Article(id=1238813308657127673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250957, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766419200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768406400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-15, onlineDate=1773285708821, onlineDateStr=2026-03-12, pubDate=1772553600000, pubDateStr=2026-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773285708821, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773285708821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773285708821, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1238813307784712441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='3', pageStart='961', pageEnd='1466', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773285708614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773291912509, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1238839328915378859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1238813307784712441, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1394, endPage=1411, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1238813308992671995, articleId=1238813308657127673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mechanism of quercetin-induced apoptosis in Trichosporon asahii, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of quercetin against Trichosporon asahii and investigate its molecular mechanism of inducing fungal apoptosis. Methods According to the CLSI M27-A3 protocol, the inhibitory effects of quercetin on planktonic cells and biofilm formation of nine T. asahii strains were determined. On this basis, changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 3 (Caspase-3) activity were measured following quercetin intervention. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing was utilized to verify and analyze the differentially expressed genes. Results The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of quercetin against T. asahii ranged from 8 to 32 μg/mL, and quercetin effectively inhibited biofilm formation. Cellular experiments indicated that quercetin triggered apoptosis by inducing ROS accumulation, reducing MMP, and activating Caspase-3. Transcriptomic data further confirmed the aforementioned mechanisms at the gene expression level. Conclusion Quercetin exerts antifungal activity against T. asahii primarily by inducing oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis.

, correspAuthors=Zhikuan XIA, Rongya YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: XIA Zhikuan,
YANG Rongya,
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Haochen GUO, Lingzhi XU, Xin YANG, Zhikuan XIA, Rongya YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1238813310607479074, articleId=1238813308657127673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=槲皮素诱导阿萨希毛孢子菌凋亡的作用机制, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 评估槲皮素在体外对阿萨希毛孢子菌(Trichosporon asahii)的抑菌作用,并探究其诱导真菌凋亡的分子机制。 方法 依据CLSI M27-A3方案测定槲皮素对9株T. asahii浮游菌及生物膜形成的抑制作用。在此基础上检测槲皮素干预后菌株细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3 (cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 3, Caspase-3)活性的变化,随后利用转录组测序分析差异表达基因。 结果 槲皮素对T. asahii的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs)为8-32 μg/mL,且能有效抑制其生物膜形成。细胞实验表明,槲皮素通过诱导ROS累积、降低MMP并激活Caspase-3引发细胞凋亡。转录组数据从基因表达水平进一步证实了上述机制。 结论 槲皮素主要通过诱导氧化应激介导的细胞凋亡发挥抗T. asahii作用。

, correspAuthors=夏志宽, 杨蓉娅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=N/rppW23ZrsYO69luCef2g==, magXml=29ZoFo73Iqeej4osUgtS2w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pmApG1ifJc1ddLVxPfxDsQ==, pdfFileSize=3726198, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wl7SMX4C2TpT8HoFWlIOdA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OBZfG+CJtKb7YDX+wdX/Lw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

郭昊宸:实验设计、实验操作、数据分析和论文撰写;徐龄智:实验设计和论文修改;杨鑫:研究构思;夏志宽:论文修改;杨蓉娅:资金支持和论文修改。

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Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 2019, 17(4): e2061., articleTitle=Assessment of Streptococcus salivarius sp. thermophiles antioxidant efficiency and its role in reducing paracetamol hepatotoxicity, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1238891114304959304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, awardId=82373494, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(82373494), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1238891114426594126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, awardId=82373494, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82373494), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1238891106033791446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1238891106042180054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, companyId=1238891106033791446, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1238891106050568663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, companyId=1238891106033791446, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南方医科大学 第二临床医学院,广东 广州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1238891106188980708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1238891106193175014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, companyId=1238891106188980708, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1238891106201563622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, companyId=1238891106188980708, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国人民解放军总医院第七医学中心 皮肤科,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1238891110530085572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Quercetin inhibits the proliferation of Trichosporon asahii and disrupts cellular ultrastructure. A: To visualize quercetin’s inhibitory effects on T. asahii growth, agar spot assays were conducted using representative strains CBS 2479 and BMT 0901 diluted 10, 100, and 1 000 fold; B: Following treatment with T. asahii (standard strain CBS 2479), CCK-8 assay results were assessed at varying doses (n=3) (****: P<0.000 1 vs. growth control); C: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the ultrastructural details of cell surfaces., figureFileSmall=1ZGW2ZPorxGQgUDEW2q30w==, figureFileBig=cCbLXMmysQ8854UpEoJvDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110630748874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=CN, label=图1, caption=槲皮素显著抑制阿萨希毛孢子菌增殖并破坏其细胞超微结构。