Article(id=1238813317188342347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250759, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1762704000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineDate=1773285710856, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285710856, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285710856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285710856, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1192, endPage=1210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813317607772784, articleId=1238813317188342347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Expression and functional characterization of UrcA-like family membrane protein from Sphingobium xenophagum, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the expression strategy, DNA-binding characteristics, and the role in heavy metal responses and transcriptional regulation of the UrcA-like membrane protein Chr1_2170 from Sphingobium xenophagum C1. Methods Chr1_2170 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by codon optimization, dual-signal peptide guidance, and co-expression with homologous molecular chaperones. The interacting genes of Chr1_2170 were screened by constructing a functional promoter library of protein-bound genomic DNA fragments. The heavy metal response characteristics of Chr1_2170 were analyzed via the Chr1_2170-Luc reporter system. Results Chr1_2170 was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). Six promoter regions specifically bound by Chr1_2170 were screened out and identified, with the conserved motif of 5′-AATXGCGXGTA-3′. Gene function annotation predicted that Chr1_2170 regulated multiple genes, including those encoding β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, two-component system ATP-binding protein, DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B, and serine hydrolase. Chr1_2170 showed dose-dependent responses to Cu2+ (1-80 μmol/L), Zn2+ (1-80 μmol/L), and Ba2+ (1-150 μmol/L). Conclusion Chr1_2170 functions not only as a heavy metal sensing element but also as a multifunctional transcriptional regulator. It regulates the expression of related genes by recognizing specific DNA sequences, playing a key role in environmental adaptation and stress responses of bacteria.

, correspAuthors=Meiying XU, Xingjuan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: CHEN Xingjuan,
XU Meiying,
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目的 解析食异源物鞘氨醇菌(Sphingobium xenophagum) C1的类UrcA家族膜蛋白Chr1_2170的表达策略、DNA结合特性,及其在重金属响应与转录调控中的功能。 方法 采用密码子优化、双信号肽引导以及同源分子伴侣共表达策略,在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)中对Chr1_2170膜蛋白进行表达与纯化;构建蛋白结合基因组DNA片段的功能性启动子文库,筛选Chr1_2170的互作元件;利用Chr1_2170-Luc报告系统分析Chr1_2170的重金属响应特性。 结果 成功实现Chr1_2170膜蛋白在E. coli BL21(DE3)中的异源表达与纯化;筛选并鉴定出6个Chr1_2170特异性结合的启动子区域,其保守基序为5′-AATXGCGXGTA-3′;结合基因功能注释发现Chr1_2170蛋白调控β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、双组分系统ATP结合蛋白、DNA拓扑异构酶IV亚基B、丝氨酸水解酶等多个基因的表达。Chr1_2170对Cu2+ (1-80 μmol/L)、Zn2+ (1-80 μmol/L)、Ba2+ (1-150 μmol/L)表现出剂量依赖性响应。 结论 Chr1_2170不仅可作为重金属感应元件,还可作为多功能转录调控因子,通过识别特定DNA序列调控相关基因的表达在细菌环境适应性与应激响应中发挥重要作用。

, correspAuthors=许玫英, 陈杏娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=SaES9NT9JI79o9e+SBMfNQ==, magXml=XMJ3M0/fsRS+ThYrNYAYJQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=59uWiyETd5fnL0jq0MzuRw==, pdfFileSize=2639073, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=k1iFOwT28Qkl3h9Qj+8NKQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=rUpf+7d9zspHefj96mSmwg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

王明月:实验数据收集和处理,论文的撰写;郑晓丹:参与蛋白互作基因筛选实验;姚晖:参与荧光素酶响应实验;许玫英:提供专业见解和意见;陈杏娟:研究构思和设计,对论文进行修改和补充。

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Bootstrap values represent phylogenetic tree branch reliability/confidence, and red box represents Chr1_2170 membrane protein in this study., figureFileSmall=iJTd2zMk0T/eHDjAILZ1ow==, figureFileBig=ZEcqA83v+ZlzGNtgz4K4jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891108944630684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于邻接法的UrcA家族转录调控蛋白系统发育分析。Bootstrap值代表系统发育树分支可靠性/置信度,红色方框代表本研究中的Chr1_2170膜蛋白。, figureFileSmall=iJTd2zMk0T/eHDjAILZ1ow==, figureFileBig=ZEcqA83v+ZlzGNtgz4K4jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891109129180069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=SDS-PAGE analysis of the total proteins of Escherichia strains after codon optimization and signal peptide-guided secretion. Lane M: Protein molecular weight markers (10-180 kDa); Lane B: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b); Lane A: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt); Lane ES: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES); Lane E: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-E)., figureFileSmall=0KtT51UVhEF4yDwZzTfcqg==, figureFileBig=QpiSg1+rNBwt7Kg1wxsUeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891109221454763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=图2, caption=密码子优化后信号肽引导分泌的菌株的全细胞蛋白表达SDS-PAGE, figureFileSmall=0KtT51UVhEF4yDwZzTfcqg==, figureFileBig=QpiSg1+rNBwt7Kg1wxsUeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891109343089590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=SDS-PAGE analysis of the total proteins of Escherichia coli strains after co-expression by molecular chaperones. Lane M: Protein molecular weight marker (10-180 kDa); Lane B: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b); Lane 1588nh: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh); Lane K: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pG-KJE8); Lane T: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pG-Tf2)., figureFileSmall=g+/xook+7hsH5PynMzW5rg==, figureFileBig=71TBZYeOBUqdTGDsrTr6IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891109460530107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=图3, caption=分子伴侣共表达的菌株的全细胞蛋白表达SDS-PAGE, figureFileSmall=g+/xook+7hsH5PynMzW5rg==, figureFileBig=71TBZYeOBUqdTGDsrTr6IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891109586359235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=SDS-PAGE analysis of the total protein of Escherichia coli strains induced by different concentrations of IPTG. Lane M: Protein molecular weight marker, 10-180 kDa; Lane B: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b); Lane ES: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES); Lane 1588nh: E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)., figureFileSmall=tNQ23RL4U52KfzmIIrlq6g==, figureFileBig=UNtL8QMvTYAddB5k/rSNIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891109707994058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度IPTG诱导的菌株的全细胞蛋白表达SDS-PAGE, figureFileSmall=tNQ23RL4U52KfzmIIrlq6g==, figureFileBig=UNtL8QMvTYAddB5k/rSNIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891109825434578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Purification of Chr1_2170 protein. Lane M: Protein molecular weight markers (10-180 kDa); Lane 1: Cell disruption solution with blank control; Lanes 2 and 5: Cell disruption fluid after induction of expression; Lanes 3 and 6: 50 mmol/L imidazole eluent; Lanes 4 and 7: 100 mmol/L imidazole eluent; ES: Recombinant strain E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES); 1588nh: Recombinant strain E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)., figureFileSmall=gSNeC/8pAynRg6/tuFM9xQ==, figureFileBig=PdQ4Yj1giUP8iRQebVqdHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891109942875098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Chr1_2170蛋白的纯化, figureFileSmall=gSNeC/8pAynRg6/tuFM9xQ==, figureFileBig=PdQ4Yj1giUP8iRQebVqdHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110085481442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Genomic promoter fragments bound by Chr1_2170 protein., figureFileSmall=JXz2T/0wKPhEfhrRTYZz0g==, figureFileBig=9Tv+JPLqqHcpCiUvuNG3yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110257447909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Chr1_2170蛋白结合的基因组启动子片段及其保守基序, figureFileSmall=JXz2T/0wKPhEfhrRTYZz0g==, figureFileBig=9Tv+JPLqqHcpCiUvuNG3yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110379082734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Response to metal by Chr1_2170. A, B: Selective response to metals; C, D, E: Dynamic detection of Cu2+, Zn2+ Ba2+ (1-200 μmol/L)., figureFileSmall=HsbMk8elRSIWT7GKnUopPQ==, figureFileBig=VbQfsLF1QRcaGJlYaHElMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110467163124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Chr1_2170膜蛋白对金属离子的响应功能。A、B:金属选择性响应;C、D、E:Cu2+、Zn2+、Ba2+的动态检测(1-200 μmol/L)。, figureFileSmall=HsbMk8elRSIWT7GKnUopPQ==, figureFileBig=VbQfsLF1QRcaGJlYaHElMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110597186552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plasmids and bacterial strains used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Plasmids and strainsSource
