Article(id=1228017373475696958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1228017371202388759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240640, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729008000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1733155200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-03, onlineDate=1770711757295, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1741017600000, pubDateStr=2025-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711757295, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711757295, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711757295, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228017371202388759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='3', pageStart='871', pageEnd='1336', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711756754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770719134572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228048316089434941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1228017371202388759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228048316093629246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1228017371202388759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=916, endPage=938, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228017375509934424, articleId=1228017373475696958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in shikimic acid biosynthesis, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Shikimic acid (SA) is an important natural compound with many biological activities, including antiviral, antithrombotic, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties. Due to its diverse applications in medicine, cosmetics, food, and agriculture, SA is considered a highly promising biomolecule. As a precursor of aromatic compounds, SA plays a crucial role in various metabolic pathways within organisms. Traditional methods for producing SA mainly rely on plant extraction (such as star anise) or chemical synthesis. However, these approaches face challenges such a high costs, low efficiency, and environmental concerns. With the ongoing advancements in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, the production of SA through metabolic engineering has emerged as a focal point of research, offering a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative. This paper reviews the applications and production methods of SA, with a particular emphasis on recent progress and optimization strategies in its biosynthesis.

, correspAuthors=Jianzhong HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*Tel: +86-591-22868212; E-mail:
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莽草酸(shikimic acid, SA)是一种重要的天然化合物,在生物体内具有抗病毒、抗血栓、镇痛、抑菌、抑制恶性肿瘤等多重功能,广泛应用于医药、化妆品、食品和农业等领域,因此被视为是极具潜力的生物分子。作为芳香族化合物的前体,莽草酸在生物体内的代谢途径中起着重要作用。传统的莽草酸生产方式主要依赖于从植物(如八角茴香)中提取或通过化学合成,这些方法不仅成本高、效率低,还对环境造成负担。随着合成生物学和代谢工程技术的不断进步,利用生物代谢工程技术生产莽草酸因其更高的可持续性和经济性,逐渐成为研究热点。本文综述了莽草酸的应用领域及其生产方法,并重点阐述了其生物合成的研究进展与优化策略。

, correspAuthors=黄建忠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=nX1Je6sj4blxwSxHCx1z3g==, magXml=Fj62S/Ryfj0k/beA9KVVEg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CoOHo/Bzho2D0LhDWoXlMg==, pdfFileSize=4952756, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ma7O950QCh3xPyrOgvihlw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6hveD/W7Ooyef1VFqRei1w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

夏煌慧:负责文章总体框架的确定、数据的收集与整理,并负责论文的初稿撰写与修订工作;崔树梅:负责研究设计、数据收集;黄建忠:负责写作指导。

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Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2022, 119(11): 3230-3240., articleTitle=Engineering Escherichia coli asymmetry distribution-based synthetic consortium for shikimate production, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228267721465458955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, awardId=2022YFD1802104, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1802104), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228267721587093773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, awardId=2022YFD1802104, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1802104), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228267716583289000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228267716595871913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, companyId=1228267716583289000, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228267716604260522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, companyId=1228267716583289000, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=福建师范大学 生命科学学院,工业微生物发酵技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,工业微生物教育部工程中心,福建 福州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228267718428782820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Molecular structure of shikimic acid., figureFileSmall=Oq2RMGRTuB58L+d09bxqkg==, figureFileBig=bi7RK0JaLvjB1Rw3+krK+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267718491697383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=图1, caption=莽草酸分子结构, figureFileSmall=Oq2RMGRTuB58L+d09bxqkg==, figureFileBig=bi7RK0JaLvjB1Rw3+krK+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267718588166378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Application of shikimic acid., figureFileSmall=7ziXP+hknZPJj2wPWp5F6w==, figureFileBig=TeWU4f4vNfYzsQ1job813Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267718672052459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=图2, caption=莽草酸的应用, figureFileSmall=7ziXP+hknZPJj2wPWp5F6w==, figureFileBig=TeWU4f4vNfYzsQ1job813Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720056172781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Synthesis of oseltamivir from shikimic acid. r.t.: Room temperature., figureFileSmall=NMk4esxPsT1qQq/RblmuCg==, figureFileBig=viVl3IPIm2fQyxZyulM45w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720177807599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=图3, caption=从莽草酸合成奥司他韦的主要反应过程, figureFileSmall=NMk4esxPsT1qQq/RblmuCg==, figureFileBig=viVl3IPIm2fQyxZyulM45w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720244916465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Shikimic acid production and synthesis method., figureFileSmall=dhLAMTMkEVZcOg0bAHAC9A==, figureFileBig=8Sa++sORbfgMtcrcvFV8pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720349774066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=图4, caption=莽草酸生产合成方式, figureFileSmall=dhLAMTMkEVZcOg0bAHAC9A==, figureFileBig=8Sa++sORbfgMtcrcvFV8pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720416882932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Shikimic acid pathway. PTS: Phosphotransferase system; G6P: Glucose-6-phosphate; PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate; PPP: Pentose phosphate pathway; PYR: Pyruvate; TCA cycle: Tricarboxylic acid cycle; E4P: Erythrose 4-phosphate; DAHP: 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate; DHQ: 3-dehydroquinate acid; DHS: 3-dehydroshikimate acid; SA: Shikimic acid; S3P: Shikimate-3phosphate; EPSP: 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate; CHA: Chorismate acid; QA: Quinic acid; GA: Gallic acid; PCA: Protocatechuate; Phe: Phenylalanine; Tyr: Tyrosine; Trp: Tryptophan; Glk: Glucokinase; PykA/F: Pyruvate kinase; PpsA: Phosphoenolpyruvate synthase; AroH/AroF/AroG: 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptanoate heptaphosphate synthase; AroB: 3-dehydroquinate synthase; AroD: 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase; AroE: Shikimate dehydrogenase; AroK/AroL: Shikimate kinase; YdiB: Quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase; QsuB: 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase; qsuD: Quinic acid/shikimate dehydrogenase; AroA: 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; AroC: Chorismate synthase., figureFileSmall=Kya/8Pp4AED6tP3dW8TijQ==, figureFileBig=XXH2cWNAFYB/IUAQi+IUwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720483991798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=图5, caption=莽草酸途径。PTS:磷酸转移酶系统;G6P:葡萄糖-6-磷酸;PEP:磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸;PPP:戊糖磷酸途径;PYR:丙酮酸;TCA循环:三羧酸循环;E4P:d-赤藓糖-4-磷酸;DAHP:3-脱氧-d-庚酮糖酸-7-磷酸;DHQ:3-脱氢奎尼酸;DHS:3-脱氢莽草酸;SA:莽草酸;S3P:莽草酸-3磷酸;EPSP:5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸;CHA:分支酸;QA:奎尼酸;GA:没食子酸;PCA:原儿茶酸;Phe:苯丙氨酸;Tyr:酪氨酸;Trp:色氨酸;Glk:葡萄糖激酶;PYKA/F:丙酮酸激酶;PPSA:磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸合成酶;AroH/AroF/AroG:3-脱氧-d-阿拉伯-庚酮糖酸-7-磷酸合成酶;AroB:3-脱氢奎尼酸合成酶;AroD:3-脱氢奎尼酸脱水酶;AroE:莽草酸脱氢酶;AroK/AroL:莽草酸激酶;YdiB:奎尼酸/莽草酸脱氢酶;QsuB:3-脱氢莽草酸脱水酶;QsuD:奎尼酸/莽草酸脱氢酶;AroA:5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶;AroC:分支酸合成酶。, figureFileSmall=Kya/8Pp4AED6tP3dW8TijQ==, figureFileBig=XXH2cWNAFYB/IUAQi+IUwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720576266488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Application of synthetic biology strategies. A: Design of ShiR biosensor; B: Design of TPAS and TPRS for shikimic acid production., figureFileSmall=/pOv0F3lNadw4emLYtMXQw==, figureFileBig=gaqXZQ02Mdljl7yJOzBgiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720651763962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=图6, caption=合成生物学策略的应用。A:SHIR生物传感器的设计;B:用于莽草酸生产的TPAS和TPRS的设计。, figureFileSmall=/pOv0F3lNadw4emLYtMXQw==, figureFileBig=gaqXZQ02Mdljl7yJOzBgiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720739844348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Core keyword clustering analysis., figureFileSmall=gFze4d3p1FfaSSIovM/A0Q==, figureFileBig=USn21Nkv1duSfo8YRHr/3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720811147518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=图7, caption=核心关键词聚类分析, figureFileSmall=gFze4d3p1FfaSSIovM/A0Q==, figureFileBig=USn21Nkv1duSfo8YRHr/3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720886644991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Summary of the strategies used for construction and optimization of shikimic acid production strains., figureFileSmall=6sD8LCaqjkE1CQMRcH/sCw==, figureFileBig=bHFsH+V9/H4Z5nPEGH7S0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267720953753856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=图8, caption=莽草酸生产菌株构建与优化策略总结, figureFileSmall=6sD8LCaqjkE1CQMRcH/sCw==, figureFileBig=bHFsH+V9/H4Z5nPEGH7S0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228267721037639938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Determination of shikimic acid in different plant samples by LC-UV[41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

