Article(id=1238813312922734942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250612, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754496000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765728000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineDate=1773285709839, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285709839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285709839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285709839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1074, endPage=1087, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813313358942598, articleId=1238813312922734942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Lactate dehydrogenase from uropathogenic Escherichia coli enhances pathogenicity via promoting macrophage lactylation, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It can adhere to and colonize uroepithelial cells, disseminate systemically, and induce severe sepsis and subsequent renal failure, posing a substantial threat to global public health. Emerging evidence indicates that lactylation, a key post-translational modification (PTM) in macrophages, plays a crucial role in the host defense against UPEC infection. Notably, the UPEC CFT073 strain harbors ldhA, which encodes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an enzyme critical for lactate biosynthesis. However, the mechanism by which LdhA (the ldhA-encoded LDH) regulates macrophage lactylation during UPEC infection remains elusive. Objective To elucidate how LdhA modulates macrophage lactylation and thereby impacts UPEC pathogenicity. Methods Online bioinformatics tools were used to predict the functional domains and transmembrane regions of LdhA. The recombinant protein rLdhA was generated via molecular cloning, and its LDH activity was measured by a commercial LDH activity assay kit. Western blotting was performed to assess the cellular entry of rLdhA into macrophages and its regulatory effect on macrophage lactylation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages treated with rLdhA. The drug resistance profile of UPEC CFT073 (wild-type and ldhA-knockout strains) was analyzed via an automated microbial identification system. To evaluate the role of LdhA in UPEC pathogenicity, we treated mice with the wild-type UPEC CFT073 (CFT073wt), ldhA-deficient mutant (CFT073ΔldhA ), or rLdhA (with or without pretreatment with an LDH inhibitor) through intraperitoneal injection or tail vein injection, and then observed and quantified pathogenic phenotypes. Results LdhA harbored a LDH domain and was secreted extracellularly. We successfully established an expression system for ldhA and achieved efficient expression and purification of rLdhA. Functional assays confirmed that rLdhA exhibited LDH activity and can enter macrophages via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, subsequently enhancing macrophage lactylation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, rLdhA significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Furthermore, LdhA was found to substantially modulate the drug resistance profile of UPEC CFT073. In vivo studies demonstrated that LdhA promoted the pathogenicity of UPEC in a mouse infection model. Conclusion Collectively, our findings demonstrate that LdhA enhances UPEC pathogenicity by upregulating macrophage lactylation and suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms mediating this regulatory cascade remain to be fully elucidated and warrant further exploration. This study offers a new theoretical basis for deciphering the pathogenic mechanisms of UPEC infections.

