Article(id=1238813315028283648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250861, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763395200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765209600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-09, onlineDate=1773285710340, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285710340, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285710340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285710340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1373, endPage=1393, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813316789891336, articleId=1238813315028283648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Microbial fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine YA3D3 ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice by regulating the gut microbiota-short-chain fatty acids-neurotransmitter axis, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which the microbial fermentation product of the traditional Chinese medicine YA3D3 (YA3D3-MHF) improves cognitive function in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Methods APP/PS1 mice were administered either the water extract of YA3D3 (YA3D3-HF) or YA3D3-MHF for 90 days. The gut microbiota structure was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were assessed by GC-MS. The neurotransmitter content in the brain tissue was measured via ELISA, and cognitive function was assessed via the Morris water maze. Network pharmacology and mass spectrometry were employed to identify active components and changes in chemical composition. Results Compared with the model group and the YA3D3-HF group, YA3D3-MHF significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment in mice. The Morris water maze test showed that the high-dose YA3D3-MHF (MH) group had the shortest escape latency and the highest number of platform crossings, approaching the performance of the normal control group. ELISA confirmed that the MH group had the highest levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate (GLU) in the brain. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the MH group exhibited the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index≈3.2) of gut microbiota and the highest abundance of beneficial bacteria, along with the lowest abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria. GC-MS analysis indicated that the MH group had the highest levels of total SCFAs, acetate, and butyrate. MS demonstrated that YA3D3-MHF components exhibited reduced polarity and the emergence of new high-activity peaks. Conclusion YA3D3-MHF improves cognitive function in AD mice by modulating the gut microbiota-SCFAs-neurotransmitter axis, outperforming YA3D3-HF. This study provides experimental evidence for AD intervention targeting the gut-brain axis.

, correspAuthors=Changwu YUE, Yuhong LYU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: YUE Changwu,
LYU Yuhong,
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Tian YANG, Bingyan LU, Siyao LIANG, Changwu YUE, Yuhong LYU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1238813319549743475, articleId=1238813315028283648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=微生物发酵中药YA3D3通过调控肠道菌群-短链脂肪酸-神经递质轴改善APP/PS1小鼠认知障碍, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究微生物发酵中药YA3D3通过微生物-肠-脑轴改善APP/PS1转基因阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)模型小鼠认知功能的机制。 方法 对APP/PS1小鼠分别给予YA3D3水提物(YA3D3-HF)及其微生物发酵产物(YA3D3-MHF)干预90 d,采用16S rRNA基因测序分析肠道菌群结构,气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)检测粪便短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)水平,酶联免疫实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)法测定脑组织神经递质含量,Morris水迷宫评估认知功能,结合网络药理学与质谱分析明确活性成分及化学基础变化。 结果 与模型组(model, BC)及YA3D3-HF组相比,YA3D3-MHF能更显著改善小鼠认知障碍;Morris水迷宫显示YA3D3-MHF-H (MH)组逃避潜伏期最短、穿越平台次数最多,接近正常对照组(control, NM);ELISA证实MH组脑内5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、谷氨酸(glutamate, GLU)含量最高;16S rRNA基因测序显示MH组肠道菌群α多样性(Shannon指数约3.2)及有益菌丰度最高,促炎菌丰度最低;GC-MS表明MH组总SCFAs、乙酸、丁酸含量最高。质谱分析显示YA3D3-MHF成分极性降低且活性峰增高。 结论 YA3D3-MHF通过调控肠道菌群-SCFAs-神经递质轴改善AD小鼠认知功能,效果优于传统水提物,为靶向肠-脑轴的AD干预提供实验依据。

, correspAuthors=岳昌武, 吕玉红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hB12q1VUWXNh+m2ooV8nEg==, magXml=YR5DQSuprJFlBG95u7A7iw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5e1zXGHb5CzgVc/I3KGi/A==, pdfFileSize=3993322, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QKxn3OLatshSVUnBKphYPw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ORL1enby5k7Iza41ITakrw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

杨甜:数据收集与监管,验证,撰写文章(共同撰写初稿);鲁兵晏:软件程序,完成呈现,撰写文章(共同撰写初稿);梁厶爻:数据分析,执行调研,撰写文章(稿件校对);岳昌武:提出概念,方法论,提供资源;吕玉红:获取基金,项目管理,监督管理。

