动模式转换和表面位点附着[47]。此外,细菌通过鞭毛运动感知表面,升高细胞内c-di-GMP水平,进而调控Tad菌毛活性[19]。在副溶血弧菌中,rcpA缺失可显著下调群体感应(quorum sensing, QS)系统基因表达,间接影响鞭毛功能[30]。综上所述,细菌菌毛与鞭毛系统之间存在较为复杂的关联。然而,关于Tad菌毛对鞭毛系统的具体调控机制仍有待进一步阐明。
IV型菌毛作为一种黏附素,在细菌致病过程中起着重要作用,如参与细胞黏附、细胞毒性、组织定殖及小鼠毒力等[43,48]。其中,细菌与靶细胞接触可诱导tad菌毛基因转录及蛋白表达,从而增强其对宿主细胞的黏附能力[36]。在副溶血弧菌中,MSHA菌毛具有较强的细菌-宿主细胞黏附与定殖能力,对肠上皮细胞变性、坏死裂解及炎症因子释放等致病过程发挥着重要作用[49]。与MSHA菌毛相似,副溶血弧菌的Tad菌毛rcpA缺失显著减弱了细菌在小鼠体内的定殖能力和对肠道组织的损伤程度,并降低了血清促炎因子水平[30]。本研究结果显示,Tad菌毛组分CpaC缺失不仅显著削弱副溶血弧菌的细胞黏附能力,同时降低了细胞毒性,且在小鼠模型中也表现出组织定殖能力下降和死亡率降低。此外,cpaC缺失导致小鼠心、肝、脾、肾等多个组织的坏死程度减轻。综上结果推测,副溶血弧菌的Tad菌毛CpaC可能通过增强细菌对宿主细胞的黏附与定殖能力加剧细胞毒性及坏死程度,从而在感染与致病机制中起到关键作用。
本研究表明,Tad菌毛组分CpaC可显著影响副溶血弧菌的环境适应能力,包括细菌竞争、生物膜形成和运动能力,并参与调控细菌的致病过程,包括细胞黏附与毒性、组织定殖和小鼠毒力。前期实验结果显示,CpaC是副溶血弧菌T6SS1的潜在效应因子,提示Tad菌毛CpaC与T6SS1存在功能关联。然而,cpaC基因缺失是否影响T6SS1功能及其介导的细菌竞争与致病性仍需进一步研究。已有研究指出,CpaC是由12-15个拷贝的多肽链构成的外膜分泌通道,在毒素、DNA及菌毛丝等大分子穿过细胞包膜转运至外界环境的过程中发挥着关键作用[24]。因此,Tad菌毛CpaC对细胞毒性的影响是否依赖于毒素或其他毒力因子的分泌仍有待深入研究,这为后续研究提供重要方向。总之,本研究结果拓展了对Tad菌毛组分在细菌毒力与环境适应中作用的理解,为进一步揭示副溶血弧菌的感染致病机制及其对宿主免疫反应的影响奠定了基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32473039)
  • 上海农林职业技术学院科研课题(KY6-0000-25-02)
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2026年第66卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250783
  • 接收时间:2025-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-19
  • 录用日期:2025-12-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32473039)
国家自然科学基金(32473039)
Research Project of Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry(KY6-0000-25-02)
上海农林职业技术学院科研课题(KY6-0000-25-02)
作者信息
    1.上海农林职业技术学院 动物科学技术系,上海
    2.中国农业科学院上海兽医研究所,上海
    3.浙江农林大学 动物科技学院,浙江 临安

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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