, correspAuthors=Jiaqi FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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尿路致病性大肠埃希菌(uropathogenic Escherichiacoli, UPEC)是引发尿路感染(urinary tract infection, UTI)最常见的病原菌,能够定殖于尿路上皮细胞,可引发严重的败血症、肾衰竭,对人类健康构成威胁。乳酸化是巨噬细胞抗UPEC感染的一种重要蛋白质翻译后修饰方式。UPEC CFT073菌株的DNA序列中包含具有催化乳酸生成功能的乳酸脱氢酶ldhA基因,但其调控巨噬细胞乳酸化的具体机制尚未明确。 目的 探讨ldhA基因产物LdhA调控巨噬细胞乳酸化进而影响UPEC致病性的作用机制。 方法 利用生物信息学在线工具预测ldhA基因产物LdhA的功能结构域和跨膜区;通过分子克隆技术体外表达重组蛋白rLdhA;使用乳酸脱氢酶活性检测试剂盒测定rLdhA的乳酸脱氢酶活性;采用Western blotting检测rLdhA进入巨噬细胞的方式及其对巨噬细胞乳酸化的影响;运用ELISA检测rLdhA对巨噬细胞炎症因子的影响;利用全自动微生物分析系统检测LdhA对UPEC CFT073耐药性的影响;分别用产生LdhA的野生型UPEC CFT073菌株(CFT073wt)、敲除ldhA基因的CFT073菌株(CFT073ΔldhA ),或经rLdhA及乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂预处理的rLdhA感染或尾静脉注射小鼠,观察并测定LdhA对小鼠致病性的影响。 结果 LdhA蛋白含有乳酸脱氢酶功能域且能够外分泌。成功构建了ldhA基因体外表达系统,表达并提纯了重组蛋白rLdhA。rLdhA具有乳酸脱氢酶功能,能通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用进入巨噬细胞,并剂量依赖性地促进巨噬细胞乳酸化水平。rLdhA显著抑制脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞炎症因子生成。LdhA能够显著影响UPEC CFT073的耐药性,并促进UPEC对小鼠的致病性。 结论 LdhA通过促进巨噬细胞的乳酸化水平抑制炎症因子的产生,进而增强UPEC的致病性,其具体的分子调控机制尚需进一步研究。本研究为进一步阐明UPEC的致病性提供了新的科学依据。

, correspAuthors=方佳琪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6ZXnDcZeR2yx4fcro+KQVg==, magXml=XtHIcbxdhKITOj0TwCGK9A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=NlNbg3PCy0q4PnzT5zaX+Q==, pdfFileSize=2771441, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7KTVDKyEtyIq0Fl9R3jWlQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+EPbho9ECR1NkexQNT5xTA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

樊力铭:实验设计、实验操作、结果分析、稿件的撰写和修改;陈也:实验操作、数据收集;蒋委余:实验设计、数据分析;郑欣怡:实验设计、验证;谢子文:软件程序;叶乐元:协助实验操作;金意涵:参与数据讨论;方佳琪:基金获取、项目管理、实验设计、实验指导、结果分析、稿件的撰写和修改。

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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2021, 65(12): e0146821., articleTitle=Uropathogenic Escherichia coli shows antibiotic tolerance and growth heterogeneity in an in vitro model of intracellular infection, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1238891112895664173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, awardId=202513021034, language=EN, fundingSource=National College Students Innovation Training Program(202513021034), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891113013104690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, awardId=202513021034, language=CN, fundingSource=国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202513021034), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891113126350907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, awardId=202513021033, language=EN, fundingSource=National College Students Innovation Training Program(202513021033), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891113252180032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, awardId=202513021033, language=CN, fundingSource=国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202513021033), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891113378009156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, awardId=LQ20H100001, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ20H100001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891113474478157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, awardId=LQ20H100001, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省自然科学基金(LQ20H100001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1238891104142152331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1238891104146346634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, companyId=1238891104142152331, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1238891104154735243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, companyId=1238891104142152331, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙大城市学院 