Plasmids
pET22bStored in this laboratory
pET24aStored in this laboratory
pET30bStored in this laboratory
pG-KJE8TaKaRa Bio Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
pG-Tf2TaKaRa Bio Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
pET22b-chr1_2170-optSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
pET22b-ESThis study
pET22b-EThis study
pET24a-chr1_2170-lucThis study
pET30b-chr1_1588-nhThis study
Strains
S. xenophagum C1Stored in this laboratory
S. xenophagum C1(pET24a-chr1_2170-luc)Stored in this laboratory
E. coli BL21(DE3)Nanjing Vazyme Co., Ltd.
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-E)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pG-KJE8)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pG-Tf2)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES, pG-KJE8)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES, pG-Tf2)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-E, pG-KJE8)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-E, pG-Tf2)This study
), ArticleFig(id=1238891110743987199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用质粒和菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Plasmids and strainsSource
Plasmids
pET22bStored in this laboratory
pET24aStored in this laboratory
pET30bStored in this laboratory
pG-KJE8TaKaRa Bio Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
pG-Tf2TaKaRa Bio Biotechnology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.
pET22b-chr1_2170-optSangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
pET22b-ESThis study
pET22b-EThis study
pET24a-chr1_2170-lucThis study
pET30b-chr1_1588-nhThis study
Strains
S. xenophagum C1Stored in this laboratory
S. xenophagum C1(pET24a-chr1_2170-luc)Stored in this laboratory
E. coli BL21(DE3)Nanjing Vazyme Co., Ltd.
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-E)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pG-KJE8)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pG-Tf2)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES, pG-KJE8)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES, pG-Tf2)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-E, pG-KJE8)This study
E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-E, pG-Tf2)This study
), ArticleFig(id=1238891110915952652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers for PCR, recombinant plasmid construction and verification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Restriction endonuclease cleavage sites
2170-UAGGAGATATACATATGTTCCGTTCGACCCTTTTCNde I
2170-DAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGGTTCTGCATGCCCTTCGCGCCXho I
ES-UAGCCGGCGATGGCCATGTTTCGTAGCACCCTGTTCNco I
S-D1GGTTCTGCATACCTTTAGC
S-D2AGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGGTTCTGCXho I
S-U1ATGGCCATGGGTGAATTCATCTCTAACGGNco I
S-U2CCAGCCGGCGATGGCCATGGGTGAATTCANco I
chr1_1588-nh-UCTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACATATGATTTGGAGCGCGCGTCNde I
chr1_1588-nh-D1GAGTTAGCCGATGCTCGCTTTGCCGC
chr1_1588-nh-D2TCAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTTAGXho I
T7ACATCCACTTTGCCTTTCTC
T7-TERTGCTAGTTATTGCTCAGCGG
), ArticleFig(id=1238891112488816660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

用于PCR扩增、重组质粒构建与验证的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Restriction endonuclease cleavage sites
2170-UAGGAGATATACATATGTTCCGTTCGACCCTTTTCNde I
2170-DAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGGTTCTGCATGCCCTTCGCGCCXho I
ES-UAGCCGGCGATGGCCATGTTTCGTAGCACCCTGTTCNco I
S-D1GGTTCTGCATACCTTTAGC
S-D2AGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGGTTCTGCXho I
S-U1ATGGCCATGGGTGAATTCATCTCTAACGGNco I
S-U2CCAGCCGGCGATGGCCATGGGTGAATTCANco I
chr1_1588-nh-UCTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACATATGATTTGGAGCGCGCGTCNde I
chr1_1588-nh-D1GAGTTAGCCGATGCTCGCTTTGCCGC
chr1_1588-nh-D2TCAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTTAGXho I
T7ACATCCACTTTGCCTTTCTC
T7-TERTGCTAGTTATTGCTCAGCGG
), ArticleFig(id=1238891112589479960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Chr1_2170 protein interaction genes and their downstream regulatory sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene clusterGene nameGenes encode proteinFunctionOrientation-10-35Motify
1chr1_536Hypothetical proteinUnknown+AGGTAAATTTTGTCGAATTGTGCGTA
chr1_537Hypothetical proteinUnknown+
2chr1_1914Terminase large subunitPhage terminase-like protein+CTCTACAATTCGCGAATTTGCGTGAA
chr1_1915Hypothetical proteinUnknown-
chr1_1916Hypothetical proteinUnknown+
chr1_1917Hypothetical proteinUnknown+
3chr1_2019Phage major capsid proteinPredicted phage phi-C31 gp36 major capsid-like protein-AGATAGCCTCTGCTAATTTGCGTGTA
chr1_2020HK97 family phage prohead proteaseCaudovirus prohead serine protease-
chr1_2021Phage/plasmid primase, P4 familyDNA primer enzymes associated with bacteriophages or plasmids-
chr1_2022Hypothetical proteinUnknown-
chr1_2023Magnesium and cobalt transport protein CorAMaintain intracellular magnesium concentration at physiologically essential levels-
chr1_2024Hypothetical proteinUnknown+
4chr1_2072Rieske 2Fe-2S domain-containing proteinChlorophyllide a oxygenase/letal leaf spot protein+TGGTATGTTTTGCCGAATGGCTGGTA
chr1_2073Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (EC: 3.2.1.52)Hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, breakdown of peptidoglycan, chitin (chitin) and host mucin, release of monosaccharides+
