Article(id=1238813317993656611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250714, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764604800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-02, onlineDate=1773285711047, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285711047, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285711047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285711047, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=990, endPage=1006, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813318484390201, articleId=1238813317993656611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress on the impact of heat shock protein family A member 8 on virus infection of host cells, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heat shock protein family A member 8 (HSPA8) is a widely distributed molecular chaperone in cells. HSPA8 is involved in multiple cellular physiological processes, mainly including the correct folding and transport of proteins, stress responses, presentation of antigenic proteins, mediation of autophagy, and immune regulation. It is also crucial for maintaining the homeostasis of the intracellular environment. In addition, HSPA8 plays a key role in multiple processes of virus infections. This paper reviewed the important roles and molecular mechanisms of HSPA8 in processes such as virus adhesion, formation of virus glycoprotein-receptor complexes, internalization, uncoating, genome replication, assembly, and regulation of host metabolism and immune responses, with the hope of laying a foundation for the subsequent development of drugs targeting HSPA8 for the treatment of virus infections.

, correspAuthors=Weike LI, Jiansheng ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: LI Weike,
ZHOU Jiansheng,
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热休克蛋白8 (heat shock protein family A member 8, HSPA8)是一种广泛存在于细胞内的分子伴侣蛋白。该蛋白参与多项细胞生理过程,主要包括蛋白质的正确折叠与转运、应激反应、抗原蛋白呈递、自噬介导以及免疫调控等,对维持细胞内环境稳态至关重要。此外,HSPA8在病毒感染的多个过程中发挥关键作用。本文综述了HSPA8在病毒黏附、病毒糖蛋白-受体复合物形成、内化、脱壳、基因组复制、组装,以及调节宿主代谢和免疫反应等过程中所发挥的重要作用及其分子机制,为后续靶向HSPA8的抗病毒药物研发奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=李维克, 周建胜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BM6Uiw7p7Qu/ThUhpMEMFw==, magXml=yCwW3n/+S1zEOlcsZ6DsVg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=egCdB4xmZZHIrULOnMMnvg==, pdfFileSize=1967846, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=82VV+pKL2ASTcVsSZqXq1A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7tL/51ArK4hC63UmtKHZpw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

李嗣源:初稿撰写、研究构思及论文修改;张祯涛:审阅,作图;蔺彦龙:格式修改;王菲:审阅;何晓波:监督指导;杨建社:框架设计;李维克:框架设计、监督指导和获取基金;周建胜:监督指导、审阅及论文修改。

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articleId=1238813317993656611, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=HSPA8 homology analysis and structural schematic diagram. A: Phylogenetic tree of HSPA8; B: Percentage identity matrix of HSPA8; C: Schematic diagram of the domains of HSPA8; D: Schematic diagram of the higher-order structure of HSPA8 (UniProt: P11142; PDB ID: 3AGY)., figureFileSmall=I0ZOAzj8KnlcgqHoJoFibw==, figureFileBig=xyRnESX+io/f1HNNOkX23Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238904045830722145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317993656611, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HSPA8同源性分析和结构示意图。A:HSPA8系统发育树;B:HSPA8百分比一致性矩阵;C:HSPA8的结构域示意图;D:HSPA8的高级结构示意图(UniProt:P11142;PDB ID:3AGY)。, figureFileSmall=I0ZOAzj8KnlcgqHoJoFibw==, figureFileBig=xyRnESX+io/f1HNNOkX23Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238904045918802531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317993656611, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=HSPA8 affects the virus’s infection of host cells. A: HSPA8 regulates host metabolism (Such as HCV, can induce the expression of HNF-1α through NS5A. HSPA8 can selectively bind to HNF-1α and deliver it to Lamp 2A on the surface of lysosomes, promoting the degradation of HNF-1α through the CMA pathway, and then inhibiting the expression of the GLUT2 gene to suppress the cell’s uptake of glucose); B: HSPA8 regulates the host immune pathway [DNA-PK recognizes foreign viral DNA and is activated, regulating the phosphorylation of HSPA8 at Ser 638 and transmitting signals. Phosphorylated HSPA8 interacts with co-chaperone proteins, such as TF, and participates in the regulation of the expression of downstream antiviral genes]; C: HSPA8 is involved in the infection of host cells by viruses., figureFileSmall=Ld3VC1fPbCQHcmPVG3Z9FQ==, figureFileBig=HkM0RnHnIHcm0/MrxdGjoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238904046032048741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317993656611, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HSPA8影响病毒感染宿主细胞。A:HSPA8调节宿主代谢(以HCV为例,HCV可通过NS5A诱导表达HNF-1α,HSPA8可以选择性结合HNF-1α,并将其递送至溶酶体表面的Lamp 2A,促进HNF-1α通过CMA途径降解,进而抑制GLUT2基因表达来抑制细胞对葡萄糖的摄取);B:HSPA8调节宿主免疫通路[DNA-PK识别外源病毒DNA并激活,调控HSPA8的Ser 638位磷酸化并传递信号,磷酸化的HSPA8与共伴侣蛋白,如转录因子(transcription factor, TF)相互作用,参与下游抗病毒基因的表达调控];C:HSPA8参与病毒感染宿主细胞。, figureFileSmall=Ld3VC1fPbCQHcmPVG3Z9FQ==, figureFileBig=HkM0RnHnIHcm0/MrxdGjoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238904046090768999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317993656611, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Antiviral strategies of HSPA8. A: Small molecule inhibitors of HSPA8, such as halofuginone, can inhibit its ATP-binding domain; B: RNA interference technology targeting HSPA8, such as siRNA, can degrade the mRNA of HSPA8; C: Antibodies targeting HSPA8; D: Natural compounds that inhibit HSPA8, such as pristimerin, can induce the degradation of HSPA8., figureFileSmall=AsZ6ofizK0zbAFujugQkRg==, figureFileBig=f1UdquA7E1pxVUzNRQyfAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238904046153683561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317993656611, language=CN, label=图3, caption=靶向HSPA8的抗病毒策略。A:HSPA8小分子抑制剂,如卤夫酮(halofuginone)可以抑制其ATP结合结构域;B:针对HSPA8的RNA干扰技术,如siRNA可以降解HSPA8的mRNA;C:靶向HSPA8抗体;D:抑制HSPA8的天然化合物,如扁塑藤素(pristimerin)可以诱导机体降解HSPA8。, figureFileSmall=AsZ6ofizK0zbAFujugQkRg==, figureFileBig=f1UdquA7E1pxVUzNRQyfAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238904046212403818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317993656611, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The role of HSPA8 in different viral infections