植物

Plant

莽草酸含量最高组织

Tissue with highest SA

莽草酸含量

SA content (%)

Illicium religiosumFruit24.05
Illicium pachyphyllumFruit16.21
Terminalia arjunaFruit15.64
Pistacia lentiscusWhole plant13.28
Ribes aureumWhole plant12.68
Symphytum officinalisLeaves12.53
Actaea pachypodaWhole plant12.21
Alangium salvifolliumRoot11.77
Gingko bilobaLeaves9.79
Viratum virideLeaves9.21
Dipsacus laciniatusLeaves8.57
Agastache urticifoliaWhole plant8.40
Inula heleniumLeaves8.35
Hypericum spp.Whole plant8.12
Commelina bengalensisStem7.33
Gymnema sylvestrisLeaves6.79
Terminalia chebulaFruit5.94
Illicium floridanumLeaves5.69
Hemidesmus indicusRoot5.42
Cistus incanusWhole plant5.39
Sida acutaWhole plant4.46
Celastrus paniculataLeaves4.14
Glycosmis muricataRoot4.11
Tanacetum partheniumLeaves & flowers3.74
Triticum aestivumLeaves3.57
Hypericum dolabriformeWhole plant3.45
Dipsacus pilosusLeaves3.29
Triadenum walteriWhole plant3.27
Hypericum flondosumWhole plant3.26
Terminalia pallidaLeaves3.06
Hemidesmus indicusWhole plant2.83
Epilobium angustifoliumWhole plant2.63
Ribes cerenumWhole plant2.23
Melisa officinalisLeaves1.75
Pueraria lobata (Kudzu)Root1.59
Myrtus communisWhole plant1.37
Tanecetum vulgareWhole plant1.21
Vaccinium ovatumLeaves1.19
Evolvulus alsinoidesWhole plant1.01
Ledum glandulosumFlowers0.96
Primual verisFlowers0.87
Dipsacus asperoidesRhizome0.70
Xerophyllum tenaxWhole plant0.67
Stevia rebaudianaLeaves0.66
Arbutus unedoWhole plant0.59
Strychnos nux vomicaLeaves0.55
Alangium salvifolliumLeaves0.55
Bacopa monnieriWhole plant0.46
Matricaria recutita-chamomillaFlowers0.38
Hibiscus sabdariffaFlowers0.30
Rudbeckia lanciniataRoot0.27
Nepeta catericaLeaves & young parts0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1228267721121526020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

通过LC-UV测定不同植物样品中的莽草酸含量[41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

植物

Plant

莽草酸含量最高组织

Tissue with highest SA

莽草酸含量

SA content (%)

Illicium religiosumFruit24.05
Illicium pachyphyllumFruit16.21
Terminalia arjunaFruit15.64
Pistacia lentiscusWhole plant13.28
Ribes aureumWhole plant12.68
Symphytum officinalisLeaves12.53
Actaea pachypodaWhole plant12.21
Alangium salvifolliumRoot11.77
Gingko bilobaLeaves9.79
Viratum virideLeaves9.21
Dipsacus laciniatusLeaves8.57
Agastache urticifoliaWhole plant8.40
Inula heleniumLeaves8.35
Hypericum spp.Whole plant8.12
Commelina bengalensisStem7.33
Gymnema sylvestrisLeaves6.79
Terminalia chebulaFruit5.94
Illicium floridanumLeaves5.69
Hemidesmus indicusRoot5.42
Cistus incanusWhole plant5.39
Sida acutaWhole plant4.46
Celastrus paniculataLeaves4.14
Glycosmis muricataRoot4.11
Tanacetum partheniumLeaves & flowers3.74
Triticum aestivumLeaves3.57
Hypericum dolabriformeWhole plant3.45
Dipsacus pilosusLeaves3.29
Triadenum walteriWhole plant3.27
Hypericum flondosumWhole plant3.26
Terminalia pallidaLeaves3.06
Hemidesmus indicusWhole plant2.83
Epilobium angustifoliumWhole plant2.63
Ribes cerenumWhole plant2.23
Melisa officinalisLeaves1.75
Pueraria lobata (Kudzu)Root1.59
Myrtus communisWhole plant1.37
Tanecetum vulgareWhole plant1.21
Vaccinium ovatumLeaves1.19
Evolvulus alsinoidesWhole plant1.01
Ledum glandulosumFlowers0.96
Primual verisFlowers0.87
Dipsacus asperoidesRhizome0.70
Xerophyllum tenaxWhole plant0.67
Stevia rebaudianaLeaves0.66
Arbutus unedoWhole plant0.59
Strychnos nux vomicaLeaves0.55
Alangium salvifolliumLeaves0.55
Bacopa monnieriWhole plant0.46
Matricaria recutita-chamomillaFlowers0.38
Hibiscus sabdariffaFlowers0.30
Rudbeckia lanciniataRoot0.27
Nepeta catericaLeaves & young parts0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1228267721201217798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of shikimic acid production by some engineered strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strains

策略

Strategy

产量

Titer (g/L)