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Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1): 17591., articleTitle=Oral supplementation with selected Lactobacillus acidophilus triggers IL-17-dependent innate defense response, activation of innate lymphoid cells type 3 and improves colitis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1238891108546179634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=2024-SFGG-201, language=EN, fundingSource=Yan’an City Science and Technology Fund(2024-SFGG-201), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891108688785974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=2024-SFGG-201, language=CN, fundingSource=延安市科技基金(2024-SFGG-201), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891108827198018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=2023SLZDCY-199, language=EN, fundingSource=Yan’an City Science and Technology Fund(2023SLZDCY-199), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891108957221454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=2023SLZDCY-199, language=CN, fundingSource=延安市科技基金(2023SLZDCY-199), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891109116605016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=CXY202001, language=EN, fundingSource=Yan’an University’s Production, Cultivation Project(CXY202001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891109238239841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=CXY202001, language=CN, fundingSource=延安大学产学研培育项目(CXY202001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891109351486059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=2023KXJ-012, language=EN, fundingSource=Yan’an University Qin Chuanyuan “Scientist+Engineer” Team Special(2023KXJ-012), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891109468926583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=2023KXJ-012, language=CN, fundingSource=延安大学秦创原“科学家+工程师”团队专项(2023KXJ-012), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891109590561412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=2023CGZH-001, language=EN, fundingSource=Yan’an University Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements Project(2023CGZH-001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891109720584849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, awardId=2023CGZH-001, language=CN, fundingSource=延安大学科技成果转化项目(2023CGZH-001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1238891099620700274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1238891099629088883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, companyId=1238891099620700274, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Yan’an Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Innovation and Transformation, Yan’an Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1238891099637477492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, companyId=1238891099620700274, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=延安大学 延安医学院,延安市微生物药物创新及转化重点实验室,陕西 延安)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1238891104540619102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Network pharmacology prediction results. A: Venn diagram of YA3D3 and AD targets; B: KEGG enrichment analysis; C: GO enrichment analysis. Created in https://BioRender.com, figureFileSmall=K0j0SYLncgBIRjSLzX4wAA==, figureFileBig=SwyIF0tSxV4XmORecnd5fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891104653865319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=CN, label=图1, caption=网络药理学预测分析结果。A:YA3D3与AD靶点的韦恩图;B:KEGG富集分析;C:GO富集分析。此图使用BioRender (https://BioRender.com)制作。, figureFileSmall=K0j0SYLncgBIRjSLzX4wAA==, figureFileBig=SwyIF0tSxV4XmORecnd5fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891104767111537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Mass spectrometry profiling of YA3D3-HF vs. YA3D3-MHF. A: Full chromatographic TIC profile of YA3D3-HF; B: Zoomed-in chromatographic TIC profile of YA3D3-HF; C: Full chromatographic TIC profile of YA3D3-MHF; D: Zoomed-in chromatographic TIC profile of YA3D3-MHF; E: Comparative analysis of full chromatographic TIC profiles for YA3D3-HF and YA3D3-MHF; F: Comparative analysis of magnified chromatographic TIC profiles for YA3D3-HF and YA3D3-MHF. Created in https://BioRender.com, figureFileSmall=vgRRLLVDOj+hZ3OnNidsNQ==, figureFileBig=AQwvc0CpSw7/quPjKGItjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891104888746364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=CN, label=图2, caption=YA3D3-HFYA3D3-MHF质谱结果分析。A:YA3D3-HF的色谱TIC全图;B:YA3D3-HF的色谱TIC放大图;C:YA3D3-MHF的色谱TIC全图;D:YA3D3-MHF的色谱TIC放大图;E:YA3D3-HF和YA3D3-MHF的色谱TIC全图对比分析;F:YA3D3-HF和YA3D3-MHF的色谱TIC放大图对比分析。图中红线代表YA3D3-MHF的色谱TIC曲线,此图使用BioRender (https://BioRender.com)制作。, figureFileSmall=vgRRLLVDOj+hZ3OnNidsNQ==, figureFileBig=AQwvc0CpSw7/quPjKGItjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891105027158403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Morris water maze: learning and memory assessment among groups. A: Navigation and probe trial trajectories; B-E: Escape latency on different days; F: Number of platform crossings; G: Statistical analysis of average escape latency (Data are presented as mean±SEM, n=8 per group; ns indicates no statistically significant difference, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. BC group). Created in https://BioRender.com, figureFileSmall=VDcep7jQup93SaRD42BqrQ==, figureFileBig=Y2xi0WqzxxgNCa9fTuPOtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891105127821711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Morris水迷宫评价各组小鼠学习记忆能力。A:各组小鼠定位航行与空间探索轨迹图;B-E:不同天数逃避潜伏期;F:穿越平台次数;G:平均逃避潜伏期统计(数据以mean±SEM表示,n=8/组;ns表示统计学无显著差异,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001 vs. BC组)。此图使用BioRender (https://BioRender.com)制作。, figureFileSmall=VDcep7jQup93SaRD42BqrQ==, figureFileBig=Y2xi0WqzxxgNCa9fTuPOtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891105207513496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=YA3D3 regulates brain neurotransmitter levels in APP/PS1 mice. A: GABA content; B: GLU content; C: 5-HT content (Data are presented as mean±SEM; ns indicates no statistically significant difference; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. BC group). Created in https://BioRender.com, figureFileSmall=L+G58P8PaO2HGI2z4rG4YA==, figureFileBig=UO3y8xtNN9p8gDshZLZBpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891105316565409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=CN, label=图4, caption=YA3D3APP/PS1小鼠脑组织神经递质含量的影响。A:GABA含量;B:GLU含量;C:5-HT含量(数据以mean±SEM表示,ns:统计学无显著差异,*:P<0.05,**:P<0.01,***:P<0.001 vs. BC组)。此图使用BioRender (https://BioRender.com)制作。, figureFileSmall=L+G58P8PaO2HGI2z4rG4YA==, figureFileBig=UO3y8xtNN9p8gDshZLZBpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891105434005928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Gut microbiota alpha diversity analysis. A: Rarefaction curves; B: Shannon curves; C: Rank-abundance curves; D: Inter-group comparison of Shannon index. Created in https://BioRender.com, figureFileSmall=tIif9N5vqiD7U+0dXihdzQ==, figureFileBig=GatwlHSjR1NIInbTlcoYHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891105547252146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=CN, label=图5, caption=肠道菌群α多样性分析。A:Rarefaction曲线;B:Shannon曲线;C:Rank-abundance曲线;D:组间Shannon指数比较。此图使用BioRender (https://BioRender.com)制作。, figureFileSmall=tIif9N5vqiD7U+0dXihdzQ==, figureFileBig=GatwlHSjR1NIInbTlcoYHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891105681469886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Gut microbiota relative abundance at phylum, class, order, family levels. A: Phylum level; B: Class level; C: Order level; D: Family level. Created in https://BioRender.com, figureFileSmall=Kco4Z4Iho5hcLCgX6vgkdA==, figureFileBig=yULYTBfIJvYYwZ5R3ZGScQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891105907962315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各分组肠道菌群在门、纲、目、科水平的相对丰度。A:门水平;B:纲水平;C:目水平;D:科水平。此图使用BioRender (https://BioRender.com)制作。, figureFileSmall=Kco4Z4Iho5hcLCgX6vgkdA==, figureFileBig=yULYTBfIJvYYwZ5R3ZGScQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891106017014227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Gut microbiota PCoA analysis. A: Unweighted UniFrac; B: Weighted UniFrac; C: Bray-Curits. Created in https://BioRender.com, figureFileSmall=na+4hDvHOoPdAQ43qkcIYg==, figureFileBig=//HgezZAEV958BKXvqzkpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891106163814879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=CN, label=图7, caption=肠道菌群PCoA分析。A:非加权UniFrac距离;B:加权UniFrac距离;C:Bray-Curtis距离。此图使用BioRender (https://BioRender.com)制作。, figureFileSmall=na+4hDvHOoPdAQ43qkcIYg==, figureFileBig=//HgezZAEV958BKXvqzkpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891106298032618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=YA3D3 regulates fecal SCFA levels in APP/PS1 mice. A: Total SCFAs content; B: Acetic acid content; C: Butyric acid content (Data are presented as mean±SEM; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. BC group). 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Animal grouping and treatment methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

组别

Group

英文缩写

Abbreviation

给药剂量

Dose [mg/(kg·d)]

小鼠类型

Mouse type

正常对照组ControlNM-C57BL/6
APP/PS1对照组ModelBC-APP/PS1
盐酸多奈哌齐组DonepezilPC5APP/PS1
低剂量YA3D3-HF组YA3D3-HF-LHL11APP/PS1
中剂量YA3D3-HF组YA3D3-HF-MHM22APP/PS1
高剂量YA3D3-HF组YA3D3-HF-HHH44APP/PS1
低剂量YA3D3-MHF组YA3D3-MHF-LML11APP/PS1
中剂量YA3D3-MHF组YA3D3-MHF-MMM22APP/PS1
高剂量YA3D3-MHF组YA3D3-MHF-HMH44APP/PS1
), ArticleFig(id=1238891108302909981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813315028283648, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

动物分组及处理方式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

组别

Group

英文缩写

Abbreviation

给药剂量

Dose [mg/(kg·d)]