A:菌株CBS 2479和BMT 0901的斑点稀释试验;B:不同浓度药物处理后CBS 2479的细胞活力测定(n=3) (与生长对照相比,****:P<0.000 1);C:扫描电镜(SEM)观察细胞表面的超微结构特征。, figureFileSmall=1ZGW2ZPorxGQgUDEW2q30w==, figureFileBig=cCbLXMmysQ8854UpEoJvDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110773355219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Inhibitory effects of quercetin on Trichosporon asahii biofilms. A, B: Effects of quercetin at different concentrations on biofilm biomass and metabolic activity during the adhesion stage; C, D: Effects of quercetin at different concentrations on biofilm biomass and metabolic activity during the formation stage; E, F: Effects of quercetin at different concentrations on biofilm biomass and metabolic activity during the maturation stage. *: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1; ns: No significant difference (P>0.05)., figureFileSmall=1dJGUWFJP2Hxau81MXhniQ==, figureFileBig=cdmqHxaDaSdjbaKy7NO2Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891110865629915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=CN, label=图2, caption=槲皮素对阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜的抑制效应。A、B:不同浓度槲皮素处理对黏附阶段生物膜生物量和代谢活性的影响;C、D:不同浓度槲皮素处理对形成阶段生物膜生物量和代谢活性的影响;E、F:不同浓度槲皮素处理对成熟阶段生物膜生物量和代谢活性的影响。*表示P<0.05;***表示P<0.001;****表示P<0.000 1;ns表示无显著差异(P>0.05)。, figureFileSmall=1dJGUWFJP2Hxau81MXhniQ==, figureFileBig=cdmqHxaDaSdjbaKy7NO2Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112367190758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Inhibitory effect of quercetin on biofilm formation at different stages. Crystal violet staining revealed a significant reduction in biofilm biomass in drug-treated groups at 6, 24, and 48 h., figureFileSmall=xVd27uvxCNz3Pqzupzs4sw==, figureFileBig=kIEA7THXXqJ7ejIl4gkl7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112497214188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=CN, label=图3, caption=槲皮素对不同阶段生物被膜的抑制作用。结晶紫染色显示,在6、24、48 h时药物处理组的生物被膜生物量显著减少。, figureFileSmall=xVd27uvxCNz3Pqzupzs4sw==, figureFileBig=kIEA7THXXqJ7ejIl4gkl7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112610460403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Quercetin induces intracellular ROS accumulation and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential in Trichosporon asahii. A, B: Intracellular ROS levels assessed by fluorescence microscopy (A) and quantitative analysis (B); C: Visualization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=7a4+fe3Z+sYHWNeMl2FGdQ==, figureFileBig=Hh8LA1swBb6fNt5+4cp15w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112736289528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=CN, label=图4, caption=槲皮素诱导阿萨希毛孢子菌胞内活性氧积累并降低线粒体膜电位, figureFileSmall=7a4+fe3Z+sYHWNeMl2FGdQ==, figureFileBig=Hh8LA1swBb6fNt5+4cp15w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891112870507263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of quercetin on metacaspase activity in Trichosporon asahii. **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=43+3EpSCVDrFpY5x6Xc20w==, figureFileBig=fau1R08dgI7R6RRLmgRN9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113013113608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=CN, label=图5, caption=槲皮素对阿萨希毛孢子菌metacaspase酶活的影响, figureFileSmall=43+3EpSCVDrFpY5x6Xc20w==, figureFileBig=fau1R08dgI7R6RRLmgRN9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113113776911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Evaluation of the effect of Z-VAD-FMK on quercetin-induced inhibition of Trichosporon asahii proliferation by the CCK-8 method. ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=SWmHGkO5C2g7zfrJ6/lzfw==, figureFileBig=rlno71/aXhT4Lb7BiKT6FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113260577557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Z-VAD-FMK对槲皮素抑制阿萨希毛孢子菌增殖的影响, figureFileSmall=SWmHGkO5C2g7zfrJ6/lzfw==, figureFileBig=rlno71/aXhT4Lb7BiKT6FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113386406684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Transcriptome differences induced by quercetin in Trichosporon asahii CBS 2479. A: Heatmap of DEGs; B: Volcano plot of DEGs (Red represents upregulated DEGs, and blue represents downregulated DEGs); C: Top 15 KEGG pathways; D-F: Top 10 biological processes/cellular component/molecular function terms in GO categories., figureFileSmall=+ILlRuUusLtfvJ1PdE8lTA==, figureFileBig=W/c+xOJSKUl03muSGg3L8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113487069986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=CN, label=图7, caption=槲皮素诱导阿萨希毛孢子菌CBS 2479的转录组差异, figureFileSmall=+ILlRuUusLtfvJ1PdE8lTA==, figureFileBig=W/c+xOJSKUl03muSGg3L8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1238891113621287720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

MIC of quercetin and fluconazole against Trichosporon asahii

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainMIC (μg/mL)
FluconazoleQuercetin
CBS 2479432
0901416
0705432
06198416
0902432
0701432
0703432
0478248
08012432
), ArticleFig(id=1238891113780671278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

槲皮素和氟康唑对 Trichosporon asahii 体外药敏MIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainMIC (μg/mL)
FluconazoleQuercetin
CBS 2479432
0901416
0705432
06198416
0902432
0701432
0703432
0478248
08012432
), ArticleFig(id=1238891113923277620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Top 20 DEGs in Trichosporon asahii responding to quercetin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IDSymbollog2 FCDescriptionRegulation
ncbi_25989881A1Q1_0636911.234 817 430NmrA-like domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25988470A1Q1_0495810.563 514 080Large ribosomal subunit protein eL34Up