参考文献

References

Escherichia coliDifferent glucose transport systems60.00[68]
Corynebacterium glutamicumOverexpression of IolT1 and glk141.00[72]
Escherichia coliPlasmid with aroFfbr, aroE, and tktA construction87.00[76]
Escherichia coliΔaroKΔaroL7.00[57]
Bacillus subtilisOverexpression of aroA and aroD3.20[78]
Bacillus megateriumΔaroK6.00[79]
Escherichia coliΔaroLΔptsHIcrrΔydiB; Overexpression of tktA, glk, aroE, and aroB1.85[80]
Escherichia coliΔaroKΔaroL; Overexpression of aroB, aroG, ppsA, and tktA5.33[81]
Escherichia coliΔtyrRΔptsGΔpykAΔshiAΔaroLΔaroK; Overexpression of aroB, aroD, aroG, aroF, ppsA, galP, aroE, and tktA101.00[73]
Escherichia coliOverexpression of aroFfbr, tktA, and aroE84.00[84]
Corynebacterium glutamicumOverexpression of aroG, aroB, and aroE13.10[90]
Escherichia coliOptimization of culture conditions2.66[99]
Citrobacter freundiiOptimization of culture conditions9.11[100]
Citrobacter freundiiOptimization of culture conditions16.78[101]
Citrobacter freundiiOptimization of culture conditions12.76[102]
Escherichia coliBifunctional optogenetic switch76.00[114]
Escherichia coliBiomolecular switches12.63[115]
Escherichia coliAsymmetry distribution-based synthetic consortium (ADSC)82.50[116]
), ArticleFig(id=1228267721264132360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017373475696958, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

已报道的部分莽草酸生产菌情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strains

策略

Strategy

产量

Titer (g/L)

参考文献

References

Escherichia coliDifferent glucose transport systems60.00[68]
Corynebacterium glutamicumOverexpression of IolT1 and glk141.00[72]
Escherichia coliPlasmid with aroFfbr, aroE, and tktA construction87.00[76]
Escherichia coliΔaroKΔaroL7.00[57]
Bacillus subtilisOverexpression of aroA and aroD3.20[78]
Bacillus megateriumΔaroK6.00[79]
Escherichia coliΔaroLΔptsHIcrrΔydiB; Overexpression of tktA, glk, aroE, and aroB1.85[80]
Escherichia coliΔaroKΔaroL; Overexpression of aroB, aroG, ppsA, and tktA5.33[81]
Escherichia coliΔtyrRΔptsGΔpykAΔshiAΔaroLΔaroK; Overexpression of aroB, aroD, aroG, aroF, ppsA, galP, aroE, and tktA101.00[73]
Escherichia coliOverexpression of aroFfbr, tktA, and aroE84.00[84]
Corynebacterium glutamicumOverexpression of aroG, aroB, and aroE13.10[90]
Escherichia coliOptimization of culture conditions2.66[99]
Citrobacter freundiiOptimization of culture conditions9.11[100]
Citrobacter freundiiOptimization of culture conditions16.78[101]
Citrobacter freundiiOptimization of culture conditions12.76[102]
Escherichia coliBifunctional optogenetic switch76.00[114]
Escherichia coliBiomolecular switches12.63[115]
Escherichia coliAsymmetry distribution-based synthetic consortium (ADSC)82.50[116]
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莽草酸的生物合成研究进展
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夏煌慧 , 崔树梅 , 黄建忠 *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(3): 916-938
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(3): 916-938
莽草酸的生物合成研究进展
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夏煌慧, 崔树梅, 黄建忠*
作者信息
  • 福建师范大学 生命科学学院,工业微生物发酵技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,工业微生物教育部工程中心,福建 福州
Research progress in shikimic acid biosynthesis
Huanghui XIA, Shumei CUI, Jianzhong HUANG*
Affiliations
  • Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2025-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240640
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莽草酸(shikimic acid, SA)是一种重要的天然化合物,在生物体内具有抗病毒、抗血栓、镇痛、抑菌、抑制恶性肿瘤等多重功能,广泛应用于医药、化妆品、食品和农业等领域,因此被视为是极具潜力的生物分子。作为芳香族化合物的前体,莽草酸在生物体内的代谢途径中起着重要作用。传统的莽草酸生产方式主要依赖于从植物(如八角茴香)中提取或通过化学合成,这些方法不仅成本高、效率低,还对环境造成负担。随着合成生物学和代谢工程技术的不断进步,利用生物代谢工程技术生产莽草酸因其更高的可持续性和经济性,逐渐成为研究热点。本文综述了莽草酸的应用领域及其生产方法,并重点阐述了其生物合成的研究进展与优化策略。

莽草酸途径  /  莽草酸  /  生物合成  /  生产策略  /  文献信息学

Shikimic acid (SA) is an important natural compound with many biological activities, including antiviral, antithrombotic, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties. Due to its diverse applications in medicine, cosmetics, food, and agriculture, SA is considered a highly promising biomolecule. As a precursor of aromatic compounds, SA plays a crucial role in various metabolic pathways within organisms. Traditional methods for producing SA mainly rely on plant extraction (such as star anise) or chemical synthesis. However, these approaches face challenges such a high costs, low efficiency, and environmental concerns. With the ongoing advancements in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, the production of SA through metabolic engineering has emerged as a focal point of research, offering a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative. This paper reviews the applications and production methods of SA, with a particular emphasis on recent progress and optimization strategies in its biosynthesis.