医学院临床医学系,浙江 杭州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1238891109909320662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The structure and function of LdhA. A: Functional domain prediction of LdhA; B: Transmembrane prediction of LdhA; C: Three-dimensional structure prediction of LdhA; D: LdhA exhibits lactate dehydrogenase activity. ns: No significance; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=w9AdjHwIZyPJovptv1ou7Q==, figureFileBig=Yo0Fgx4UDZMbbydxLcdqHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110072898525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=CN, label=图1, caption=LdhA蛋白的结构及功能。A:LdhA蛋白的功能域预测;B:LdhA蛋白的跨膜预测;C:LdhA蛋白的三维结构预测;D:LdhA具有乳酸脱氢酶活性。, figureFileSmall=w9AdjHwIZyPJovptv1ou7Q==, figureFileBig=Yo0Fgx4UDZMbbydxLcdqHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110270030824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The expression and purification of recombinant protein rLdhA. A: The PCR bands for the ldhA gene; B: The double-digestion bands of the ldhA gene-cloned plasmid; C: The double-digestion bands of the ldhA gene-subcloned plasmid; D: Induced expression of rLdhA; E: Purification curve of rLdhA; F: SDS-PAGE image of purified rLdhA., figureFileSmall=t+v/w8XV04jNASg7u2+WSg==, figureFileBig=YEojaV4vEoTgDYsisghPZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110379082737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=CN, label=图2, caption=重组蛋白rLdhA的表达提纯。A:ldhA基因的PCR扩增条带;B:ldhA基因的克隆质粒双酶切条带;C:ldhA基因的亚克隆质粒双酶切条带;D:rLdhA的诱导表达;E:rLdhA的纯化曲线;F:提纯的rLdhA电泳图。, figureFileSmall=t+v/w8XV04jNASg7u2+WSg==, figureFileBig=YEojaV4vEoTgDYsisghPZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110462968815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The effect of rLdhA on macrophage lactylation. A, B: The entry of rLdhA into THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells; C, D: The effect of different concentrations of rLdhA on the lactylation of THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells; E, F: Gray scale analysis of the lactylation bands in C and D. ns: No significance; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=yOA9Li7y/O0nMGJHHRE2qw==, figureFileBig=BbONfV55+oP1dnxHJoIlIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110592992247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=CN, label=图3, caption=rLdhA对巨噬细胞乳酸化的影响。A、B:rLdhA进入巨噬细胞情况;C、D:不同浓度rLdhA对THP-1和RAW264.7乳酸化的影响;E、F:对C和D中乳酸化条带的灰度分析。, figureFileSmall=yOA9Li7y/O0nMGJHHRE2qw==, figureFileBig=BbONfV55+oP1dnxHJoIlIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110739792895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The effect of rLdhA on the macrophage inflammatory factors. A: The effect of rLdhA on the production of IL-1β and TNF-α in THP-1 cells; B: The effect of rLdhA on the production of IL-1β and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. ns: No significance; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=4IXXXkSG3SlrPJO3BmZruw==, figureFileBig=siJmH8sJKJKtu4KEFnU1tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110865620996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=CN, label=图4, caption=rLdhA对巨噬细胞炎症因子的影响。A:rLdhA对THP-1细胞IL-1β和TNF-α的影响;B:rLdhA对RAW264.7细胞IL-1β和TNF-α的影响。