ncbi_25990518A1Q1_0700610.141 681 420EF-hand domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25989040A1Q1_0552810.031 586 340G-protein alpha subunit Cga2Up
ncbi_25990741A1Q1_072299.757 667 798ATPaseUp
ncbi_25989086A1Q1_055749.698 704 667Glycosyl hydrolase family 13 catalytic domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25987771A1Q1_042589.667 111 542Tryptophan synthase beta chain-like PALP domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25988167A1Q1_046559.635 415 827FYVE-type domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25988051A1Q1_045389.534 627 120Aldehyde dehydrogenase domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25988835A1Q1_053239.017 736 364Membrane organization and biogenesis-related proteinUp
ncbi_25984572A1Q1_01058-10.835 341 700Transcription factor domain-containing proteinDown
ncbi_25984571A1Q1_01057-10.772 125 900SnoaL-like domain-containing proteinDown
ncbi_25990224A1Q1_06712-10.584 649 380Cytochrome c oxidase subunitDown
ncbi_25987136A1Q1_03623-10.460 455 900Cystathionine gamma-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1) (gamma-cystathionase)Down
ncbi_25985669A1Q1_02155-10.399 811 960Structural constituent of ribosomeDown
ncbi_25990385A1Q1_06873-10.327 178 360Uncharacterized proteinDown
ncbi_25990787A1Q1_07275-9.260 527 550Autophagy-related protein 11Down
ncbi_25986821A1Q1_03308-9.168 655 733Transferase family proteinDown
ncbi_25991388A1Q1_07876-8.645 415 018Hypothetical proteinDown
ncbi_25986770A1Q1_03257-8.201 912 314d-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.1.2.4)Down
), ArticleFig(id=1238891114036523833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1238813308657127673, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

槲皮素干预阿萨希毛孢子菌后表达前20的差异基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IDSymbollog2 FCDescriptionRegulation
ncbi_25989881A1Q1_0636911.234 817 430NmrA-like domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25988470A1Q1_0495810.563 514 080Large ribosomal subunit protein eL34Up
ncbi_25990518A1Q1_0700610.141 681 420EF-hand domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25989040A1Q1_0552810.031 586 340G-protein alpha subunit Cga2Up
ncbi_25990741A1Q1_072299.757 667 798ATPaseUp
ncbi_25989086A1Q1_055749.698 704 667Glycosyl hydrolase family 13 catalytic domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25987771A1Q1_042589.667 111 542Tryptophan synthase beta chain-like PALP domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25988167A1Q1_046559.635 415 827FYVE-type domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25988051A1Q1_045389.534 627 120Aldehyde dehydrogenase domain-containing proteinUp
ncbi_25988835A1Q1_053239.017 736 364Membrane organization and biogenesis-related proteinUp
ncbi_25984572A1Q1_01058-10.835 341 700Transcription factor domain-containing proteinDown
ncbi_25984571A1Q1_01057-10.772 125 900SnoaL-like domain-containing proteinDown
ncbi_25990224A1Q1_06712-10.584 649 380Cytochrome c oxidase subunitDown
ncbi_25987136A1Q1_03623-10.460 455 900Cystathionine gamma-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1) (gamma-cystathionase)Down
ncbi_25985669A1Q1_02155-10.399 811 960Structural constituent of ribosomeDown
ncbi_25990385A1Q1_06873-10.327 178 360Uncharacterized proteinDown
ncbi_25990787A1Q1_07275-9.260 527 550Autophagy-related protein 11Down
ncbi_25986821A1Q1_03308-9.168 655 733Transferase family proteinDown
ncbi_25991388A1Q1_07876-8.645 415 018Hypothetical proteinDown
ncbi_25986770A1Q1_03257-8.201 912 314d-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.1.2.4)Down
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槲皮素诱导阿萨希毛孢子菌凋亡的作用机制
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郭昊宸 1, 2 , 徐龄智 1, 2 , 杨鑫 2 , 夏志宽 1, 2, * , 杨蓉娅 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(3): 1394-1411
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(3): 1394-1411
槲皮素诱导阿萨希毛孢子菌凋亡的作用机制
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郭昊宸1, 2, 徐龄智1, 2, 杨鑫2, 夏志宽1, 2, * , 杨蓉娅1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南方医科大学 第二临床医学院,广东 广州
  • 2.中国人民解放军总医院第七医学中心 皮肤科,北京
Mechanism of quercetin-induced apoptosis in Trichosporon asahii
Haochen GUO1, 2, Lingzhi XU1, 2, Xin YANG2, Zhikuan XIA1, 2, * , Rongya YANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • 2.Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250957
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目的 评估槲皮素在体外对阿萨希毛孢子菌(Trichosporon asahii)的抑菌作用,并探究其诱导真菌凋亡的分子机制。 方法 依据CLSI M27-A3方案测定槲皮素对9株T. asahii浮游菌及生物膜形成的抑制作用。在此基础上检测槲皮素干预后菌株细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3 (cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 3, Caspase-3)活性的变化,随后利用转录组测序分析差异表达基因。 结果 槲皮素对T. asahii的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs)为8-32 μg/mL,且能有效抑制其生物膜形成。细胞实验表明,槲皮素通过诱导ROS累积、降低MMP并激活Caspase-3引发细胞凋亡。转录组数据从基因表达水平进一步证实了上述机制。 结论 槲皮素主要通过诱导氧化应激介导的细胞凋亡发挥抗T. asahii作用。

槲皮素  /  抗真菌  /  阿萨希毛孢子菌

Objective To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of quercetin against Trichosporon asahii and investigate its molecular mechanism of inducing fungal apoptosis. Methods According to the CLSI M27-A3 protocol, the inhibitory effects of quercetin on planktonic cells and biofilm formation of nine T. asahii strains were determined. On this basis, changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 3 (Caspase-3) activity were measured following quercetin intervention. Subsequently, transcriptome sequencing was utilized to verify and analyze the differentially expressed genes. Results The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of quercetin against T. asahii ranged from 8 to 32 μg/mL, and quercetin effectively inhibited biofilm formation. Cellular experiments indicated that quercetin triggered apoptosis by inducing ROS accumulation, reducing MMP, and activating Caspase-3. Transcriptomic data further confirmed the aforementioned mechanisms at the gene expression level. Conclusion Quercetin exerts antifungal activity against T. asahii primarily by inducing oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis.