shikimic acid pathway  /  shikimic acid  /  biosynthesis  /  production strategies  /  literature informatics
夏煌慧, 崔树梅, 黄建忠. 莽草酸的生物合成研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (3) : 916 -938 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240640
Huanghui XIA, Shumei CUI, Jianzhong HUANG. Research progress in shikimic acid biosynthesis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (3) : 916 -938 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240640
莽草酸(shikimic acid, SA),即3,4,5-三羟基-1-环己烯-1-甲酸(图1),是一种易溶于水的白色晶体粉末,分子式为C7H10O5,分子量为174.15 g/mol。莽草酸在水中的溶解度为180 g/L (20 ℃),在无水乙醇中的溶解度为22.5 g/L,在无水乙醚中的溶解度为0.15 g/L,且不溶于氯仿、苯和石油醚。通常,莽草酸的市场价格为40美元/kg,但全球猪流感疫情的暴发,导致其价格飙升至400-500美元/kg[1-2]。传统上,莽草酸主要通过从八角(Illicium vernum)或日本莽草(Illicium anisatum)的成熟果实中提取获得。
莽草酸是一种重要的有机酸,在生物医学、食品营养补充、化学工业生产、化妆品生产以及农业植物生长调节等多个领域展现出广泛的应用价值(图2)。作为众多生物合成途径的中间产物,莽草酸参与芳香族氨基酸(如酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸和色氨酸)的合成,这些氨基酸在生物体内发挥着关键作用,对细胞生长、代谢调节和神经传递[3]等功能至关重要。同时,莽草酸被认为有助于促进心血管健康和增强免疫功能[4],因此在功能性食品和营养补充剂的开发中具有潜在应用前景。值得一提的是,莽草酸因其抗病毒特性而受到广泛关注,特别是在抗流感药物如磷酸奥司他韦(抗病毒药物达菲®)中的应用,具有极大的药物开发价值[5]。在化学工业中,莽草酸作为高分子材料合成的基础材料,具有广阔的市场和多种工业应用的潜力[6]。此外,莽草酸能够增强植物的抗逆境能力,促进生长和开花,在植物代谢过程中发挥重要作用,因此在农业中可作为天然植物生长调节剂使用[7]
莽草酸途径是细菌、高等植物、真菌和顶复门寄生虫中芳香氨基酸和其他代谢物生物合成的常见途径,但哺乳动物中不存在此途径[8]。作为植物和微生物的重要代谢产物,近年来有学者探索从北美枫香果实和松针中提取莽草酸的方法[9]。这些传统提取方式虽在一定程度上有效,但常面临产量低、成本高以及对环境影响大的挑战[10]。生物合成技术利用微生物和植物细胞的代谢途径,能够在低成本且环境友好的条件下实现目的产物的高效生产[11]。例如,研究者们利用基因工程改造微生物,使其在特定条件下能够高效合成莽草酸[12-13];此外,通过代谢通量分析与合成生物学策略的应用,进一步优化了莽草酸的生物合成途径,从而显著提高了其产量[14]。本文综述莽草酸的生物合成研究进展,重点分析其生物合成途径及优化策略,旨在为莽草酸的生产和应用提供新思路与视角,进而推动其在医药、农业和食品等领域的广泛应用。
莽草酸在生物医药领域的应用至关重要,它在抗病毒、抗血栓、镇痛、抑菌、抑制恶性肿瘤等方面展现出显著的治疗潜力(图2)。作为芳香族氨基酸(如l-Phe、l-Tyr和l-Trp)合成过程中的关键中间体,莽草酸不仅被用于生物可再生芳族化合物的合成,还在医药领域特别是抗病毒药物合成中发挥着重要作用[15]。在抗流感药物磷酸奥司他韦(oseltamivir,商品名Tamiflu)的合成中,莽草酸扮演着至关重要的角色[16]。磷酸奥司他韦是一种高效的抗病毒药物,能有效抑制季节性流感病毒A型和B型、禽流感病毒H5N1和人流感病毒H1N1的表面蛋白神经氨酸酶(NA)活性,莽草酸作为磷酸奥司他韦化学合成的重要底物,其从不同来源的生产方法引起了广泛关注[17-20]。然而,当前的方法存在合成路线冗长、总产率相对较低等问题。Nie等[21]报道了一种优化的磷酸奥司他韦合成方法(图3),通过8步反应,总收率达到47%。
动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)是心血管系统疾病中比较常见的一种疾病。莽草酸通过影响花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid, ARA)的代谢来抑制血小板的聚集,以及动静脉血栓及脑血栓的形成[4]。黄晓婷等[22]的研究表明,莽草酸能显著降低AS大鼠血清丙二醛水平,提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)的活性,显著下调AS大鼠主动脉弓sPLA2-ⅡA mRNA的表达,从而改善AS大鼠的炎症状态。Ma等[23]的研究表明,莽草酸可减轻大脑中动脉血栓形成的局灶性脑缺血损伤。
Quiñones等[24]通过莽草酸衍生物与多种萘醌的Diels-Alder反应,结合体外细胞活性测定,评估了这些新合成化合物与已有的5种血管环磷酰胺类药物在前列腺癌PC-3、结肠癌HT-29及乳腺癌MCF-7细胞中的抑制效果,成功合成了9种新型抑制剂,适合用于开发新的抗肿瘤先导药物。
莽草酸还具有一定的镇痛效果。在对小鼠的研究中,注射从八角提取的莽草酸稀释液后,小鼠在刺激条件下的疼痛阈值提高,扭体反应次数显著减少[25]。这一发现为莽草酸在镇痛领域的应用提供了实证支持,暗示其可能通过调节神经机制或抑制炎症来发挥作用,为开发新型镇痛药物提供了研究基础。
在食品保健领域,莽草酸在糖尿病治疗中展现出重要作用。Al-Malki[26]的研究表明,莽草酸不仅能降低葡萄糖和糖基化血红蛋白水平,还能减少葡萄糖衍生的晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)的形成。
Aldesuquy等[27]的研究表明,施用莽草酸能增加植物的鲜重、干重、株高、根长、单株豆荚数、种子数、豆荚长度等生长指标,同时促进光合色素(如叶绿素a和b)以及类胡萝卜素的产生。此外,莽草酸不仅能加速植物的转相和开花过程,还能增加黄酮类化合物、酚酸类化合物等酚类物质的合成[28]
Sinerga公司探讨了莽草酸在化妆品中的应用,并以Verochic作为莽草酸的代名词进行商业化推广[29]。Verochic特别适用于滚珠、喷雾和乳霜等配方中的除臭剂,它具有独特的抗酶活性,能抑制甘油三酯分解为游离脂肪酸,从而作为皮脂控制剂,减少和控制体味,提供除臭效果;此外,Verochic还能调节皮肤的角化过度,减少表皮外层的厚度,并展现抗菌性能;同时,因其抗菌和去角质特性,它也可用于抗痤疮的霜剂和乳液中,以控制毛囊角化过度和细菌增殖[30]。紫外线辐射是皮肤光老化的主要因素之一,长期暴露于紫外线会导致皮肤细胞、纤维组织和血管发生退行性变化[31-32]。Martínez-Gutiérrez等[33]揭示了阻止细胞衰老的莽草酸/SIRT1信号通路,证明莽草酸可以通过激活NAD+依赖性去乙酰化酶SIRT1来保护皮肤细胞免受紫外线诱导的细胞老化,莽草酸在化妆品制剂中的建议浓度范围为1%-5%,浓度为5%的莽草酸溶液(pH 3.0)具有与50%乙醇酸相似的去角质效果。Ciancaglio等[34]评估了含有3%莽草酸溶液的皮肤化妆品制剂的抗氧化活性及临床功效,结果表明莽草酸可用于去除角质和改善皮肤微细纹的皮肤化妆品中。此外,莽草酸还具有抗菌、抗炎、刺激毛发生长、抗衰老的特性[35],因此可用作治疗脱发产品的原料。
