Article(id=1228017381038027350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1228017371202388759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240769, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1735574400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-31, onlineDate=1770711759099, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1741017600000, pubDateStr=2025-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711759099, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711759099, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711759099, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228017371202388759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='3', pageStart='871', pageEnd='1336', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711756754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770719134572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228048316089434941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1228017371202388759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228048316093629246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1228017371202388759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1219, endPage=1240, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228017381457457788, articleId=1228017381038027350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Biocontrol effects of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 on plant diseases, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To evaluate the colonization ability and biocontrol effects of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 with antagonistic effects on plant pathogenic fungi and reveal the biocontrol mechanism of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 by omics analysis. [Methods] The colonization of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 in plants was detected by the GFP fluorescent labeling method. The biocontrol effects and potential of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 on plant fungal diseases were evaluated based on the biocontrol effects of the inoculant in different dosage forms (seed coating agent, wettable powder, gum inoculant, and bone glue inoculant). The whole genome information of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 was analyzed by third-generation sequencing, and its gene functions were annotated. The comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to screen the differentially expressed genes during the antagonizing process of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 against plant pathogenic fungi, and thus the genes involved in the synthesis of antagonistic substances were predicted. [Results] Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 stably colonized the roots and stems of tomato and wheat plants. Different dosage forms of inoculants prepared based on Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 demonstrated strong control effects on tomato early blight and apple valsa canker. Among them, the seed coating agent prepared with Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 did not affect the germination rate of tomato seeds after treatment while protecting tomato seedlings from the infection of Alternaria solani. The wettable powder prepared with Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 showed both prevention and treatment effects on tomato early blight, with the prevention effect stronger than the treatment effect. The liquid inoculants prepared from Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 had control effects on apple Valsa canker, regardless of whether the diseased bark was scraped or not, while the control effect was better when the diseased bark was scraped and better than that of thiophanate-methyl. The whole genome sequencing results showed that Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 contained only one linear chromosome with a size of 9 435 898 bp and the average G+C content of 70.82%. A total of 8 432 coding genes, 69 tRNA genes, and 18 rRNA genes were predicted. Species annotation results showed that Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 did not belong to any Streptomyces species whose genome has been sequenced. Genome-wide analysis showed that there were 32 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolites in ZH-356. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the expression of the NRPS/T1PKS gene cluster ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422 was significantly up-regulated in the process of antagonizing plant pathogenic fungi, suggesting that it may be a BGC mediating the biosynthesis of active substances against plant pathogenic fungi in Streptomyces sp. ZH-356. Moreover, ZH_356_GM000409 may be the core biosynthetic gene of the active substances. [Conclusion] Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 can colonize plants, and the biocontrol agents prepared based on this strain demonstrate good control effects on plant fungal diseases. The active substances for the antagonistic effects may be synthesized by the gene cluster ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422. The above work lays a foundation for the industrial application of strain ZH-356 and the research on the mechanism of antagonizing plant pathogenic fungi.

, correspAuthors=Juanli CHENG, Jinshui LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: CHENG Juanli:
LIN Jinshui:
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Andong LIU, Wanqing NING, Xufei ZHU, Bolin ZHANG, Xiaona QU, Jinlong ZHANG, Chengnan XU, Guangwei LI, Xiangqian ZHANG, Yanfeng WANG, Juanli CHENG, Jinshui LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228017385941169047, articleId=1228017381038027350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=链霉菌ZH-356的植病生防作用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 对具有拮抗植物病原真菌作用的链霉菌ZH-356进行定殖能力和生防作用评价,并结合组学分析初步揭示其植病生防机制。 【方法】 采用绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)荧光标记法,检测链霉菌ZH-356在植物体内的定殖情况;同时,通过测定不同剂型菌剂(种子包衣剂、可湿性粉剂、胶水菌剂和骨胶菌剂)对植物真菌病害的生防效果来评价链霉菌ZH-356的植病生防作用及潜力;利用三代测序技术分析链霉菌ZH-356的全基因组信息,并对其基因功能进行注释;结合转录组学对比分析链霉菌ZH-356在拮抗植物病原真菌过程中表达发生显著改变的基因,预测其拮抗活性物质的合成基因。 【结果】 通过GFP荧光标记的植物定殖分析,发现链霉菌ZH-356能在番茄和小麦的根茎中稳定定殖;同时,基于ZH-356制备的不同剂型菌剂对番茄早疫病和苹果树腐烂病均具有良好防效作用。其中,链霉菌ZH-356制成的种子包衣剂处理后不影响番茄种子的发芽率,且能有效保护番茄苗免受番茄早疫病菌的侵染;基于ZH-356制备的可湿性粉剂对番茄早疫病具有良好的预防与治疗效果,且预防作用优于治疗作用;由链霉菌ZH-356制成的液体菌剂,无论是否刮除发病处的树皮,对苹果树腐烂病均具有一定的防治效果,刮除病斑上的树皮后防治效果更好,且这种防治效果优于甲基硫菌灵农药。通过对链霉菌ZH-356的全基因组测序分析发现,其基因组含有一条线状染色体,大小为9 435 898 bp,G+C含量平均为70.82%,共预测到8 432个编码基因、69个tRNA基因和18个rRNA基因。物种注释结果显示,链霉菌ZH-356不属于任何已完成基因组测序的链霉菌种类。经全基因组分析预测,链霉菌ZH-356中含有32个次级代谢产物合成基因簇。通过转录组学分析发现,在拮抗植物病原真菌过程中,NRPS/T1PKS基因簇ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422的表达显著上调,推测它可能是链霉菌ZH-356中介导其抗植物病原真菌活性物质生物合成基因簇,而ZH_356_GM000409可能是该活性物质的核心生物合成基因。 【结论】 链霉菌ZH-356能在植物体内稳定定殖,基于该菌株制备的生防菌剂对植物真菌病害具有良好防治效果,其拮抗植物病原真菌的活性物质可能由ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422基因簇负责合成。本研究为菌株ZH-356的产业化应用和拮抗植物病原真菌的机制研究奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=成娟丽, 林金水, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ZKQEqJhQdCAYrOqiSfmF7A==, magXml=0mSywDlcJnpjNYuh37b/3Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hGmu4iGq875Pwk6pGi6Q+A==, pdfFileSize=6384117, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=TYwCe4SYTWDYZc+3nE3omg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7xm1UZD7HQot11ldpqigEA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

刘安东:参与实验实施、数据采集与分析、论文撰写与修改;宁婉清:参与实验实施、数据分析、论文修改与完善;朱旭飞:参与实验实施,协助论文修改;张博琳:参与实验实施;屈小娜:参与实验实施;张晋龙:指导实验实施,评审实验过程与数据,提供修改意见;徐成楠:指导实验实施,评审实验过程与数据;李广伟:指导实验实施,提供修改意见;张向前:对实验结果进行评审,提供修改意见;王延峰:参与数据讨论与解读;成娟丽:负责实验规划与指导,参与论文撰写、修改及定稿,提供语言润色;林金水:负责研究构思、方案设计与实验规划,指导研究方向与数据解读,审核论文撰写与定稿。

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2 Yan’an Colony Biological Technology Co. , Ltd. , Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
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2 延安柯龙尼生物科技有限公司,陕西 延安
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Streptomyces sp. ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep in tomato. Streptomyces sp. ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep, ZH-356 and water-treated tomato seedling root slices were observed for fluorescence under white light (A, C, and E) and blue light (B, D, and F) using a fluorescence microscope. Streptomyces sp. ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep, ZH-356 and water-treated tomato seedling stem sections were observed for fluorescence under white light (G, I, and K) and blue light (H, J, and L) using a fluorescence microscope. Bar=50 μm., figureFileSmall=pPemGNusv3O9lgPaXydiwg==, figureFileBig=59cCbo1snaTOurQGtMlxFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088882546278938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=CN, label=图1, caption=链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep在番茄植株体内的定殖, figureFileSmall=pPemGNusv3O9lgPaXydiwg==, figureFileBig=59cCbo1snaTOurQGtMlxFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088882663719455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Colonization of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep in wheat. Streptomyces sp. ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep, ZH-356 and water-treated wheat seedling root slices were observed for fluorescence under white light (A, C, and E) and blue light (B, D, and F) using a fluorescence microscope. Streptomyces sp. ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep, ZH-356 and water-treated wheat seedling stem slices were observed for fluorescence under white light (G, I, and K) and blue light (H, J, and L) using a fluorescence microscope. Bar=50 μm., figureFileSmall=jwlu/0PoWx4RueYu3vfzXQ==, figureFileBig=VrSFoVWbbtUfPLWFKmMBhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088882764382757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=CN, label=图2, caption=链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep在小麦植株体内的定殖, figureFileSmall=jwlu/0PoWx4RueYu3vfzXQ==, figureFileBig=VrSFoVWbbtUfPLWFKmMBhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088882856657452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 seed coating agent on controlling tomato early blight. A: Tomato seeds treated with three different methods (Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 seed coating agent, matrix coating agent, and untreated control) were sown in soil mixed with a fermentation solution of Alternaria solani. After 21 d, the growth of the tomato seedlings in each treatment group was observed and photographed; B: Germination rates of tomato seeds in Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 seed coating treatment group, substrate treatment group and untreated group were determined without infection with Alternaria solani; C: Germination rates of tomato seeds in Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 seed coating treatment group, substrate treatment group and untreated group were determined after treatment with Alternaria solani. Plant height (D), root length (E), fresh weight (F) and dry weight (G) of tomato seedlings in Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 seed coating treatment group, substrate treatment group and untreated group were obtained after 21 d of treatment with Alternaria solani. All the data are representative of a minimum of three independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations. *: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001, ****: P<0.000 1; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=4YM3eMVGWr9dAEsASUfuyg==, figureFileBig=j/r4w+plXKaE1EDKjtUTiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088882974097969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=CN, label=图3, caption=链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂对番茄早疫病的防治作用, figureFileSmall=4YM3eMVGWr9dAEsASUfuyg==, figureFileBig=j/r4w+plXKaE1EDKjtUTiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088883087344185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Control effect of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 wettable powder on tomato early blight. Leaf spot symptoms (A) and disease index (B) of tomato seedlings treated with apply wettable powder first and then inoculate Alternaria solani (a1), inoculate Alternaria solani first and then apply wettable powder (a2), apply wettable powder (a3), apply wettable powder matrix first and then inoculate Alternaria solani (b1), inoculation of Alternaria solani followed by application of wettable powder matrix (b2), apply wettable powder matrix (b3), inoculation of Alternaria solani (CK1) and untreated control (CK2). All the data are representative of a minimum of three independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations. *: P<0.05; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=DfA25uo8FbetBw8Hq7pSXQ==, figureFileBig=6/SK2x9WpzdKouL9ZBKMcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088883204784703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=CN, label=图4, caption=链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂对番茄早疫病的防治作用, figureFileSmall=DfA25uo8FbetBw8Hq7pSXQ==, figureFileBig=6/SK2x9WpzdKouL9ZBKMcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088883313836612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Field control effect of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 glue inoculant against apple valsa canker. A: Recurrence rate of apple valsa canker at different time after treatment with ZH-356 biological agent; B: Width of callus at apple valsa canker spot after 7 months of treatment with ZH-356 biological agent. Treatment of thiophanate-methyl and no treatment were used as controls. All the data are representative of a minimum of three independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations. ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=YhfeKDWrmbfSqP+/dwl/LQ==, figureFileBig=j+tT0e6dDY3aSAvweUNJwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088883422888520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=CN, label=图5, caption=链霉菌ZH-356胶水菌剂对苹果树腐烂病的田间防效作用, figureFileSmall=YhfeKDWrmbfSqP+/dwl/LQ==, figureFileBig=j+tT0e6dDY3aSAvweUNJwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088883544523345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Field control effect of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 bone glue agent against apple valsa canker. A: Recurrence rate of apple valsa canker at different time after treatment with ZH-356 biological agent after scraping off the bark at the disease area; B: Recurrence rate of apple valsa canker at different time after treatment with ZH-356 biological agent after without scraping the bark at the disease area; C: Disease index of apple valsa canker at different time after treatment with ZH-356 biological agent after the bark of the disease area was not scraped. Treatment of thiophanate-methyl and no treatment were used as controls. All the data are representative of a minimum of three independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviations. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=O1mQzPqWpVoS8Q8NX91N8g==, figureFileBig=jKc8Q90ZkmmyMhnjWFCTWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088886765748821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=CN, label=图6, caption=链霉菌ZH-356骨胶菌剂对苹果树腐烂病的田间防效作用, figureFileSmall=O1mQzPqWpVoS8Q8NX91N8g==, figureFileBig=jKc8Q90ZkmmyMhnjWFCTWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088886874800731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Species evolutionary tree of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356. Numbers in parentheses are GenBank or National Microbiology Data Center accession numbers; Values above the branches are species diversity., figureFileSmall=XglM6SC/XWRcilB9EO7v8g==, figureFileBig=Qhvz6bjNtlhTsGL5ZSSLzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088886983852643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=CN, label=图7, caption=链霉菌ZH-356系统发育树, figureFileSmall=XglM6SC/XWRcilB9EO7v8g==, figureFileBig=Qhvz6bjNtlhTsGL5ZSSLzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228088887097098854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017381038027350, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Sample diagrams with different treatments. con: Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 no treatment served as control; A: Streptomyces sp. 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链霉菌ZH-356的植病生防作用
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刘安东 1, 2 , 宁婉清 1, 2, 3 , 朱旭飞 1 , 张博琳 1 , 屈小娜 1 , 张晋龙 1 , 徐成楠 1 , 李广伟 1 , 张向前 1 , 王延峰 1 , 成娟丽 1, 2, 3, * , 林金水 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(3): 1219-1240
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(3): 1219-1240
链霉菌ZH-356的植病生防作用
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刘安东1, 2, 宁婉清1, 2, 3, 朱旭飞1, 张博琳1, 屈小娜1, 张晋龙1, 徐成楠1, 李广伟1, 张向前1, 王延峰1, 成娟丽1, 2, 3, * , 林金水1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 延安大学 生命科学学院,陕西省黄土高原资源植物研究与利用重点实验室,陕西 延安
  • 2 延安柯龙尼生物科技有限公司,陕西 延安