quercetin  /  antifungal  /  Trichosporon asahii
郭昊宸, 徐龄智, 杨鑫, 夏志宽, 杨蓉娅. 槲皮素诱导阿萨希毛孢子菌凋亡的作用机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1394 -1411 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250957
Haochen GUO, Lingzhi XU, Xin YANG, Zhikuan XIA, Rongya YANG. Mechanism of quercetin-induced apoptosis in Trichosporon asahii[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1394 -1411 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250957
阿萨希毛孢子菌属于酵母类条件致病菌,可引发发病率较低但致死率高的侵袭性真菌病,该病多见于免疫低下或重症感染的患者[1]。2003年,我科在国内首次报道了该菌引起的播散性毛孢子菌病[2]
临床治疗侵袭性毛孢子菌病的抗真菌药物主要为唑类、多烯类和棘白素类[3]。氟康唑是常用唑类药物,在体内外均具有良好的抑菌活性,但由于其仅具抑菌作用,长期或反复使用易诱导耐药性产生,给临床治疗带来挑战[1]。Oliveira dos Santos等[4]也发现毛孢子菌胆管炎对唑类药物的敏感性降低。在多烯类药物中,两性霉素B对毛孢子菌属的体外抑菌活性有限,棘白素类药物的抑菌效果也不理想[5-7]。新药研发周期长、成本高,而天然小分子化合物资源丰富,成为潜在的药物开发方向。
槲皮素是一种天然黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于苹果、葡萄、洋葱、西蓝花、茶叶及其他可食用浆果等水果和蔬菜中,研究证实其具有抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性,且对念珠菌属、隐球菌属和曲霉菌属等多种真菌表现出广谱抗真菌潜力[8]。然而,其对阿萨希毛孢子菌的具体抗菌活性及相关作用机制尚不明确。
为系统评估槲皮素对阿萨希毛孢子菌的抗真菌特性,本研究采用微量肉汤稀释法和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)技术测定其抑菌活性及对细胞超微结构的影响,并通过检测胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP)及Caspase样蛋白酶活性,结合转录组学分析深入解析其诱导真菌凋亡的潜在分子机制。
本研究共使用9株阿萨希毛孢子菌(Trichosporon asahii)菌株,包括1株临床标准株CBS 2479和8株临床分离株,均保存在中国人民解放军总医院第七医学中心皮肤科实验室。所有菌株均在-80 ℃条件下冻存备用。实验前将冻存菌株接种于PDA平板,35 ℃培养箱中复苏活化,随后转移至YPD液体培养基以制备T. asahii菌悬液。
采用微量肉汤稀释法,参照美国临床和实验室标准协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI)颁布的M27-A3方案测定槲皮素对T. asahii的体外抗真菌活性[9]
槲皮素(纯度≥99.8%;CAS:117-39-5),MedChemExpress公司,用二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)配制为25 600 μg/mL母液,使用时用RPMI 1640培养基(Gibco公司)稀释至工作浓度,确保各实验组DMSO终浓度≤1%。氟康唑(CAS: 86386-73-4),Sigma-Aldrich公司,以无菌蒸馏水配制成1 280 μg/mL母液,于-20 ℃避光保存备用。槲皮素在无菌离心管中进行倍比稀释,获得2-256 μg/mL浓度梯度,氟康唑工作浓度设为128 μg/mL。收集YPD液体培养基中培养的菌液,1 000 r/min离心5 min,用RPMI 1640培养基重悬洗涤后,调整至1×103 CFU/mL。在96孔板每孔中加入100 μL不同浓度药液及等体积菌悬液,终体系为200 μL,同时设生长对照孔及质控菌株孔。接种后于35 ℃静置培养48 h。实验独立重复3次,每次设3个复孔。肉眼判定最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC),确保质控菌株MIC值符合CLSI可接受范围。
取PDA平板上的新鲜T. asahii菌落,刮取菌体重悬于YPD液体培养基,35 ℃、120 r/min培养过夜。收集对数期菌液,1 000 r/min离心5 min后无菌生理盐水洗涤2次,重悬并调整至1×106 CFU/mL。将该菌悬液与终浓度分别为32、64、128 μg/mL的槲皮素工作液等体积混合,35 ℃、300 r/min共培养8 h。各组菌-药混合液依次进行10、100、1 000倍梯度稀释,各取10 μL点种于PDA平板,35 ℃静置培养12 h后观察记录并拍照。
采用CCK-8试剂盒(北京中生奥邦生物科技有限公司)检测槲皮素对T. asahii细胞活力的影响:取YPD液体培养基中对数期菌液,1 000 r/min离心5 min,洗涤后重悬调整至1×106 CFU/mL,接种于96孔板并分别加入32 μg/mL、64 μg/mL槲皮素工作液,35 ℃、300 r/min培养24 h。培养结束弃上清,每孔加入100 μL RPMI 1640培养基及10 μL CCK-8试剂,35 ℃避光孵育1 h。用酶标仪测定各孔吸光度(OD450)值,细胞存活率计算如公式(1)所示。