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

病毒感染阶段

Stages of viral infection

病毒

Virus

HSPA8定位

HSPA8 location

作用机制

Mechanism of action

参考文献

References

AttachmentIBVCellular membraneHSPA8 is the additional attachment factor[31]
PRRSVHSPA8 and CD163 are involved in the formation of the viral receptor complex[34]
RGNNVHSPA8 and MmHSP90ab1 are involved in the formation of the viral receptor complex[37]
PenetrationTGEVCellular membrane, cytoplasmHSPA8 directs virus internalization via CME[41]
JEVHSPA8 directs virus internalization via CME[43]
RotavirusHSPA8 induces conformational changes in viral particles to facilitate viral entry[45]
UncoatingASFVCytoplasmHSPA8 promotes viral uncoating by degrading the viral capsid protein via autophagy[49]
IAVHSPA8 promotes the release of the genome after viral uncoating and the subsequent transport of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex[52]
ReplicationEBOVCytoplasm, nucleusHSPA8 binds to the trailing region of EBOV[57]
RABVHSPA8 binds to the leRNA of RABV[59]
DENVThe interaction between dvNS3 and HSPA8 disrupts the formation of the RISC by displacing TRBP[61]
MVCHSPA8 translocates NS1 or VP2 proteins to the nucleus[63]
AssemblyHPVPMLHSPA8 assists L2 in integrating into L1 and then dissociates upon completion of viral assembly[66]
CNVCytoplasmHSPA8 binds to CP, maintains its solubility, and directly promotes VLP assembly[68]
), ArticleFig(id=1238904047659438700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317993656611, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HSPA8在不同病毒感染中的作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

病毒感染阶段

Stages of viral infection

病毒

Virus

HSPA8定位

HSPA8 location

作用机制

Mechanism of action

参考文献

References

AttachmentIBVCellular membraneHSPA8 is the additional attachment factor[31]
PRRSVHSPA8 and CD163 are involved in the formation of the viral receptor complex[34]
RGNNVHSPA8 and MmHSP90ab1 are involved in the formation of the viral receptor complex[37]
PenetrationTGEVCellular membrane, cytoplasmHSPA8 directs virus internalization via CME[41]
JEVHSPA8 directs virus internalization via CME[43]
RotavirusHSPA8 induces conformational changes in viral particles to facilitate viral entry[45]
UncoatingASFVCytoplasmHSPA8 promotes viral uncoating by degrading the viral capsid protein via autophagy[49]
IAVHSPA8 promotes the release of the genome after viral uncoating and the subsequent transport of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex[52]
ReplicationEBOVCytoplasm, nucleusHSPA8 binds to the trailing region of EBOV[57]
RABVHSPA8 binds to the leRNA of RABV[59]
DENVThe interaction between dvNS3 and HSPA8 disrupts the formation of the RISC by displacing TRBP[61]
MVCHSPA8 translocates NS1 or VP2 proteins to the nucleus[63]
AssemblyHPVPMLHSPA8 assists L2 in integrating into L1 and then dissociates upon completion of viral assembly[66]
CNVCytoplasmHSPA8 binds to CP, maintains its solubility, and directly promotes VLP assembly[68]
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热休克蛋白8影响病毒感染宿主细胞的研究进展
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李嗣源 1 , 张祯涛 2 , 蔺彦龙 3 , 王菲 4 , 何晓波 5 , 杨建社 1 , 李维克 1, * , 周建胜 2, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(3): 990-1006
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微生物学报 | 综述 2026, 66(3): 990-1006
热休克蛋白8影响病毒感染宿主细胞的研究进展
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李嗣源1, 张祯涛2, 蔺彦龙3, 王菲4, 何晓波5, 杨建社1, 李维克1, * , 周建胜2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所,动物疫病防控全国重点实验室,甘肃 兰州
  • 2.山东省动物卫生技术中心,山东 济南
  • 3.兰州生物制品研究所有限责任公司,甘肃 兰州
  • 4.青州市畜牧业发展中心,山东 青州
  • 5.山东灼华生物技术有限公司,山东 聊城
Research progress on the impact of heat shock protein family A member 8 on virus infection of host cells
Siyuan LI1, Zhentao ZHANG2, Yanlong LIN3, Fei WANG4, Xiaobo HE5, Jianshe YANG1, Weike LI1, * , Jiansheng ZHOU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 2.Shandong Animal Health Technology Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
  • 3.Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co. , Ltd. , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 4.Qingzhou Animal Husbandry Development Center, Qingzhou, Shandong, China
  • 5.Shandong Zhuohua Biotechnology Co. , Ltd. , Liaocheng, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250714
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热休克蛋白8 (heat shock protein family A member 8, HSPA8)是一种广泛存在于细胞内的分子伴侣蛋白。该蛋白参与多项细胞生理过程,主要包括蛋白质的正确折叠与转运、应激反应、抗原蛋白呈递、自噬介导以及免疫调控等,对维持细胞内环境稳态至关重要。此外,HSPA8在病毒感染的多个过程中发挥关键作用。本文综述了HSPA8在病毒黏附、病毒糖蛋白-受体复合物形成、内化、脱壳、基因组复制、组装,以及调节宿主代谢和免疫反应等过程中所发挥的重要作用及其分子机制,为后续靶向HSPA8的抗病毒药物研发奠定了基础。