  • 3 西北农林科技大学,作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室,陕西 杨凌
Biocontrol effects of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 on plant diseases
Andong LIU1, 2, Wanqing NING1, 2, 3, Xufei ZHU1, Bolin ZHANG1, Xiaona QU1, Jinlong ZHANG1, Chengnan XU1, Guangwei LI1, Xiangqian ZHANG1, Yanfeng WANG1, Juanli CHENG1, 2, 3, * , Jinshui LIN1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Resource Plants on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 2 Yan’an Colony Biological Technology Co. , Ltd. , Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2025-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240769
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【目的】 对具有拮抗植物病原真菌作用的链霉菌ZH-356进行定殖能力和生防作用评价,并结合组学分析初步揭示其植病生防机制。 【方法】 采用绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)荧光标记法,检测链霉菌ZH-356在植物体内的定殖情况;同时,通过测定不同剂型菌剂(种子包衣剂、可湿性粉剂、胶水菌剂和骨胶菌剂)对植物真菌病害的生防效果来评价链霉菌ZH-356的植病生防作用及潜力;利用三代测序技术分析链霉菌ZH-356的全基因组信息,并对其基因功能进行注释;结合转录组学对比分析链霉菌ZH-356在拮抗植物病原真菌过程中表达发生显著改变的基因,预测其拮抗活性物质的合成基因。 【结果】 通过GFP荧光标记的植物定殖分析,发现链霉菌ZH-356能在番茄和小麦的根茎中稳定定殖;同时,基于ZH-356制备的不同剂型菌剂对番茄早疫病和苹果树腐烂病均具有良好防效作用。其中,链霉菌ZH-356制成的种子包衣剂处理后不影响番茄种子的发芽率,且能有效保护番茄苗免受番茄早疫病菌的侵染;基于ZH-356制备的可湿性粉剂对番茄早疫病具有良好的预防与治疗效果,且预防作用优于治疗作用;由链霉菌ZH-356制成的液体菌剂,无论是否刮除发病处的树皮,对苹果树腐烂病均具有一定的防治效果,刮除病斑上的树皮后防治效果更好,且这种防治效果优于甲基硫菌灵农药。通过对链霉菌ZH-356的全基因组测序分析发现,其基因组含有一条线状染色体,大小为9 435 898 bp,G+C含量平均为70.82%,共预测到8 432个编码基因、69个tRNA基因和18个rRNA基因。物种注释结果显示,链霉菌ZH-356不属于任何已完成基因组测序的链霉菌种类。经全基因组分析预测,链霉菌ZH-356中含有32个次级代谢产物合成基因簇。通过转录组学分析发现,在拮抗植物病原真菌过程中,NRPS/T1PKS基因簇ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422的表达显著上调,推测它可能是链霉菌ZH-356中介导其抗植物病原真菌活性物质生物合成基因簇,而ZH_356_GM000409可能是该活性物质的核心生物合成基因。 【结论】 链霉菌ZH-356能在植物体内稳定定殖,基于该菌株制备的生防菌剂对植物真菌病害具有良好防治效果,其拮抗植物病原真菌的活性物质可能由ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422基因簇负责合成。本研究为菌株ZH-356的产业化应用和拮抗植物病原真菌的机制研究奠定了基础。

链霉菌  /  定殖  /  菌剂  /  基因组测序  /  转录组测序  /  次级代谢产物

[Objective] To evaluate the colonization ability and biocontrol effects of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 with antagonistic effects on plant pathogenic fungi and reveal the biocontrol mechanism of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 by omics analysis. [Methods] The colonization of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 in plants was detected by the GFP fluorescent labeling method. The biocontrol effects and potential of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 on plant fungal diseases were evaluated based on the biocontrol effects of the inoculant in different dosage forms (seed coating agent, wettable powder, gum inoculant, and bone glue inoculant). The whole genome information of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 was analyzed by third-generation sequencing, and its gene functions were annotated. The comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to screen the differentially expressed genes during the antagonizing process of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 against plant pathogenic fungi, and thus the genes involved in the synthesis of antagonistic substances were predicted. [Results] Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 stably colonized the roots and stems of tomato and wheat plants. Different dosage forms of inoculants prepared based on Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 demonstrated strong control effects on tomato early blight and apple valsa canker. Among them, the seed coating agent prepared with Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 did not affect the germination rate of tomato seeds after treatment while protecting tomato seedlings from the infection of Alternaria solani. The wettable powder prepared with Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 showed both prevention and treatment effects on tomato early blight, with the prevention effect stronger than the treatment effect. The liquid inoculants prepared from Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 had control effects on apple Valsa canker, regardless of whether the diseased bark was scraped or not, while the control effect was better when the diseased bark was scraped and better than that of thiophanate-methyl. The whole genome sequencing results showed that Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 contained only one linear chromosome with a size of 9 435 898 bp and the average G+C content of 70.82%. A total of 8 432 coding genes, 69 tRNA genes, and 18 rRNA genes were predicted. Species annotation results showed that Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 did not belong to any Streptomyces species whose genome has been sequenced. Genome-wide analysis showed that there were 32 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolites in ZH-356. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the expression of the NRPS/T1PKS gene cluster ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422 was significantly up-regulated in the process of antagonizing plant pathogenic fungi, suggesting that it may be a BGC mediating the biosynthesis of active substances against plant pathogenic fungi in Streptomyces sp. ZH-356. Moreover, ZH_356_GM000409 may be the core biosynthetic gene of the active substances. [Conclusion] Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 can colonize plants, and the biocontrol agents prepared based on this strain demonstrate good control effects on plant fungal diseases. The active substances for the antagonistic effects may be synthesized by the gene cluster ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422. The above work lays a foundation for the industrial application of strain ZH-356 and the research on the mechanism of antagonizing plant pathogenic fungi.