小鼠类型

Mouse type

正常对照组ControlNM-C57BL/6
APP/PS1对照组ModelBC-APP/PS1
盐酸多奈哌齐组DonepezilPC5APP/PS1
低剂量YA3D3-HF组YA3D3-HF-LHL11APP/PS1
中剂量YA3D3-HF组YA3D3-HF-MHM22APP/PS1
高剂量YA3D3-HF组YA3D3-HF-HHH44APP/PS1
低剂量YA3D3-MHF组YA3D3-MHF-LML11APP/PS1
中剂量YA3D3-MHF组YA3D3-MHF-MMM22APP/PS1
高剂量YA3D3-MHF组YA3D3-MHF-HMH44APP/PS1
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微生物发酵中药YA3D3通过调控肠道菌群-短链脂肪酸-神经递质轴改善APP/PS1小鼠认知障碍
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杨甜 , 鲁兵晏 , 梁厶爻 , 岳昌武 * , 吕玉红 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(3): 1373-1393
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(3): 1373-1393
微生物发酵中药YA3D3通过调控肠道菌群-短链脂肪酸-神经递质轴改善APP/PS1小鼠认知障碍
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杨甜, 鲁兵晏, 梁厶爻, 岳昌武* , 吕玉红*
作者信息
  • 延安大学 延安医学院,延安市微生物药物创新及转化重点实验室,陕西 延安
Microbial fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine YA3D3 ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice by regulating the gut microbiota-short-chain fatty acids-neurotransmitter axis
Tian YANG, Bingyan LU, Siyao LIANG, Changwu YUE* , Yuhong LYU*
Affiliations
  • Yan’an Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Innovation and Transformation, Yan’an Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250861
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目的 探究微生物发酵中药YA3D3通过微生物-肠-脑轴改善APP/PS1转基因阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)模型小鼠认知功能的机制。 方法 对APP/PS1小鼠分别给予YA3D3水提物(YA3D3-HF)及其微生物发酵产物(YA3D3-MHF)干预90 d,采用16S rRNA基因测序分析肠道菌群结构,气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)检测粪便短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)水平,酶联免疫实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)法测定脑组织神经递质含量,Morris水迷宫评估认知功能,结合网络药理学与质谱分析明确活性成分及化学基础变化。 结果 与模型组(model, BC)及YA3D3-HF组相比,YA3D3-MHF能更显著改善小鼠认知障碍;Morris水迷宫显示YA3D3-MHF-H (MH)组逃避潜伏期最短、穿越平台次数最多,接近正常对照组(control, NM);ELISA证实MH组脑内5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、谷氨酸(glutamate, GLU)含量最高;16S rRNA基因测序显示MH组肠道菌群α多样性(Shannon指数约3.2)及有益菌丰度最高,促炎菌丰度最低;GC-MS表明MH组总SCFAs、乙酸、丁酸含量最高。质谱分析显示YA3D3-MHF成分极性降低且活性峰增高。 结论 YA3D3-MHF通过调控肠道菌群-SCFAs-神经递质轴改善AD小鼠认知功能,效果优于传统水提物,为靶向肠-脑轴的AD干预提供实验依据。

阿尔茨海默病  /  YA3D3中药组方  /  微生物-肠-脑轴  /  肠道菌群  /  短链脂肪酸  /  微生物发酵

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which the microbial fermentation product of the traditional Chinese medicine YA3D3 (YA3D3-MHF) improves cognitive function in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Methods APP/PS1 mice were administered either the water extract of YA3D3 (YA3D3-HF) or YA3D3-MHF for 90 days. The gut microbiota structure was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were assessed by GC-MS. The neurotransmitter content in the brain tissue was measured via ELISA, and cognitive function was assessed via the Morris water maze. Network pharmacology and mass spectrometry were employed to identify active components and changes in chemical composition. Results Compared with the model group and the YA3D3-HF group, YA3D3-MHF significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment in mice. The Morris water maze test showed that the high-dose YA3D3-MHF (MH) group had the shortest escape latency and the highest number of platform crossings, approaching the performance of the normal control group. ELISA confirmed that the MH group had the highest levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate (GLU) in the brain. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the MH group exhibited the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index≈3.2) of gut microbiota and the highest abundance of beneficial bacteria, along with the lowest abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria. GC-MS analysis indicated that the MH group had the highest levels of total SCFAs, acetate, and butyrate. MS demonstrated that YA3D3-MHF components exhibited reduced polarity and the emergence of new high-activity peaks. Conclusion YA3D3-MHF improves cognitive function in AD mice by modulating the gut microbiota-SCFAs-neurotransmitter axis, outperforming YA3D3-HF. This study provides experimental evidence for AD intervention targeting the gut-brain axis.