5chr1_2115hrpB; ATP-dependent helicase HrpBIt uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to remodel RNA secondary structure, regulate gene expression, and play a role in transcription, DNA repair, or stress response-GACTATATTGGGCCGAATTGCGGGTA
chr1_2116ATP-binding proteinRocR-type transcriptional regulator+
6chr1_2808Outer membrane proteinOpacity protein LomR and related surface antigens-CGCTATAATTCGGCGAATGGCGCGAA
chr1_2809DNA topoisomerase IV subunit BDNA topoisomerase IV subunit B+
chr1_2810Serine hydrolaseBeta-lactamase class A+
), ArticleFig(id=1238891112694337568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813317188342347, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Chr1_2170蛋白互作基因及其下游调控序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene clusterGene nameGenes encode proteinFunctionOrientation-10-35Motify
1chr1_536Hypothetical proteinUnknown+AGGTAAATTTTGTCGAATTGTGCGTA
chr1_537Hypothetical proteinUnknown+
2chr1_1914Terminase large subunitPhage terminase-like protein+CTCTACAATTCGCGAATTTGCGTGAA
chr1_1915Hypothetical proteinUnknown-
chr1_1916Hypothetical proteinUnknown+
chr1_1917Hypothetical proteinUnknown+
3chr1_2019Phage major capsid proteinPredicted phage phi-C31 gp36 major capsid-like protein-AGATAGCCTCTGCTAATTTGCGTGTA
chr1_2020HK97 family phage prohead proteaseCaudovirus prohead serine protease-
chr1_2021Phage/plasmid primase, P4 familyDNA primer enzymes associated with bacteriophages or plasmids-
chr1_2022Hypothetical proteinUnknown-
chr1_2023Magnesium and cobalt transport protein CorAMaintain intracellular magnesium concentration at physiologically essential levels-
chr1_2024Hypothetical proteinUnknown+
4chr1_2072Rieske 2Fe-2S domain-containing proteinChlorophyllide a oxygenase/letal leaf spot protein+TGGTATGTTTTGCCGAATGGCTGGTA
chr1_2073Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (EC: 3.2.1.52)Hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, breakdown of peptidoglycan, chitin (chitin) and host mucin, release of monosaccharides+
5chr1_2115hrpB; ATP-dependent helicase HrpBIt uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to remodel RNA secondary structure, regulate gene expression, and play a role in transcription, DNA repair, or stress response-GACTATATTGGGCCGAATTGCGGGTA
chr1_2116ATP-binding proteinRocR-type transcriptional regulator+
6chr1_2808Outer membrane proteinOpacity protein LomR and related surface antigens-CGCTATAATTCGGCGAATGGCGCGAA
chr1_2809DNA topoisomerase IV subunit BDNA topoisomerase IV subunit B+
chr1_2810Serine hydrolaseBeta-lactamase class A+
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食异源物鞘氨醇菌类UrcA家族膜蛋白的表达及功能表征
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王明月 , 郑晓丹 , 姚晖 , 许玫英 * , 陈杏娟 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(3): 1192-1210
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(3): 1192-1210
食异源物鞘氨醇菌类UrcA家族膜蛋白的表达及功能表征
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王明月, 郑晓丹, 姚晖, 许玫英* , 陈杏娟*
作者信息
  • 广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室,广东 广州
Expression and functional characterization of UrcA-like family membrane protein from Sphingobium xenophagum
Mingyue WANG, Xiaodan ZHENG, Hui YAO, Meiying XU* , Xingjuan CHEN*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250759
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目的 解析食异源物鞘氨醇菌(Sphingobium xenophagum) C1的类UrcA家族膜蛋白Chr1_2170的表达策略、DNA结合特性,及其在重金属响应与转录调控中的功能。 方法 采用密码子优化、双信号肽引导以及同源分子伴侣共表达策略,在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)中对Chr1_2170膜蛋白进行表达与纯化;构建蛋白结合基因组DNA片段的功能性启动子文库,筛选Chr1_2170的互作元件;利用Chr1_2170-Luc报告系统分析Chr1_2170的重金属响应特性。 结果 成功实现Chr1_2170膜蛋白在E. coli BL21(DE3)中的异源表达与纯化;筛选并鉴定出6个Chr1_2170特异性结合的启动子区域,其保守基序为5′-AATXGCGXGTA-3′;结合基因功能注释发现Chr1_2170蛋白调控β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、双组分系统ATP结合蛋白、DNA拓扑异构酶IV亚基B、丝氨酸水解酶等多个基因的表达。Chr1_2170对Cu2+ (1-80 μmol/L)、Zn2+ (1-80 μmol/L)、Ba2+ (1-150 μmol/L)表现出剂量依赖性响应。 结论 Chr1_2170不仅可作为重金属感应元件,还可作为多功能转录调控因子,通过识别特定DNA序列调控相关基因的表达在细菌环境适应性与应激响应中发挥重要作用。

鞘氨醇菌属  /  UrcA家族蛋白  /  膜蛋白表达  /  转录调控  /  重金属响应

Objective To analyze the expression strategy, DNA-binding characteristics, and the role in heavy metal responses and transcriptional regulation of the UrcA-like membrane protein Chr1_2170 from Sphingobium xenophagum C1. Methods Chr1_2170 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by codon optimization, dual-signal peptide guidance, and co-expression with homologous molecular chaperones. The interacting genes of Chr1_2170 were screened by constructing a functional promoter library of protein-bound genomic DNA fragments. The heavy metal response characteristics of Chr1_2170 were analyzed via the Chr1_2170-Luc reporter system. Results Chr1_2170 was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). Six promoter regions specifically bound by Chr1_2170 were screened out and identified, with the conserved motif of 5′-AATXGCGXGTA-3′. Gene function annotation predicted that Chr1_2170 regulated multiple genes, including those encoding β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, two-component system ATP-binding protein, DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B, and serine hydrolase. Chr1_2170 showed dose-dependent responses to Cu2+ (1-80 μmol/L), Zn2+ (1-80 μmol/L), and Ba2+ (1-150 μmol/L). Conclusion Chr1_2170 functions not only as a heavy metal sensing element but also as a multifunctional transcriptional regulator. It regulates the expression of related genes by recognizing specific DNA sequences, playing a key role in environmental adaptation and stress responses of bacteria.