, figureFileSmall=4IXXXkSG3SlrPJO3BmZruw==, figureFileBig=siJmH8sJKJKtu4KEFnU1tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112358793230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The effect of LdhA on the pathogenicity in mice. A: The effect of LdhA on the pathological changes in the kidneys and bladders of mice; B: The pathological effects of LdhA on renal and bladder tissues of mice; C: The effect of LdhA on the body weight of mice; D, E: The effect of LdhA on the renal and bladder weights in mice; F: The effect of LdhA on the inflammation in mice. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=qDFkyv4GvgRiAPOE8XcB9A==, figureFileBig=FZ5WzZebLHpKkLe8np4Tig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112488816659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=CN, label=图5, caption=LdhA对小鼠致病性的影响。A:LdhA对小鼠肾和膀胱病变的影响;B:LdhA对小鼠肾和膀胱组织的病理学影响;C:LdhA对小鼠体重的影响;D、E:LdhA对小鼠肾和膀胱质量的影响;F:LdhA对小鼠炎症的影响。, figureFileSmall=qDFkyv4GvgRiAPOE8XcB9A==, figureFileBig=FZ5WzZebLHpKkLe8np4Tig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112589479961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813312922734942, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The effect of LdhA on the antimicrobial resistance of UPEC CFT073 and its role in the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. 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尿路致病性大肠埃希菌乳酸脱氢酶促进巨噬细胞乳酸化增强致病性的机制
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樊力铭 , 陈也 , 蒋委余 , 郑欣怡 , 谢子文 , 叶乐元 , 金意涵 , 方佳琪 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(3): 1074-1087
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(3): 1074-1087
尿路致病性大肠埃希菌乳酸脱氢酶促进巨噬细胞乳酸化增强致病性的机制
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樊力铭, 陈也, 蒋委余, 郑欣怡, 谢子文, 叶乐元, 金意涵, 方佳琪*
作者信息
  • 浙大城市学院 医学院临床医学系,浙江 杭州
Lactate dehydrogenase from uropathogenic Escherichia coli enhances pathogenicity via promoting macrophage lactylation
Liming FAN, Ye CHEN, Weiyu JIANG, Xinyi ZHENG, Ziwen XIE, Leyuan YE, Yihan JIN, Jiaqi FANG*
Affiliations
  • Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250612
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尿路致病性大肠埃希菌(uropathogenic Escherichiacoli, UPEC)是引发尿路感染(urinary tract infection, UTI)最常见的病原菌,能够定殖于尿路上皮细胞,可引发严重的败血症、肾衰竭,对人类健康构成威胁。乳酸化是巨噬细胞抗UPEC感染的一种重要蛋白质翻译后修饰方式。UPEC CFT073菌株的DNA序列中包含具有催化乳酸生成功能的乳酸脱氢酶ldhA基因,但其调控巨噬细胞乳酸化的具体机制尚未明确。 目的 探讨ldhA基因产物LdhA调控巨噬细胞乳酸化进而影响UPEC致病性的作用机制。 方法 利用生物信息学在线工具预测ldhA基因产物LdhA的功能结构域和跨膜区;通过分子克隆技术体外表达重组蛋白rLdhA;使用乳酸脱氢酶活性检测试剂盒测定rLdhA的乳酸脱氢酶活性;采用Western blotting检测rLdhA进入巨噬细胞的方式及其对巨噬细胞乳酸化的影响;运用ELISA检测rLdhA对巨噬细胞炎症因子的影响;利用全自动微生物分析系统检测LdhA对UPEC CFT073耐药性的影响;分别用产生LdhA的野生型UPEC CFT073菌株(CFT073wt)、敲除ldhA基因的CFT073菌株(CFT073ΔldhA ),或经rLdhA及乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂预处理的rLdhA感染或尾静脉注射小鼠,观察并测定LdhA对小鼠致病性的影响。 结果 LdhA蛋白含有乳酸脱氢酶功能域且能够外分泌。成功构建了ldhA基因体外表达系统,表达并提纯了重组蛋白rLdhA。rLdhA具有乳酸脱氢酶功能,能通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用进入巨噬细胞,并剂量依赖性地促进巨噬细胞乳酸化水平。rLdhA显著抑制脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞炎症因子生成。LdhA能够显著影响UPEC CFT073的耐药性,并促进UPEC对小鼠的致病性。 结论 LdhA通过促进巨噬细胞的乳酸化水平抑制炎症因子的产生,进而增强UPEC的致病性,其具体的分子调控机制尚需进一步研究。本研究为进一步阐明UPEC的致病性提供了新的科学依据。

尿路致病性大肠埃希菌  /  乳酸脱氢酶  /  巨噬细胞  /  乳酸化  /  致病性

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It can adhere to and colonize uroepithelial cells, disseminate systemically, and induce severe sepsis and subsequent renal failure, posing a substantial threat to global public health. Emerging evidence indicates that lactylation, a key post-translational modification (PTM) in macrophages, plays a crucial role in the host defense against UPEC infection. Notably, the UPEC CFT073 strain harbors ldhA, which encodes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an enzyme critical for lactate biosynthesis. However, the