Streptomyces  /  colonization  /  inoculant  /  genome sequencing  /  transcriptome sequencing  /  secondary metabolites
刘安东, 宁婉清, 朱旭飞, 张博琳, 屈小娜, 张晋龙, 徐成楠, 李广伟, 张向前, 王延峰, 成娟丽, 林金水. 链霉菌ZH-356的植病生防作用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (3) : 1219 -1240 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240769
Andong LIU, Wanqing NING, Xufei ZHU, Bolin ZHANG, Xiaona QU, Jinlong ZHANG, Chengnan XU, Guangwei LI, Xiangqian ZHANG, Yanfeng WANG, Juanli CHENG, Jinshui LIN. Biocontrol effects of Streptomyces sp. ZH-356 on plant diseases[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (3) : 1219 -1240 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240769
链霉菌(Streptomyces)属于放线菌目,是具有高度分支营养菌丝的革兰氏阳性菌[1]。长久以来,作为备受关注的放线菌之一,链霉菌相关领域的研究发展态势迅猛,成果显著。目前,已报道的微生物来源的生物活性物质约有40%来源于链霉菌中,这些物质包括多种抗生素、除草剂及其他生物活性物质等[2-6]。随着科学技术的进步,测序技术为基因组学研究带来了革命性的突破[7]。对链霉菌基因组数据的深入研究发现,其基因组量级偏大,且普遍具有较高的G+C含量[8]。进一步探索链霉菌基因组后,人们发掘出了众多后来得到广泛应用的抗生素[9]。例如,通过对天蓝色链霉菌基因组信息的探索和分析,发现该菌能够产生放线紫红素、十一烷基灵菌红素、次甲霉素和钙依赖抗生素等4种抗生素[10-12]。同时,利用基因组信息可以预测链霉菌次级代谢基因簇的数量、类别,以及编码基因的位置、序列、大小和功能,进而推测其代谢产物[13-15]。殷瑜等[16]利用比较基因组学和泛基因组学推测出一株植物内生链霉菌具备产生默诺霉素的能力。Rath等[17]利用全基因组分析发现,从湖底分离出的一株链霉菌HB2AG存在天冬酰胺合酶基因ansB。天冬酰胺合酶在抗恶性肿瘤和急性淋巴白血病的细胞毒性治疗中有着潜在的应用价值[18-19]
同时,链霉菌在农业方面也展现出很高的应用价值,例如利用链霉菌农用抗生素、活菌菌剂等来防治植物病害。然而,随着农业的高质量发展,长期滥用化学农药防治植物病害已引发了一系列严重问题,如病原菌抗药性增强、环境污染和农产品农药残留等[20-24]。因此,亟需生态友好型的生物制剂来替代化学农药。目前,开发以活菌为有效成分的微生物生防菌剂来防治植物病害已成为研究热点[25-26]。链霉菌因其能产生丰富多样的抗生素而备受关注。随着对其应用价值和生态功能的深入挖掘,生物防治领域方面也取得了显著进展。例如,骆焱平等[27]将金黄垂直链霉菌HN6的液体发酵物加工制成用于防治香蕉枯萎病的可湿性粉剂;Gomes等[28]利用利迪链霉菌WYEC108制成的活菌粉剂产品Actinovate®,该产品可有效防治白粉病、霜霉病、灰霉病、菌核病等叶部病害。然而,目前对链霉菌制成的生防活菌菌剂应用相对较少。一方面,链霉菌生长周期慢,发酵时间长,且培养条件要求严格,导致培养成本较其他细菌和真菌更高[29];另一方面,链霉菌在应用中对生存环境要求高,适应外界条件能力弱,作为外来菌株难以迅速定殖在植物体内[30-31]。因此,生防链霉菌在植物体内的定殖能力成为评估其在植物病害生物防治领域应用潜力的重要因素[32-34]
链霉菌ZH-356是本课题组前期从枣树枝条中分离得到的一株具有广谱拮抗植物病原真菌活性的植物内生菌,其产生的抑菌活性物质对温度和酸碱度具有高度稳定性,并且该活性物质仅存在于胞内;只有当ZH-356遇到植物病原真菌时,才会被分泌到胞外来抑制它们的生长,这种抑制作用可导致苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)菌丝变粗、交叉扭曲、分枝变少且容易断裂[35]。防治试验结果显示,ZH-356对于受苹果树腐烂病菌侵染的苹果树离体枝条及盆栽苗具有良好的防治效果,极具开发前景[35]。然而,链霉菌ZH-356是否能够在植物体内稳定定殖,以及其拮抗植物病原真菌的具体机制尚不清楚[35]
为进一步研究链霉菌ZH-356的生防机制,本研究通过构建携带GFP基因的ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep菌株,以小麦和番茄盆栽为植物模型对该菌在植物体内的定殖情况进行分析;针对不同植物真菌病害开发不同剂型的菌剂(种子包衣剂、可湿性粉剂、胶水菌剂和骨胶菌剂),并对其生防作用进行探究,测定其生防效果。在此基础上,对链霉菌ZH-356进行全基因组测序,分析并预测其可能的次级代谢产物合成基因簇;结合转录组学分析,发掘菌株ZH-356在拮抗植物病原真菌过程中表达发生明显改变的次级代谢产物合成基因簇,并鉴定在菌株ZH-356中介导拮抗植物病原真菌的关键基因,以期为菌株ZH-356拮抗植物病原真菌的机制研究及其在农业生物防治领域的开发利用奠定基础。
供试菌株链霉菌ZH-356为实验室分离得到,保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号:CCTCC No.M2020690。供试菌株大肠杆菌ET12567/pUZ8002/pIJ8660Ep[36]由北京林业大学马玉超教授惠赠。5种供试病原真菌:苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、小麦根腐病菌(Bipolaris sorokinianum)、番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)和玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum),均由延安大学生命科学学院病害绿色防控研究室提供。
高氏一号培养基(g/L):可溶性淀粉20.00,NaCl 0.50,KNO3 1.00,K2HPO4·3H2O 0.50,MgSO4·7H2O 0.50,FeSO4·7H2O 0.01,琼脂粉15.00,双蒸水定容,pH 7.2。
胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤培养基(TSB) (g/L):tryptone soya broth 30,琼脂粉15,双蒸水定容,pH 7.2。
LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10,酵母提取物5,NaCl 10,琼脂粉15,双蒸水定容,pH 7.2。
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA) (g/L):马铃薯200,葡萄糖20,琼脂粉15,双蒸水定容,pH自然。
2×酵母提取物胰蛋白胨培养基(2×YT) (g/L):蛋白胨16,酵母提取物10,NaCl 5,双蒸水定容,pH 7.2。
M1培养基(g/L):天冬酰胺1.00,酵母浸膏粉5.00,丙三醇10.00,KNO3 5.00,甜菜碱1.25,琼脂粉15.00,双蒸水定容,pH 7.2。
YME培养基(g/L):酵母提取物4,可溶性淀粉4,麦芽糖10,CoCl2·6H2O 5,琼脂粉20,双蒸水定容,pH 7.2。
2CMY培养基(g/L):可溶性淀粉10,胰蛋白胨2,NaCl 1,(NH4)2SO4 2,K2HPO4 1,CaCO3 2,无机盐溶液(FeSO4·7H2O 0.1,MgCl2·6H2O 0.1,ZnSO4·7H2O 0.1) 1 mL,琼脂粉15,双蒸水定容,pH 7.2。
ISP2培养基(g/L):麦芽提取物10,酵母提取物4,葡萄糖4,琼脂粉15,双蒸水定容,pH 7.2。
以上培养基除ISP2培养基115 ℃灭菌30 min,其余培养基均121 ℃灭菌20 min。
胰蛋白胨、酵母提取物,OXOID公司;天冬酰胺、甜菜碱,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;骨胶,青州亿博新材料有限公司,硅藻土,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
卡那霉素和氯霉素,北京索莱宝科技有限公司,使用浓度为30 μg/mL;安普霉素使用浓度为50 μg/mL,萘啶酮酸使用浓度为25 μg/mL,均为阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司。
大肠杆菌和链霉菌属的间接合转移参考《链霉菌操作手册》[37]。将链霉菌ZH-356在YME培养基上划线,于28 ℃培养4-6 d后,用无菌接种环刮下孢子,将孢子悬液转移至无菌离心管中。使用无菌脱脂棉过滤孢子悬液除去菌丝片段与培养基碎片,3 000 r/min离心10 min收集孢子,用50%无菌甘油保存于-20 ℃备用。将大肠杆菌ET12567/pUZ8002/pIJ8660Ep在LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养过夜,以1%的比例转接至新鲜LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养至OD600值为0.4-0.6,6 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体。使用新鲜LB液体培养基悬浮菌体,6 000 r/min离心5 min去上清,重复2次,加入100 μL液体LB培养基重新悬浮菌体备用。新鲜链霉菌ZH-356孢子按照1:10比例加入1 mL 2×YT培养基中,50 ℃水浴锅热激10 min,6 000 r/min离心5 min,去除大部分上清,重悬孢子。将悬浮的大肠杆菌ET12567/pUZ8002/pIJ8660Ep菌液加入孢子悬液中,混匀后涂布于无抗性的2CMY培养基上,28 ℃倒置培养16-20 h,用安普霉素(50 μg/mL)和萘啶酮酸(25 μg/mL)覆盖2CMY平板,28 ℃继续培养2 d左右得到接合转移子。挑取接合转移子在安普霉素(50 μg/mL)和萘啶酮酸(25 μg/mL)的2CMY双抗培养基上划线传代培养,得到链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep。
GFP荧光表型检测方法参考刘晓瑜等[36]的研究。将链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep使用插片培养法接种至ISP2固体培养基,28 ℃培养7 d,取出盖玻片制成临时装片。使用荧光显微镜(上海缔伦光学公司,TL3201-LED)进行GFP荧光(激发光波长420-485 nm)表型检测。采用平板对峙培养法测定链霉菌ZH-356、ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用。在PDA培养基中心点将供试真菌的菌饼菌面朝下接种至培养皿中心点,在四侧对称的2.5 cm处各滴加15 μL的链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep菌液,以滴加链霉菌ZH-356菌液作为对照,25 ℃培养5-7 d后观察拮抗结果。
定殖测定参考周林等[38]的研究。以矮化番茄盆栽苗(北京东升种业有限公司矮生盆栽红番茄)和小麦苗作为实验材料进行定殖实验。将链霉菌ZH-356和ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep接种至TSB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养3 d得到种子液,以1%的比例接种至含有玻璃珠的ISP2液体培养基中,28 ℃培养7 d。挑取完整光滑番茄种子在穴盘中播种,25 ℃培养7-10 d发芽,21 d左右移栽,长至50 d左右的番茄苗备用。挑取饱满完整的小麦种子播种于穴盘中,25 ℃培养5-7 d左右至种子发芽,14 d左右移栽至大盆,长至30 d左右的小麦苗备用。轻轻去除植株根茎交界处覆盖的土壤,用无菌刀片给植株根茎交界处的根和茎部制造伤口,将链霉菌ZH-356和ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep菌液以灌根法缓慢沿着植株茎秆灌注至植株根部,覆土掩盖根茎交界处。每棵植株施用100 mL菌液,25 ℃培养21 d,以施用同体积水处理作为对照组。采集植株根茎,使用无菌水冲洗干净土壤,制成临时装片,置于荧光显微镜下蓝光激发(波长420-485 nm)观测链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep菌株在植株体内的定殖情况。