热休克蛋白8  /  病毒感染  /  调控机制

Heat shock protein family A member 8 (HSPA8) is a widely distributed molecular chaperone in cells. HSPA8 is involved in multiple cellular physiological processes, mainly including the correct folding and transport of proteins, stress responses, presentation of antigenic proteins, mediation of autophagy, and immune regulation. It is also crucial for maintaining the homeostasis of the intracellular environment. In addition, HSPA8 plays a key role in multiple processes of virus infections. This paper reviewed the important roles and molecular mechanisms of HSPA8 in processes such as virus adhesion, formation of virus glycoprotein-receptor complexes, internalization, uncoating, genome replication, assembly, and regulation of host metabolism and immune responses, with the hope of laying a foundation for the subsequent development of drugs targeting HSPA8 for the treatment of virus infections.

HSPA8  /  virus infection  /  regulatory mechanism
李嗣源, 张祯涛, 蔺彦龙, 王菲, 何晓波, 杨建社, 李维克, 周建胜. 热休克蛋白8影响病毒感染宿主细胞的研究进展. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 990 -1006 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250714
Siyuan LI, Zhentao ZHANG, Yanlong LIN, Fei WANG, Xiaobo HE, Jianshe YANG, Weike LI, Jiansheng ZHOU. Research progress on the impact of heat shock protein family A member 8 on virus infection of host cells[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 990 -1006 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250714
近年来,越来越多新型病毒涌现,严重威胁着人类的生命健康。例如,2019年的新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)感染再次敲响了病毒存在重大威胁的“警钟”[1]。此外,2025年7月中国广东省佛山市确诊超过9 000例基孔肯雅病毒(Chikungunya virus, CHIKV)感染患者[2];该病毒还在巴基斯坦、意大利等国大肆传播,严重威胁全球公共卫生安全[3-4]。对于预防和治疗病毒感染,研究病毒感染宿主细胞的具体过程及分子机制是重中之重。病毒感染宿主细胞是一个复杂的过程。首先,在有囊膜病毒中病毒糖蛋白通过识别宿主细胞表面的受体蛋白并与之结合,从而黏附在细胞表面[5];无囊膜病毒则主要通过自身衣壳蛋白(coat protein, CP)直接与特定受体分子结合[6]。而后,病毒粒子通过内吞、膜融合、直接穿透细胞膜等方式进入细胞内[7]。病毒进入细胞后完成脱壳,释放其基因组DNA/RNA,并利用宿主资源进行基因组复制以及蛋白合成等过程[8]。随后,病毒基因组与结构蛋白在细胞质或细胞核内组装成子代病毒颗粒。最后,病毒粒子通过出芽释放(有囊膜的病毒,如流感病毒[9]、人免疫缺陷病毒[10])、细胞裂解(无囊膜的病毒,如诺如病毒[11])等方式释放,进而感染其他细胞。值得注意的是,有些病毒可直接实现细胞-细胞间的传播,例如单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus, HSV)通过细胞融合形成合胞体,使病毒在细胞间直接扩散[12]