mechanism by which LdhA (the ldhA-encoded LDH) regulates macrophage lactylation during UPEC infection remains elusive. Objective To elucidate how LdhA modulates macrophage lactylation and thereby impacts UPEC pathogenicity. Methods Online bioinformatics tools were used to predict the functional domains and transmembrane regions of LdhA. The recombinant protein rLdhA was generated via molecular cloning, and its LDH activity was measured by a commercial LDH activity assay kit. Western blotting was performed to assess the cellular entry of rLdhA into macrophages and its regulatory effect on macrophage lactylation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages treated with rLdhA. The drug resistance profile of UPEC CFT073 (wild-type and ldhA-knockout strains) was analyzed via an automated microbial identification system. To evaluate the role of LdhA in UPEC pathogenicity, we treated mice with the wild-type UPEC CFT073 (CFT073wt), ldhA-deficient mutant (CFT073ΔldhA ), or rLdhA (with or without pretreatment with an LDH inhibitor) through intraperitoneal injection or tail vein injection, and then observed and quantified pathogenic phenotypes. Results LdhA harbored a LDH domain and was secreted extracellularly. We successfully established an expression system for ldhA and achieved efficient expression and purification of rLdhA. Functional assays confirmed that rLdhA exhibited LDH activity and can enter macrophages via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, subsequently enhancing macrophage lactylation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, rLdhA significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Furthermore, LdhA was found to substantially modulate the drug resistance profile of UPEC CFT073. In vivo studies demonstrated that LdhA promoted the pathogenicity of UPEC in a mouse infection model. Conclusion Collectively, our findings demonstrate that LdhA enhances UPEC pathogenicity by upregulating macrophage lactylation and suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms mediating this regulatory cascade remain to be fully elucidated and warrant further exploration. This study offers a new theoretical basis for deciphering the pathogenic mechanisms of UPEC infections.

uropathogenic Escherichia coli  /  lactate dehydrogenase  /  macrophage  /  lactylation  /  pathogenicity
樊力铭, 陈也, 蒋委余, 郑欣怡, 谢子文, 叶乐元, 金意涵, 方佳琪. 尿路致病性大肠埃希菌乳酸脱氢酶促进巨噬细胞乳酸化增强致病性的机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1074 -1087 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250612
Liming FAN, Ye CHEN, Weiyu JIANG, Xinyi ZHENG, Ziwen XIE, Leyuan YE, Yihan JIN, Jiaqi FANG. Lactate dehydrogenase from uropathogenic Escherichia coli enhances pathogenicity via promoting macrophage lactylation[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1074 -1087 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250612
尿路感染(urinary tract infection, UTI)是常见的泌尿系统疾病,也是仅次于呼吸道感染的第二大常见感染性疾病,且复发率较高[1]。尿路感染常可引发肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎,严重时甚至会导致败血症、肾衰竭等,进而危及生命[2]。肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形杆菌等可引起UTI,而80%的UTI由尿路致病性大肠埃希菌(uropathogenic Escherichiacoli,UPEC)所致[3]。UPEC通过I型纤毛、P纤毛、T1性毛等黏附因子定殖于尿路上皮细胞,进而在宿主细胞内自我聚集形成细菌囊泡,以逃避宿主的免疫监视,从而在细胞内长期存活并持续感染[4-5]。UTI多采用抗生素治疗,然而UPEC对常用抗生素的耐药性日益增强,导致治疗难度增加[6]。因此深入研究UPEC的致病机制对尿路感染的控制和治疗具有重大意义。
乳酸脱氢酶是一类重要的氧化还原酶,广泛存在于真核生物和原核生物体内,可催化丙酮酸与乳酸之间的相互转化[7]。乳酸化是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,通过赖氨酸残基与乳酸形成共价结合改变蛋白质的功能,进而调节细胞的生理过程和信号传导途径[8-9]。研究发现,病原菌的乳酸脱氢酶表达水平与其在体内感染模型中的毒力可能存在关联。在葡萄球菌属、链球菌属及其他细菌中敲除或抑制乳酸脱氢酶基因通常会导致细菌的增殖能力下降和毒力减弱[10-11]。巨噬细胞作为机体固有免疫反应中的关键细胞,在抵抗UPEC引起的感染中发挥着非常重要的作用[12-14]