链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂的制备方法参考王易[39]的研究:挑取链霉菌ZH-356单菌落接种至TSB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养3 d,得到种子液;以1%的比例将种子液转接至含有玻璃珠的M1液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养15 d至菌液变成黑褐色,即为链霉菌ZH-356发酵液;将200 mL 4%壳聚糖溶液、640 mL 4%聚乙烯醇溶液混合制成种子包衣剂基质,再加入160 mL链霉菌ZH-356发酵液,制成1 L链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂。
链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂的制备方法参考朱海霞等[40]的研究:称取十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS) 60 g、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMCC-Na) 60 g、KH2PO4 20 g和硅藻土860 g,充分搅拌混匀,121 ℃灭菌20 min;灭菌后70 ℃烘干,加入链霉菌ZH-356发酵液2 L,充分搅拌均匀,25 ℃烘干至粉末状。
链霉菌ZH-356液体菌剂,包括胶水菌剂和骨胶菌剂的制备。
(1) 链霉菌ZH-356胶水菌剂制备:用0.8 mL无水乙醇溶解0.8 g水杨酸,向溶解好的水杨酸溶液中加入320 g阿拉伯树胶、40 mL甘油和960 mL ZH-356发酵液,充分搅拌溶解混匀后室温储存备用。
(2) 链霉菌ZH-356骨胶菌剂制备:取天然骨胶333.3 g,用333.3 mL H2O浸泡过夜,70 ℃水浴搅拌融化,放至温度为30 ℃,加入甘油166.7 mL,CaCO3 3.33 g,搅拌均匀得到基质。在基质中加入链霉菌ZH-356发酵液500 mL,搅拌混匀,制备得到骨胶菌剂,室温储存备用。
取打制好备用的番茄早疫病菌菌饼接种至PDA液体培养基中,25 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养10-15 d至菌丝球充满培养基,得到番茄早疫病菌发酵液。分别在50 mL包衣剂基质和链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂中加入30颗矮生盆栽红番茄种子(北京东升种业有限公司),待其完全被种子包衣剂包裹后,取出晾干成膜备用。在无菌营养土中按500 mL/kg加入制备好的番茄早疫病菌发酵液搅拌混匀,备用。分别将链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂处理、包衣剂基质处理和无处理对照组的种子播种在上述加番茄早疫病菌发酵液的营养土中。每个处理组3个生物学重复,每个重复播种10颗种子。测量各处理组的种子发芽率、植株根长、株高、鲜重、干重和长势。
以培养50 d的番茄苗(番茄苗培育方法同1.4.3)作为实验材料进行防效实验,防效实验方法参考朱海霞等[40]的研究。1.5.2节番茄早疫病菌发酵液,用振荡器振荡2 min使其孢子从菌丝上脱落。使用无菌脱脂棉过滤番茄早疫病菌发酵液,将滤液3 000 r/min离心5 min,去上清,用20%甘油悬浮沉淀的孢子,得到番茄早疫病菌孢子液。在番茄叶片上使用无菌刀片划出伤口,将番茄早疫病菌孢子液喷洒在划伤的叶片上,待叶片上孢子液被吸收之后再重复喷洒2次,以保证番茄早疫病菌的成功感染。间隔一段时间后在划伤的番茄叶片上喷洒链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂的20倍体积兑水稀释液,待叶片上链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂干燥之后再重复喷洒2次。番茄早疫病菌孢子液和链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂喷洒间隔时间3 d,根据其先后顺序不同,分为链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂对番茄早疫病的预防和治疗作用。实验分为8个处理组:a1:先施用可湿性粉剂再接种番茄早疫病菌;a2:先接种番茄早疫病菌再施用可湿性粉剂;a3:施用可湿性粉剂;b1:先施用可湿性粉剂基质再接种番茄早疫病菌;b2:先接种番茄早疫病菌后施用可湿性粉剂基质;b3:施用可湿性粉剂基质;CK1:接种番茄早疫病菌;CK2:无处理对照组。将处理后的番茄苗套上塑料薄,在保温保湿的暗环境培养14 d。
统计各处理组番茄早疫病的病情指数[计算如公式(1)所示]、番茄苗的发病等级、发病面积、菌剂防效等。发病等级以叶片病斑面积占整个叶面积的百分率分级:0级:无,1级:5%以下,3级:6%-10%,5级:11%-20%,7级:21%-50%,9级:50%以上,每个处理随机调查50片叶的发病等级。
 病情指数=100×各级病叶×各级代表调查总叶×最高级代表值
选取陕西省延安市安塞区高桥镇南沟村(36°35′29″N,109°17′59″E)山地苹果园中已感染苹果树腐烂病的苹果树枝干作为实验对象进行大田试验。
2022年3月15日,在果园中随机选取发病的苹果树枝干,刮除发病处的树皮后,分别涂抹链霉菌ZH-356胶水菌剂、甲基硫菌灵糊剂,不做处理作为空白对照等3个处理组,每组3个生物学重复,每个重复15棵树。2023年4月15日,在果园中随机选取发病的苹果树枝干,分为6个处理组:刮除发病处的树皮后分别涂抹骨胶菌剂、甲基硫菌灵糊剂和无处理,以及在不刮除发病处树皮的情况下涂抹骨胶菌剂、涂抹甲基硫菌灵糊剂和无处理,每个处理组5个生物学重复,每个重复20棵树。在涂抹处理后每1-2月进行病害进程调查,统计每棵树的苹果树腐烂病复发率[计算如公式(2)所示]、发病等级、病情指数[计算如公式(3)所示]和愈伤组织宽度等数据。发病等级以苹果树腐烂病病斑扩散长度分级。0级:无,1级:1 cm以下,2级:1-2 cm,3级:2-3 cm,4级:3-4 cm,5级:4-5 cm,6级:6-7 cm,7级:7 cm以上。
复发P=复发棵数总棵×100%
病情指数=100×各级植株×各级代表调查总植株数×最高级代表值
将链霉菌ZH-356接种于高氏一号培养基,在28 ℃活化培养4-6 d,然后挑取单菌落接种至TSB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养3 d,6 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体进行全基因组测序。链霉菌ZH-356的全基因组测序由天津诺禾致源生物信息科技有限公司完成。采用PacBio和Illumina测序平台构建SMRT Bell文库和350 bp小片段文库,使用PacBio Sequel II/PacBio Sequel IIe和Illumina NovaSeq PE150进行测序。基于测序结果使用Canu软件(version 2.0)对reads进行基因组组装。
使用GeneMarkS软件(v4.17)预测编码基因。通过RepeatMasker软件(version open-4.0.5)进行散在重复序列预测,并利用tRNAscan-SE软件(v1.3.1)对tRNA进行预测。利用通用数据库将预测基因的蛋白序列与NR数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/);GO数据库(https://www.geneontology.org/);KEGG数据库(http://www.genome.jp/kegg/);COG数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/);Swiss-Prot数据库(http://www.ebi.ac.uk/uniprot/)进行Diamond比对,过滤比对结果选取score最高的结果进行注释,分别得到non-redundant protein database (NR)、gene ontology (GO)、Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG)、cluster of orthologous groups of proteins (COG)和Swiss-Prot蛋白注释结果,使用Type Strain Genome Server (dsmz.de) (TYGS)在线工具(https://tygs.dsmz.de/)和DNA杂交法进行物种分类注释以及构建物种发育树,得到构树结果使用itol在线工具(https://itol.embl.de/)美化。
利用antiSMASH网站(http://antismash.secondarymetabolites.org/)预测链霉菌ZH-356的次级代谢物合成基因簇,通过比较每个基因簇与已知化合物的生物合成基因簇,得知每个基因簇的代谢产物存在的可能性,并推测其生物合成途径。
挑取链霉菌ZH-356单菌落至5 mL TSB液体培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养3 d。在PDA培养基中心接种苹果树腐烂病菌,25 ℃培养5-7 d至菌丝铺满培养基,使用无菌打孔器将其打制成直径为5 mm菌饼。在PDA培养基中心滴加15 μL的链霉菌ZH-356菌液,在距离中心点2.5 cm四侧对称点接种菌面向下的苹果树腐烂病菌菌饼,对照组只在PDA培养基中心滴加15 μL链霉菌ZH-356菌液,25 ℃培养5-7 d后,待培养基形成圆形抑菌圈,刮取PDA培养基中心的链霉菌ZH-356菌体至无菌1.5 mL离心管中,液氮速冻10 min,放置于-80 ℃保存,将样品送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行转录组测序分析。
从链霉菌ZH-356组织样品中提取总RNA,利用NanoDrop 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)对所提RNA的浓度和纯度进行检测,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA的完整性,并使用Agilent 2100测定RNA完整值(RNA integrity number, RIN)。去除rRNA后,加入Fragmentation Buffer,将完整的mRNA随机断裂成约200 bp的小片段。随后加入逆转录酶,使用随机引物,以mRNA为模板反转录合成一链cDNA。用dUTP代替dTTP合成cDNA二链,加入End Repair Mix将其补成平末端,并在3′末端加上1个A碱基,用于连接Y字形接头。使用UNG酶消化cDNA第二链,使文库中仅包含cDNA第一链。最终利用Illumina平台和华大平台上机测序。
使用RSEM软件(http://deweylab.github.io/RSEM/)对基因的表达水平进行定量分析。根据基因在不同样本间的表达情况,分析样本间共有与特有表达基因的相关性。对获得的基因Read Counts数进行样本间基因的差异表达分析,以差异倍数(fold change, FC)和校正后的P值(P-adjust)作为筛选差异基因的阈值,并对差异基因进行统计分析。采用上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司自主研发的流程对基因集进行KEGG PATHWAY功能富集分析,从而获得该基因集中的KEGG PATHWAY功能富集情况以推测链霉菌ZH-356在面对植物病原真菌胁迫时产生拮抗作用的潜在机制。
使用Microsoft Excel软件分析原始数据,利用GraphPad Prism软件(v7.00)进行差异显著性分析,使用Adobe Illustrator 2021软件进行作图。