目前,莽草酸的分析方法主要有分光光度法(spectrophotometry, STR)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和毛细管电泳法(capillary electrophoresis, EC)。使用分光光度计测量莽草酸的含量,具有方法简单、检测快捷、耗时短、成本低等优点[36]。HPLC是一种广泛应用的分离与检测技术,具有快速、灵敏度高和效率高等优点。在检测过程中,有机酸的洗脱顺序为酒石酸<奎尼酸<琥珀酸<羟基柠檬酸<苹果酸<异柠檬酸<莽草酸<抗坏血酸<富马酸<柠檬酸,其浓度与检测到的峰面积呈正相关关系,因此HPLC可用于莽草酸的定量和定性分析。毛细管电泳法是一种高效的分离技术,广泛应用于化学、药学、生物学等领域。Mardones等[37]开发了2种用于测定智利红酒中莽草酸的毛细管电泳方法,2种电泳方法均采用三甲基(十四烷基)溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, TTAB)诱导的反向电渗流,使用对氨基苯甲酸作为紫外吸收共离子在260 nm处进行间接检测或在213 nm处进行直接检测,可有效定量莽草酸。
莽草酸的工业生产方式如图4所示,主要包括植物提取法、化学合成法和微生物发酵法。这3种生产方式各有优劣,选择合适的方法通常取决于多个因素,包括生产规模、成本、产品质量以及环保要求。
植物提取法是从天然植物中提取莽草酸的方法,常见的来源有八角茴香和日本莽草等,其他植物如北美枫香树的果实及树皮和树叶、湿地松和马尾松的松针、冷杉的茎和叶、金丝桃、雪松的树叶中也含有莽草酸[38],但不同来源的莽草酸产量有所不同。八角行业市场分析显示,我国八角主要生长在广西、四川、云南和贵州4个省份或自治区,其中广西作为主产区的产量占全球85%、全国90%,甚至占全球八角产量的80%-90%[39]。影响产量的因素包括收获时间、处理、储存、植物组织和调节植物代谢等[40]。Avula等[41]采用紫外检测液相色谱法(LC-UV)对173种植物进行甲醇提取莽草酸定量分析,发现不同植物中莽草酸的含量范围为3.27%-24.05% (表1),其中八角的果实含有最高含量的莽草酸(24.05%)。
目前,植物提取法主要包括水浸提取法[42]和有机溶剂提取法[43],一般提取步骤涵盖前处理、浸泡、提取、过滤和浓缩等阶段。虽然植物提取法能提供天然的莽草酸,但大约需要30 kg八角茴香才能生产1 kg莽草酸[44],且产量通常受限于植物的生长周期和气候条件,提取过程往往成本较高,且对环境造成一定影响。为了提高产量,常采用超声波、微波等辅助萃取技术。超声处理能增强细胞壁的通透性,更有利于胞内物质的提取[45]。刘洁等[46]对八角茴香粉末进行超声波提取莽草酸,结果提取率高达99.3%,可满足生产需要。然而,由于植物提取过程中会伴随许多杂质,从植物中获得纯莽草酸仍是一个繁琐且昂贵的过程。
化学合成法不依赖于自然资源,能够稳定生产,避免了因季节性因素等导致的原料短缺问题[47]。由于化学合成过程可以精确控制反应条件,如温度、时间和pH值,便于优化产率并获得高纯度的产品,因此该方法在工业生产中常被使用[48]。合成莽草酸的主要化学方法包括Diels-Alder反应法、逆Diels-Alder反应法、碳氢化合物转化法和奎宁酸转化法等[49]。早期研究者利用Diels-Alder反应成功制备了莽草酸,但产量极低,仅为约15%[50]。随后,通过2,3-O-异丙基亚甲基-d-核糖与烯丙基氯化镁进行一系列氧化还原反应后水解生产莽草酸的产率也仅为25%[51]。相比之下,Alves等[52]报道的以奎尼酸为原料合成莽草酸的产率最高,达到了60%。然而,在工业化生产中,莽草酸的化学合成成本受多种因素影响,包括原材料价格、反应条件、产率和所需设备等,通常化学合成需要通过多步反应实现,合成过程耗时较长且涉及不同的化学试剂和催化剂,可能对环境造成污染,进而增加成本,降低商业可行性[17]。因此,鉴于环境问题、工业安全和可再生资源的可持续利用等因素[53],全球对莽草酸生产的关注逐渐转向了对微生物发酵技术的研究[54]
鉴于莽草酸巨大的应用潜力,开发有效且环保的方法以大规模生产莽草酸显得尤为重要。随着生物技术的迅速发展,微生物发酵法在莽草酸的工业生产中逐渐展现出其独特优势。罗氏制药公司曾因植物来源的莽草酸短缺而无法满足需求,于是试图通过生物发酵途径生产莽草酸[1]。该方法利用特定微生物的代谢途径,将原料转化为莽草酸。莽草酸发酵的主要原料是葡萄糖[55],全球每年生产的葡萄糖超过3×107 t,售价约为0.39美元/kg[56]。假设莽草酸产量占葡萄糖质量的51.8%,则生物生产莽草酸的原材料成本为0.75美元/kg[57]。相比之下,微生物发酵法具有生产过程简单、产量高、对环境友好等优点,能够满足日益严格的环保要求。
莽草酸合成途径是合成莽草酸的关键路径,广泛存在于植物、真菌和细菌等非哺乳动物的细胞中[8]。其中,大肠杆菌中的莽草酸途径得到了最彻底的研究[58]。在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中,葡萄糖的运输通过磷酸转移酶系统(phosphotransferase system, PTS)完成[59]图5阐述了生物体内以葡萄糖为主要碳源进行的莽草酸途径,该途径主要与糖酵解途径(embden meyerhof parnas pathway, EMP)和磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)相关,并由7个连续的酶促反应构成。在这一过程中,生物体首先通过磷酸转移酶系统将葡萄糖从细胞外运输至细胞内,在葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase, Glk)的作用下,葡萄糖被转化为葡萄糖-6-磷酸(glucose-6-phosphate, G6P)。接下来,葡萄糖-6-磷酸分别进入EMP途径和PPP途径,生成磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP)和d-赤藓糖-4-磷酸(erythrose 4-phosphate, E4P),这2种中间产物作为莽草酸合成的起始底物[60]。在3-脱氧-d-阿拉伯-庚酮糖酸-7-磷酸合成酶(3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptanoate heptaphosphate synthase, DAHP synthase)的催化作用下,PEP和E4P合成3-脱氧-d-阿拉伯-庚酮糖酸-7-磷酸(3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate, DAHP)。随后,在3-脱氢奎尼酸合成酶(3-dehydroquinate synthase, AroB)的催化下,DAHP转化为3-脱氢奎宁酸(3-dehydroquinic acid, DHQ)。接着,DHQ在3-脱氢奎尼酸脱水酶(3-dehydroquinate dehydratase, AroD)的作用下失去一个水分子,转化为3-脱氢奎宁酸(3-dehydroquinic acid, DHS)。然后,莽草酸脱氢酶(shikimate dehydrogenase, AroE)催化反应生成莽草酸(shikimic acid, SA)。该途径的下一步是莽草酸-3-磷酸(shikimate-3phosphate, S3P)的形成,在大肠杆菌中,这一步骤由莽草酸激酶(shikimate kinase)同工酶AroL和AroK催化。随后,5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶(5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, AroA)催化莽草酸-3-磷酸转化为5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸(5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate, EPSP)。最后,分支酸合成酶(chorismate synthase, AroC)将EPSP转化为分支酸(chorismic acid, CHA),分支酸会进一步转化为芳香族氨基酸。