在病毒感染细胞的过程中,宿主的免疫系统会被激活以抑制或清除病毒感染。例如,机体利用泛素-蛋白酶体系统快速降解SARS-CoV-2的主蛋白酶NSP5蛋白,从而抑制SARS-CoV-2的复制[13];当细胞内出现异常DNA片段时宿主细胞启动环鸟苷酸-单磷酸腺苷合成酶家族(cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase, cGAS)-干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes, STING)通路来诱导干扰素表达,使免疫细胞直接杀伤被感染细胞,从而彻底清除病毒的复制场所[14]。然而,“狡猾”的病毒会利用宿主细胞的一些蛋白破坏免疫系统从而实现免疫逃逸。例如,SARS-CoV-2利用蛋白酶切割宿主细胞的半乳糖凝集素-8,使其失活,解除细胞的抗病毒防御;同时,SARS-CoV-2还会获取宿主的衰变加速因子(decay accelerating factor, DAF)、膜攻击复合物抑制蛋白(membrane attack complex inhibitory protein, MAC-IP),逃避补体介导的裂解,降低病毒清除效率[15]。然而,病毒感染过程中并非仅有上述几种宿主蛋白参与,分子伴侣蛋白在病毒感染周期中扮演“多功能调控者”的角色。例如,在结节性皮肤病病毒(lumpy skin disease virus, LSDV)感染宿主细胞过程中,分子伴侣参与内质网应激通路的激活[16]。热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs)凭借其分子伴侣特性协助其他蛋白折叠、组装或修复,既参与病毒感染宿主细胞的过程,也参与宿主免疫调控。
热休克蛋白是一类广泛存在于所有生物中的蛋白质家族,分子量范围为14-120 kDa,其最初在布氏果蝇中被发现,因在高温应激下被诱导表达而得名[17-18]。HSPs通常按分子量分类,可分为小HSP、HSP40、HSP60、HSP70、HSP90和较大的HSPs[19]。在HSPs家族中热休克蛋白8 (heat shock protein family A member 8, HSPA8),也称为热休克同源蛋白70 (heat shock cognate 70, HSC70),分子大小约为70 kDa,在生物体中高度保守(图1A1B)[20]。该蛋白在热休克时上调表达以维持细胞内蛋白质稳态,保护细胞免受应激损伤[21]。同时,作为分子伴侣,HSPA8参与ATP代谢、蛋白质折叠和转运、抗原加工和呈递、自噬等多种生理过程,在维持细胞内环境稳态中发挥重要作用[22]。HSPA8在细胞中主要分布于细胞质和细胞核中,在细胞膜和一些细胞器中也有少量分布,如线粒体、内质网和溶酶体等[23]。HSPA8由N端ATP结合结构域(ATP-binding domain, ABD)和C端底物结合域(substrate-binding domain, SBD)构成(图1C、1D),蛋白的活性主要依赖于N端ATP结合结构域,该结构域将ATP水解为ADP为客户蛋白折叠和释放供能[24];其C端底物结合结构域能够与多种配体结合并相互作用,包括辅助错误折叠蛋白重折叠[25]、指导配体蛋白朝向溶酶体或泛素/蛋白酶体系统进行分解[26]、调节蛋白质易位进入内质网和细胞核[27]。此外,HSPA8在病毒感染细胞过程中发挥重要作用,主要涉及病毒黏附、组成病毒受体复合物、病毒内化、病毒复制、病毒组装以及调节宿主代谢和免疫等方面。
黏附是病毒感染宿主细胞最关键的步骤,研究表明禽传染性支气管炎病毒(avian infectious bronchitis virus, IBV)刺突蛋白的主要功能是识别宿主细胞表面的受体蛋白或黏附因子并与之结合,从而使病毒粒子黏附在细胞表面[28]。而后病毒粒子被网格蛋白包被成囊泡,通过网格蛋白介导的内吞途径(clathrin-mediated endocytosis, CME)进入细胞[29]。有研究表明IBV可通过其S2亚基中的硫酸乙酰肝素(heparan sulfate, HS)结合位点与HS结合[30]。Zhu等[31]发现,HSPA8可以和IBV Beaudette株的刺突蛋白相互作用,且重组HSPA8可显著阻断IBV对鸡胚肾(chicken embryo kidney, CEK)细胞的黏附。为排除HS的干扰,该研究用肝素酶I (heparanase I)去除HS后,重组HSPA8或HSPA8抗体处理都能有效阻断IBV对Vero细胞的黏附。上述结果表明,HSPA8有助于IBV对宿主细胞的吸附,且该过程是通过HSPA8与刺突蛋白结合,而非与HS结合实现的[31]
猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV)是一种单股正链RNA病毒,以母猪繁殖障碍(如流产、死胎)和仔猪呼吸道症状为主要特征,给全球养猪业造成严重的经济损失[32]。Wang等[33]的研究表明,PRRSV通过其糖蛋白GP4与HSPA8的C端底物结合结构域相互作用,从而促进病毒的附着,以HSPA8为靶点的化学抑制剂和小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA)显著抑制了PRRSV感染,病毒的RNA丰度、传染性和滴度显著降低;同时,通过抗体或重组HSPA8蛋白阻断GP4与HSPA8的相互作用可以显著抑制PRRSV的感染。CD163是PRRSV的已知受体,CD163和HSPA8具有相互作用,BHK-21细胞天然不感染PRRSV,单独表达HSPA8或CD163时仅CD163可使BHK-21细胞对PRRSV敏感;而共表达HSPA8与CD163时病毒感染量显著高于单独表达CD163组,HSPA8单独不足以像CD163那样支持PRRSV感染,表明HSPA8参与了PRRSV的黏附和病毒-受体复合物的组成[34]
神经坏死病毒(nervous necrosis virus, NNV)是一种危害鱼类的诺达病毒,能够引起鱼类的病毒性神经坏死病[35],红点石斑鱼神经坏死病毒(red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus, RGNNV)是NNV中的一种[36]。Zhang等[37]发现MmHSP90ab1 (热休克蛋白90家族成员)与RGNNV的核衣壳蛋白具有相互作用,RGNNV与细胞表面的结合效率依赖MmHSP90ab1的表达量;免疫荧光和蛋白酶保护实验证实,MmHSP90ab1定位于细胞表面,参与病毒的结合与进入,同时过表达可以赋予非易感细胞病毒易感性,因此MmHSP90ab1是RGNNV的附着受体;有趣的是,MmHSC70 (海洋青鳉热休克同源蛋白70)与MmHSP90ab1之间也存在相互作用,三者形成MmHSC70-MmHSP90ab1-CP复合物,协同增强病毒结合效率。总之,HSPA8及其同源蛋白MmHSP90ab1参与病毒-受体复合物的组成,促进病毒与细胞表面结合。