Alzheimer’s disease  /  traditional Chinese medicine YA3D3  /  microbiota-gut-brain axis  /  gut microbiota  /  short-chain fatty acids  /  microbial fermentation
杨甜, 鲁兵晏, 梁厶爻, 岳昌武, 吕玉红. 微生物发酵中药YA3D3通过调控肠道菌群-短链脂肪酸-神经递质轴改善APP/PS1小鼠认知障碍. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1373 -1393 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250861
Tian YANG, Bingyan LU, Siyao LIANG, Changwu YUE, Yuhong LYU. Microbial fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine YA3D3 ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice by regulating the gut microbiota-short-chain fatty acids-neurotransmitter axis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1373 -1393 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250861
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是全球高发的进行性神经退行性疾病[1]。其核心病理特征为β-淀粉样蛋白(beta-amyloid protein, Aβ)沉积形成的老年斑,以及Tau蛋白过度磷酸化导致的神经纤维缠结[2]。随着老龄化加剧,AD患病率持续攀升,现有胆碱酯酶抑制剂仅能缓解症状,无法阻断疾病进展[3]
近年来,微生物-肠-脑轴领域的突破性研究为AD干预提供了全新视角[4]。肠道菌群作为人体的“第二基因组”,其失衡可破坏肠黏膜屏障的完整性,导致脂多糖等促炎物质入血,引发全身低度炎症,进而通过血液循环影响中枢神经系统;同时,肠道菌群发酵膳食纤维产生的短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)作为核心代谢信使,可穿越血脑屏障,调节血脑屏障通透性、参与神经递质合成与神经炎症调控,其水平异常与AD认知障碍的发生发展密切相关,其中丁酸、乙酸等关键SCFAs的抗炎与神经保护作用已得到广泛证实[5-6]。这一发现揭示了AD病理进程中的肠道微生态调控靶点,也为中药多靶点干预AD提供了新的机制切入点。
中药组方YA3D3源于中医“益气健脾、益智安神”理论,由人参、黄芪、桑叶等9味药材科学配伍而成,其配伍逻辑与AD “脾肾亏虚、痰瘀阻络”的核心病机高度契合。网络药理学预测显示,该组方含有黄酮类、人参皂苷、多糖等多种活性成分,可能通过调控神经炎症、抑制Aβ聚集、改善能量代谢等多靶点协同改善认知功能[7-9]。然而,传统水提工艺制备的YA3D3-HF存在活性成分极性高、肠道吸收效率低、生物利用度不足等问题,严重限制了其临床应用潜力。肠道菌群作为中药的“天然生物转化工厂”,可通过代谢酶系将中药中难吸收的大分子成分转化为高活性小分子产物;同时,中药成分可反向调控菌群结构以优化药效,形成“中药-菌群”双向互作的增效网络,这为YA3D3的工艺优化提供了科学思路[10-11]
本研究采用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)等对YA3D3进行序贯发酵[12]制备YA3D3-MHF,对比其与YA3D3-HF对APP/PS1小鼠认知功能、肠道菌群、SCFAs及神经递质的影响,阐明其通过菌群-肠-脑轴干预AD的机制,为中药发酵增效与AD疗法[13]提供依据。
实验用菌株包括枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis, CMCC 63501)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)菌粉3042、植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, CCTCC M2022169)、长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)菌粉HH-BL18。
ELISA试剂盒,江苏酶免实业有限公司;乙酸标准品,Fisher公司,其余SCFAs标准品,Sigma-Aldrich公司;YA3D3组方药材(桑叶9.38 g、生石膏7.81 g、杏仁2.19 g、枇杷叶3 g、人参2.19 g、黄芪10 g、麦冬10 g、白术10 g、党参10 g),亳州市初见花开电子商务有限公司。
实验室纯水制备系统,上海和泰仪器有限公司;连续波长酶标仪,美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;高速台式离心机,艾本德中国有限公司;恒温培养振荡器,上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;水平摇床,江苏盛蓝仪器制造有限公司;高通量测序仪,因美纳(中国)科学器械有限公司;荧光定量PCR仪,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;全自动核酸提取系统,上海普洛麦格生物产品有限公司。
将药材浸泡30 min后,先用武火煮沸30 min,再转文火煎煮1 h,重复提取2次。合并药液,经冷冻干燥机冻干后,将粉末密封保存。
将药材粉碎至300目,按料液比1:10加入超纯水,80 ℃灭菌30 min制备培养基;先接种4%的枯草芽孢杆菌与0.2%的米曲霉菌粉,30 ℃、180 r/min培养24 h;再接种4%的植物乳植杆菌与4%的长双歧杆菌菌粉,继续培养24 h;将发酵液80 ℃灭菌30 min,收集上清液并冻干,-20 ℃保存备用。
通过TCMSP数据库(https://www.tcmsp-e.com/load_intro.php?id=43)筛选YA3D3的活性成分(类药性≥0.18,口服生物利用度≥30%),利用UniProt数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/)将靶点校正为人类蛋白质(物种限定为Homo sapiens);从GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org/)与DrugBank (https://go.drugbank.com/)数据库获取AD疾病靶点(191个),绘制Venn图筛选交集靶点;使用Metascape (https://metascape.org/gp/)进行基因本体(gene ontology, GO)与KEGG富集分析。
采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC®与Xevo G2 Qtof MS系统进行UPLC/MS和UPLC/MS/MS分析:色谱柱采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm),柱温为45 ℃。流动相A为含1‰叶酸的水,流动相B为乙腈,采用线性梯度洗脱(0 min:95% A/5% B;10 min:0 A/100% B),流速为0.3 mL/min,进样量为1 μL。
电喷雾离子源采用正/负离子模式扫描(50-1 200 Da);毛细管电压为3.0 kV,脱溶剂温度为350 ℃,源温度为120 ℃。采用Lock-SprayTM校正(0.2 ng/mL亮氨酸脑啡肽,[M+H]+=556.277 1 Da)。在MSE模式下采集MS (6 eV)与MS/MS (15-35 eV斜坡)数据。
C57BL/6小鼠[7-8周龄,体重(20±2) g,许可证号SCXK (Su) 2020-0009]与APP/PS1双转基因种鼠[许可证号SCXK (Su) 2021-0013]分别购自江苏华创信诺医药科技有限公司与南京君科生物工程有限公司。小鼠饲养于延安大学动物实验中心[12 h/12 h明暗循环,湿度(60±10)%,温度(22±2) ℃],本研究所有动物实验均获得延安大学医学院生物医学伦理委员会批准,编号为YAU-G20240122。
将APP/PS1雄鼠与C57BL/6雌鼠按2:1合笼,选取3月龄子代小鼠,其中8只C57BL/6小鼠作为正常对照组(NM),64只APP/PS1小鼠随机分为8组(表1);各组小鼠通过自由饮水给药90 d,药物溶液按小鼠日饮水量(约8 mL)配制。
干预结束后进行Morris行为学测试,在无菌条件下采用拎尾法收集粪便样本(-80 ℃保存);腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥钠麻醉小鼠,用生理盐水灌注后取脑组织及脏器备用。
连续进行4 d的定位航行训练,每日固定时间将小鼠从4个象限随机入水,记录60 s内找到平台的逃避潜伏期。若超时(>60 s),则引导小鼠至平台停留10 s,潜伏期记为60 s。第5天进行空间探索实验,撤除平台,记录60 s内小鼠穿越原平台位置的次数及在目标象限的停留时间。实验期间控制水温(22±1) ℃、光照、噪声等环境条件一致。