UPEC CFT073菌株的DNA序列中包含具有乳酸脱氢酶功能的ldhA基因。为探究其表达产物LdhA在UPEC CFT073感染时的作用以及对巨噬细胞乳酸化的影响,本研究分别向C57BL/6小鼠膀胱滴注109 CFU/mL产生LdhA的野生型CFT073菌株(CFT073wt)和敲除ldhA基因的CFT073菌株(CFT073ΔldhA ),发现CFT073wt感染组肾和膀胱组织中炎性细胞浸润显著增多,表明LdhA能促进UPEC CFT073的致病性。然而,目前尚未见关于LdhA在UPEC逃逸巨噬细胞免疫及在所致尿路感染中致病作用的研究报道。本研究通过构建小鼠尿路感染模型,测定LdhA对UPEC CFT073耐药性及小鼠致病性的影响,进一步明确重组蛋白rLdhA进入巨噬细胞的机制,以及其对巨噬细胞乳酸化水平和促炎因子生成的调控作用。本研究旨在为阐明UPEC的致病机制提供新的实验依据,为尿路感染的防治提供潜在药物靶点,具有重要的科学价值与临床意义。
UPEC CFT073wt菌株由中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制研究所徐建国院士惠赠;UPEC CFT073ΔldhA 由本实验室委托杭州丰海生物科技有限公司构建;E. coli ATCC 25922、E. coli ATCC 35218和E. coli ATCC 43895购自中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心。
人巨噬细胞系THP-1和小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7购自中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞资源中心。
雌性C57BL/6小鼠(6-8周龄,18-20 g)购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司。本研究所有动物实验获得浙大城市学院实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准,编号为22024。
LB培养基,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;1640培养基,英潍捷基(上海)贸易有限公司;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、乳酸检测试剂盒,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;限制性内切酶Nde Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ、Ex-Taq酶PCR试剂盒、T-A克隆载体pMD19-T、T4 DNA连接酶,宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司;YeaRed核酸胶染料,翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司;乳酸脱氢酶活性检测试剂盒,北京盒子生工科技有限公司;LdhA抑制剂草氨酸钠、小窝蛋白介导的内吞作用抑制剂dynasore、网格蛋白介导的内吞作用抑制剂methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD),MCE公司;乳酸化抗体,杭州景杰生物科技股份有限公司;GAPDH抗体、荧光标记羊抗兔二抗,Abcam公司;抗rLdhA血清,实验室自制;IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α细胞因子检测试剂盒,上海钰博生物科技有限公司;CD14微珠,Miltenyi公司;CD14和F4/80特异性单克隆抗体,eBioscience公司。
离心机、水平摇床,赛洛捷克公司;酶标仪,赛默飞世尔(中国)科技公司;电热恒温水浴锅,金坛市易晨仪器制造有限公司;振荡培养箱,太仓市科教器材厂;全自动蛋白纯化仪,伯乐生命医学产品(上海)有限公司;全自动微生物分析系统,生物梅里埃公司;荧光扫描成像系统,LI-COR公司;流式细胞仪,BD公司。
UPEC CFT073wt和UPEC CFT073ΔldhA 采用LB液体培养基于37 ℃、220 r/min摇床振荡培养。采用含10%胎牛血清、100 U/mL青霉素和100 µg/mL链霉素的RPMI-1640培养基在37 ℃、5% CO2的条件下培养THP-1和RAW264.7细胞。
采用NCBI CD-search server、TMHMM-2.0和AlphaFold 3在线工具分析LdhA蛋白的功能结构域、跨膜区和三维结构。
根据UPEC CFT073全基因组序列(GenBank登录号为NZ_CP051263.1)中ldhA基因限制性核酸内切酶图谱分析结果,结合T-A克隆载体pMD19-T和原核表达载体pET-42a多克隆位点中的限制性核酸内切酶位点,设计含限制性内切酶Nde Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ位点(CATATG和CTCGAG)的引物,用于扩增ldhA (987 bp)基因片段。引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。ldhA基因片段扩增引物为ldhA1 (5′-CGCCATATGAAA CTCGCCGTTTATAGCACA-3′)和ldhA2 (5′-CG CGAGCTCAACCAGTTCGTTCGGGCAGGT-3′)。采用Ex-Taq酶PCR试剂盒扩增ldhA基因片段,用YeaRed核酸胶染料预染色的1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增产物。采用T-A克隆试剂盒将扩增片段克隆入pMD19-T中,形成pMD19-T ldhA 重组质粒,委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。
pMD19-T ldhA 和原核表达载体pET-42a质粒分别用Nde Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳后回收酶切产物,用紫外分光光度法检测其浓度。将ldhA基因片段分别与线性化的pET-42a按1:5的比例混合,在T4 DNA连接酶作用下连接成pET-42a ldhA,委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司再次测序。将pET-42a ldhA 转入感受态E. coli BL21(DE3)中,形成E. coli BL21(DE3)pET-42aldhA 工程菌株。
E. coli BL21(DE3)pET-42aldhA 接种于含50 μg/mL卡那霉素的LB培养液中,37 ℃、220 r/min振荡培养至OD600值为0.8,加入0.1 mmol/L的IPTG后继续振荡培养6 h,诱导目的重组蛋白rLdhA表达。采用SDS-PAGE和全自动蛋白纯化仪分别检测rLdhA的表达和提纯情况,用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒检测蛋白浓度。
按照乳酸脱氢酶活性检测试剂盒的操作步骤绘制标准曲线后,将阳性对照组、rLdhA组和rLdhA与乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂草氨酸钠预先处理组用酶标仪在450 nm波长处进行检测,将得到的数值按照公式(1)计算。
终乳酸脱氢酶活性=x×V×103V×T
式中:x为丙酮酸标准品浓度,V为反应体系中加入的待测样本体积,T为酶促反应时间。
用80 μmol/L网格蛋白介导内吞作用抑制剂dynasore、60 μmol/L包膜窖蛋白介导内吞作用抑制剂MCD预处理THP-1和RAW264.7细胞30 min后,用rLdhA孵育上述抑制剂处理及未处理的细胞4 h,然后温和裂解细胞。以rLdhA-IgG (实验室自制)为一抗、HRP标记羊抗兔IgG为二抗,采用Western blotting检测胞内的rLdhA情况,用凝胶图像分析系统测定条带灰度值。