综上所述,HSPA8既可以与病毒表面蛋白结合,也可以与病毒受体特异性结合而形成HSPA8-病毒受体-病毒糖蛋白复合物,介导病毒颗粒附着到宿主细胞表面,增强病毒和宿主细胞受体的结合效率,进而辅助病毒感染细胞。
病毒糖蛋白通过与宿主细胞表面受体结合附着在细胞膜后将启动病毒的内化过程,该过程因病毒而异[7]。例如,埃博拉病毒(Ebola virus, EBOV)主要通过巨胞饮和网格蛋白介导的内吞进入细胞[38];而尼帕病毒(Nipah virus, NiV)的内化则是通过糖蛋白G结合受体蛋白EphrinB2/B3而触发膜融合蛋白F的活性实现的[39]。研究发现HSPA8在众多病毒的内化过程中发挥重要作用。
传染性胃肠炎病毒(transmissible gastroenteritis virus, TGEV)是一种冠状病毒,其基因组由单股正链RNA组成,主要导致仔猪严重腹泻、呕吐和脱水,具有高度传染性[40]。Ji等[41]发现,在TGEV感染的早期阶段,HSPA8和TGEV的基质蛋白(matrix protein, M)共定位于细胞表面,HSPA8通过其底物结合结构域与TGEV的M蛋白结合,将TGEV与抗M血清预孵育可以阻断M和HSPA8的相互作用,从而减少TGEV的内化;这个过程通过CME途径实现,抑制HSPA8的ATP酶活性会降低CME的效率。类似地,日本脑炎病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus, JEV)是一种由蚊媒传播的黄病毒属RNA病毒,主要引起中枢神经系统感染[42]。当病毒感染C6/36细胞12 h后,HSPA8的mRNA水平和蛋白水平都显著上调;使用siRNA敲低HSPA8后,JEV的感染效率降低,病毒非结构蛋白3 (non-structural protein 3, NS3)表达减少,病毒滴度显著降低,表明HSPA8是JEV成功感染C6/36细胞的必需因子;此外,该研究还证明了HSPA8不影响JEV吸附到细胞表面,但显著影响该病毒的内化过程;该研究还发现敲降HSPA8会显著减少酸性囊泡(病毒脱壳释放基因组的关键结构)的形成,表明HSPA8与病毒内化后细胞内囊泡的酸化密切相关;通过网格蛋白包被小泡(clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs)追踪试验发现,敲降HSPA8的表达后CCVs持续积累,无法解离,阻碍病毒基因组释放,说明HSPA8是CME途径后期的关键调控因子[43]。综上所述,HSPA8在JEV进入细胞的CME途径晚期阶段起关键作用,促进病毒穿透、细胞内囊泡酸化及网格蛋白包被小泡解离,帮助病毒释放基因组以完成复制。
轮状病毒是导致幼儿严重脱水腹泻的主要病原体,其感染依赖病毒与细胞表面分子的一系列相互作用[44]。Pérez-Vargas等[45]发现,HSPA8能与轮状病毒的3层颗粒(triple-layered particles, TLPs)结合,且已知的HSPA8配体羧甲基化乳清蛋白(carboxymethylated lactalbumin, CMLA)可以竞争性抑制这种结合,阻断轮状病毒感染;HSPA8在辅助伴侣Hsp40和ATP存在下处理病毒后,病毒感染性下降60%,处理后的病毒对抗原抗体的反应性略有改变,且对热和碱性条件更敏感,说明HSPA8诱导病毒发生构象变化,导致感染性降低;ADP存在时HSPA8与病毒形成高亲和力复合物,通过空间位阻轻微抑制感染;在ATP存在时HSPA8与病毒短暂结合后脱离,通过诱导病毒构象变化使病毒不可逆地降低感染性;HSPA8与病毒的相互作用发生在细胞膜透化之后,其通过诱导病毒构象变化促进病毒进入细胞质;结果表明,HSPA8通过底物结合结构域与轮状病毒结合,依赖其ATP酶活性诱导病毒构象变化,这一过程是轮状病毒进入宿主细胞的关键步骤。
在病毒感染过程中,病毒脱壳是指病毒颗粒进入宿主细胞后,通过衣壳结构的部分解离或完全降解释放出基因组的过程,其效率直接决定病毒能否启动后续的基因组复制[8]。不同类型病毒的脱壳机制存在显著差异:无囊膜病毒常依赖宿主细胞内的酶解作用或宿主因子诱导的衣壳构象变化实现脱壳[46];有囊膜病毒则多通过囊膜与宿主细胞膜融合,伴随衣壳蛋白的构象重排释放基因组[47]。在这一过程中,HSPA8作为宿主分子伴侣蛋白成为多种病毒脱壳过程的关键调控因子。
非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus, ASFV)是目前已知唯一的虫媒DNA病毒,具有高致病性和高死亡率,对全球养猪业构成严重威胁,其中p72是ASFV主要的衣壳蛋白[48]。在Song等[49]的研究中p72在病毒感染的早期C端发生泛素化修饰后,被自噬受体SQSTM1/p62识别,E3泛素连接酶Stub1通过HSPA8介导的选择性自噬促进p72的泛素化和降解;其中Stub1是HSPA8的辅助因子,敲低HSPA8抑制STUB1介导的p72降解,同时HSPA8和p72具有互作关系。上述结果表明,HSPA8通过自噬降解病毒的衣壳蛋白来促进病毒进入细胞后脱壳,进行病毒基因组的释放。
甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus, IAV),是具有高度传染性的正黏RNA病毒,可引起人类和多种动物的急性呼吸道感染[50]。IAV的血凝素蛋白(hemagglutinin protein, HA)构象变化是病毒脱壳的关键[51]。Feng等[52]利用免疫荧光追踪病毒核蛋白的定位发现,敲低HSPA8后,感染早期(4、6、8 h)病毒核蛋白进入细胞核的比例显著减少,且病毒核蛋白在核内积累,难以向胞质及细胞膜转运;HSPA8能够稳定HA的构象并促进其构象重排,HSPA8缺失会破坏这种辅助作用,导致HA构象变化异常,阻碍基因组释放。该结果说明HSPA8的缺失会阻碍病毒脱壳后基因组的释放及后续病毒核糖核蛋白复合体的转运,表明其在病毒脱壳及基因组释放的早期阶段发挥重要调控作用[52]