将脑组织样本4 ℃融化后,按10%的比例加入0.01 mol/L PBS制备匀浆,5 000 r/min离心15 min后取上清;采用ELISA试剂盒检测5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、谷氨酸(glutamate, GLU)的含量,检测波长为450 nm,加终止液后15 min内完成测定,严格遵循试剂盒说明书操作。
肠道菌群16S rRNA基因的PCR扩增产物测序委托上海中科新生命生物科技有限公司完成。采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)法从粪便样本中提取基因组DNA,针对16S rRNA基因V3-V4区设计引物341F (5′-CCTAYGGGRB GCASCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACNNGGGT ATCTAAT-3′),使用高保真DNA聚合酶进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(25 μL):DNA模板2 μL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 μL,2×Taq Mix 12.5 μL,ddH2O 8.5 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。
产物经Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit切胶回收并进行荧光定量,通过Illumina TruSeq Nano DNA LT Library Prep Kit构建文库。经Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100和Promega QuantiFluor质检合格后,在Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台完成双末端测序(paired-end 250 bp, PE 250 bp)。生物信息学分析采用QIIME 2软件:使用Cutadapt切除引物与接头序列,采用DADA2插件进行质控(Q20≥98%、Q30≥95%)、去嵌合体及降噪(过滤丰度<10的序列)生成扩增子序列变异(amplicon sequence variants, ASV)表;结合Silva 138数据库注释物种,计算α/β多样性指数[包括主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)/主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA)/非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multi-dimensional scaling, NMDS)],通过Anosim (置换999次)、Adonis检验验证组间差异,利用线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe) v1.0 (LDA>3、P<0.05)和STAMP v2.1.3筛选差异物种,采用PICRUSt2结合KEGG、COG数据库预测菌群功能。
SCFAs含量委托上海中科新生命生物科技有限公司采用GC-MS技术测定。色谱分离采用Agilent DB-FFAP毛细管柱(30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm),程序升温设置为初始温度90 ℃,以10 ℃/min的速率升至160 ℃后,再以40 ℃/min的速率升至240 ℃并维持5 min。载气为氦气,流速为1.0 mL/min,分流比为10:1。质谱检测使用5977B MSD质谱仪,采用电子轰击电离源(electron impact ionization, EI),电子能量为70 eV,以扫描/选择离子监测模式(full scan mode/selected ion monitoring, SCAN/SIM)模式检测,离子源温度为230 ℃,四极杆温度为150 ℃。定量分析采用外标法,绘制乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸等7种SCFAs的标准曲线(线性方程R2≥0.998),通过MSD ChemStation软件提取色谱峰面积并计算粪便中SCFAs的含量,结果以μg/g湿粪表示。
利用Excel整理11个核心变量(2个认知指标、6个肠道菌群指标、3个SCFAs指标)的原始数据,随后导入SPSS 27.0软件,采用Pearson相关系数分析模块,设置双尾检验、成对删除缺失值的参数,计算所有变量对的相关系数(r)及显著性水平(P值),以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。最后通过GraphPad Prism 10.0软件导入分析得到的完整相关系数矩阵,设置红-白-蓝双梯度配色(红色代表负相关、蓝色代表正相关、白色代表无相关),添加单元格数值标注与显著性标记,生成可视化热力图,清晰呈现变量间的关联强度与方向。
YA3D3成分靶点与AD疾病靶点的交集靶点共190个(图1A),提示这些靶点为YA3D3干预AD的核心作用靶点。交集靶点的分子功能(molecular function, MF)主要富集于细胞因子受体结合、信号受体激活剂活性(P<0.01),细胞组分(cellular component, CC)主要富集于膜筏、转录调控复合物(P<0.01),生物学过程(biological process, BP)主要富集于细胞因子刺激的细胞反应、对脂多糖/细菌的反应(P<0.01),表明YA3D3可能通过调控炎症相关功能与过程发挥作用(图1C)。交集靶点显著富集于白细胞介素-17 (interleukin-17, IL-17)信号通路、AGE-RAGE信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)信号通路(P<0.01),这些通路均为AD发病关键炎症通路(图1B),进一步验证了其抗炎机制。
YA3D3-HF总离子流色谱(total ion current, TIC) (图2A)与YA3D3-MHF色谱TIC全图(图2C)对比显示,YA3D3-MHF的总离子流色谱峰形与YA3D3-HF差异显著,MHF中多个组分出峰时间提前,提示发酵后成分极性降低。图2B (YA3D3-HF色谱TIC放大图)与图2D (YA3D3-MHF色谱TIC放大图)对比显示,在保留时间8.38-8.45 min及8.86 min处,MHF的色谱峰面积与峰高显著高于HF (峰高约为HF的2-3倍),提示发酵过程生成或富集了潜在高活性新成分。结果表明微生物发酵通过降低YA3D3成分极性、生成富集活性成分,优化了其化学物质基础,为药效提升提供了结构依据。
正常对照组轨迹集中于原平台象限;APP/PS1对照组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组、高剂量YA3D3-MHF组轨迹接近正常对照组,且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组轨迹集中度最优;低剂量YA3D3-HF组、低剂量YA3D3-MHF组优于APP/PS1对照组(图3A)。随训练天数增加,各组潜伏期均下降,但APP/PS1对照组始终显著长于正常对照组(P<0.01);从Day2起盐酸多奈哌齐组潜伏期显著短于APP/PS1对照组(P<0.05);从Day3起高剂量YA3D3-HF组、高剂量YA3D3-MHF组显著短于APP/PS1对照组(P<0.05),且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组潜伏期最短(图3B-3E)。APP/PS1对照组穿越次数最少(P<0.001);正常对照组最多;高剂量YA3D3-MHF组、盐酸多奈哌齐组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组显著高于APP/PS1对照组(P<0.01),且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组接近正常对照组(图3F)。
APP/PS1对照组平均潜伏期最长;正常对照组最短;高剂量YA3D3-MHF组、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组、盐酸多奈哌齐组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组显著短于APP/PS1对照组(P<0.01),且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组最短(图3G)。结果表明发酵后的YA3D3-MHF改善APP/PS1小鼠认知功能的效果优于发酵前YA3D3-HF与盐酸多奈哌齐,呈剂量依赖性,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组效果最佳。