Sphingobium  /  UrcA family protein  /  membrane protein expression  /  transcriptional regulation  /  heavy metal response
王明月, 郑晓丹, 姚晖, 许玫英, 陈杏娟. 食异源物鞘氨醇菌类UrcA家族膜蛋白的表达及功能表征. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1192 -1210 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250759
Mingyue WANG, Xiaodan ZHENG, Hui YAO, Meiying XU, Xingjuan CHEN. Expression and functional characterization of UrcA-like family membrane protein from Sphingobium xenophagum[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1192 -1210 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250759
鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)最初由Yabuuchi等[1]于1990年首次报道。后经Takeuchi等[2]基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育关系、化学分类特征及生理学特性差异重新划分为4个独立的属,包括狭义鞘氨醇单胞菌属、鞘氨醇菌属(Sphingobium)、新鞘氨醇菌属(Novosphingobium)以及鞘氨醇盒菌属(Sphingopyxis)。广义鞘氨醇单胞菌以其出色的降解能力著称,能够代谢多种有机污染物,如2-甲基萘[3]、正丙苯[4]等多环芳烃,丙硫菌唑[5]、氯氰菊酯[6]等农药,以及甲基红、直接黄12、酸性黑210等染料[7]。此外,广义鞘氨醇单胞菌还具有优异的重金属耐受特性,能够在含有高浓度重金属的环境中生存,甚至可以利用某些重金属作为生长所需的微量元素或进行生物转化[8]。这些特性使得Sphingomonas在环境污染治理和环境适应性研究中具有重要的应用价值。例如,少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas paucimobilis)能够在高达200 mg/L镉离子(Cd2+)培养基中存活,在pH 6.0的条件下对Cd2+的去除率最高可达84%[9]。鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.) BSAR-1可通过其碱性磷酸酶PhoK去除碱性溶液中的铀(U),在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)中克隆并过表达PhoK后的重组菌株能够从含有0.50-5.00 mmol/L碳酸铀酰(UO2CO3)的碱性溶液中高效地沉淀出U[10]。瓜类鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas melonis) E8在pH 6.0、35 ℃的条件下培养48 h后,对污染介质中的镍离子(Ni2+)、铜离子(Cu2+)和Cd2+的去除率分别达到78%、62%和56%[11]。从重金属与有机物复合污染沉积物中分离的食异源物鞘氨醇菌(Sphingobium xenophagum) C1能够耐受高达0.25 mmol/L的汞离子(Hg2+)、2 mmol/L的Cd2+、3 mmol/L的铅离子(Pb2+)、6 mmol/L的锌离子(Zn2+)等重金属离子[12],这与其基因组上含有多达34个重金属抗性基因元件有关[13]
微生物主要以重金属抗性操纵子形式,通过形成蛋白-金属复合物来调节重金属离子的摄入、胞内迁移/储存以及外排等过程;这些蛋白元件主要包括金属调控蛋白、金属转运蛋白、金属氧化酶/还原酶、金属螯合蛋白及金属外排蛋白等,其中多数为膜蛋白[14]。膜蛋白可作为重金属的螯合蛋白,参与重金属的解毒与跨膜运输过程,进而调控重金属在胞内、胞外及细胞器之间的分布和转运[15]。此外,膜蛋白还可作为重金属的感应元件,通过识别并结合重金属离子,触发细胞内信号转导通路,从而调控微生物对重金属的响应和适应[16]。高丽参鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas panacis) DCY99T的Cd2+、Zn2+和钴离子(Co2+)抗性由Czc外排系统介导,该系统包含CzcABCD等组分,它们共同构成一个膜蛋白转运复合体,负责将重金属离子从细胞质转运到胞外[17]。金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的调控蛋白CadC通过其N端跨膜区锚定于细胞膜,当感应到Cd2+、Pb2+、铋(Bi3+)以后,CadC的胞质DNA结合域即刻解除对cadCA操纵子的抑制,从而激活外排泵CadA的表达[18]。新月柄杆菌(Caulobacter vibrioides) NA1000的U抗性则与细胞膜上的转录调控蛋白UrcA相关[19]。该蛋白作为一类膜结合感应元件,参与U的识别与转录响应。
C. vibrioides NA1000的urcA基因启动子区域内含有2个与U响应相关的m_5特异序列(tcaaacattacagactgtttagaatat和cgcgtcatgactgaggtgt aacgaga),分别位于转录起始位点上游-107 bp和-55 bp处[20]。Park等[21]基于转座子随机诱变与PurcA-lacZ报告筛选策略,鉴定了受铀酰离子(UO22+)强烈诱导表达的启动子PurcA的调控元件,揭示了一种新的由UzcR和UzcS 2个蛋白构成的U响应且兼具Zn2+和Cu2+交叉激活特性的双组分调控系统UzcRS。其中,UzcR作为一种全局转录调控因子,以磷酸化形式直接结合非典型半回文DNA位点m_5,主要激活膜蛋白编码基因的转录,包括金属肽酶、多重耐药外排泵、TonB依赖性受体以及大量功能未知的膜蛋白;UzcR并非简单地“抵抗金属”,而是启动一条“金属诱导的细胞外膜应激/修复网络”。尽管上述UzcRS系统及其调控的urcA基因在U响应中的重要性已被揭示,但目前仍缺乏UrcA自身对靶基因直接调控的实验证据,对于UrcA本身是否直接参与转录调控还知之甚少,其具体作用机制(如DNA结合模式及U-蛋白相互作用等)尚待阐明。
本课题组前期在S. xenophagum C1的有机物暴露过程中发现了类UrcA家族转录调节蛋白编码基因chr1_2170 (NCBI登录号为ASY44883.1)的显著上调表达[22]S. xenophagum C1的Chr1_2170膜蛋白与C. vibrioides NA1000的UrcA膜蛋白具有39.47%一致性。然而,其是否参与有机物或者重金属的响应调控以及通过何种潜在机制参与调控目前尚不清楚。为了解析Chr1_2170膜蛋白的分子功能及其应用潜力,首先,通过综合运用密码子优化、信号肽引导及分子伴侣蛋白协同等策略,克服膜蛋白异源表达的难题,为该家族及其他难表达膜蛋白的功能研究提供可行方案;其次,通过构建蛋白结合基因组DNA片段的功能性启动子文库,鉴定Chr1_2170蛋白的互作基因与调控元件,为阐明UrcA家族蛋白的作用机制提供直接实验证据;同时,利用Chr1_2170-Luc报告系统研究类UrcA家族转录调节蛋白Chr1_2170对多种重金属离子的响应功能,以期拓宽对UrcA家族膜蛋白功能多样性的认知,也为深入理解微生物在复合污染环境中的重金属耐受与适应性调控机制提供新的视角。
本研究使用的质粒和菌株见表1
本研究使用的引物如表2所示。引物序列由Primer Premier 5软件设计,由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒、质粒小提试剂盒、胶回收/DNA纯化试剂盒、2×Phanta Max Master Mix (Dye Plus)、Green Taq Mix以及DNA marker,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;常规限制酶Nde I、Nco I、Xho I,宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司;基础版同源重组无缝克隆试剂盒,北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司;Nano-Glo® HiBiT胞外检测试剂,普洛麦格(北京)生物技术有限公司;琼脂糖、50×TAE电泳缓冲液、异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)、二硫苏糖醇(DTT)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(Tris)、考马斯亮蓝R-250、RealBand三色预染蛋白marker (标准范围,10-180 kDa)、Precast-Glgel 15% Tris-Glycine电泳预制胶(10孔)、100×细菌用蛋白酶抑制剂复合物、氨苄青霉素(Amp)和卡那霉素(Km),生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;胰蛋白胨(tryptone)、酵母提取物(yeast extract),Oxoid公司;其余试剂均为国产分析纯。