HSPA8在病毒内化阶段介导病毒与细胞的结合及内化定位,助力病毒进入细胞(TGEV、轮状病毒),调控病毒内化后细胞内过程,保障病毒基因组释放与复制(JEV),成为病毒成功感染宿主细胞的重要辅助因子。在病毒脱壳阶段,HSPA8主要通过介导关键病毒蛋白(如ASFV p72、IAV HA)的降解或构象稳定、促进病毒基因组复合体在细胞内的转运,确保基因组成功释放并到达复制场所,在病毒脱壳阶段发挥关键调控作用。
病毒基因组复制是病毒利用宿主细胞的物质与能量系统,在自身蛋白或宿主因子调控下以自身基因组为模板合成子代基因组的过程[53]。在这一复杂过程中病毒需招募宿主分子伴侣蛋白以克服自身蛋白折叠错误、调控核酸与蛋白相互作用[54]。其中,HSPA8凭借其结合核酸、稳定蛋白构象及介导分子互作的功能,在调节病毒基因组复制中扮演着“关键者”的角色。
埃博拉病毒是一种单股负链RNA病毒[single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses, (-)ssRNAV],属于丝状病毒科[55]。EBOV基因组的3′端前导区和5′端尾随区等非编码区被推测参与调控病毒的转录与复制[56]。Sztuba-Solinska等[57]发现,HSPA8可与EBOV尾随区的1-116 nt片段特异性结合,序列分析显示,尾随区存在3个潜在的HSPA8结合基序(5′-AUUUA-3′),其中基序1是关键结合位点;对基序1进行单点(5′-AUUUU-3′)或双点(5′-UUUUU-3′)突变后,EBOV微型基因组的绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)表达量显著下降,病毒基因组RNA和复制中间体的合成量也显著降低,表明基序1是病毒复制的关键顺式元件;其中双突变的EBOV感染性克隆无法拯救出病毒,单点突变体虽可拯救,但复制动力学显著减慢,且病毒基因组中出现补偿性突变;敲低HSPA8或用抑制剂处理后,EBOV感染效率显著降低,表明HSPA8通过与基序1结合促进病毒基因组复制。总之,HSPA8通过与EBOV尾随区的基序1结合,参与调控病毒的复制过程。
狂犬病毒(rabies virus, RABV)的前导RNA通过与RABV的核衣壳蛋白(nucleocapsid protein, N)竞争性结合病毒基因组RNA,干扰N蛋白与基因组RNA的相互作用,而N蛋白是复制病毒核衣壳的必需成分,因此前导RNA (leader RNA, leRNA)可以抑制病毒复制[58]。Zhang等[59]发现,RABV的前导RNA可以与宿主的HSPA8特异性结合;在RABV感染早期,HSPA8表达下降,前导RNA水平升高,抑制病毒复制;感染后期,HSPA8表达上升,前导RNA水平降低,病毒复制增强。上述结果表明,HSPA8可以通过结合前导RNA间接调控病毒复制。
登革热病毒(dengue virus, DENV)非结构蛋白中的非结构蛋白3 (dengue virus non-structural protein 3, dvNS3)能够抑制人细胞系中的RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi),进而抑制宿主免疫反应[60]。Kakumani等[61]以dvNS3为诱饵蛋白进行下拉分析,发现其与HSPA8存在相互作用;HSPA8下调会导致登革热病毒基因组RNA积累,dvNS3与HSPA8的相互作用通过取代TAR RNA结合蛋白(TAR RNA-binding protein, TRBP)并可能损害miRNA的下游活性,扰乱了RNA诱导沉默复合物(RNA-induced silencing complex, RISC)的形成,进而促进病毒基因组的复制。
犬微小病毒(minute virus of canines, MVC)的复制依赖宿主因子的参与[62]。Guo等[63]利用免疫沉淀-质谱联用技术(immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, IP-MS)筛选出HSPA8,是与MVC的非结构蛋白1 (non-structural protein 1, NS1)和病毒蛋白2 (viral protein 2, VP2)相互作用的宿主蛋白之一;同时,在未感染病毒的细胞中HSPA8呈细胞质和细胞核弥散分布;MVC感染后,HSPA8与NS1或VP2蛋白共定位,并随感染时间从细胞质转移到细胞核;利用慢病毒敲低细胞中HSPA8的表达,结果表明MVC的NS1和VP2蛋白表达显著降低,病毒DNA复制减少约50%-85%,病毒颗粒产生减少约40%-90%。以上表型说明,HSPA8对MVC的复制起到正向促进作用,是MVC复制所必需的宿主因子。
在病毒周期的后段,病毒在宿主细胞内将自身结构蛋白和基因组精准结合,在宿主因子的调控下逐步形成成熟、具有感染性的病毒颗粒[64]。在这一过程中,HSPA8通过介导蛋白核转运、稳定蛋白构象及辅助多亚基聚合的功能,在病毒结构蛋白的正确折叠、细胞内定位及有序聚合等环节发挥重要作用。