通路基因的适度表达对于将起始材料高效转化为最终产物至关重要。然而,过高的表达水平可能会加重宿主细胞的负担,导致不必要的蛋白质生产占用细胞资源[61-63]。过多的蛋白质合成会消耗大量细胞资源,如碳源、能量和辅助因子,这些资源本可用于核苷酸和氨基酸的合成以及RNA和多肽链的聚合。若仅生产所需量的蛋白质,节省下来的资源将被用于合成目标化合物[64]。此外,外源酶或代谢物有时对宿主细胞具有毒性,过量的毒性酶或代谢物可能导致细胞死亡或诱导适应性反应[65]。因此,合理调节通路基因的表达和中间体的积累,将其维持在适当水平,对于优化细胞资源利用和维持代谢平衡至关重要。
在大肠杆菌中,葡萄糖的吸收和磷酸化主要通过磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)完成[66]。尽管PTS具有高效的葡萄糖转运能力,但它与DAHP合成酶竞争细胞内磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)的供应。PTS催化的磷酸转移过程将葡萄糖运输入细胞质,并将葡萄糖磷酸化形成糖酵解所需的葡萄糖-6-磷酸[67]。也就是说,运输1 mol葡萄糖会消耗1 mol PEP,这将影响PEP作为合成目标代谢产物重要前体的进一步利用。为了积累PEP以提高后续代谢产物的产量,使用非PTS菌株代替PTS以增强PEP的供应,一直是菌株改造研究的重要方向。
构建磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)缺陷突变体PTS-菌株。Yi等[68]研究了大肠杆菌不同葡萄糖转运系统对磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸利用率的影响,依靠天然大肠杆菌磷酸转移酶系统进行葡萄糖转运时,48 h内合成3-脱氢莽草酸49 g/L,总产率(摩尔分数)为33%;使用异源表达的运动发酵单胞菌的葡萄糖促进系统时,48 h内合成3-脱氢莽草酸60 g/L,总产率(摩尔分数)为41%;通过引入天然大肠杆菌半乳糖通透酶(由galP编码)进行葡萄糖转运需要60 h才能合成3-脱氢莽草酸60 g/L,总产率(摩尔分数)为43%。这说明通过使大肠杆菌的磷酸转移酶系统失活,并引入来自运动发酵单胞菌(Zymomonas mobilis)的葡萄糖促进系统(由glf基因编码)和葡萄糖激酶(由glk基因编码)可以提高PEP的供应。
此外,由于细胞内E4P的合成较少,远低于PEP,因此提升E4P的合成是改造的重要策略。通过提高zwf基因和tkt A基因的表达量以增强葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD)和转酮醇酶I (transketolase I, TktA I)的表达活性,可以提高莽草酸合成底物E4P的可用性;同样地,使由pykApykF编码的丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase isozyme, Pyk)失活,或通过质粒中编码的ppsA基因促进丙酮酸转化为PEP用作下游莽草酸合成的底物。然而,Garrido-Pertierra等[69]研究表明,pykF的活性远大于pykA;al Zaid Siddiquee等[70]通过敲除pykF基因降低了大肠杆菌中丙酮酸向PEP的转化流量。
谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)是一种具有巨大潜力的底盘微生物,能够利用多种底物合成多种化学物质。这种微生物的灵活性使其在工业生物转化和合成生物化学品方面展现出广泛的应用前景[71]。Kogure等[72]为谷氨酸棒状杆菌生产莽草酸开发了一种新型有氧生长停滞细胞反应,他们将PTS灭活构建了非PTS菌株,并过表达内源性肌醇转运蛋白(inositol transporter, IolT1)和葡萄糖激酶,以葡萄糖为原料,48 h后生成141 g/L莽草酸,产率为51%,这是迄今为止报道的生物工程菌所达到的最高莽草酸产量。
3-脱氢莽草酸是莽草酸合成的前体物质,在aroE的催化下合成莽草酸。Choi等[73]敲除了对大肠杆菌中对DHS积累产生负面影响的基因,如酪氨酸依赖性转录调节因子(tyrosine-dependent transcriptional regulator, TyrR)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸磷酸转移酶(phosphotransferase System glucose-specific transporter, PtsG)和丙酮酸激酶(Pyk);此外,还过表达了参与3-脱氢莽草酸生物合成的酶,包括3-脱氢奎尼酸合成酶 (AroB)、3-脱氢奎尼酸脱水酶(AroD)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸合成酶(PpsA)、d-半乳糖转运蛋白(galactose transporter protein, GalP)和3-脱氧-D-阿拉伯-庚酮糖酸-7-磷酸合成酶(AroG, AroF),以增加葡萄糖吸收和中间体的通量。在优化培养基中生长的重新设计的3-脱氢莽草酸高产大肠杆菌菌株,在7 L补料分批发酵中生产了117 g/L的3-脱氢莽草酸,有助于后续合成莽草酸。
操纵核心基因表达是影响代谢通路中酶合成的关键手段,这种调节机制对于优化生产途径至关重要[74]。在莽草酸的生物合成过程中,不同微生物的生产表现各异,某些关键酶的基因表达上调或下调能够直接影响莽草酸的产量。代谢工程策略需根据具体微生物的代谢特性进行精准调整,以实现最佳产量[75]。具体而言,在莽草酸途径中消除限速酶DAHP合酶的反馈抑制是一项重要策略,可以通过引入额外质粒编码的aroFfbraroGfbr,或者对分别编码莽草酸激酶I和II的基因aroKaroL进行单失活或双失活来实现。同时,也可以引入莽草酸途径涉及的aroBaroDaroE这3个核心基因,以进一步优化该途径[76-77]
Escalante等[57]使用aroKaroL基因双失活的大肠杆菌以葡萄糖为底物进行分批培养,结果莽草酸的积累量达到了7 g/L。Liu等[78]的研究发现,在枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)中,莽草酸途径基因中的aroD对莽草酸积累的影响最为显著,通过过表达质粒编码的aroAaroD可使莽草酸产量达3.2 g/L,比亲本菌株增加1倍。Ghosh等[79]研究了一种经过改造的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)菌株,该菌株通过敲除编码莽草酸激酶的基因aroK来阻断莽草酸的下游芳香族生物合成路径,他们采用同源重组技术成功构建了aroK敲除突变体,在摇瓶培养实验中,该突变体的莽草酸产量达到了2.98 g/L,约为野生型菌株(0.53 g/L)的6倍;在10 L的生物反应器中进一步探究了该突变体的生长动态及莽草酸的产量,结果显示莽草酸产量上升至6 g/L,相较于野生型高出约12倍。这表明,敲除aroK基因能够显著提升莽草酸的产量。同样的观点在Chen等[80]的研究中也得到了验证,他们通过反义RNA干扰和基因缺失,使一株产莽草酸的大肠杆菌菌株DHPYA-T7中的aroK基因失活;该菌株同时删除了aroLptsHIcrrydiB基因,并过表达了tktAglkaroEaroB基因。aroK基因缺失后DHPYAAS-T7 SA的积累量增加了2.69倍,反义RNA干扰后DHPYAS-T7 SA的积累增加了1.29倍;在10 L发酵中,菌株DHPYAAS-T7中的SA积累量增加到1.85 g/L,比菌株DHPYAS-T7增加了1.5倍[80]。Lee等[81]提出了一种新颖的控制方法,旨在开发莽草酸生产菌株,而无需完全抑制芳香族氨基酸的生物合成,在大肠杆菌SK4/rpsM菌株中,通过生长阶段依赖的表达调控和基因缺失,调节了aroK基因的表达;在该菌株中,aroLaroK基因被删除,同时增强了aroBaroGppsAtktA基因的表达,SK4/rpsM中的莽草酸累积量是SK4/pLac的1.28倍;此外,该研究还在大肠杆菌中构建了一条新颖的莽草酸生产途径,结合了木本植物的脱氢奎尼酸脱水酶和莽草酸脱氢酶的表达,结果表明通过生长阶段依赖性控制aroK基因,SK5/pSK6中的莽草酸累积量达到5.33 g/L,显著提高。