APP/PS1对照组GABA含量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.001);干预后高剂量YA3D3-MHF组GABA含量最高,显著高于盐酸多奈哌齐组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组(P<0.01),接近正常对照组(图4A)。图4B显示,APP/PS1对照组GLU含量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.001);高剂量YA3D3-MHF组GLU含量最高,显著高于其他干预组(P<0.05),其次为中剂量YA3D3-MHF组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组。APP/PS1对照组GLU含量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.001);高剂量YA3D3-MHF组5-HT含量最高,中剂量YA3D3-MHF组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组、盐酸多奈哌齐组显著高于APP/PS1对照组(P<0.01),且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组优于盐酸多奈哌齐组与发酵前YA3D3-HF各剂量组(图4C)。结果表明YA3D3可恢复AD小鼠脑内5-HT、GABA、GLU含量,发酵后YA3D3-MHF的调节效果优于发酵前YA3D3-HF与盐酸多奈哌齐,高剂量YA3D3-MHF对3种神经递质的恢复作用最强。
各组曲线均趋于平缓,正常对照组、高剂量YA3D3-MHF组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组平台期OTU数高于APP/PS1对照组,低剂量YA3D3-MHF组、低剂量YA3D3-HF组与APP/PS1对照组接近,提示测序深度覆盖样本绝大部分物种,且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组物种丰富度接近正常对照组(图5A)。各组曲线趋于平缓,正常对照组平台高度最高(Shannon指数约3.5),高剂量YA3D3-MHF组次之(约3.2),高剂量YA3D3-HF组(2.8)、盐酸多奈哌齐组(2.5)、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组(2.7)高于APP/PS1对照组(2.0),低剂量YA3D3-MHF组(2.1)、低剂量YA3D3-HF组(2.0)与APP/PS1对照组无差异,提示高剂量YA3D3-MHF组菌群多样性最优(图5B)。正常对照组、高剂量YA3D3-MHF组曲线跨度大且下降平缓;APP/PS1对照组、低剂量YA3D3-MHF组、低剂量YA3D3-HF组跨度小、下降陡;高剂量YA3D3-HF组、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组介于两者之间;盐酸多奈哌齐组与APP/PS1对照组接近,提示高剂量YA3D3-MHF组菌群丰富度与均匀度最优(图5C)。图5D显示,APP/PS1对照组Shannon指数最低(中位数约2.0);正常对照组最高(3.5);高剂量YA3D3-MHF组(3.2)、高剂量YA3D3-HF组(2.8)、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组(2.7)、中剂量YA3D3-HF组(2.6)显著高于APP/PS1对照组(P<0.05);盐酸多奈哌齐组(2.5)、低剂量YA3D3-MHF组(2.1)、低剂量YA3D3-HF组(2.0)与APP/PS1对照组无差异(P>0.05),Kruskal-Wallis检验显示组间差异显著(*,P=0.022)。结果表明YA3D3可提升AD小鼠肠道菌群丰富度与多样性,发酵后YA3D3-MHF效果优于发酵前YA3D3-HF与盐酸多奈哌齐,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组提升作用最为显著,低剂量YA3D3-MHF组与发酵前YA3D3-HF无明显效果。
图6A所示,APP/PS1对照组芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)丰度最低(约50%),假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (30%)与疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota) (15%)丰度最高;正常对照组芽孢杆菌门丰度最高(70%),假单胞菌门(10%)与疣微菌门(5%)丰度最低。除低剂量YA3D3-MHF组外,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组(68%)、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组(65%)、高剂量YA3D3-HF组(62%)与中剂量YA3D3-HF组(60%)芽孢杆菌门丰度高于APP/PS1对照组,假单胞菌门与疣微菌门丰度低于APP/PS1对照组,且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组最接近正常对照组;盐酸多奈哌齐组(芽孢杆菌门58%)的改善效果弱于高剂量YA3D3-MHF组和中剂量YA3D3-MHF组。
图6B所示,APP/PS1对照组梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridia)丰度最低(40%),变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria) (25%)与疣微菌纲(Verrucomicrobiae) (15%)丰度最高;正常对照组梭状芽孢杆菌丰度最高(65%),变形菌纲(8%)与疣微菌纲(5%)丰度最低。除低剂量YA3D3-MHF组外,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组(62%)、正常对照组(58%)、高剂量YA3D3-HF组(55%)、中剂量YA3D3-HF组(52%)梭状芽孢杆菌丰度高于APP/PS1对照组,变形菌纲与疣微菌纲丰度低于APP/PS1对照组,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组效果最优;盐酸多奈哌齐组(50%)的效果弱于中剂量YA3D3-MHF组和高剂量YA3D3-MHF组。
图6C所示,APP/PS1对照组疣微菌目(Verrucomicrobiales)丰度最高(15%),弯曲杆菌目(Camplyobacterales) (5%)与毛螺菌目(Lachnospirales) (35%)丰度最低;正常对照组疣微菌目丰度最低(5%),弯曲杆菌目(12%)与毛螺菌目(60%)丰度最高。除低剂量YA3D3-MHF组外,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组[弯曲杆菌目11%、毛螺菌目58%、丹毒丝菌目(Erysipelotrichales) 5%]、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组(10%、55%、6%)、高剂量YA3D3-HF组(9%、52%、8%)、中剂量YA3D3-HF组(8%、50%、9%)疣微菌目丰度低于APP/PS1对照组,弯曲杆菌目与毛螺菌目高于APP/PS1对照组,丹毒丝菌目丰度低于APP/PS1对照组;盐酸多奈哌齐组(7%、48%、10%)的效果弱于中剂量YA3D3-MHF组和高剂量YA3D3-MHF组。
图6D所示,APP/PS1对照组乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)丰度最低(5%),丹毒丝菌科(Erysipelotrichaceae)丰度最高(12%);正常对照组乳杆菌科丰度最高(15%),丹毒丝菌科丰度最低(4%)。除低剂量YA3D3-MHF组外,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组(14%、5%)、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组(12%、6%)、高剂量YA3D3-HF组(10%、8%)、中剂量YA3D3-HF组(9%、9%)乳杆菌科丰度高于APP/PS1对照组,丹毒丝菌科丰度低于APP/PS1对照组;盐酸多奈哌齐组(8%、10%)的效果弱于中剂量YA3D3-MHF组和高剂量YA3D3-MHF组。
上述结果表明,YA3D3可优化AD小鼠肠道菌群结构(提升芽孢杆菌门、梭状芽孢杆菌、乳杆菌科等有益菌的丰度,降低假单胞菌门、丹毒丝菌科等有害菌的丰度),YA3D3-MHF的效果优于YA3D3-HF与盐酸多奈哌齐,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组的改善最为显著,低剂量YA3D3-MHF与YA3D3-HF无明显效果。
基于Unweighted UniFrac、Weighted UniFrac、Bray-Curits 3种距离矩阵构建的主坐标分析(PCoA)图,从不同维度精准解析了分组对AD小鼠肠道菌群β多样性的影响(图7A7B)。基于Unweighted UniFrac的PCoA图(图7A)显示,APP/PS1对照组与正常对照组样本聚类显著分离,各干预组与APP/PS1对照组也呈现明确分离趋势,表明APP/PS1对照组不仅存在物种丰度的改变,更涉及核心功能物种的系统发育分支缺失,而YA3D3及其发酵产物可通过恢复进化层面的物种组成来改善菌群结构。基于Weighted UniFrac的PCoA图(图7B)中,PCoA 1解释度高达31.83%,APP/PS1对照组与正常对照组的优势菌群进化关联差异显著,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组与正常对照组聚类距离更近,提示YA3D3对菌群的调控具有定向性,可针对性优化高丰度核心功能菌群(如产SCFAs的毛螺菌目)的丰度及进化关联,且这种优化存在剂量依赖性。基于Bray-Curtis的PCoA图(图7C)显示,YA3D3-HF与YA3D3-MHF干预组样本空间分布明显分离,盐酸多奈哌齐组与APP/PS1对照组聚类趋势相近,直观体现微生物发酵工艺可显著增强YA3D3对菌群丰度的调控效果(实现有益菌丰度升高、有害菌丰度降低),而临床药物多奈哌齐对菌群丰度失调的改善作用较弱。进一步佐证了YA3D3-MHF通过调控菌群发挥作用的独特性,而非传统药物的直接中枢作用;发酵剂量的梯度效应直观呈现了剂量与菌群到药效的关联,为后续机制研究提供了可视化的结构基础。