细胞存活率=[(实验孔OD-空白孔OD)/(对照孔OD-空白孔OD)]×100%
为探讨凋亡是否参与抑菌作用,另设实验组:用凋亡抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK (MedChemExpress公司)预处理菌液3 h后,加入32 μg/mL槲皮素共培养24 h。后续按上述步骤进行CCK-8检测并计算存活率。
收集YPD过夜培养的菌悬液,1 000 r/min离心5 min后用生理盐水清洗2-3次,重悬至1×107 CFU/mL。实验组加入32 μg/mL槲皮素,对照组加入等体积生理盐水,37 ℃、120 r/min摇床培养24 h。1 000 r/min离心5 min弃上清,用生理盐水清洗2-3次,40 μm细胞滤网过滤菌丝,再次离心保留菌沉淀,加入电镜固定液室温避光固定2 h后转移至4 ℃保存。样本经30%-100%梯度乙醇脱水(各浓度10 min),真空干燥仪低真空干燥后,用导电胶将样本黏附至导电座,用真空蒸发器喷镀50-300 Å金属膜以增强导电性,最后用扫描电子显微镜观察记录细胞形态及表面结构。
YPD过夜培养菌悬液经生理盐水清洗3次,RPMI 1640重悬至1×106 CFU/mL,转移至6孔板构建体外生物膜,每孔加入终浓度分别为16、32、64、128 μg/mL的槲皮素。37 ℃培养6 h (黏附阶段),弃上清并清洗2-3次去除悬浮真菌,继续培养至24 h (形成阶段)、48 h (成熟阶段),每12 h更换药物。采用XTT还原法(酶标仪测OD490值)和结晶紫染色法(酶标仪测OD590值)分别评估生物膜代谢活性及生物量[10-11],按公式(2)计算。
生物膜相对代谢活性(或生物膜相对生物量)=[(该孔OD值-阴性对照孔OD值)/(阳性对照孔OD值-阴性对照孔OD值)]
以含RPMI 1640培养基的真菌为阳性对照,不含药物和真菌的孔为阴性对照,每孔设3个生物学重复。
采用DCFH-DA探针(上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)检测槲皮素处理后T. asahii胞内ROS水平。按1.2节方法制备菌悬液并接种于24孔板,设未处理组为对照,干预组分别加入32 μg/mL和64 μg/mL槲皮素共培养24 h。加入终浓度10 μmol/L DCFH-DA探针,37 ℃、300 r/min避光孵育20 min,用生理盐水清洗2-3次去除未进入细胞的探针。用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光强度,荧光分光光度计于激发波长488 nm、发射波长525 nm下定量检测荧光值。
采用JC-1试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)评估槲皮素对T. asahii线粒体膜电位的影响,菌悬液制备及药物处理同1.2节。JC-1工作液配制:将50 μL JC-1 (200×)加入8 mL超纯水稀释,剧烈振荡混匀后,再加入2 mL JC-1染色缓冲液(5×)混匀。药物干预24 h后,1 000 r/min离心5 min,清洗收集菌体。每1×106个真菌细胞加入500 μL RPMI 1640及500 μL JC-1工作液,37 ℃避光孵育20 min。孵育后离心弃上清,用JC-1染色缓冲液(1×)洗涤2次,缓冲液重悬后用荧光显微镜观察拍照记录。
采用Caspase-3活性检测试剂盒(Caspase-3 Activity Assay Kit,北京索莱宝科技有限公司)检测T. asahii胞内Caspase样蛋白酶活性。菌悬液配制同1.2节,32 μg/mL槲皮素干预24 h后离心收集细胞,加入100 μL裂解液,冰上静置15 min。根据说明书,将各试剂混合后在405 nm检测吸光度并绘制标准曲线,计算样本浓度。
在YPD培养基中将T. asahii CBS 2479菌悬液调整至1×107 CFU/mL作为对照组。将上述菌悬液与终浓度为32 μg/mL的槲皮素共培养,作为干预组。置于37 ℃处理24 h,收集真菌细胞并用无菌PBS清洗3次。将真菌沉淀迅速冷冻在液氮中保存。转录组实验由广州基迪奥生物科技有限公司完成,包括总RNA提取、oligo (dT)富集mRNA、RNA断裂、随机六聚体引物cDNA合成、大小选择、PCR扩增、DNBSEQ-T7测序。
本转录组数据已提交至NCBI读取存档库(编号为SRP638796)和BioProject (编号为PRJNA1355440)。
采用GraphPad Prism 10.4.1软件(GraphPad Software, San Diego)进行统计学分析及绘图,计量资料以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。两组间比较采用独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Tukey检验进行比较。P<0.05代表差异具有统计学意义。
根据微量棋盘稀释法,以氟康唑作为阳性对照药物,检测了槲皮素对9株T. asahii浮游细胞的体外药物敏感性,结果见表1。实验结果表明,槲皮素对所有受试菌株(9/9)均表现出抑菌活性,其最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs)介于8-32 μg/mL之间,氟康唑的MICs均为4 μg/mL。值得注意的是,菌株BMT 04782对槲皮素极为敏感,其MIC为8 μg/mL;当槲皮素浓度在32 μg/mL及以上时该菌株48 h未见菌落生长,抑菌作用具有浓度依赖性。上述结果提示,槲皮素在体外对T. asahii有较强的抑菌作用。