微量UV-Vis分光光度计、PCR热循环仪、台式离心机,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;小型垂直电泳槽、凝胶成像系统,Bio-Rad公司;多功能酶标仪,BioTek公司。
LB培养基(g/L):Tryptone 10.0,Yeast Extract 5.0,NaCl 5.0;无机盐培养基参考Chen等[22]的方法配制。
S. xenophagum C1基因组DNA为模板,利用引物2170-U、2170-D (表2)扩增chr1_2170基因。PCR反应体系(50 μL):模板DNA 400 ng,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各2 μL,2×Phanta Max Master Mix (Dye Plus) 25 μL,ddH2O补足。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性15 s,57 ℃退火15 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min;4 ℃保存。
以pET22b质粒为模板,使用Nde I和Xho I进行双酶切。反应体系(50 μL):质粒DNA约1 μg,Nde I与Xho I各1 μL,10×QuickCut Buffer 5 μL,ddH2O补足。反应条件:37 ℃孵育30 min,80 ℃处理15 min使酶失活,于4 ℃保存。产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证后,切取目标条带并回收线性化载体。将经PCR扩增并纯化后的chr1_2170基因与上述线性化pET22b载体,按照基础版同源重组无缝克隆试剂盒说明书操作进行无缝连接。连接产物以热激法转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,复苏液涂布于含100 μg/mL Amp的LB平板,37 ℃培养过夜后挑取单克隆。以T7/T7-TER通用引物进行菌落PCR验证,对阳性克隆经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳确认后,送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序验证。获得重组质粒pET22b-chr1_2170及对应的重组菌株E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170)。
对pET22b-chr1_2170序列进行密码子优化,以Nde I和Xho I为限制性酶切位点,纯化标签采用6×His标签,基因序列的密码子优化由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成,获得pET22b-chr1_2170-opt重组质粒。通过热激法转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,获得重组菌株E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt)。
以pET22b-chr1_2170-opt为模板,采用两轮重叠PCR构建含不同信号肽的基因片段。首轮以ES-U/S-D1为引物扩增得产物ES1;再以ES1为模板,ES-U/S-D2扩增并回收,获得同时携带E. coli PelB信号肽及Chr1_2170自身信号肽的片段ES。同样地,以pET22b-chr1_2170-opt为模板,先后使用S-U1/S-D1及S-U2/S-D2扩增,获得仅含PelB信号肽的片段E。用Nco I和Xho I双酶切线性化pET22b载体,分别与片段ES或E进行无缝连接。产物经热激法转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,复苏液涂布含100 μg/mL Amp的LB平板,37 ℃培养过夜,获得重组菌株E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES)和E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-E)。
将购买的分子伴侣蛋白表达质粒pG-KJE8和pG-Tf2分别转化到E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,获得重组菌株E. coli BL21(DE3, pG-KJE8)和E. coli BL21(DE3, pG-Tf2)。采用CaCl2法分别制备相应感受态细胞,并将密码子优化后的pET22b-chr1_2170-opt质粒分别转化到制备的感受态细胞中,获得分子伴侣蛋白共表达重组菌株:E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pG-KJE8)和E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pG-Tf2)。
为获得不含信号肽的分子伴侣蛋白Chr1_1588片段,以S. xenophagum C1基因组DNA为模板,采用两轮重叠PCR:首轮引物为chr1_1588-nh-U/chr1_1588-nh-D1,次轮引物为chr1_1588-nh-U/chr1_1588-nh-D2,PCR产物命名为chr1_1588-nh。随后,用Nde I和Xho I双酶切线性化pET30b载体,并与chr1_1588-nh片段连接,构建表达质粒pET30b-chr1_1588-nh。该质粒转化E. coli BL21(DE3),获得重组菌E. coli BL21(DE3, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)。进一步将pET22b-chr1_2170-opt转化至上述感受态细胞,获得分子伴侣蛋白共表达重组菌株E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)。
挑取验证正确的重组菌株单克隆接种于含有100 μg/mL Amp的LB培养基,37 ℃、180 r/min培养过夜。次日按1%接种量转接至新鲜LB,于37 ℃培养至OD600达0.4-0.8,加入终浓度0.10-1.50 mmol/L IPTG进行诱导,并在20、30、37 ℃下继续培养3-24 h,研究密码子优化、分子伴侣共表达及信号肽替换对膜蛋白Chr1_2170表达量的影响,并以携带空载体pET22b的E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b)为对照。诱导结束后,各取1 mL菌液,25 ℃、10 000×g离心1 min收集菌体,重悬于8 mol/L尿素,加入终浓度100 mmol/L DTT及蛋白上样缓冲液(50 mmol/L Tris-HCl,2% SDS,0.10%溴酚蓝,10%甘油),100 ℃金属浴10 min,25 ℃、10 000 r/min离心1 min,取10 μL上清进行SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白表达效果。凝胶经考马斯亮蓝R-250染色1 h,之后进行持续脱色,多次更换脱色液直到蛋白条带清晰。
扩大培养并收集诱导后的菌液,于4 ℃、6 500×g离心15 min,菌体用裂解缓冲液(300 mmol/L NaCl,50 mmol/L Tris,pH 7.5)重悬,加入100×细菌用蛋白酶抑制剂复合物后,高压破碎细胞(30 MPa,4 ℃重复破碎2次)。4 ℃、10 000×g离心15 min,上清即蛋白原液,4 ℃保存备用。取部分蛋白原液进行SDS-PAGE,剩余样品过Ni-NTA柱纯化,4 ℃孵育30 min,收集部分流出液。依次使用含50、100、125、150、175 mmol/L咪唑的洗脱缓冲液洗脱。分别收集洗脱液后续进行蛋白SDS-PAGE。