人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus, HPV)的次要衣壳蛋白(minor capsid protein L2, L2)在病毒组装中至关重要,可招募病毒成分至早幼粒细胞白血病小体(promyelocytic leukemia body, PML body) (病毒形态发生的位点)中[65]。Florin等[66]在研究中发现,在未表达HPV L2的细胞中HSPA8主要分散于细胞质;而当HPV L2表达时HSPA8从细胞质显著转移至细胞核,并与L2共定位于PML小体;免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation, CO-IP)结果显示HSPA8与L2直接结合,形成功能性复合物,为组装奠定基础;而且细胞质中HSPA8的消耗会导致L2滞留于细胞质,形成核周聚集物,说明HSPA8介导L2核转运至PML小体,为组装提供场所;蔗糖梯度离心分析显示,HSPA8可与L1-L2病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles, VLPs)结合,但不与仅含主要衣壳蛋白(major capsid protein L1, L1)或含C端截短L2的VLPs结合,说明HSPA8通过与L2的C末端结合,介导L2整合到由L1构成的衣壳结构中;最后,当L1-L2 VLPs包装DNA形成假病毒颗粒时HSPA8不再与病毒结合,说明HSPA8协助L2整合到衣壳后随病毒组装完成而解离,保障成熟病毒颗粒的形成。因此,HSPA8全程参与HPV的组装过程,是病毒完成形态发生的关键宿主因子。
黄瓜坏死病毒(cucumber necrosis virus, CNV)是一种正链RNA病毒[67]。在Alam等[68]的研究中病毒感染显著诱导HSP70家族的表达,HSPA8直接与CNV的外壳蛋白(CP)结合,稳定CP的构象为后续组装步骤奠定基础;体外实验显示,经变性处理的CP在HSPA8存在时可保持可溶性,而在牛血清白蛋白对照或无HSPA8时CP主要以不溶形式存在于沉淀中,说明HSPA8通过分子伴侣功能促进CP的正确折叠,避免其因大量合成而聚集沉淀;在共浸润实验中,过表达HSPA8的细胞中CNV的VLPs组装量增加3.5-4.2倍,且增幅显著高于CP自身的积累,这表明HSPA8除促进CP折叠外,还通过辅助CP亚基的有序聚合直接加速病毒衣壳的形成,是VLPs组装的关键驱动因子。总体来说,HSPA8通过与CP结合、维持其可溶性、直接促进VLPs组装,全程参与CNV的组装,是病毒完成形态发生的核心宿主因子。
HSPA8在不同病毒的基因组复制中,一方面可以通过结合病毒核酸(EBOV、RABV),另一方面可以通过结合病毒蛋白(DENV、MVC),通过动态调控病毒核酸,稳定蛋白构象直接或间接地促进病毒基因组复制。在病毒组装阶段,HSPA8通过协助病毒组分(如HPV L2)定位到正确的细胞内组装位点、直接与病毒结构蛋白结合,促进它们整合到衣壳结构中或有序聚合成衣壳,动态调节组装进程。
当病毒入侵宿主细胞后,其复制周期与致病过程通常会打破宿主正常的代谢平衡,并激活一系列先天免疫防御机制[69]。HSPA8凭借独特的信号传导作用成为连接病毒感染信号与宿主代谢调控、免疫应答的关键分子枢纽。它既能够通过介导特定代谢相关蛋白的功能调节,参与宿主代谢稳态的重塑[70];又可通过与免疫相关分子的相互作用,调控先天免疫通路的激活强度与持续时间,进而影响宿主对抗病毒感染的整体过程[71]
丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus, HCV)能够引发慢性肝炎、肝硬化等肝脏疾病,还能导致2型糖尿病[72]。HCV可通过NS5A蛋白诱导肝细胞核因子1α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, HNF-1α)经分子伴侣介导的自噬(chaperone-mediated autophagy, CMA)途径降解,进而抑制葡萄糖转运蛋白2 (glucose transporter 2, GLUT2)基因表达以抑制细胞葡萄糖摄取[73]。Zhang等[74]研究发现,HNF-1α的结构域中存在一段符合CMA途径靶向基序特征的五肽序列,该基序是HSPA8与HNF-1α结合的关键位点;HSPA8是CMA途径中的核心胞质分子伴侣,其主要功能是通过识别底物蛋白中的CMA靶向基序,选择性结合靶蛋白并将其递送至溶酶体相关膜蛋白2A (lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A, Lamp 2A),最终促进底物的溶酶体降解。敲低HSPA8后,HCV感染细胞中HNF-1α的降解被显著抑制,其蛋白水平得以恢复,证实HSPA8是HCV诱导的HNF-1α溶酶体降解过程的必需分子[75]。上述研究表明,在HCV感染相关的HNF-1α降解过程中,HSPA8是连接底物HNF-1α、病毒蛋白NS5A与溶酶体降解机制的关键中介(图2A)。
当病毒感染细胞时cGAS-STING通路会引导细胞内的DNA激活I型干扰素介导的先天免疫反应,从而防止病毒感染[76]。然而,人类细胞具有另一条独立于STING的DNA感知通路,即STING非依赖型DNA感知通路(STING-independent DNA-sensing pathway, SIDSP)[77]。Burleigh等[78]的研究发现,HSPA8在SIDSP激活后发生Ser 638位磷酸化,DNA依赖的蛋白激酶识别外源病毒DNA并激活后,通过调控HSPA8的Ser 638位磷酸化传递信号;同时还发现该磷酸化可能通过调控HSPA8与共伴侣蛋白的相互作用,参与下游抗病毒基因的表达调控;HSPA8通过Ser 638位磷酸化成为SIDSP通路的关键下游效应分子,其磷酸化状态直接反映该通路的激活水平,是连接DNA依赖的蛋白激酶与下游抗病毒基因表达的重要信号节点。总的来说,HSPA8作为关键下游靶点,在人类细胞对抗外源病毒DNA的先天免疫反应中发挥核心作用(图2B)。
HSPA8作为一种高度保守的分子伴侣,其在病毒感染过程中的多功能性逐渐被揭示。病毒感染细胞的第一步是利用病毒表面蛋白质与宿主细胞表面的蛋白质、脂质和黏附因子相互作用附着于细胞表面[79]。然后,细胞表面的病毒受体促进信号传导,诱导质膜皱褶,激活内吞作用,并触发病毒颗粒的变化[80],这个过程构成了病毒感染的初始阶段。在这个阶段,HSPA8的作用呈现出辅助性特征。无论是作为IBV的额外附着因子,还是参与PRRSV、RGNNV的受体复合物组成,其核心功能是通过C端底物结合结构域与病毒表面蛋白,如刺突蛋白、核衣壳蛋白结合,增强病毒与细胞的吸附。