为直观评估槲皮素对T. asahii的体外生长抑制效果,本研究采用琼脂点板法进行可视化分析。将经不同浓度槲皮素处理的菌悬液分别稀释10、100及1 000倍后点种,代表性菌株CBS 2479与BMT 0901的结果如图1A所示。随着槲皮素浓度升高,菌落形态显著减小,数量也明显减少,在1 000倍稀释条件下,多数仅见单个或零星点状菌落存在。该结果进一步证实,槲皮素在体外可有效抑制T. asahii的生长,且抑制效果呈浓度依赖性。
采用CCK-8法检测槲皮素对T. asahii细胞活力的影响。如图1B所示,T. asahii标准菌株CBS 2479经32 μg/mL和64 μg/mL槲皮素处理24 h后,细胞活力分别降至36%、27% (P<0.05),提示槲皮素在体外可显著抑制T. asahii细胞活力,且呈浓度依赖性。
扫描电镜结果显示(图1C),对照组T. asahii孢子和菌丝绝大部分形态规则,表面光滑完整,孢子呈光滑圆形,仅有少量皱缩。经32 μg/mL槲皮素处理的T. asahii形态不规则,表面粗糙,部分外观可见严重萎缩畸形,菌丝有明显的扭曲和折叠,失去正常孢子/菌丝的形态。这些结果表明,槲皮素会破坏T. asahii的正常形态。
采用XTT法与结晶紫染色法检测生物膜的代谢活性与生物量(图2)。结果显示,槲皮素对T. asahii生物膜各发育阶段均呈现不同程度的抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖性。XTT法结果显示,32 μg/mL槲皮素可有效抑制生物膜的黏附与形成阶段,随着生物膜发育至成熟阶段,菌体对槲皮素的耐受性逐渐增强,128 μg/mL处理组使代谢活性下降约25%。结晶紫染色结果进一步表明(图3),与对照组相比,槲皮素可显著降低生物膜生物量,然而即便在高浓度(128 μg/mL)干预下,其对成熟生物膜的抑制效果仍较有限,生物量仅降低约30%,这与XTT法所反映的趋势一致。槲皮素可显著干扰阿萨希毛孢子菌生物膜早期黏附与形成,虽成熟生物膜对其耐受性增强,但整体抑制效果仍彰显其重要研究价值。
氧化应激与线粒体功能障碍是许多抗真菌化合物引发细胞死亡的关键上游事件。为进一步探究其潜在的作用机制,本研究检测了槲皮素处理对T. asahii细胞ROS水平和线粒体膜电位的影响。如图4A4B所示,与对照组相比,经32 μg/mL和64 μg/mL槲皮素处理后,胞内ROS水平显著升高,其荧光强度分别达到对照组的1.83倍和2.68倍。
荧光显微镜下绿色荧光信号随浓度升高显著增强。JC-1染色结果显示(图4C),对照组细胞中红色荧光聚集明显,绿色荧光较弱;而经槲皮素处理后,细胞内绿色荧光随药物浓度增加而增强,提示MMP呈浓度依赖性下降。
上述结果表明,槲皮素处理引发了T. asahii严重的氧化应激与线粒体功能障碍。这些事件通常是启动真菌细胞程序性死亡(apoptosis-like cell death)的关键上游信号。为进一步探究槲皮素是否最终启动了凋亡样程序,本研究检测了细胞中Caspase-3样蛋白酶的活性,同时使用广谱Caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK进行共处理。结果如图5所示,经32 μg/mL槲皮素处理24 h后,T. asahii细胞中Caspase-3样蛋白酶活性显著升高,为对照组的1.55倍。在加入广谱Caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK后,该酶活性被抑制约33% (P<0.01)。这一结果证实,槲皮素诱导的T. asahii死亡过程伴随着Caspase依赖性蛋白酶的特异性激活。
为确认Caspase抑制剂能否逆转槲皮素的细胞毒性,本研究平行检测了Z-VAD-FMK对槲皮素所致细胞活力下降的影响。如图6所示,单独使用槲皮素可使细胞活力下降至约36%,而在Z-VAD-FMK存在条件下,细胞活力可恢复至约62%,与对照组相比差异显著。这一结果证实,阻断Caspase样蛋白酶的活性可以有效逆转药物造成的细胞死亡。
为从分子源头阐释上述表型,本研究对槲皮素处理的T. asahii细胞进行了转录组测序与分析。本研究对两组样本进行RNA测序,质控后比对至T. asahii参考基因组。主成分分析显示对照组与处理组转录谱差异显著[原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号为NMDCX0002206]。经DESeq2进行差异表达分析(筛选阈值:fold change>2,FDR<0.05),共鉴定到1 652个差异表达基因(differential expressed genes, DEGs),其中912个基因上调(log2 fold change>1),740个基因下调(编号为NMDCX0002206)。火山图呈现其表达量变化与统计显著性分布,层次聚类热图显示同组生物学重复表达模式高度一致(图7A7B)。
基于差异倍数(log2 fold change表示),将表达上调和下调的前10位差异基因(各10个,共20个)汇总在表2。上调差异基因主要涉及应激感知(A1Q1_07006、A1Q1_05528)、代谢调节(A1Q1_04258,涉及氮代谢、糖代谢、氨基酸代谢)、解毒(A1Q1_04538)和膜修复(A1Q1_04655、A1Q1_05323)。下调差异基因主要集中在氧化磷酸化(A1Q1_06712、A1Q1_03257)、蛋白质翻译(A1Q1_01058、A1Q1_02155)、氨基酸与硫代谢(A1Q1_01057、A1Q1_03623)和自噬(A1Q1_07275)。