将链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep接种于ISP2培养基上进行插片培养,并使用荧光显微镜观测其是否发出绿色荧光。结果显示,链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep在荧光显微镜下可清晰观察到菌丝体上产生的绿色荧光,而对照组链霉菌ZH-356则无此现象,这证实了质粒pIJ8660Ep已成功导入链霉菌ZH-356中[数据已上传国家微生物科学数据中心(https://nmdc.cn/resource/attachment/detail/NMDCX0001773),登录号为NMDCX0001773]。通过平板对峙法对链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep和ZH-356进行抑菌活性比较实验。结果显示与链霉菌ZH-356相比,链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep对小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)、小麦根腐病菌(Bipolaris sorokinianum)、番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)和玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)等植物病原真菌的拮抗活性并无明显差异,表明携带GFP荧光标记质粒pIJ8660Ep并未影响链霉菌ZH-356的拮抗活性,因此可用于分析链霉菌ZH-356在植物体内的定殖情况。
取用处理后的番茄根系和茎,制作临时装片,并使用荧光显微镜观测链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep的定殖情况。结果如图1所示,经菌株ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep处理21 d后,番茄根切片在荧光显微镜下可观察到明显的绿色荧光(图1A、1B),番茄茎切片中也可观察到少量绿色荧光(图1G、1H),而菌株ZH-356和H2O处理对照组的番茄根切片和茎切片中均未见明显的绿色荧光(图1C-1F、1I-1L)。同样地,经菌株ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep处理21 d后的小麦根切片和茎切片在荧光显微镜下也均能观察到明显的绿色荧光(图2A、2B、2G、2H),而菌株ZH-356和H2O处理对照组的小麦根切片和茎切片中均未见明显的绿色荧光(图2C-2F、2I-2L)。上述结果表明链霉菌ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep能在番茄和小麦的植株体内稳定定殖,且该菌株ZH-356/pIJ8660Ep在番茄中更倾向于在根部定殖。
在种植土壤中拌入番茄早疫病菌发酵液,播种处理过的3组番茄种子(链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂处理;基质包衣剂处理;无处理对照组)。21 d后每个处理组番茄苗长势如图3A所示,链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂处理的番茄苗长势明显优于基质处理组和无处理组。具体而言,在未接种番茄早疫病菌的情况下(图3B),各处理组的种子发芽率无明显差异,说明链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂对番茄种子的萌发无负面影响;而在接种番茄早疫病菌后(图3C),虽然所有处理组的种子发芽率仍无明显差异,但链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂处理组的番茄苗在株高(图3D)、根长(图3E)、鲜重(图3F)和干重(图3G)方面均显著高于基质处理组和无处理组。综上所述,表明链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂能够有效保护番茄苗免受番茄早疫病菌的侵染。
可湿性粉剂盆栽防效实验共设置8个处理组,各组处理见1.5.3。番茄早疫病菌孢子液和链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂喷洒间隔时间为3 d,根据其先后顺序不同,分为链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂对番茄早疫病的预防处理(a1、b1和CK1)和治疗处理(a2、b2和CK1)。结果如图4所示,ZH-356可湿性粉剂处理组相较于基质和番茄早疫病处理组,番茄苗叶片的病斑显著减少(图4A),用链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂进行预防处理的番茄苗病情指数也显著低于基质处理组和不喷施可湿性粉剂的对照组(图4B)。先接种番茄早疫病菌再施用可湿性粉剂进行治疗处理,发现喷施链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂进行治疗后相较于喷施可湿性粉剂基质和不喷施可湿性粉剂的对照组,番茄苗叶片的病斑显著减少(图4A),用链霉菌ZH-356可湿性粉剂进行治疗处理的番茄苗病情指数也显著低于基质处理组和不喷施可湿性粉剂的对照组(图4B)。相较于a3、b3和CK2组,其他接种番茄早疫病菌的处理组均显示出病害病症,说明该病害病症是由接种的番茄早疫病菌引起的(图4)。综上所述,表明由链霉菌ZH-356制成的可湿性粉剂对番茄早疫病有良好的预防与治疗效果。另外,由于a1预防处理组的病情指数明显低于a2治疗处理组的病情指数,表明由链霉菌ZH-356制成的可湿性粉剂对番茄早疫病预防作用比治疗作用效果更好。
2022-2023年,连续2年在陕西省延安市安塞区高桥镇南沟村的山地苹果园中开展链霉菌ZH-356液体菌剂的田间试验。2022年,对苹果树刮除发病处树皮后,分别涂抹链霉菌ZH-356胶水菌剂、甲基硫菌灵糊剂或不作处理,发现施用链霉菌ZH-356胶水菌剂后的苹果树腐烂病复发率显著低于施用甲基硫菌灵糊剂和无处理组(图5A)。然而在处理7个月后,3个处理组所形成的愈伤组织宽度无明显差异(图5B)。综上所述,由链霉菌ZH-356制成的胶水菌剂对苹果树腐烂病的防治效果明显优于甲基硫菌灵糊剂。
2023年,设置苹果树在刮除发病处的树皮后分别涂抹骨胶菌剂、甲基硫菌灵糊剂和无处理,以及在不刮除发病处树皮的情况下分别涂抹骨胶菌剂、甲基硫菌灵糊剂和无处理等6种不同处理。结果如图6所示,刮除发病处树皮再涂抹链霉菌ZH-356骨胶菌剂后的苹果树腐烂病复发率显著低于涂抹甲基硫菌灵糊剂和无处理组(图6A)。相比之下,不刮除发病处的树皮分别直接涂抹链霉菌ZH-356骨胶菌剂、甲基硫菌灵糊剂和无处理,结果不同处理之间的苹果树腐烂病复发率无显著差异,且它们都迅速复发,处理3个月后复发率均达到100% (图6B),但是与甲基硫菌灵糊剂处理组类似,涂抹链霉菌ZH-356骨胶菌剂的病情指数显著低于无处理组(图6C),说明在不刮除发病处树皮的情况下,尽管链霉菌ZH-356骨胶菌剂不能有效遏制苹果树腐烂病的复发,但能降低其病情指数。综上所述,无论是否刮除发病处树皮,链霉菌ZH-356制成的液体菌剂对苹果树腐烂病均具有一定的防治效果,但刮除发病处树皮后的防治效果更好。
链霉菌ZH-356的基因组经过测序和组装,得到一条总长度为9 435 898 bp的线性染色体结构contig。该contig的G+C含量为70.82%,N50长度平均为9 303 bp。预测到8 432个编码基因,总长度为8 217 771 bp,平均长度为975 bp,这些编码基因占全基因组的87.09%。此外,该基因组包含69个tRNA基因、18个rRNA基因、2 026个小卫星序列和68个微卫星序列。同时,还含有81个重复序列和2 402个串联重复序列,长度范围在1-828 bp,总长度为120 175 bp,占基因组全长1.273 6%。链霉菌ZH-356的基因组测序数据已提交至国家微生物科学数据中心(https://nmdc.cn),基因组序列编号:NMDC60203801。
NR数据库(non-redundant protein database)是一个可做物种分类用的非冗余的蛋白质数据库。使用Diamond软件将链霉菌ZH-356所有蛋白的氨基酸序列在NR数据库中进行比对,并根据比对结果进行基因注释,根据注释到的物种情况,统计注释到的物种及基因数目,结果显示链霉菌ZH-356与杜米托尔山链霉菌(Streptomyces durmitorensis)的匹配度最高(登录号为NMDCX0001773)。使用TYGS在线工具对基因组进行比对及相似性分析,并构建系统发育树,基于GBDP (genome blast distance phylogeny)法得到链霉菌ZH-356与不同物种间的DNA-DNA杂交值(DNA-DNA hybridization, dDDH),结果如图7所示,链霉菌ZH-356与杜米托尔山链霉菌的亲缘关系最近。统计注释到的物种结果(登录号为NMDCX0001773),从基因组层面分析,链霉菌ZH-356不属于任何已测序的种(当满足dDDH>70时,才可认定比对的2个菌株是同一物种)。综上所述,链霉菌ZH-356是一个之前未被测序的链霉菌新种。
利用antiSMASH程序(version 4.0.2)对链霉菌ZH-356基因组进行次级代谢产物合成基因簇的预测,共鉴定出32个次级代谢产物合成基因簇。其中,以编码萜类(terpene)、聚酮类(PKS)和非核糖体多肽类(NRPS)的合成基因簇为主要类型,共计17个,占基因组的53.13%。其余15个基因簇主要参与核糖体合成和翻译后修饰、羊毛硫肽类化合物、氧化还原辅因子、吲哚、依克多因、丁内酯、黑色素、铁载体、套索肽等物质的生物合成(登录号为NMDCX0001773)。本课题组前期研究发现链霉菌ZH-356在高氏一号液体培养基和M1液体培养基中均能产生黑色素[35],这与基因组信息相吻合,提示该黑色素的生物合成基因簇可能为ZH_356_GM005052-ZH_356_GM005063。
按照1.5.1制备实验组(A)和对照组(con) (图8),每组各有3个独立样本,共6个样品进行质量检测,并使用fastp软件进行样品质量控制,2组样品的raw Q30和clean Q30所占百分比均在超过93%,表明样品数据可以用于后续的实验数据分析。
采用上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司自主研发的流程,对不同基因集(gene-set)中的基因进行KEGG PATHWAY富集分析,以P<0.05为阈值,筛选基因集中显著富集的KEGG通路。与对照组相比,实验组差异基因富集数量较多的通路包括双组分系统(two-component system)、丙酮酸代谢(pyruvate metabolism)、泛酸和CoA生物合成(pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis)以及脂肪酸生物合成(fatty acid biosynthesis)途径;其中上调基因主要富集在双组分系统、嘌呤代谢(purine metabolism)、丙酮酸代谢、磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway)和三羧酸循环(TCA cycle)中;实验组中其他次级代谢物生物合成途径的上调基因在硫代葡萄糖苷生物合成(glucosinolate biosynthesis)途径和各种抗生素的生物合成(biosynthesis of various antibiotics) 中的富集程度较高(登录号为NMDCX0001773)。说明与苹果树腐烂病菌对峙期间,链霉菌ZH-356能够激活双组分系统感应机制,并合成各种抗生素等活性物质作出反击。
为了鉴定链霉菌ZH-356中的参与其抗植物病原真菌的次级代谢物生物合成基因簇,通过转录组分析比较了实验组(A)和对照组(con)中次级代谢物生物合成基因簇的表达变化情况。与对照组(con)相比,上调表达基因数目不超过2个的次级代谢物生物合成基因簇在本研究中被认定为未被激活的基因簇(登录号为NMDCX0001773)。排除这些基因簇后,只有3个基因簇在实验组(A)中的表达显著上调,分别为编码合成terpene、T3PKS和NRPS/T1PKS的基因簇。其中编码合成terpene的基因簇ZH_356_GM006641-ZH_356_GM006664中,ZH_356_GM006650、ZH_356_GM006651、ZH_356_GM006654、ZH_356_GM006655、ZH_356_GM006656、ZH_356_ GM006657和ZH_356_GM006663等7个基因的表达均显著上调。同源比对发现,该基因簇与杜米托尔山链霉菌(Streptomyces durmitorensis) MS405菌株中的M4V62_07560-M4V62_07630基因簇同源,该基因簇负责细菌藿多醇(bacteriohopanepolyols, BHPs)的生物合成。细菌藿多醇是一种五环三萜类化合物,主要存在于原核生物中,具有促进细胞膜通透性和稳定性的作用[41]。然而,目前尚未见文献报道该次级代谢物具有抗植物病原真菌的活性。编码合成T3PKS的基因簇ZH_356_GM007118-ZH_356_GM007159中,ZH_356_GM007118、ZH_356_GM007119、ZH_356_GM007132和ZH_356_GM007150等4个基因的表达均显著上调。同源比对发现,这4个上调的基因分别与杜米托尔山链霉菌(Streptomycesdurmitorensis) MS405菌株中的M4V62_03890、M4V62_04755、M4V62_04815和M4V62_04820等基因同源,分别编码天冬酰胺合成酶、假定的膜蛋白、TetR/AcrR家族转录调节因子和ABC转运蛋白透性酶。然而,这些基因的功能尚不清楚,且均不属于次级代谢产物的核心生物合成基因。NRPS/T1PKS基因簇ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422中,ZH_356_GM000344、ZH_356_GM000355、ZH_356_GM000409、ZH_356_ GM000410、ZH_356_GM000411、ZH_356_GM000413、ZH_356_ GM000414和ZH_356_GM000422等8个基因的表达显著上调。同源比对发现,该基因簇与杜米托尔山链霉菌(Streptomycesdurmitorensis) MS405菌株中的M4V62_39310-M4V62_40270基因簇同源。尽管该基因簇的功能尚未明确,但上调表达的基因中包含了编码Ⅰ型聚酮合酶的核心生物合成基因ZH_356_GM000409。因此,推测NRPS/T1PKS基因簇ZH_356_GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422可能是链霉菌ZH-356中参与抗植物病原真菌的活性物质的生物合成基因簇,而ZH_356_GM000409可能是该活性物质的核心生物合成基因。