基于蛋白结合基因组DNA片段的功能性启动子文库高通量筛选策略鉴定与Chr1_2170蛋白互作的基因。参考Li等[23]方法,构建S. xenophagum C1基因组DNA随机文库。将细胞破碎液中的Chr1_2170蛋白固定于Ni-NTA亲和柱,分别用0、25、50、75 mmol/L咪唑缓冲液洗脱杂蛋白后,加入基因组DNA,使Chr1_2170蛋白与基因组DNA在结合缓冲液(40 mmol/L HEPES,20 mmol/L硫酸铵,20 mmol/L KCl,0.40% Tween-20,2 mmol/L DTT)中孵育30 min。先用漂洗液(100 mmol/L Tris-HCl,2.50 mmol/L EDTA·2Na,0.10% Tween-20)洗脱无结合蛋白的基因组DNA,再用100 mmol/L咪唑洗脱蛋白- DNA复合体。然后加入终浓度0.50%的SDS使Chr1_2170蛋白变性,释放与之结合的DNA片段。对洗脱下来的基因组DNA进行纯化回收、连接克隆载体并转化至E. coli DH5α感受态细胞进行一次筛选,随后提取所有阳性克隆的质粒DNA电转至S. xenophagum C1感受态细胞进行二次筛选。最后提取所有阳性克隆的基因组DNA,使用测序引物扩增目的片段后,送至广东美格基因科技有限公司进行高通量测序。
测序获得的序列经NCBI Nucleotide BLAST比对,确定其在S. xenophagum C1基因组中的位置及相关信息。候选启动子区域由在线工具BPROM (http://www.softberry.com/berry.phtml?topic=bprom)预测,保守元件分析采用MEME Suite (https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme)。
课题组前期利用Chr1_2170蛋白作为识别元件,结合荧光素酶小标签作为报告元件,成功构建了pET24a-chr1_2170-luc质粒,并以S. xenophagum C1为底盘构建了生物传感细胞[22]。接种S. xenophagum C1 (pET24a-chr1_2170-luc)到含有50 μg/mL Km的LB中,30 ℃、180 r/min培养至OD600约为1.0。经25 ℃、10 000×g离心1 min收集菌体。以50%的LB洗涤菌体2次后,按2%接种量转接至5 mL新鲜50%的LB培养基中。分别加入不同终浓度的重金属母液(100 μmol/L),继续培养至OD600为0.4。
使用无机盐培养基洗涤并重悬菌体,取50 μL菌液添加50 μL的Nano-Glo® HiBiT胞外检测试剂,立即于多功能酶标仪上进行荧光素酶活性分析,以不添加重金属离子进行培养的菌液为阴性对照组,每组设置3个平行。另取300 μL菌液测定OD600值以校正单位荧光值。
为了阐明S. xenophagum C1来源的类UrcA转录调节蛋白Chr1_2170 (WP_017182018.1)的进化起源及其与其他细菌同源蛋白的亲缘关系,通过邻接法构建了基于UrcA家族转录调节蛋白的系统发育树(图1)。整体而言,系统发育树的拓扑结构呈现出多个高支持率(bootstrap值≥0.75)的主要分支,这些分支分别对应了Sphingobium、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、冷杆菌属(Cryobacterium)等。值得注意的是,这些分支所代表的细菌属在分类学上亲缘关系较远,分属于不同的门:Sphingobium属于假单胞菌门,而StreptomycesCryobacterium则同属于放线菌门。这一分布模式表明,UrcA家族蛋白可能起源于一个古老的共同祖先,并在不同的细菌大类中得以保留;也不排除其通过水平基因转移在不同类群间传播的可能性。本研究中的Chr1_2170蛋白位于Sphingobium分支内,提示其与该属内的同源蛋白具有最近的共同进化起源。
SDS-PAGE分析表明,简单克隆S. xenophagum C1基因组中的chr1_2170基因并连接表达载体pET22b无法在E. coli BL21(DE3)中成功表达Chr1_2170膜蛋白。序列分析显示chr1_2170基因含有多处在E. coli中低频率使用的密码子,且存在连续稀有密码子,推测可能因此影响了Chr1_2170膜蛋白的翻译效率。为了提高E. coli BL21(DE3)对chr1_2170编码氨基酸所使用的密码子偏好性,减少稀有密码子造成的翻译效率下降、暂停甚至终止,对chr1_2170基因序列进行了密码子优化。然而SDS-PAGE结果显示仍未能实现Chr1_2170膜蛋白在E. coli BL21(DE3)中的表达(图2)。
PelB信号肽是E. coli中一种分泌信号肽,能够高效地引导外源蛋白穿越细胞膜进入周质空间或分泌到细胞外[23]。在同时保留PelB信号肽与Chr1_2170自身信号肽的情况下,于37 ℃、OD600=0.8、1 mmol/L IPTG诱导3 h的条件下,成功检测到预期分子量的Chr1_2170膜蛋白条带(图2)。然而,当敲除Chr1_2170自身信号肽后,即使引入PelB信号肽,在多种诱导条件下均不能检测到Chr1_2170膜蛋白表达,表明自身信号肽对Chr1_2170膜蛋白的表达具有至关重要的作用。
除了密码子使用偏好性以及信号肽引导分泌对膜蛋白异源表达具有重要影响外,分子伴侣蛋白的协同作用在膜蛋白正确折叠及表达过程中也发挥重要作用。本研究构建了3种不同分子伴侣系统共表达的重组菌株:分别携带质粒pG-KJE8 (编码E. coli的DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE和GroEL-GroES)、pG-Tf2 (编码E. coli的trigger factor和GroEL-GroES)和pET30b-chr1_1588-nh (编码S. xenophagum C1中一种含PDZ结构域的分子伴侣蛋白[6])。共表达pG-KJE8或pG-Tf2的菌株中相应的分子伴侣蛋白的特征条带大小分别为pG-KJE8:约70、57、40、20、10 kDa;pG-Tf2:约60、57、10 kDa。然而,研究结果显示均未检测到预期大小的Chr1_2170膜蛋白条带(约11.7 kDa),表明这2种E. coli来源的分子伴侣系统在本研究条件下未能有效促进Chr1_2170膜蛋白的表达。相较于空载体对照组及共表达pG-KJE8或pG-Tf2实验组,仅在共表达pET30b-chr1_1588-nh的重组菌E. coli BL21 (DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)中检测到Chr1_2170膜蛋白目的条带(图3)。值得注意的是,Chr1_2170与Chr1_1588-nh编码的伴侣蛋白(约13 kDa)在SDS-PAGE胶上的迁移位置相近,导致其条带分离度有限。上述结果表明,S. xenophagum C1来源的Chr1_1588-nh编码蛋白对Chr1_2170在E. coli中的表达具有促进作用,而E. coli分子伴侣系统(pG-KJE8和pG-Tf2)却未能有效提升Chr1_2170的表达水平。
以经过信号肽引导和分子伴侣共表达优化的2种重组菌株E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES)和E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)为研究对象,保持其他条件不变,通过改变IPTG浓度(0.10、0.50、1.00、1.50 mmol/L)来探究Chr1_2170膜蛋白诱导表达的最适浓度。结果发现,在不同浓度的IPTG诱导条件下,Chr1_2170膜蛋白的表达水平并无明显差异(图4)。考虑到IPTG的价格及其对细胞的毒性作用,后续纯化实验均采用0.10 mmol/L的IPTG进行蛋白诱导表达。此外,菌株E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES)表达的膜蛋白分子量比E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)表达的膜蛋白的分子量大(图4)。这很可能是由于信号肽优化引入的PelB信号肽序列未被成功切除,导致E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES)表达的是N端融合了PelB序列的PelB-Chr1_2170-His融合蛋白。