对差异基因进行基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)富集分析(涵盖生物过程、分子功能与细胞组分)。在生物过程类中(编号为NMDCX0002206),显著富集的条目主要与小分子分解代谢(GO: 0044282)、羧酸分解代谢(GO: 004639)、氧化还原过程(GO: 0055114)和有机酸代谢(GO: 0006082)显著富集(图7D),表明槲皮素处理迫使细胞进入了分解代谢状态,这种状态通常意味着细胞在应激下加速分解自身物质(如脂类、氨基酸)以获取能量和前体,这不仅是一种代偿反应,更可能预示着能量稳态的崩溃,与程序性细胞死亡的代谢特征相符。同时,氧化还原过程的富集直接印证了本研究观察到的ROS水平急剧升高,而药物代谢过程的激活则反映了细胞对外源毒性物质的识别与抵抗。
在分子功能类中(编号为NMDCX0002206),氧化还原酶活性(GO: 0016491)、辅酶结合(GO: 0050662)和催化活性(GO: 0003824)也被广泛富集(图7F),表明T. asahii为对抗槲皮素引发的剧烈氧化应激而启动了全方位抗氧化转录响应。然而,这种大规模的酶系统动员恰恰从基因表达层面证实了氧化损伤的严重性。本研究观察到的ROS积累表明,这种防御反应不足以恢复稳态,持续的氧化还原失衡是导致后续线粒体损伤和触发Caspase级联反应的关键事件。
在细胞组分类中(编号为NMDCX0002206),质膜成分(GO: 0005887、GO: 0031226和GO: 0044459)和过氧化物酶体(GO: 0005782、GO: 0044439和GO: 0005777)显著富集(图7E),这为本研究扫描电镜(图1C,SEM)观察到的细胞表面形态皱缩和破损提供了分子层面的证据,表明膜结构的完整性在转录水平即已受到干扰。此外,与在KEGG中看到的脂肪酸降解通路形成了紧密呼应,表明细胞正在应对脂代谢危机。这些转录变化表明,膜系统的破坏并非偶然结果,而是槲皮素作用早期启动的核心细胞事件。
KEGG通路分析(编号为NMDCX0002206)进一步揭示受影响的生物网络(图7C)。脂肪酸降解和缬氨酸/亮氨酸/异亮氨酸降解通路的富集,证实了分解代谢的偏向和氨基酸分解代谢的活跃。这些过程在为细胞提供应急能量的同时,也会增加线粒体呼吸链的电子流,可能成为ROS产生的额外来源,从而放大初级的氧化应激。与此同时,过氧化物酶体和谷胱甘肽代谢通路的激活是细胞试图增强抗氧化能力的直接体现。代谢通路的整体扰动和次级代谢物生物合成的变化表明,细胞的初级代谢网络已被广泛破坏。这种全面的代谢失衡是诱导线粒体功能障碍(MMP崩溃)和激活Caspase等凋亡执行分子的经典上游信号,这与本研究观察到的结果一致。因此,转录组数据揭示的代谢危机与氧化风暴为本研究观察到的线粒体介导的凋亡样死亡提供了分子背景。
新型抗真菌药物的研发面临诸多挑战,而药用植物已成为发现抗菌活性成分的重要资源。槲皮素作为一种广泛存在于自然界的黄酮类化合物,已被多项研究证实对细菌、真菌及病毒具有广谱抗微生物活性[12]。随着多重耐药阿萨希毛孢子菌菌株的不断出现[13],寻找合成简便、毒副作用低的新型抗真菌药物显得尤为迫切。Yang等[14]研究发现,大蒜素可通过诱导真菌氧化应激反应抑制T. asahii浮游细胞与生物膜生长,并在系统性感染小鼠模型中展现出保护效应,这进一步增强了本研究从天然产物中发掘抗真菌化合物的信心。
本研究系统评估了槲皮素对T. asahii的体外抗真菌活性及潜在机制,结果显示其对受试菌株具有显著抑制作用,MICs为8-32 μg/mL,该抑菌效果经琼脂点板法与CCK-8法验证,且扫描电镜观察发现槲皮素处理后T. asahii孢子与菌丝表面出现粗糙、凹陷甚至萎缩等超微结构改变。此外,生物膜形成是T. asahii致病性的关键因素[14],尤其与医用导管相关感染密切相关[15-16]。Kim等[17]的一项回顾性研究显示,侵袭性感染与留置中心静脉导管有关,且死亡率高于非侵袭性感染的患者。对于生物膜的成熟阶段,传统抗真菌药物氟康唑对T. asahii生物膜的抑制作用甚微,氟康唑MICXTT>1 024 μg/mL[18]。已有多篇文献报道了槲皮素抗各种微生物生物膜的活性,如白色念珠菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性菌[19-21]。本研究通过结晶紫染色与XTT法证实,槲皮素可有效抑制T. asahii生物膜的黏附与形成阶段,但槲皮素抗T. asahii生物膜的具体分子机制仍有待深入探讨。
差异基因功能富集分析结果显示,差异基因显著富集于质膜组分和脂质代谢相关通路(编号为NMDCX0002206)。深入分析基因表达特征发现,一方面关键的膜脂合成与修饰酶相关基因普遍下调(如ncbi_25987243、ncbi_25983937、ncbi_25989797等),其表达抑制可能直接影响膜脂的合成效率与结构修饰,导致膜脂关键成分(不饱和脂肪酸、甾醇等)供给不足,从而增强对氧化损伤等胁迫的敏感性,这是细胞走向死亡的早期脆弱化基础。此外,药物诱导真菌氧化应激的损伤可通过谷胱甘肽氧化导致真菌凋亡[22]。然而,从最终膜损伤(图1C)的表型来看,此类代偿性改变不足以恢复膜正常功能,且磷脂酶及部分膜微域支架蛋白相关基因(如ncbi_25986639、ncbi_25983690等)的下调可能进一步限制膜翻新能力,降低细胞快速修复膜损伤的效率。这种合成抑制-修复不足的转录特征,与本研究观察到的不可逆膜损伤(扫描电镜)的现象完全吻合。
真菌细胞壁是维持细胞形态、渗透压平衡及抗逆的关键屏障[23]。本研究对T. asahii细胞壁相关差异基因进行了深入分析,转录组结果显示关键的细胞壁合成与糖链装配相关酶基因普遍下调(如ncbi_25990292、ncbi_25988065等),直接导致细胞壁构成单元(β-葡聚糖等)的供给不足,削弱细胞壁的机械强度致使细胞结构崩溃(编号为NMDCX0002206)。