本研究通过GFP荧光标记的植物定殖分析,发现链霉菌ZH-356能够在番茄苗和小麦苗中稳定定殖。基于ZH-356制备的种子包衣剂在不影响番茄种子发芽率的前提下,可有效保护番茄苗免受番茄早疫病菌的侵染。ZH-356可湿性粉剂对番茄早疫病具有良好的预防和治疗效果,且预防效果优于治疗效果。ZH-356液体菌剂,无论是否刮除发病处树皮,均对苹果树腐烂病具有一定的防治效果,但刮除病斑树皮后的防治效果更好,且优于甲基硫菌灵糊剂。这些结果表明,链霉菌ZH-356具有良好的环境适应性和卓越的生物防治潜力。为进一步探究ZH-356的生防作用机制,本研究结合基因组学和转录组学分析,发现该生防菌不属于任何已测序的链霉菌种类;预测其含有32个以PKS和NRPS为主的次级代谢产物合成基因簇;通过转录组学分析,推测NRPS/T1PKS基因簇ZH_356_ GM000343-ZH_356_GM000422可能是链霉菌ZH-356中参与抗植物病原真菌的活性物质的生物合成基因簇,其中ZH_356_GM000409可能是该活性物质的核心生物合成基因。这些发现为链霉菌ZH-356的产业化应用和拮抗植物病原真菌的机制研究奠定了基础。
在植物与微生物互作的研究中,链霉菌作为一种重要的植物内生菌,因其多功能性而备受关注。生防链霉菌在植物体内定殖后可通过竞争、拮抗等多种方式抑制病原菌。例如,刘琴等[42]发现娄彻氏链霉菌SR-1102定殖于番茄根系后,通过竞争生存环境及拮抗真菌作用改变根系微生物群落,抑制土壤中真菌的增殖,从而防治番茄枯萎病。相比之下,由于田间环境复杂,许多生防链霉菌因无法有效定殖而失去应用价值[43]。王素芳等[44]研究发现,田间土壤温湿度过高会抑制生防链霉菌S506的定殖能力,从而降低其生防效果。同样地,生防链霉菌在植物中的长期有效定殖是其能否稳定、持久发挥生防效果的重要指标[45]。虽然本研究的链霉菌ZH-356能够在植物体内定殖并防治植物真菌病害,但其定殖过程是否影响植物根际和内生微生物群落的组成,以及田间复杂环境对其定殖效果的影响,均有待进一步深入研究。此外,部分生防链霉菌在帮助植物发挥抗病作用的同时还表现出对植物的促生作用。例如,赵娟等[46]研究发现3株具有广谱拮抗特性的链霉菌可促进甜瓜种子的胚根、胚轴生长,提高种子活力,并增强甜瓜幼苗的酚氧化酶活性。刘玉涛等[47]研究发现娄彻氏链霉菌D74种子包衣剂可加快小麦幼穗分化,促进小麦各时期的鲜重和干重增加,提高硝酸还原酶活性和光合速率。本研究中,链霉菌ZH-356种子包衣剂处理后的番茄幼苗长势明显优于基质处理和无处理组,表明其可能对植物具有促生作用,但由于本研究缺乏未侵染病原菌的对照实验,因此无法确定该作用。因此,链霉菌ZH-356对植物的潜在促生作用有待于后续进一步研究确认。
对于苹果树腐烂病的防治,链霉菌ZH-356菌剂在田间已展现出一定效果。为确保其疗效,刮除病斑上的树皮成为一项关键且不可或缺的步骤。然而,刮除病斑再抹药的施药方式人工成本较高,难以实现降本增效的目标。因此,后续还需对ZH-356菌剂配方进行改良,旨在不刮除病斑的情况下也能有效防治苹果树腐烂病。例如,可以探索内吸型制剂的应用,通过提高与植物靶标部位接触机会从而提高药剂的利用率,在与植物接触过程中利用渗透作用进入植物体内并随水分循环达到植物各部分发挥防治作用[48]。一些植物所需的营养物质(如甘氨酸、葡萄糖和吲哚乙酸等)可以增强药剂的导向性,是目前提升农药内吸性的手段之一[48-50]。通过添加这些营养物质能否提升ZH-356菌剂的内吸性仍需深入研究。另外,采取树干内部给药的方式,如将菌剂通过注射器或喷雾器直接注入树木的主干、枝干或树干内的注射法给药,在树干上打孔,通过输液装置将菌剂注入树体内的输液法给药等也是ZH-356菌剂防治苹果树腐烂病需要刮树皮这一问题的解决办法之一。
本研究对链霉菌ZH-356的基因组进行分析,结果显示其拥有32个以PKS和NRPS为主的次级代谢产物合成基因簇,PKS和NPRS负责合成链霉菌的2类主要次级代谢产物,具有广泛的生物活性[51]。PKS化合物在抗菌、抗肿瘤、免疫抑制以及酶抑制等领域展现出强大活性,例如红霉素和四环素等聚酮类抗生素已广泛应用于临床和农业防治[52],而NPRS则通过其独特的合成途径形成复杂的分子结构,在抗菌活性和抗真菌活性中展现显著优势[53]。此外,antiSMASH 软件预测ZH-356还存在合成羊毛硫肽类化合物、铁载体、套索肽和黑色素等的基因簇。羊毛硫肽类化合物具有抗菌、抗肿瘤和抗病毒等活性[54],如Ⅰ型羊毛硫肽类化合物actagardine可与合成细胞壁的前体lipidⅡ结合,阻断细胞壁合成,从而对革兰氏阳性细菌产生抗菌作用[55];Ⅲ型羊毛硫肽类化合物avermipeptin B对革兰氏阴性细菌表现出强抑制活性[56]。铁载体对微生物的铁摄取至关重要,生防菌通过铁载体竞争环境中的铁元素供给自身营养,同时,也可与病原菌竞争铁元素从而达到防治病原菌的作用[57]。套索肽作为多肽类天然产物,部分套索肽已显示出对病原菌的广谱抗菌性[58],例如链霉菌NRRL F5369产生的Ⅰ类套索肽arcumycin具有抑制革兰氏阳性细菌的生物活性[59]。这些结果暗示链霉菌ZH-356除了能拮抗植物病原真菌外,可能还具有抗细菌的功能。黑色素具有防止蛋白质降解、光子屏蔽和化学保护等作用,特别是对紫外线和辐射具有强抵抗性,从而可增强生防菌在高紫外线环境下的生存能力[35]。无论是前期的发酵实验[35],还是本研究的基因组分析结果都证实链霉菌ZH-356能产生黑色素。因此,它是一株兼具生防和产黑色素特性的生防菌,暗示基于该菌制备的生防菌剂在大田使用时将具有强的环境适应性。
将生防菌开发成微生物制剂并应用于田间环境,以发挥对农业中植物病害的防治作用,是开发生防菌的最终目的。例如,Kemira公司、赫尔辛基大学和芬兰农业研究中心合作研发的商品化生物杀真菌剂MYCOSTOP®,是由从苔藓中分离出的灰绿链霉菌的孢子和菌丝制成的一种生物杀菌剂,对由土壤传播的植物病原真菌,特别是镰孢菌属具有良好的抑制作用,其活菌菌剂可用于防治许多蔬菜和观赏性植物的病害[60]。我国农科院研发的 “5406” 菌肥,是由细黄链霉菌制成,不仅能抑制多种植物病原真菌的生长,还具有解钾、解磷、保苗和增产的作用,并且能够分泌对植物有促生作用的激素[61]。然而目前由链霉菌制成的生防活菌菌剂的商业化应用依然较少。一方面,链霉菌生长周期慢、发酵时间长、培养条件要求严格,且培养成本较其他细菌和真菌更高[29];另一方面,链霉菌在应用中对生存环境要求高,适应外界条件能力弱,作为外来菌株难以迅速定殖在植物体内[30-31]。本研究表明链霉菌ZH-356可以长期有效地定殖在植物体内,其培养条件要求不高,发酵周期短,培养成本低,并且分泌的抑菌活性物质在不同温度和酸碱度环境中具有高度稳定性[35]。同时,它还能分泌黑色素以应对外界环境中的紫外线。在盆栽环境和田间环境中,链霉菌ZH-356对植物真菌性病害已显示出显著的防治效果。因此,链霉菌ZH-356在植物病害防治方面具有广阔的商业化应用前景。
综上所述,链霉菌ZH-356具有很强的植物病害生防作用。深入解析其作用机制将为可持续农业的发展提供重要理论依据。进一步研究链霉菌ZH-356次级代谢产物的合成机制及其环境适应性,有望揭示其拮抗活性背后的深层次调控网络。这不仅有助于理解链霉菌在生态系统中的复杂行为,还能指导其生防制剂的优化开发。同时,在此基础上未来可通过基因编辑技术或合成生物学手段重构链霉菌ZH-356的次级代谢途径,以提高其目标代谢产物的产量、活性或环境适应性。另外,将链霉菌ZH-356与其他不同的生防菌株及其代谢产物组合使用,或在不同农业环境中合理施用,也不失为一种综合防治植物病害的新策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32070103)
  • 作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室开放课题(SKLCSRHPKF12)
  • 陕西省 “特支计划” 区域发展人才项目(2020-44)
  • 陕西省普通高等学校青年杰出人才支持计划(2018-111)
  • 陕西高校青年创新团队(2022-943)
  • 陕西省 “两链” 融合重点专项(2023LLRH-01)
  • 延安市科技计划(2024-JBZ-001)
  • 延安大学科研计划(2023HBZ-001)
  • 延安大学科研计划(2023CGZH-007)
  • 陕西省大学生创新创业训练项目(S202310719112)
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2025年第65卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240769
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
  • 录用日期:2024-12-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070103)
国家自然科学基金(32070103)
Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-efficiency Production(SKLCSRHPKF12)
作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室开放课题(SKLCSRHPKF12)
Regional Development Talent Project of the “Special Support Plan” of Shaanxi Province(2020-44)
陕西省 “特支计划” 区域发展人才项目(2020-44)
Outstanding Young Talent Support Plan of the Higher Education Institutions of Shaanxi Province(2018-111)
陕西省普通高等学校青年杰出人才支持计划(2018-111)
Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities(2022-943)
陕西高校青年创新团队(2022-943)
“Two Chains” Integration Key Project of Shaanxi Province(2023LLRH-01)
陕西省 “两链” 融合重点专项(2023LLRH-01)
Yan’an Science and Technology Plan(2024-JBZ-001)
延安市科技计划(2024-JBZ-001)
Research Project of Yan’an University(2023HBZ-001)
延安大学科研计划(2023HBZ-001)
Research Project of Yan’an University(2023CGZH-007)
延安大学科研计划(2023CGZH-007)
Shaanxi University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(S202310719112)
陕西省大学生创新创业训练项目(S202310719112)
作者信息
    1 延安大学 生命科学学院,陕西省黄土高原资源植物研究与利用重点实验室,陕西 延安
    2 延安柯龙尼生物科技有限公司,陕西 延安
    3 西北农林科技大学,作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室,陕西 杨凌

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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