采用最适诱导表达条件(OD600=0.8,0.10 mmol/L IPTG,37 ℃,3 h)对Chr1_2170膜蛋白进行诱导表达,并进行Ni-NTA柱纯化。结果发现使用100 mmol/L的咪唑缓冲液即可将Chr1_2170-His膜蛋白从Ni-NTA柱上洗脱下来。SDS-PAGE结果显示(图5),在菌株E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-chr1_2170-opt, pET30b-chr1_1588-nh)中表达及纯化出来的Chr1_2170膜蛋白的分子量大小与预测的分子量一致。在菌株E. coli BL21(DE3, pET22b-ES)中表达的Chr1_2170膜蛋白的分子量高于预测值,但同时存在一条较弱、分子量大小与预测一致的蛋白条带。这反映了目标蛋白在细胞内存在不同的加工状态。较大的条带很可能是未被有效切除PelB信号肽的、未成熟的全长融合蛋白(PelB-Chr1_2170-His),而较小的条带则对应于信号肽被成功切除后的成熟Chr1_2170-His蛋白。在周质分泌表达过程中,信号肽的切除可能不完全,导致前体与成熟体蛋白在细胞裂解液中共存。经过Ni-NTA柱纯化只能获得分子量与预测蛋白大小一致的目标条带,而分子量较大的PelB-Chr1_2170-His条带在洗脱组分中几乎不可见。这很可能是由于N端PelB信号肽序列未被有效切除而改变了Chr1_2170膜蛋白构象或产生了空间位阻效应,导致His标签无法充分暴露,从而阻碍了PelB-Chr1_2170-His与Ni-NTA柱的有效结合,因此未能被有效纯化出来。尽管经过Ni-NTA柱结合、洗涤与洗脱等多步操作后,膜蛋白的最终回收量有所损失,导致纯化蛋白电泳条带较弱,但所获得的蛋白样品在后续实验中表现出了良好的活性,足以满足本研究的需求。
利用蛋白结合基因组DNA片段的功能性启动子文库高通量筛选方法,鉴定出与Chr1_2170膜蛋白互作的DNA序列。经与NCBI数据库及S. xenophagum C1基因组注释信息进行比对,共筛选到包含这些DNA序列的6个基因簇(表3)。为了验证这些互作片段的功能相关性,使用BPROM在线工具对表3中各基因的潜在启动子区域进行了预测分析(图6)。结果发现通过克隆文库筛选获得的DNA序列与在线预测的基因启动子区域高度重叠,且预测所得启动子均为正向。Chr1_2170蛋白很可能作为转录调控因子通过结合这些启动子区域从而调控其下游正向基因的转录。这6个受Chr1_2170调控的靶基因分别为:(1) β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(Chr1_2073),催化从多种β-d-聚糖和β-d-糖苷中水解去除非还原性糖基末端残基,参与细菌基础代谢过程;(2) 双组分系统ATP结合蛋白(Chr1_2116),RocR类转录调控因子/组氨酸激酶,通过信号自磷酸化实现转录调控从而快速启动逆境应答;(3) DNA拓扑异构酶IV亚基B (Chr1_2809)和丝氨酸水解酶(β-内酰胺酶相关) (Chr1_2810),Chr1_2809是拓扑异构酶IV的一部分,控制DNA的拓扑状态,参与超螺旋结构模板的调节,保障DNA复制与分离;Chr1_2810可水解β-内酰胺类抗生素(例如青霉素、头孢菌素)的β-内酰胺环,从而使其失活,赋予细菌在面对抗生素环境压力胁迫时的生存优势。其余3个基因编码假设蛋白(Chr1_537、Chr1_1916、Chr1_2024),具体功能未知。为了进一步解析Chr1_2170膜蛋白的DNA结合特异性,对上述启动子区域进行了保守基序(motif)分析。结果发现最显著的motif为5′-AATXGCGXGTA-3′ (E-value=4.8×103)。该序列模式在Chr1_2170蛋白结合的DNA片段中呈现一定的保守性,Chr1_2170蛋白很可能通过特异性识别启动子中的该特定序列来调控下游靶基因的表达。这一调控模型目前主要基于功能性启动子文库筛选结果以及生物信息学预测分析结果而提出,后续仍需要通过以下实验进行确证:首先,利用凝胶阻滞实验(EMSA)在体外验证Chr1_2170蛋白与该motif的结合能力;其次,通过报告基因实验在体内比较Chr1_2170存在与缺失条件下该motif启动子驱动报告基因表达的差异,从而在活体细胞中确认其转录调控活性及方式。这些实验将为本研究提出的调控模型提供更直接的证据。
将携带pET24a-chr1_2170-luc报告载体的S. xenophagum C1传感细胞暴露于终浓度为1 μmol/L的不同金属离子溶液中,随后加入Nano-Glo® HiBiT胞外检测试剂测定荧光素酶活性。与未添加金属离子的对照组相比,Chr1_2170膜蛋白对各种低浓度的金属离子均无响应信号。当金属离子浓度增加到2 μmol/L时,Chr1_2170膜蛋白对Cu2+、Zn2+、钡(Ba2+)、锰(Mn2+)、钙(Ca2+)、钛(Ti2+)、Hg2+、银(Ag+)表现出一定的响应信号。进一步提高金属离子浓度至50 μmol/L后,Chr1_2170膜蛋白仅对Cu2+、Zn2+、Ba2+具有明显的信号响应。高浓度的Hg2+、Ag+、锑(Sb3+)对S. xenophagum C1底盘细胞表现出强烈的毒性效应,导致细胞无法正常生长。为了解析Chr1_2170膜蛋白对Cu2+、Zn2+、Ba2+的传感能力,在1-200 μmol/L的浓度范围内进一步测定了其剂量响应关系。结果显示,Chr1_2170蛋白对3种金属离子的荧光响应呈现浓度依赖性增强趋势,且在特定浓度范围内呈线性关系:Cu2+ (1-80 μmol/L)、Zn2+ (1-80 μmol/L)、Ba2+ (1-150 μmol/L)。当Cu2+、Zn2+、Ba2+浓度分别达到150、80、150 μmol/L时响应信号达到峰值,随后均呈现下降趋势(图7)。
膜蛋白在异源宿主中表达时常因错误折叠、聚集及膜定位效率低等问题导致其功能丧失,这使得研究膜蛋白的结构与功能变得困难[24-25]。为了克服这些障碍,研究者常采用密码子优化、信号肽引导和分子伴侣协同表达等策略来强化膜蛋白在异源宿主中的表达;首先,密码子优化策略通过适配宿主的密码子使用偏好,避免了因稀有密码子对应的tRNA丰度不足而引起的翻译延伸受阻、核糖体停滞、氨基酸错误掺入或新生肽链提前终止等问题,从而提高重组蛋白的产量和功能完整性[26]。然而,在本研究中仅对chr1_2170基因的密码子进行优化,并不能使Chr1_2170膜蛋白成功表达。这说明单独依赖密码子优化策略在某些情况下并不足以实现膜蛋白的高效异源表达,而需要结合其他策略。重组蛋白表达受多种因素共同影响,某些蛋白即使在密码子优化后仍难以达到预期的表达水平[27]。其次,信号肽在引导蛋白质定向转运、促进正确折叠及决定其最终定位中发挥关键作用,缺乏合适的信号肽引导可能导致膜蛋白在细胞膜中降解,进而无法积累至可检测水平[28]。将PelB信号肽融合至目的蛋白N端,依靠不同的分泌途径引导蛋白分泌到周质空间,促进目的蛋白分泌表达的方法,这种信号肽工程策略在E. coli中已成功应用[29-31]。在本研究中引入E. coli的PelB信号肽可以使完整的Chr1_2170成功表达,但当仅使用PelB信号肽替代Chr1_2170自身信号肽时,无论在哪种诱导条件下均未检测到Chr1_2170膜蛋白表达。这表明Chr1_2170自身的信号肽对其整体结构稳定性、折叠途径或膜整合过程具有重要作用;自身信号肽的缺失会导致蛋白无法正确折叠、组装或稳定存在,甚至会破坏蛋白参与特定的翻译后修饰过程,从而导致蛋白无法正常表达[32]。此外,外源蛋白在E. coli中表达时常因错误折叠而形成包涵体或被蛋白酶降解[33]。分子伴侣能够协助细胞内新生肽正确折叠、表达,帮助蛋白质跨膜定位等[34-36]。本研究引入了S. xenophagum C1中含PDZ结构域的分子伴侣蛋白Chr1_1588[37],通过协助Chr1_2170正确折叠和稳定从而实现了其在E. coli中的异源表达。然而,引入E. coli的分子伴侣系统(pG-KJE8和pG-Tf2)却未能有效实现Chr1_2170的表达,这可能是由于宿主来源不同导致分子伴侣的适配性问题,即不同宿主来源的分子伴侣蛋白对蛋白的正确折叠与表达具有不同的作用,这也进一步说明了跨宿主表达系统的复杂性[38]。最终,通过整合密码子优化、PelB与自身信号肽融合的信号肽工程以及分子伴侣协同表达策略,本研究成功实现了S. xenophagum C1的膜蛋白Chr1_2170在E. coli BL21(DE3)中的表达,并获得了纯化的蛋白。这为复杂膜蛋白的异源表达提供了新的策略和思路,尤其是在膜蛋白表达中使用信号肽与分子伴侣协同作用策略,也为后续的蛋白功能研究和应用奠定了基础。