线粒体是真菌能量代谢核心,参与氧化还原平衡、代谢及凋亡调控,其功能稳态决定细胞存活[24]。转录组显示呼吸链核心组分及装配相关基因(如ncbi_25983524等)普遍下调,预示着电子传递链受损。这一损伤直接导致电子与ROS水平显著升高、ATP合成不足(能量危机)以及线粒体膜电位下降,本研究在表型层面均观察到了这些关键变化(ROS↑,MMP↓)。少量替代电子供给及修复相关基因(如 ncbi_25990099等)出现上调表达,但无法恢复线粒体功能,最终导致膜电位下降和ROS水平升高,从而促成能量危机与氧化损伤(编号为NMDCX0002206)。Caspase-3是细胞凋亡执行阶段的关键酶,可使细胞的遗传物质稳定性受到破坏[25]。实验表明,经槲皮素处理后,作为凋亡执行关键酶的Caspase-3样蛋白酶活性显著升高,而泛Caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK的加入,有效逆转了该酶活性的升高及槲皮素对细胞活力的抑制(图5图6)。这表明槲皮素诱导的线粒体损伤最终通过激活Caspase级联反应执行了细胞死亡程序,证实T. asahii的凋亡具有Caspase依赖性。
ROS过量生成是凋亡信号转导的关键事件[26]。真菌中存在“类凋亡性程序性细胞死亡” (apoptosis-like programmed cell death)[27]。该类现象最早在酿酒酵母中被发现,随后在念珠菌[28]Alternaria alternata[29]和曲霉[30]等多种真菌中得到证实。真菌类凋亡具有ROS积累、线粒体膜电位下降等与哺乳动物凋亡相似的特征[31]。真菌无典型Caspase同源物,但其metacaspase蛋白功能与其相似[32]。真菌类凋亡可分为Metacaspase (或类Caspase)依赖性和非依赖性两类,多由线粒体途径介导[33]。此外,研究显示槲皮素可干扰白色念珠菌的镁稳态、线粒体功能与抗氧化系统,进而诱导其凋亡[34]。另有研究表明槲皮素与氟康唑联用可协同增强对真菌类凋亡的诱导作用[35]。在氧化应激条件下,胞质钙离子浓度升高可诱导线粒体释放细胞色素c等促凋亡因子,进一步激活Caspase样蛋白酶、加剧钙超载并引起线粒体功能障碍,最终促进细胞凋亡[36-37]
转录组结果显示,氧化还原过程(GO: 0055114)、过氧化物酶体组织(GO: 0007031)和谷胱甘肽代谢(ko00480)等抗氧化核心生物过程被差异基因显著富集,提示槲皮素处理可能导致T. asahii的细胞抗氧化防御遭到显著失衡。从基因表达层面看,多种关键的抗氧化酶与还原当量维持相关基因呈现显著下调,如负责GSH再生的谷胱甘肽还原酶(ncbi_25985065)、参与ROS解毒与外源物代谢的多种谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(ncbi_25988406、ncbi_25988912)等。这意味着槲皮素的处理系统性地关闭了这一关键防御网络,氧化还原防御系统的崩溃可导致细胞内的ROS过量积累[38],进而破坏膜的完整性,更为关键的是,这种剧烈的氧化还原失衡与膜损伤共同构成了强烈的促凋亡信号,从而启动下游的Caspase蛋白酶(如本研究检测到的Caspase-3)级联反应,最终执行DNA片段化等凋亡程序。
在转录组层面,槲皮素触发了倾向于死亡的全局重编程,体现在关键的上游诱导信号通路均被系统性激活:(1) 能量与代谢危机(呼吸链、糖酵解、脂肪酸降解基因下调);(2) 氧化还原防御崩溃(抗氧化酶与谷胱甘肽代谢基因下调);(3) 膜系统稳态失衡(膜脂合成与修复基因失调),为细胞的不可逆崩溃埋下了伏笔。
本研究不仅观察到槲皮素处理后Caspase-3样蛋白酶活性显著升高,更重要的是,广谱Caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK能够显著逆转槲皮素引起的细胞活力下降,并直接抑制Caspase-3样蛋白酶的激活。这一实验提供了直接的因果证据,证明槲皮素诱导的细胞死亡在很大程度上依赖于Caspase蛋白酶的激活。结合观察到的MMP崩溃事件,我们可以推断出:槲皮素→氧化/代谢/膜损伤→线粒体功能障碍→Caspase样蛋白酶激活→细胞凋亡得以确证。
综上所述,本研究通过整合转录组学、细胞功能学及药理学抑制实验系统阐明了槲皮素抗T. asahii的分子机制。转录组分析表明,槲皮素干预了真菌能量代谢、氧化还原防御及膜系统稳态相关基因,进而引发ROS积累和线粒体功能障碍(MMP崩溃)。这些应激信号最终汇聚并激活了Caspase-3依赖性凋亡样通路最终抑制真菌生长。本研究揭示了槲皮素通过诱导细胞凋亡发挥抗阿萨希毛孢子菌活性的具体机制,为开发抗T. asahii新型药剂提供了充分的实验依据与理论支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82373494)
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2026年第66卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250957
  • 接收时间:2025-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-12
  • 出版时间:2026-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-23
  • 录用日期:2026-01-15
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82373494)
国家自然科学基金(82373494)
作者信息
    1.南方医科大学 第二临床医学院,广东 广州
    2.中国人民解放军总医院第七医学中心 皮肤科,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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