用不同浓度rLdhA (1、5、10 μmol/L)处理巨噬细胞THP-1和RAW264.7 24 h后,1 000×g离心10 min收集细胞,用PBS洗涤3次,裂解液裂解细胞后,收集蛋白。进行蛋白电泳及电转至PVDF膜后,用5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭2 h,TBST洗涤3次,以兔抗D-Kla-IgG、鼠抗GAPDH-IgG为一抗,羊抗兔IgG、羊抗鼠IgG为荧光二抗。采用红外成像系统检测巨噬细胞乳酸化水平。
用rLdhA (5 μmol/L)处理巨噬细胞THP-1和RAW264.7 24 h后,1 000×g离心10 min取细胞培养上清。用ELISA试剂盒检测IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的表达水平。
雌性C57BL/6小鼠(6-8周,18-20 g)随机分为生理盐水组、CFT073wt组和CFT073ΔldhA 组(n≥10),用静脉留置针从尿道向膀胱滴注109 CFU/mL的CFT073wt或CFT073ΔldhA 构建尿路感染小鼠模型[15]。5 d后处死小鼠,取肾脏和膀胱观察大体病理变化,用4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后,进行包埋、切片、HE染色观察肾脏和膀胱组织病理改变情况。试验中设置注射生理盐水对照。模型小鼠肾脏巨噬细胞的制备:将上述小鼠肾脏切成小块并放入试管中,加入1 mL原酶溶液,37 ℃培养30 min,用过滤器(40 μmol/L)过滤后,将细胞重悬于10 mL PBS中,室温800×g离心10 min;将细胞重悬于5 mL氯化铵钾液中,室温放置10 min后,加入10 mL PBS以停止反应,室温800×g离心10 min;将细胞重悬于RPMI-1640培养基中,37 ℃培养2 h,待巨噬细胞黏附在培养皿上,轻轻摇动培养皿,丢弃不黏附的细胞,用PBS洗涤贴壁细胞3次;胰蛋白酶消化后,将细胞重悬于PBS中,用过滤器(40 μmol/L)过滤细胞悬液。用CD14微珠分离CD14+细胞。用抗CD14和F4/80的特异性单克隆抗体标记细胞,采用流式细胞仪鉴定分选的肾脏巨噬细胞纯度。
分别取对数生长期的UPEC CFT073wt、UPEC CFT073ΔldhAE. coli ATCC 25922、E. coli ATCC 35218和E. coli ATCC 43895,制备成标准浊度的菌悬液。稀释后使用已经预先包被了梯度浓度的环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星、氨苄西林和培养基的药敏测试卡。由全自动微生物分析系统自动定量吸取菌液并注入测试卡中,然后移入其内部恒温孵育箱,在整个孵育期间(18-20 h)进行连续、实时监测,最终得出最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)值。
用过量LdhA抑制剂草氨酸钠与rLdhA孵育后,将rLdhA和经抑制剂作用后的rLdhA尾静脉注射至C57BL/6小鼠体内,5 d后取小鼠肾脏和膀胱,HE染色观察肾脏和膀胱组织病理改变情况。
采用t-检验和ANOVA统计学方法分析数据,所得到的数据以mean±SD表示,P<0.05认为有统计学意义。
生物信息学分析结果显示,LdhA (由ldhA基因编码)蛋白含有乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)功能域(图1A)。TMHMM-2.0软件预测结果显示,LdhA能够外分泌(图1B)。AlphaFold 3成功预测了LdhA的三维结构(图1C)。使用乳酸脱氢酶活性检测试剂盒检测发现,相较于阳性(PC)对照组,rLdhA具有同等水平的乳酸脱氢酶活性;用过量LdhA抑制剂草氨酸钠(SO)处理rLdhA后,其乳酸脱氢酶活性被显著抑制(图1D)。
从UPEC CFT073菌株DNA中扩增出预期大小的ldhA基因片段(图2A),并成功构建了克隆和亚克隆重组质粒(图2B2C)。测序结果显示,扩增片段与GenBank登录号为NZ_CP051263.1中公布的相应序列完全相同,测序数据已上传至ScienceDB,DOI号为10.57760/sciencedb.29496。所构建的原核表达系统能高效表达重组蛋白rLdhA,全自动蛋白纯化仪提纯的rLdhA显示为单一的蛋白条带(图2D-2F)。
用小窝蛋白介导的内吞作用抑制剂dynasore和网格蛋白介导的内吞作用抑制剂methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD)处理THP-1和RAW264.7细胞后,Western blotting结果表明,能够进入巨噬细胞的rLdhA在MCD处理后的细胞中无法检测到,表明rLdhA通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用进入巨噬细胞(图3A3B)。用rLdhA处理THP-1和RAW264.7细胞后,Western blotting结果显示,与对照组相比,1 μmol/L的rLdhA显著促进了THP-1的乳酸化水平(P<0.05),当剂量为5 μmol/L或10 μmol/L时促进水平更加显著(P<0.01) (图3C3E);而在RAW264.7细胞中,与对照组相比,1 μmol/L的rLdhA对RAW264.7的乳酸化水平无显著差异,5 μmol/L或10 μmol/L的rLdhA显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)地促进了RAW264.7的乳酸化水平(图3D3F)。
用rLdhA处理THP-1和RAW264.7细胞后收集细胞上清,ELISA检测结果发现,与对照组相比,rLdhA对THP-1细胞IL-1β和TNF-α水平无显著影响;与脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导组相比,rLdhA显著抑制了THP-1细胞IL-1β和TNF-α水平(P<0.01) (图4A);在RAW264.7细胞中得到一致的结果(图4B)。
与CFT073ΔldhA 感染组相比,CFT073wt组小鼠肾脏和膀胱有明显的脓肿和肿大(图5A);HE染色结果表明,肾、膀胱组织中有大量炎性细胞浸润(图5B);CFT073wt感染组小鼠的体重相较于CFT073ΔldhA 组显著减少(P<0.05) (图5C),而CFT073wt感染组小鼠肾脏(P<0.05)和膀胱(P<0.01)的质量显著大于CFT073ΔldhA 组(图5D5E);相较于CFT073wt感染组,CFT073ΔldhA 感染组小鼠肾脏巨噬细胞上清中的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α显著减少(图5F)。
CFT073wt和CFT073ΔldhA 感染THP-1细胞后,对THP-1进行温和裂解,以获取胞内定殖的细菌。药敏试验检测结果发现,对比于药敏敏感标准菌株E. coli ATCC 25922和耐药标准菌株E. coli ATCC 35218及E. coli ATCC 43895,CFT073wt对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星和氨苄西林具有一定的耐药性,而CFT073ΔldhA 却对上述3种抗生素均敏感(图6A)。用过量LdhA抑制剂草氨酸钠与rLdhA孵育后,将rLdhA和抑制剂作用后的rLdhA尾静脉注射至小鼠体内,5 d后取小鼠肾脏和膀胱,HE染色结果发现,rLdhA能够引起小鼠炎性细胞的浸润,而抑制剂处理组的炎性细胞显著减少(图6B)。
根据生物信息学预测,LdhA蛋白具有乳酸脱氢酶功能域。乳酸脱氢酶是一种含锌离子的金属蛋白,既是糖酵解及糖异生过程中的重要酶系之一,也是关键的氧化还原酶,可催化丙酮酸与乳酸之间的氧化还原反应以及相关α-酮酸的反应[16]。本研究结果也证明LdhA确实可以增强巨噬细胞的乳酸化水平,这与预测的功能相符。病原菌感染宿主时通常会分泌一些毒力因子和侵袭性酶,以此抵抗宿主的免疫反应或逃逸其攻击;通过预测发现LdhA为外分泌蛋白,且已证实其外分泌后可进入巨噬细胞,其入胞机制正在进一步探究中。这些结果表明,可外分泌的LdhA在UPEC的致病过程中发挥了重要作用。