当病毒吸附到宿主细胞表面后,不同病毒通过多种方式进入宿主细胞,去除衣壳或囊膜,释放自身核酸,例如在吞噬作用中宿主细胞主动伸出伪足,将较大的病毒颗粒包裹形成吞噬体[81];在胞饮作用中细胞可以非特异性地摄取液体及其中溶质[82];在膜融合过程中病毒囊膜与宿主细胞膜直接融合,将病毒核衣壳释放到细胞质中无需形成内吞泡[83]。HSPA8的分子伴侣活性与ATP酶功能成为关键驱动力。例如,TGEV通过M蛋白与HSPA8结合,依赖其引导CME途径,JEV的内化则依赖HSPA8调控囊泡酸化与网格蛋白小泡解离,这一过程与HSPA8的ATP结合结构域的供能密切相关。此外,ASFV衣壳蛋白p72的泛素化降解依赖HSPA8介导的选择性自噬,进一步证明其通过自噬通路参与病毒脱壳的独特机制。HSPA8通过调控各种细胞通路,为病毒入侵细胞创造条件。
病毒释放自身基因组后,随即在细胞内以自身基因组为模板合成子代核酸,随后子代核酸利用宿主细胞的翻译系统,以病毒核酸为模板合成自身蛋白质[84],然后子代病毒核酸与结构蛋白在宿主细胞内特定部位有序组装,最终形成成熟的子代病毒颗粒[85]。在这个阶段,病毒基因组的稳定性至关重要,如在负链RNA病毒的复制中核衣壳封装-解离的动态平衡是NSVs复制的核心限速步骤,基因组中嘌呤/嘧啶的含量及聚集状态调控NSVs的密码子使用偏好性,嘌呤富集序列可增强核衣壳稳定性,限制病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, vRdRp)通过;嘧啶聚集则削弱稳定性,加速RNA释放[86]。HSPA8可以结合病毒核酸(如EBOV的尾随区、RABV的前导RNA)或蛋白(如DENV的NS3蛋白、MVC的NS1蛋白),通过稳定病毒成分构象或调控宿主因子促进复制,同时,HSPA8分子伴侣功能为病毒组装提供保障,如HPV L2蛋白的核转运、CNV外壳蛋白的正确折叠均依赖HSPA8,且组装完成后HSPA8解离的特性体现了其对病毒生成过程的精准调控。
HSPA8在病毒感染后对宿主的代谢和调控作用在临床具有重要意义。在HCV感染中HSPA8通过介导HNF-1α的溶酶体降解抑制细胞葡萄糖摄取,参与病毒诱导的代谢紊乱,损害宿主健康。在抗DNA病毒免疫中HSPA8的Ser 638位磷酸化激活SIDSP通路,触发先天免疫反应,抵抗病毒感染。同时,HSPA8在RNA病毒感染激活的TNF免疫通路、补体激活路径中也具有调控作用,如在水疱性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV)感染BHK-21细胞中TNF通路关键分子Ripk1的表达下调、补体激活相关基因Masp2上调,HSPA8可通过稳定Ripk1的构象影响其活性,其也参与了补体成分加工过程[87-88]。这种促病毒与抗病毒的矛盾角色可能与病毒种类、感染阶段及宿主细胞类型相关,所以HSPA8的功能受复杂调控网络的制约。
总之,HSPA8在多种病毒的黏附、病毒糖蛋白-受体复合物组成、内化、脱壳、基因组复制、组装以及调节宿主代谢和免疫反应等过程中发挥重要作用(图2C表1)。因此,针对靶向HSPA8的抗病毒策略的开发具有重要意义。基于HSPA8在病毒感染各阶段的核心作用,可从其分子功能、互作界面特性设计抗病毒策略,如抑制HSPA8分子伴侣活性,可利用小分子抑制剂卤夫酮(halofuginone)靶向结合其ATP结合结构域,抑制ATP酶功能,进而阻断其介导的病毒蛋白折叠[89];利用RNA干扰技术,如siRNA可以针对性地降解HSPA8的mRNA[90];阻断HSPA8与病毒成分的互作,利用靶向HSPA8的抗体干扰其与病毒表面蛋白或核酸的结合,削弱病毒吸附、内化及基因组稳定能力[91];此外,天然化合物可以诱导机体降解HSPA8,如扁塑藤素(pristimerin)[92] (图3)。此外,目前关于HSPA8与不同病毒蛋白结合的结构差异,以及HSPA8参与病毒入侵的具体机制的研究较少。未来或许可以通过解析HSPA8与病毒相互作用的三维结构并设计靶向HSPA8的特异性抑制剂,为开发广谱抗病毒药物提供一个新思路。同时,深入探究HSPA8在病毒免疫逃逸与宿主防御中的平衡机制,将有助于揭示病毒持续感染的分子机制,为传染病防控提供理论支撑。
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项(22ZD6NA001)
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2026年第66卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250714
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
  • 录用日期:2025-12-02
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Major Science and Technology Special Project of Gansu Province(22ZD6NA001)
甘肃省科技重大专项(22ZD6NA001)
作者信息
    1.中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所,动物疫病防控全国重点实验室,甘肃 兰州
    2.山东省动物卫生技术中心,山东 济南
    3.兰州生物制品研究所有限责任公司,甘肃 兰州
    4.青州市畜牧业发展中心,山东 青州
    5.山东灼华生物技术有限公司,山东 聊城

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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