图8A所示,APP/PS1对照组总SCFAs含量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.001);干预后高剂量YA3D3-MHF组总SCFAs含量最高,中剂量YA3D3-MHF组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组、盐酸多奈哌齐组、中剂量YA3D3-HF组总SCFAs含量显著高于APP/PS1对照组(P<0.01),且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组总SCFAs含量显著高于盐酸多奈哌齐组与YA3D3-HF各剂量组(P<0.01);低剂量YA3D3-MHF组、低剂量YA3D3-HF组与APP/PS1对照组无差异(P>0.05)。如图8B所示,APP/PS1对照组乙酸含量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.001);高剂量YA3D3-MHF组乙酸含量最高,中剂量YA3D3-MHF组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组、盐酸多奈哌齐组乙酸含量显著高于APP/PS1对照组(P<0.01),且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组、中剂量YA3D3-MHF组乙酸含量优于盐酸多奈哌齐组与高剂量YA3D3-HF组(P<0.05)。如图8C所示,APP/PS1对照组丁酸含量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.001);高剂量YA3D3-MHF组丁酸含量最高,中剂量YA3D3-MHF组、高剂量YA3D3-HF组、盐酸多奈哌齐组丁酸含量显著高于APP/PS1对照组(P<0.01),且高剂量YA3D3-MHF组丁酸含量显著高于其他干预组(P<0.01);低剂量YA3D3-MHF组、低剂量YA3D3-HF组与APP/PS1对照组无差异(P>0.05)。
结果表明YA3D3可提升AD小鼠肠道内总SCFAs、乙酸及丁酸含量,YA3D3-MHF的提升效果显著优于YA3D3-HF与盐酸多奈哌齐,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组对3种SCFAs的调控作用最强,低剂量YA3D3-MHF组与YA3D3-HF无明显效果。
结果如图9所示,穿越平台次数与毛螺菌目(Lachnospirales)丰度、乳酸菌目(Lactobacillales)丰度、总SCFAs含量、乙酸含量、丁酸含量均呈显著正相关(r=0.31-0.67, P<0.01);逃避潜伏期与毛螺菌目丰度呈显著负相关(r=-0.69, P<0.01),与总SCFAs、丁酸含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.41-0.45, P<0.01)。认知功能与SCFAs关联行分析显示,丁酸是认知改善的核心代谢物,逃避潜伏期与丁酸呈强负相关(r=-0.45, P<0.01),说明丁酸含量越高,认知障碍(逃避潜伏期越长代表障碍越重)越轻;穿越平台次数与丁酸呈中等正相关(r=0.58, P<0.01),说明丁酸含量越高,记忆功能(穿越平台次数越多代表记忆越好)越好;总SCFAs、乙酸也与认知功能存在显著相关性,但关联强度均弱于丁酸,总SCFAs与逃避潜伏期负相关(r=-0.41, P<0.01)、与穿越平台次数正相关(r=0.56, P<0.01);乙酸与逃避潜伏期负相关(r=-0.39, P<0.01)、与穿越平台次数正相关(r=0.53, P<0.01),验证了SCFAs对认知的改善作用以丁酸为核心。肠道有益菌是SCFAs的主要合成菌群,菌群与SCFAs的关联性分析显示,毛螺菌目与总SCFAs (r=0.70, P<0.01)、乙酸(r=0.77, P<0.01)、丁酸(r=0.64, P<0.01)均呈强正相关,为乙酸、丁酸的核心产生菌;乳杆菌目与丁酸,呈中等正相关(r=0.53, P<0.01),介导丁酸的辅助合成,符合益生菌代谢特性;阿克曼菌目(Akkermansiales)、丹毒丝菌目(Erysipelotrichales)等与丁酸、总SCFAs呈强负相关,提示其可能通过抑制SCFAs合成影响认知功能。菌群与认知功能指标的关联性分析显示,毛螺菌目与认知功能呈显著关联,其相对丰度与逃避潜伏期呈强负相关(r=-0.69, P<0.01),与穿越平台次数呈中等显著正相关(r=0.67, P<0.01),提示该菌目丰度越高,认知功能越佳。乳杆菌目的相对丰度与逃避潜伏期呈中等显著负相关(r=-0.34, P<0.01),与穿越平台次数呈中等显著正相关(r=0.31, P<0.01),表明该菌目丰度提升可直接改善记忆功能。阿克曼菌目、丹毒丝菌目、双歧杆菌目(Bifidobacteriales)的相对丰度与逃避潜伏期呈强显著正相关(r=0.65-0.75, P<0.01),与穿越平台次数呈强显著负相关(r=-0.74--0.83, P<0.01),提示该类菌目丰度过高,可能加剧宿主的认知功能障碍。
本研究核心聚焦于YA3D3及其微生物发酵产物YA3D3-MHF对APP/PS1小鼠肠道菌群组成与丰度的调控作用,并进一步阐明该调控如何通过微生物-肠-脑轴介导AD小鼠的认知功能改善。
从门、纲、目、科、属多个分类水平来看,YA3D3 (以中高剂量YA3D3-MHF效果最为显著)对AD小鼠肠道菌群的调控呈现明确的“益增害减”特征,且显著优于传统水提物YA3D3-HF与临床药物盐酸多奈哌齐,这一结果在与现有研究的对比中凸显了发酵中药的独特优势。
在有益菌群富集方面,门水平上芽孢杆菌门的提升是核心亮点。芽孢杆菌门作为肠道核心有益菌门,其丰度降低是AD相关菌群失调的典型特征[14-16]。相关研究采用单一黄芪多糖(YA3D3主要原料成分之一)干预AD模型鼠,仅能将芽孢杆菌门丰度提升至60%[17],而本研究MH组(高剂量YA3D3-MHF)芽孢杆菌门丰度达68%,更接近正常小鼠水平(70%)。这一差异推测与YA3D3微生物发酵后产生的黄酮类、皂苷类衍生物协同作用有关。单一活性成分对菌群的调控靶点有限,而发酵产物的多成分特性可覆盖更多菌群代谢通路,证实多成分协同干预对肠道微生态的调控更全面、更接近生理平衡状态。
科属水平上,毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)、瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)及阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)等有益菌的富集,与现有“益菌-AD改善”的研究结论形成呼应,但本研究的调控效率更突出。Li等[18]报道益生菌复合制剂可使AD小鼠毛螺菌科丰度提升至45%,而本研究MH组毛螺菌科丰度达58%,且该菌属作为核心产丁酸菌,其高丰度为后续SCFAs介导的肠-脑轴调控奠定了基础。此外,采用中药复方水提物干预的聚类效果,提示发酵工艺可增强中药对菌群的靶向调控能力。
在有害/促炎菌群抑制方面,假单胞菌门的下调是关键突破。假单胞菌门作为AD菌群失调的核心标志物[16],其丰度升高常伴随肠屏障破坏与系统性炎症,现有干预策略对其抑制效果有限。Sun等[19]采用单一益生菌干预,仅能将AD小鼠假单胞菌门丰度降至18%,而本研究高剂量YA3D3-MHF组假单胞菌门丰度降至12%,显著优于前者。这一优势可能源于YA3D3-MHF对菌群的“双向调控”,既能直接抑制促炎菌增殖,还能通过富集有益菌形成竞争优势,间接压制有害菌生态位,而单一益生菌或单一成分仅能实现单向抑制,难以形成可持续的菌群平衡。此外,丹毒丝菌科、螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)等促炎菌的显著下调,与Kim等[20]报道的AD认知改善组促炎菌丰度降低30%相比,本研究高剂量YA3D3-MHF组促炎菌丰度平均降低45%,进一步证实发酵中药对菌群失调的纠正作用更具针对性。
α多样性分析显示,中高剂量YA3D3-MHF可显著提升AD小鼠肠道菌群的Shannon指数(高剂量YA3D3-MHF组约3.2)与物种丰富度,这一结果与Zhang等[7]报道的AD患者认知改善与Shannon指数升高至3.0以上相关高度契合。本研究的剂量依赖性特征补充了领域空白,明确中高剂量是实现菌群优化的有效阈值,低剂量YA3D3-MHF组无显著改善,为后续临床剂量选择提供了关键参考。
YA3D3介导的肠道菌群改变并非孤立事件,而是通过微生物-肠-脑轴的代谢通路、免疫通路、屏障通路将肠道信号传递至中枢神经系统,形成肠道微生态-全身稳态-中枢功能的调控链条。