吴伟斌[82]成功克隆了大肠杆菌SQH021中莽草酸上游代谢途径相关的ppsAtktAtalA基因,并将这些单基因及ppsA-talA串联基因分别引入温控表达载体pBV220和pAP*,构建了多个重组质粒;在摇瓶发酵实验中,单独表达ppsAtktAtalA基因的大肠杆菌SQH021中,莽草酸分别达到1.52、1.05和1.14 g/L,且无论是单基因表达还是串联基因表达,ppsAtktAtalA基因的相对蛋白酶活均有所增强;在大肠杆菌pAPTA的基础上引入莽草酸下游代谢关键酶基因aroA,构建重组菌大肠杆菌pAPTAA,结果显示载体上串联表达的关键酶基因的酶活性明显下降,AroA的酶活仅达到对照菌的1.9倍,串联基因的表达能力显著降低;大肠杆菌pAPTAA菌株的发酵液中莽草酸积累量降至1.01 g/L,葡萄糖转化率为20%。
莽草酸作为芳香族氨基酸途径中的生物合成中间体,优化内源途径并阻断其下游代谢过程已成为生产莽草酸的首选策略。这种方法通过调控代谢流向,使更多前体物质转化为目标产物,从而有效提升莽草酸的合成效率与产量。因此,构建莽草酸激酶失活的工程菌株成为实现高产莽草酸的重要途径之一。Lee等[83]为了阻止莽草酸进一步代谢为莽草酸-3-磷酸,在Choi等[73]构建的大肠杆菌Inha103菌株基础上,破坏了编码莽草酸激酶的aroKaroL基因,成功构建了大肠杆菌Inha 224菌株(ΔaroK、ΔaroL、ΔtyrR、ΔptsG、ΔpykA和ΔshiA,并过表达了aroBaroDaroGaroFppsAaroEgalPtktA),结果显示该菌株积累了约101 g/L的莽草酸。Chandran等[84]在大肠杆菌SP1.1 pts/pSC6.090B中构建了含有aroFfbrtktAaroE基因的质粒,优化了糖摄取途径,并阻断了莽草酸的下游代谢,最终在发酵过程中获得了84 g/L的莽草酸。然而,值得注意的是,尽管阻断分解代谢途径有助于提升莽草酸的产量,但这也意味着阻断了芳香族氨基酸的合成,可能导致细胞生长与产物积累之间的不平衡,进而引发营养缺陷。因此,在菌株发酵过程中需要添加外源性生长限制因子,如芳香族氨基酸,以维持细胞的正常生长[76,85]。此举不仅会增加生产成本,还可能对关键限速酶AroG产生反馈抑制[86]。Martínez等[87]采用建模技术预测了在复杂培养基中培养的莽草酸高产大肠杆菌菌株的代谢通量分布及生理特征,这种方法通过维持生长限制因子的浓度,有效缓解细胞生长与莽草酸积累之间的代谢失衡问题。
除了阻断莽草酸的下游途径外,阻断竞争途径也能进一步提升莽草酸的产量。在大肠杆菌中,奎尼酸(quinic acid, QA)和没食子酸(gallic acid, GA)是莽草酸合成的竞争产物[88]。在谷氨酸棒状杆菌中,奎尼酸和原儿茶酸的生成则会影响莽草酸的累积[89]。Sato等[90]通过敲除谷氨酸棒状杆菌中的莽草酸激酶、3-脱氢莽草酸脱水酶、莽草酸脱水酶和二羟基丙酮磷酸磷酸酶(dihydroxyacetone phosphate phosphatase, DHAP phosphatase)的编码基因,成功阻断了莽草酸及其前体的消耗途径,并且他们构建了整合aroGaroBaroE的谷氨酸棒状杆菌菌株,并证明由aroG编码的3-脱氧-d-阿拉伯-庚酮糖酸-7-磷酸合成酶和由aroB编码的3-脱氢奎尼酸合成酶是该菌株生产莽草酸的关键酶,在保留了其磷酸转移酶系统和丙酮酸激酶活性的条件下,该菌株能从50 g/L的葡萄糖中生产出13.1 g/L的莽草酸,葡萄糖用量为0.26 g/g。
培养条件对微生物的发酵生产具有显著影响,包括培养基成分、温度、pH值、通气量和搅拌速率等因素[91-92]。在发酵初期,碳源浓度对微生物的代谢速率具有积极作用;然而,在发酵后期,随着代谢产物的积累,过高的碳源浓度可能导致细胞产生过多代谢废物,从而抑制其生长[93]。赵现方等[94]研究了8种氮源(包括蛋白胨、牛肉膏和酵母膏等)对莽草酸生产能力的影响,发现不同氮源对莽草酸的产量具有显著影响,其中蛋白胨的促进作用最为明显。Mg2+是细胞生命活动中不可或缺的金属离子,作为激酶活性的辅助因子,在细胞生命活动及次级代谢产物的合成中发挥着重要作用[95-96]。(NH4)2SO4是大肠杆菌最易被利用的无机氮源之一,其铵根离子参与细胞的多种生命活动,对发酵过程中pH的稳定和调节具有重要影响[97]。磷酸盐的浓度则会影响大肠杆菌的比生长速率,并对糖的代谢和细胞呼吸起调节作用[98]。宗媛等[99]制定了最佳的大肠杆菌发酵培养基配方:初始葡萄糖10 g/L,酵母粉2.06 g/L,蛋白胨1.52 g/L,K2HPO4 3 g/L,KH2PO4 3.5 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 3 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.20 mmol/L,磷酸甜菜碱0.22 g/L,CaCl2·2H2O 15 mg/L,维生素B1 0.5 mg/L及,微量元素混合液1 mL/L,在pH 7.0-7.2的条件下,摇瓶发酵获得的莽草酸产量达到2.66 g/L,是优化前的2倍。
Tripathi等[100]对柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)生产莽草酸进行了连续研究,72 h初始产量为0.62 g/L 莽草酸,当培养基条件优化为葡萄糖(5.0%)、天冬酰胺(4.5%)、CaCO3 (2.0%),pH为6.0时,在10 L发酵罐中60 h共生产出9.11 g/L莽草酸,与摇瓶条件下的产率相似,与最初未优化的莽草酸产量提高了约14.69倍。除了培养基成分,不同的培养条件也对莽草酸发酵产量有显著影响。在之前研究的基础上,Rawat等[101]采用统计建模方法,通过工艺工程优化了柠檬酸杆菌GR-21 (登录号:KC466031)发酵生产莽草酸的工艺,实现了最高16.78 g/L的产量。此外,Tripathi等[102]利用Plackett-Burman设计筛选出影响莽草酸产量的最显著变量,除了葡萄糖、天冬酰胺、KH2PO4、CaCO3等培养基组成成分外,还指出搅拌速率是发酵过程中的重要因素之一;此外,他们还使用响应面法研究筛选出的最显著变量之间的相互作用,通过优化设计将莽草酸产量提高至12.76 g/L。
与化学合成相比,生物发酵法使用的原料相对简单且不含有害化学品,因此其提取物通常能够保证产品的安全性。然而,发酵液中产品含量较低仍是一个亟待解决的问题。近年来,莽草酸的提取和纯化技术取得了显著进步,不仅降低了生产成本,还提升了产品纯度。这些技术的进步增强了生物发酵法在工业中的竞争力,尤其是在食品、药品和化妆品等领域展现出更大的应用潜力。
徐柳杰[103]研究了莽草酸的分离纯化工艺,在发酵液预处理阶段,通过筛选多种絮凝剂,确定每升发酵液添加2.5 g黄血盐、2.5 g硫酸锌和0.48 g壳聚糖,可以达到最佳蛋白絮凝效果,使上清液中蛋白浓度降低至约56 mg/L;随后,使用孔径为50 nm的陶瓷膜过滤去除固体杂质,并添加60%的顶洗水提高莽草酸收率至93%,对于副产物脱氢莽草酸和奎宁酸,通过保持pH在5.5并加热至85 ℃保温4 h进行去除,经过初步脱色后,发酵液使用活性炭进行处理,最佳条件为pH调至2.5、温度60 ℃、保温30 min,此时透光值达到47.5%;后续通过717树脂进一步纯化,发现pH调至6.0时吸附效果最佳,吸附饱和时间约2 h,莽草酸吸附量为1.2 g/10 g湿树脂,解析率超过90%,最终,经过结晶处理和乙醇洗涤,得到纯度高达99.80%的莽草酸产品,结晶收率达到95%。