乳酸化自2019年被报道以来,已逐渐成为继乙酰化、甲基化、磷酸化、泛素化等蛋白质翻译后修饰之后,细胞代谢调控的重要新型途径[14]。乳酸化修饰是一种依赖代谢物乳酸的翻译后修饰,在细胞内分布广泛。其具体形成机制为:乳酸分子通过酯键与蛋白质中赖氨酸残基的氨基发生反应,形成赖氨酸的乳酸化修饰,该修饰具有可逆性,修饰的添加与移除可分别在乳酸转移酶及去乳酸化酶的催化下完成[17]。乳酸化修饰的检测主要通过质谱技术和免疫印迹技术,前者主要用于对某一特定蛋白进行精准定性、鉴定修饰位点并定量分析;后者主要用于细胞或组织中总体乳酸化的定性/半定量分析。乳酸作为细胞能量代谢的重要中间产物,不仅在细胞内发挥关键的代谢调节作用,还能通过乳酸化修饰直接影响蛋白质功能[18]。Zhu等[19]发现,HMGB蛋白的乳酸化能够驱动急性肾损伤中中性粒细胞NETs的形成,表明蛋白的乳酸化能够促进小鼠肾损伤的发生。本研究发现,rLdhA能够以剂量依赖的方式促进THP-1和RAW264.7细胞的乳酸化,提示LdhA可能通过调控宿主细胞的乳酸化在UPEC引发的尿路感染过程中发挥作用。
当乳酸化修饰水平异常升高时,巨噬细胞会启动从促炎M1型向抑炎M2型的表型转化。乳酸通过增强特定分子的乳酸化修饰,进而靶向抑制M1型NF-κB通路的活化,使NF-κB与DNA的结合能力被竞争性抑制,最终导致IL-1β、TNF-α等促炎因子的转录表达受阻[14]。Li等[20]报道,在高乳酸环境中丙氨酰tRAN合成酶2感知到乳酸后,对参与抗病毒固有免疫反应的cGAS发生乳酸化修饰,导致其失活,进而抑制抗病毒固有免疫反应。本研究证实,rLdhA可抑制巨噬细胞IL-1β和TNF-α的生成,表明LdhA在UPEC感染过程中也能通过增强巨噬细胞的乳酸化水平抑制炎症因子生成,进而逃逸固有免疫反应,增强致病性。
在病原体感染过程中组织细胞可分泌趋化因子,募集巨噬细胞浸润以清除病原体。此外,浸润的巨噬细胞还能分泌趋化因子,招募中性粒细胞等其他先天免疫细胞,这些免疫细胞通过分泌炎症因子共同杀灭病原体[13]。多数尿路感染由UPEC引起,该菌可导致严重的肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎,并伴有明显的中性粒细胞浸润[21-24]。我们此前报道,UPEC毒力因子TcpC可通过泛素化降解巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的关键蛋白,进而抑制炎症反应[15,25],从而逃逸固有免疫反应。然而,LdhA在UPEC感染中的作用尚未见研究报道。动物实验结果显示,与CFT073ΔldhA 感染组相比,CFT073wt组小鼠的肾脏和膀胱出现明显的脓肿与肿大,肾、膀胱组织中存在大量炎性细胞浸润,且CFT073wt组小鼠肾脏巨噬细胞炎症因子水平显著升高,结合LdhA能够促进巨噬细胞乳酸化水平的研究结果,提示LdhA很可能通过促进细胞内乳酸及乳酸化水平,从而促进炎症因子的产生,抑制巨噬细胞的杀菌活性,介导UPEC CFT073的免疫逃逸。这一机制与毒力因子TcpC通过抑制巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞炎症反应截然不同。UPEC CFT073两个介导免疫逃逸的机制,可能是其适应宿主免疫压力的进化智慧——TcpC通过静默躲防降低免疫关注度,LdhA通过混乱破防消耗免疫资源,利于细菌扩散,两者具有协同作用,最终均指向打破免疫平衡。这也提示我们,未来研究需从单一因子机制走向网络协同调控,并基于机制开发抗毒力治疗、精准疫苗等新型策略,为解决细菌耐药性、慢性感染等临床难题提供新突破口。
尿路感染主要由UPEC引起,而77%的复发患者由最初引起感染的菌株所致。这表明UPEC对宿主免疫反应和抗生素治疗有抵抗力,因此这些菌株可能作为复发性感染的主要来源[26]。Kerkez等[27]用UPEC CFT073感染小鼠巨噬细胞系J774A.1后,测试了UPEC CFT073对治疗尿路感染常用抗生素(庆大霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲恶唑和环丙沙星)的敏感性,结果表明所有测试的抗生素对细胞内细菌的疗效远低于细胞外细菌。大多数抗生素在临床可达到的浓度下无法在细胞内达到有效杀菌效果。例如,环丙沙星杀死99.9%的细胞外细菌浓度在最低抑菌浓度(MIC)附近,而细胞内细菌的浓度需要超过MIC 100倍才能达到杀菌效果[27]。本研究的药敏实验结果也证实,CFT073wt和CFT073ΔldhA 感染巨噬细胞后,胞外菌均对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星和氨苄西林敏感,胞内的CFT073wt对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星和氨苄西林具有一定的耐药性,而胞内的CFT073ΔldhA 对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星和氨苄西林的耐药性显著下降,表明LdhA对UPEC CFT073的耐药性具有显著作用。结合乳酸脱氢酶抑制剂处理后的动物预疗效实验结果,提示LdhA可以作为预防和治疗尿路感染,特别是复发性尿路感染的潜在作用靶点。
本研究表明,具有乳酸脱氢酶活性的LdhA能够通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用进入巨噬细胞,并对巨噬细胞的乳酸化水平具有显著的剂量依赖性调控作用。在LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症模型中,LdhA能显著抑制炎症因子的生成水平,提示其可能通过调节乳酸化修饰参与炎症反应的调控。动物实验结果表明,LdhA可增强UPEC对小鼠的致病性,且LdhA对UPEC CFT073的耐药性具有重要作用,可作为防治尿路感染的潜在靶点。然而,其具体的分子调控机制仍有待进一步研究。
  • 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202513021034)
  • 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202513021033)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LQ20H100001)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250612
  • 接收时间:2025-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-07
  • 录用日期:2025-12-15
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National College Students Innovation Training Program(202513021034)
国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202513021034)
National College Students Innovation Training Program(202513021033)
国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202513021033)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ20H100001)
浙江省自然科学基金(LQ20H100001)
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    浙大城市学院 医学院临床医学系,浙江 杭州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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