SCFAs作为核心介导因子的代谢通路,菌群组成的“益增害减”直接转化为有益代谢物SCFAs的显著提升。现有研究多强调总SCFAs水平与认知的相关性[21-22],而本研究通过Pearson相关系数热图发现,丁酸与认知指标(逃避潜伏期r=-0.45、穿越平台次数r=0.58)的关联强度显著高于总SCFAs (r=-0.41-0.56)和乙酸(r=-0.39-0.53)。这一发现与Fock等[5]、Veerareddy等[23]报道的丁酸可通过血脑屏障调控神经炎症形成互补,但本研究进一步量化了其关联强度,证实SCFAs对认知的调控并非泛化效应,而是以丁酸为核心的特异性介导,为后续靶向丁酸合成菌或外源性丁酸干预提供了理论依据。高剂量YA3D3-MHF组粪便总SCFAs、乙酸、丁酸含量均显著高于APP/PS1对照组,且远优于YA3D3-HF组与盐酸多奈哌齐组。这一变化的核心机制是,毛螺菌科、双歧杆菌科、瘤胃球菌科等富集的有益菌可通过发酵中药中的多糖,如黄芪多糖、麦冬多糖产生大量SCFAs[24]。其中,丁酸是肠上皮细胞的主要能量来源,可通过激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK)信号通路促进肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白(occludin、ZO-1)的表达,强化肠屏障功能,减少LPS等促炎抗原入血[25];乙酸、丙酸则可通过血液循环穿越血脑屏障,作为组蛋白去乙酰化抑制剂抑制小胶质细胞促炎M1型、促进抗炎M2型极化,进而抑制脑内核因子-κB (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3, NLRP3)炎症级联反应,减轻神经炎症损伤[26]
抑制促炎信号向中枢传递的免疫通路,假单胞菌门、丹毒丝菌科等促炎菌群的减少直接降低了肠道内促炎因子白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)的释放[27];同时,Akkermansia的富集可通过降解肠道黏蛋白、促进黏液层增厚进一步增强肠屏障,双重作用下减少了“肠源性炎症”向中枢的传递[21]。研究中高剂量YA3D3-MHF组小鼠脑内神经炎症相关通路的抑制,正是肠道菌群免疫调节通过肠-脑轴在中枢的直接体现。高剂量YA3D3-MHF组富集的Akkermansia还能通过降解肠道黏蛋白、增厚黏液层增强肠屏障完整性[28],双重作用阻断肠源性炎症向中枢传递,而丁酸同时可调节血脑屏障通透性,增强其紧密连接完整性以减少毒性物质入脑并促进中枢神经保护因子表达,这一“肠屏障-血脑屏障”双向修复机制补充了现有研究仅关注单一屏障的不足,证实发酵中药可通过肠道菌群-SCFAs轴实现“双屏障”协同保护,为微生物-肠-脑轴调控机制提供了更完整的理论支撑。
修复肠-脑双向屏障的屏障通路,除肠屏障外,丁酸还可调节血脑屏障的通透性:通过增强血脑屏障紧密连接的完整性,减少外周炎症因子与毒性物质入脑,同时促进中枢神经保护因子的表达,为神经元存活创造健康微环境[29]
YA3D3介导的肠道菌群优化,最终通过微生物-肠-脑轴的多环节调控实现AD小鼠认知功能的显著改善,其核心逻辑链为通过菌群重塑促进SCFAs升高,增强肠屏障功能,抑制炎症反应,恢复神经递质平衡,减轻神经病理损伤,最终实现认知功能改善。
Morris水迷宫实验显示,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组小鼠逃避潜伏期最短、穿越原平台次数最多,认知改善效果不仅优于YA3D3-HF组,还优于临床药物盐酸多奈哌齐。这一结果与现有研究形成鲜明对比,采用中药复方水提物干预AD模型鼠[30],其穿越平台次数仅为正常组的50%,而本研究MH组穿越平台次数达正常组的75%;相关研究报道盐酸多奈哌齐干预后AD小鼠逃避潜伏期缩短30%[31],而本研究高剂量YA3D3-MHF组缩短50%。这一优势源于YA3D3-MHF的“多靶点协同效应”。临床药物仅能通过抑制胆碱酯酶缓解神经递质失衡,传统水提物成分利用率低,而发酵产物通过菌群调控SCFAs升高,修复屏障,进而抑制炎症改善神经病理,实现了对AD病理机制的全面干预,而非单一靶点调控[32]
神经递质平衡恢复与神经病理损伤减轻的结果,进一步印证了这一优势。ELISA结果显示,高剂量YA3D3-MHF组脑内5-HT、GABA、GLU含量接近正常水平,这一变化的关键机制在于:一方面,富集的双歧杆菌科、乳杆菌科可合成神经递质前体;另一方面,SCFAs通过抑制脑内炎症、调节神经元代谢保障了神经递质的合成与信号传递[33]。5-HT与情绪、记忆调节密切相关,GABA是中枢主要抑制性神经递质,GLU是兴奋性神经递质,三者平衡的恢复直接改善了AD小鼠的学习记忆功能[22]。这与研究报道的“益生菌干预仅能恢复60%神经递质水平”相比[34-35],本研究恢复率达80%,推测与SCFAs对神经元代谢的直接调控及炎症抑制的间接作用有关。在神经病理方面,本研究发现Aβ吞噬增强、Tau蛋白异常磷酸化减少,Aβ沉积减少50%,证实通过菌群-肠-脑轴的间接调控可实现对AD核心病理特征的更高效干预,且避免了直接靶向中枢药物的血脑屏障穿透难题。
同时通过Pearson相关系数热图(图9)从“代谢-功能”双维度解析了三者的线性关联网络,认知-SCFAs层面,丁酸与认知指标呈极强线性关联[逃避潜伏期(r=-0.45)、穿越平台次数(r=0.58)],其关联强度显著高于总SCFAs (r=-0.41-0.56)和乙酸(r=-0.39-0.53),这一发现与既往研究一致,丁酸可通过血脑屏障进入中枢神经系统,激活G蛋白偶联受体调节神经炎症,同时作为能量底物促进海马神经元代谢,最终实现认知改善,而总SCFAs、乙酸的关联强度较弱,提示SCFAs对认知的调控具有丁酸特异性,为后续靶向丁酸的干预研究提供了理论依据;菌群-SCFAs层面,毛螺菌目、乳杆菌目等有益菌与SCFAs (尤其是丁酸)呈强线性正相关(r=0.42-0.70),这与它们的代谢特性直接相关,毛螺菌目可通过β-氧化途径将膳食纤维分解为丁酸,乳杆菌目则通过乳酸代谢间接促进丁酸合成,而阿克曼菌目、丹毒丝菌目等与SCFAs呈强线性负相关,可能因其缺乏短链脂肪酸合成酶系,且代谢产物会抑制有益菌的SCFAs合成通路,明确了“有益菌促进SCFAs合成、有害菌对SCFAs抑制”的线性代谢轴,为通过菌群调控SCFAs水平提供了靶点;菌群-认知层面,毛螺菌目、乳杆菌目等有益菌与认知呈强线性正相关(r=-0.34-0.77),其潜在机制包括通过合成丁酸间接改善认知、直接分泌神经活性物质(如γ-氨基丁酸)调节神经元兴奋性,而阿克曼菌目等有害菌与认知呈强线性负相关(r=-0.83-0.75),可能通过破坏肠道屏障、促进系统性炎症进而损伤血脑屏障,最终加重认知障碍,这一发现将“菌群结构”与“认知表型”直接关联,为认知障碍的微生物-肠-脑轴机制研究提供了关键证据。
本研究虽明确了YA3D3-MHF对菌群-肠-脑轴-认知的调控链条,但仍存在局限:一是肠道菌群-SCFAs-认知的直接因果关系尚未完全证实,需通过粪便微生物移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)、外源性SCFAs干预实验进一步验证;二是未明确YA3D3中具体调控菌群的活性成分,需通过成分分离与体外菌群培养实验筛选核心效应分子。未来研究将围绕上述方向展开,为YA3D3-MHF靶向肠-脑轴干预AD的临床转化提供更直接的证据。
本研究证实,微生物发酵中药YA3D3-MHF通过降低成分极性、生成高活性成分,提升产SCFAs有益菌如芽孢杆菌门、毛螺菌科,降低促炎菌如假单胞菌门、丹毒丝菌科,定向重塑APP/PS1小鼠肠道菌群结构,显著提升肠道SCFAs含量,进而恢复脑内5-HT、GABA、GLU水平,最终改善认知功能,且效果优于传统水提物YA3D3-HF与盐酸多奈哌齐。该研究不仅阐明了YA3D3-MHF通过肠道菌群-SCFAs-神经递质轴干预AD的机制,还证实微生物发酵技术是增强中药疗效的有效手段,为靶向肠-脑轴的AD干预提供坚实实验依据,具有重要的科学与临床价值。
  • 延安市科技基金(2024-SFGG-201)
  • 延安市科技基金(2023SLZDCY-199)
  • 延安大学产学研培育项目(CXY202001)
  • 延安大学秦创原“科学家+工程师”团队专项(2023KXJ-012)
  • 延安大学科技成果转化项目(2023CGZH-001)
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2026年第66卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250861
  • 接收时间:2025-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-18
  • 录用日期:2025-12-09
基金
Yan’an City Science and Technology Fund(2024-SFGG-201)
延安市科技基金(2024-SFGG-201)
Yan’an City Science and Technology Fund(2023SLZDCY-199)
延安市科技基金(2023SLZDCY-199)
Yan’an University’s Production, Cultivation Project(CXY202001)
延安大学产学研培育项目(CXY202001)
Yan’an University Qin Chuanyuan “Scientist+Engineer” Team Special(2023KXJ-012)
延安大学秦创原“科学家+工程师”团队专项(2023KXJ-012)
Yan’an University Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements Project(2023CGZH-001)
延安大学科技成果转化项目(2023CGZH-001)
作者信息
    延安大学 延安医学院,延安市微生物药物创新及转化重点实验室,陕西 延安

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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