在此基础上,进一步研究了膜蛋白Chr1_2170的DNA结合特性与调控功能。利用纯化的Chr1_2170膜蛋白,通过蛋白结合基因组DNA片段的功能性启动子文库高通量筛选方法结合生物信息学分析,本研究鉴定了Chr1_2170蛋白结合的6个关键启动子区域,这些启动子区域具有保守基序5′-AATXGCGXGTA-3′ (E-value=4.8×103)。这一结果表明,Chr1_2170蛋白很可能通过识别启动子中的该特定序列来调控下游靶基因的表达。这些靶基因的功能具有多样性,如代谢功能相关(β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶Chr1_2073)、信号转导与调控(双组分系统蛋白Chr1_2116)、DNA复制与分离(DNA拓扑异构酶IV亚基B Chr1_2809)以及多个功能未知的蛋白(Chr1_537、Chr1_1916、Chr1_2024)。提示Chr1_2170并非一个针对单一通路或应激反应的简单调控因子,而更可能是一个多功能转录调控因子,参与细菌在复杂环境中的多种生理活动调控过程。首先,Chr1_2170靶向参与β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(Chr1_2073)水解β-d-聚糖和β-d-糖苷,可能在肽聚糖水解和细胞壁重塑中发挥重要作用,以增强细菌在营养限制环境中的适应力[39]。此外,Chr1_2170还调控一个双组分系统ATP结合蛋白(Chr1_2116)。Chr1_2116的N端具有RocR类转录调控因子保守结构,而C端具有组氨酸激酶保守结构,通过信号的自磷酸化实现转录调控从而快速启动逆境应答;Chr1_2170通过调控Chr1_2116的转录形成复杂的调控网络,从而调整细胞对环境信号的敏感性与响应强度[40]。丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)的FimS/AlgR系统,其中转录因子AlgR在富营养条件下激活碳代谢基因,在贫瘠条件下转而激活群体感应系统,同一双组分系统在转录因子的调控下进行弹性调节基因表达,体现了细菌的环境适应性和调节灵活性[41]。此外,Chr1_2170还调控DNA拓扑异构酶IV亚基B的转录(Chr1_2809),GyrB亚基与GyrA亚基一起形成DNA拓扑异构酶,能够引入负超螺旋,对DNA的复制与分离具有重要的作用;Chr1_2170可能通过调控Chr1_2809的表达水平从而直接影响基因组的稳定性和转录效率,帮助细菌在重金属或其他胁迫条件下维持基因组的完整性[42]。Chr1_2170调控的丝氨酸水解酶(Chr1_2810)可水解β-内酰胺类抗生素的β-内酰胺环,赋予细菌在面对抗生素胁迫时的生存优势[43]
Chr1_2170不仅参与转录调控,其本身作为一个膜蛋白还具有重金属感应功能。重金属响应实验表明,Chr1_2170对Cu2+、Zn2+和Ba2+具有剂量依赖性响应,而对其他测试金属离子响应微弱或无响应,这种差异性主要取决于金属离子独特的物理化学性质与蛋白结合活性位点微环境之间的特异性匹配;蛋白的重金属结合位点由特定的氨基酸残基构成,其空间构型和配体场强度可能更适于容纳Cu2+、Zn2+的配位几何,而与其他离子(如Mn2+、Ca2+)匹配度较差导致结合亲和力低[44]。对于Hg2+和Ag+,其在传感浓度下表现出的强烈细胞毒性,是其无法产生有效信号的决定性因素,这也提示Chr1_2170可能直接或间接地感知这些金属离子,进而调控下游基因的表达以应对金属胁迫,这为进一步理解细菌如何适应复杂环境中的重金属污染提供了新的视角。Chr1_2170调控的多个靶基因与重金属胁迫响应相关。例如,Chr1_2170对DNA拓扑异构酶IV亚基B (Chr1_2809)的调控可能构成了一种应对金属胁迫的间接DNA保护策略;高浓度重金属离子会诱导DNA损伤,而DNA损伤修复过程会引入显著的拓扑压力;Chr1_2170介导DNA拓扑异构酶IV亚基B上调可能有效应对DNA的拓扑结构改变或协助修复系统进行损伤修复,从而维持基因组的完整性[45]
此外,Chr1_2170调控的双组分系统(Chr1_2116)可能进一步放大金属感应信号,调控下游基因的表达;这种信号放大机制与C. vibrioides NA1000中的UzcRS双组分系统类似,该系统能够感知金属离子(UO22+、Zn2+和Cu2+),并通过磷酸化级联反应显著放大信号,进而调控下游应激响应基因(如外排泵、膜蛋白等)的表达[21]。细菌使用双组分系统来感知特定的重金属,然后调节这些金属阳离子的稳态;在E. coli中双组分系统HydHG (又称ZraSR)在好氧条件下通过组氨酸激酶HydH感知高浓度Zn2+和Pb2+并将HydG磷酸化,从而上调负责Zn2+外排的zraP基因的表达[46]。Chr1_2170作为双组分系统调控通路的上游调控因子或协同因子,增强细菌对金属胁迫信号的敏感性及响应效率,表明了Chr1_2170在环境应激中的多功能角色。
本研究通过整合密码子优化、双信号肽引导(PelB与自身信号肽融合)以及同源分子伴侣Chr1_1588共表达策略,成功实现了S. xenophagum C1膜蛋白Chr1_2170在E. coli BL21(DE3)中的表达与纯化。利用纯化的膜蛋白构建了功能性启动子文库并进行了Chr1_2170互作元件的筛选,鉴定出Chr1_2170特异性结合的基因启动子保守基序5′-AATXGCGXGTA-3′ (E-value=4.8×103),结合基因功能注释与保守结构域分析发现Chr1_2170蛋白参与调控细胞基础代谢、信号转导与应激响应、基因组稳定性维持等过程,表明它是一个多功能转录调控因子。这不仅拓展了对UrcA家族膜蛋白功能的认知,也为细菌如何在复杂环境中适应重金属胁迫提供了参考。此外,Chr1_2170-Luc报告系统对Cu2+、Zn2+和Ba2+具有剂量依赖性响应,表明Chr1_2170蛋白具有重金属感应功能。进一步验证了Chr1_2170作为UrcA家族成员既是重金属感应元件,也是多功能转录调控因子。本研究不仅为深入理解UrcA家族蛋白的功能和调控机制提供了新的视角,也为重金属响应研究及微生物环境适应性研究提供了重要参考。
尽管本研究成功建立了Chr1_2170膜蛋白的异源表达体系,并初步揭示了其作为重金属感应元件及多功能转录调控因子的角色,但工作中仍存在一些局限性。例如,膜蛋白表达与纯化的挑战使得最终获得的蛋白产量有限,这在一定程度上制约了需要大量高纯度蛋白的研究。其次,Chr1_2170膜蛋白与金属离子的直接相互作用及其特异性识别机制还有待阐明。此外,通过体外筛选鉴定的Chr1_2170调控靶点及其推测的生物学功能后续仍需在体内进行直接实验验证。未来的研究将重点围绕以下三方面展开:(1) 优化Chr1_2170膜蛋白的纯化方案,以期获得更高产量的高纯度蛋白,为后续研究提供充足材料;(2) 通过凝胶阻滞实验验证Chr1_2170及其突变体对金属离子的结合,解析其关键的金属结合位点;(3) 通过报告基因实验在体内比较Chr1_2170存在与缺失条件下保守基序启动子驱动基因表达的差异,并比较2种条件下菌株的重金属胁迫生长状况及靶基因转录水平变化,确证Chr1_2170在应激响应网络中的核心调控功能。这些工作将为全面阐明Chr1_2170膜蛋白转录调控的分子机制奠定更坚实的基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0910300)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32171409)
  • 广东省重点领域研发计划(2023B0202040001)
  • “广东特支计划”杰出人才项目(2023JC07L096)
  • 广东省科学院发展专项资金(2022GDASZH-2022010101)
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2026年第66卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250759
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
  • 录用日期:2025-11-10
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0910300)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0910300)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171409)
国家自然科学基金(32171409)
Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2023B0202040001)
广东省重点领域研发计划(2023B0202040001)
Guangdong Special Support Plan Outstanding Talents Project(2023JC07L096)
“广东特支计划”杰出人才项目(2023JC07L096)
GDAS Project of Science and Technology Development(2022GDASZH-2022010101)
广东省科学院发展专项资金(2022GDASZH-2022010101)
作者信息
    广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室,广东 广州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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