基于质粒的表达系统对宿主菌株进行遗传改进是一种相对简单且快速的方法,用于展现代谢表型。然而,这种方法也面临一些挑战,如由代谢负担引起的细胞生长迟缓、质粒在细胞繁殖过程中的不稳定性[104],以及有毒代谢物、蛋白质或酶包涵体的积累[105],这些因素都可能对莽草酸的产量产生负面影响。此外,使用昂贵的诱导剂和抗生素也增加了大规模发酵的成本,降低了可行性[106]。因此,有必要探索替代策略以满足工业生产的需求。合成生物学旨在开发可编程工具来执行复杂的功能,例如在工业微生物中重新分配代谢通量。动态调控策略不受基础培养基中生长因子缺乏的限制,可使细胞生长与产物生成自主分离,为莽草酸的生物合成提供了新的策略。为实现代谢流的动态调控,目前转录水平上的分子开关根据响应信号的不同可分为3类[107]:即针对环境信号的生物传感器(包括光、温度、pH、氧浓度、渗透压和微生物种群)、针对胞外化学物质的生物传感器(包括诱导型启动子、周质结合蛋白来源的传感器、趋化途径来源的传感器以及与遗传回路偶联的生物传感器等)和针对胞内化学物质和代谢物的生物传感器(包括RNA传感器、营养物质传感器和基于营养缺陷型菌株的生物传感器等)[108]
有效构建人工信号系统是合成生物学的重要目标,这些系统涉及从单一蛋白质到更复杂的通路和网络,旨在实现对整个生物体的精准调控。这些系统在分子诊断、细胞基础的生物传感器、治疗方法以及工业生物技术等多个领域中展现出广泛的应用潜力[109-110]。Rogers等[111]开发了一种无须样品制备即可实时观察产物形成的分析方法,他们利用荧光生物传感器检测细胞内目标代谢物的浓度,并通过高通量方法对单个细胞表现出的荧光强度进行排序。Liu等[112] 则结合了ShiR (一种LysR型转录调节因子)与荧光激活细胞分选(fluorescence-activated cell sorting, FACS)技术,开发出了一种SA生物传感器(图6A),ShiR能够在莽草酸存在时激活shiA的表达,而shiA被荧光蛋白报告基因eGFP所替代,荧光信号的强度直接反映了莽草酸的浓度。这种莽草酸生物传感器被广泛应用于实时监测莽草酸产量、高通量筛选莽草酸生产菌株、环境监测以及优化tktA翻译的核糖体结合位点(ribosome binding site, RBS)文库。
调节开关是一种能够在2种状态之间可逆转换的信号转导系统,允许细胞感知并响应特定信号,从而进行适当的机制改变,具有自定义输入和输出功能的定制蛋白质开关已成为报告不同生理状态和实时原位启动分子功能的宝贵研究工具[113]。动态调控策略不受基础培养基中生长因子不足而限制生长的问题制约,能够自主地将细胞生长与产物合成分离,为莽草酸的生物合成提供了一种新的策略。
光遗传学提供了一种潜在的策略来开发光诱导电路,这些电路能够有条件地控制代谢通量的重新分配以增强微生物的生产能力。Komera等[114]使用了四环素抑制蛋白(tetracycline repressor, TetR)和烟草花叶病毒蛋白酶(tobacco etch virus protease, TEVp)构建了2种光遗传学(optogenetics)系统,分别是串联感光系统(tandem photoreceptor system, TPRS)和串联光感受器激活系统(tandem photoreceptor activation system, TPAS)(图6B)。通过合并这2个系统构建了一个双功能光遗传开关,将细胞生长和莽草酸生物合成阶段分离,该菌株能够在基本培养基中从葡萄糖中生产35 g/L的莽草酸,当使用富培养基发酵时,该产量进一步提高到76 g/L。Gao等[115]借助工程病毒蛋白酶和蛋白水解信号构建了2组可控蛋白质单元,使用基于蛋白酶的动态调节来调整代谢流,实现了在无诱导剂的基本培养基中生产了12.63 g /L的莽草酸。Ding等[116]开发了一种基于不对称分布的合成联合体(asymmetry distribution-based synthetic consortium, ADSC),通过有效协调联合体水平上生长细胞和生产细胞的比例将细胞生长与莽草酸合成分离,从而将基本培养基发酵的莽草酸滴度提高到30.1 g/L,而当使用富培养基发酵时,该滴度进一步提高到82.5 g/L。
本综述对2019年1月至2024年6月期间与莽草酸合成相关的文献进行了全面检索。数据来源于中国知网数据库(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI),检索主题为 “莽草酸合成+莽草酸途径”,筛选文献类型为学术期刊、学位论文、会议论文,共得到203条检索结果,确保研究重点集中在与莽草酸合成密切相关的最新研究上。为进一步分析所获得的数据,使用了CiteSpace软件(v6.3.R1,德雷克塞尔大学,2024),该软件在学术文献趋势和热点的可视化方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
在核心关键词聚类分析中(图7),“莽草酸” 被标识为重要的研究主题,与 “代谢工程” “发酵” “生物合成”等多个关键方向密切相关。这表明莽草酸的生物合成在代谢工程中占据重要地位,尤其是通过发酵手段提高产量的研究,其中大肠杆菌作为模式生物备受关注。此外,莽草酸的生物合成还与 “代谢组学” “提取纯化”等技术紧密相连,突显出这些技术在生产研究中的重要性。近年来,利用代谢工程优化莽草酸产量已成为热门研究方向,涉及 “酶促反应” “代谢途径优化” “菌株改造” 等领域。总体来看,莽草酸生物合成领域日益受到关注,研究正朝着代谢工程、发酵优化和高效纯化的方向发展,尤其是与新兴技术如转录组学的结合,将进一步推动这一领域的进步。
莽草酸作为一种关键的芳香族代谢中间体,在植物的生物合成过程中具有重要意义。近年来,随着分子生物学与代谢工程技术的不断进步,莽草酸的合成途径及其调控机制得到了深入探讨。代谢工程和合成生物学的应用使得微生物在莽草酸及其衍生物的生产中展现出更高的效率,目前对于工程菌改造合成莽草酸已取得了一定成效(表2)。通过生物技术生产的莽草酸有望减轻现代制药业和社会对植物来源莽草酸供应日益减少和脆弱的依赖。本综述重点描述了莽草酸生物合成的优化策略(图8)。基于发酵的生产工艺已被证明是一种成功且经济高效的方式,能够满足一年四季对高产量的持续需求。然而,仍需进一步研究以开发更先进的生物过程、强效的微生物以及高效的生物反应器设计,从而提升该工艺的经济可行性。
展望未来,对莽草酸的生物合成研究仍有很大的提升空间。首先,需要进一步加强对莽草酸合成途径的代谢调控研究,以优化生产流程、提升合成效率。其次,利用合成生物学技术结合基因编辑工具(如CRISPR-Cas9),可以对代谢途径进行精确改造,为莽草酸的工业化生产开辟新的途径。此外,深入探讨莽草酸的潜在生物活性及功能特性,将为新型药物和生物农药的开发提供重要支持。总体来看,莽草酸的生物合成研究面临广阔的前景和挑战,未来的研究将推动其在生命科学与应用科学领域的进一步发展。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1802104)
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2025年第65卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240640
  • 接收时间:2024-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-16
  • 录用日期:2024-12-03
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National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1802104)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1802104)
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    福建师范大学 生命科学学院,工业微生物发酵技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,工业微生物教育部工程中心,福建 福州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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