Article(id=1228017372192239916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1228017371202388759, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240665, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1733932800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-12, onlineDate=1770711756989, onlineDateStr=2026-02-10, pubDate=1741017600000, pubDateStr=2025-03-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770711756989, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770711756989, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770711756989, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228017371202388759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='3', pageStart='871', pageEnd='1336', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770711756754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770719134572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228048316089434941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1228017371202388759, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228048316093629246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1228017371202388759, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=871, endPage=882, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228017372620058926, articleId=1228017372192239916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in the functions of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional Chinese Baijiu products can be classified into multiple flavor types such as strong-flavor, light-flavor, soy sauce-flavor, and complex-flavor types. Due to differences in fermentation raw materials, starters, fermentation vessels, fermentation processes, and geographical environments, Baijiu products of different flavor types have unique and complex pit-mud microorganisms. As one of the core microbial groups in the complex microbial community of Baijiu, lactic acid bacteria, whose metabolites lactic acid and its derivatives are important flavor substances in strong-flavor Baijiu, play an important role in the flavor and taste of Baijiu. At present, the research on lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu is scattered and not systematic enough. On the basis of our work, we review the research on the role of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu. This review encompasses the isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu by conventional microbiological methods and the in-depth understanding of the role of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu by modern microbiological research methods. Combining traditional with modern microbiological research methods to conduct systematic and in-depth research on lactic acid bacteria in strong-flavor Baijiu based on actual strains can provide references for deeply understanding the role of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing process and then strengthening or optimizing the brewing process.

, correspAuthors=Caihong SHEN, Yin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: LI Yin,
SHEN Caihong,
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中国传统白酒被分为浓香、清香、酱香以及兼香等多种香型,因其发酵原料、发酵剂、发酵容器、发酵工艺和地理环境等不同,造就了不同香型白酒独特且复杂的窖池微生物群落。乳酸菌作为酿酒复杂微生物系统的核心菌群之一,其代谢产物乳酸及其衍生物是浓香型白酒中重要的风味物质,对酒体的香气和味道具有重要作用。目前,对浓香型白酒酿造中乳酸菌的研究相对比较分散,不够系统。本文结合作者的工作,综述了浓香型白酒酿造中关于乳酸菌的研究进展,包括利用传统微生物学手段在浓香型白酒酿造过程中对乳酸菌进行分离筛选,以及利用现代微生物学研究手段深入探究乳酸菌在浓香型白酒酿造中的作用。将传统微生物学研究手段与现代微生物学研究手段结合起来,对浓香型白酒中的乳酸菌进行以菌种实物为基础的系统、深入研究,可为深入理解浓香型白酒酿造过程中乳酸菌的作用,进而强化或优化浓香型白酒酿造过程提供参考。

, correspAuthors=沈才洪, 李寅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=89LhBWjisndFgeqWoZQuvQ==, magXml=P/4Ig6a65lD3JCvSplcdUg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=EW8cF5E441vD7nywBmWjgg==, pdfFileSize=1121367, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=wpGUzUINr3Y18mUQuvK5hw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

赵秋伟:负责关于利用传统微生物学方法对乳酸菌进行研究的研究进展的文献检索与整理,以及全文撰写与修改;潘越:负责关于利用现代微生物学方法对乳酸菌进行研究的研究进展的文献检索与整理,以及相关内容撰写与修改;王松涛:负责关于浓香型白酒酿造中乳酸菌的功能研究进展的文献检索与整理,以及相关内容撰写与修改;沈才洪:负责全文指导与修改;李寅:负责全文指导与修改。

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Research progress on microbial community diversity and interaction in strong-flavor Baijiu brewing habitat[J]. China Brewing, 2023, 42(11): 15-21 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228088891509502639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017372192239916, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=53, issue=null, pageStart=102737, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=77, authorNames=ZHAO QW, ZHU HW, TONG X, BAO GH, YANG SP, WANG ST, SHEN CH, LI Y, journalName=Food Bioscience, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO QW, ZHU HW, TONG X, BAO GH, YANG SP, WANG ST, SHEN CH, LI Y. Comparative genomic analyses reveal carbohydrates-rich environment adaptability of Lentilactobacillus laojiaonis sp. nov. IM3328[J]. Food Bioscience, 2023, 53: 102737., articleTitle=Comparative genomic analyses reveal carbohydrates-rich environment adaptability of Lentilactobacillus laojiaonis sp. nov. 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Lactic acid bacteria isolated from pit mud of strong-flavor Baijiu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesYearsReferences
Lacticaseibacillus zeae, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, Pediococcus acidilactici2006[16]
Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Clostridium butyricum2015[17]
Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Oscillibacter valericigenes, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Rummeliibacillus pycnus, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium ultunense, Clostridium purinilyticum, Clostridium aminovalericum2017[18]
Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus aerius, Clostridium butyricum subsp. butyricum2018[19]
Lactobacillus paracasei2018[20]
Bacillus coagulans, Exiguobacterium sp., Exiguobacterium mexicanum, Enterococcus sp., Enterococcus thailandicus, Enterococcus italicus, Enterococcus pseudoavium, Enterococcus devriesei, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus durans, Lactobacillus sp., Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lacticaseibacillus camelliae, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Latilactobacillus curvatus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus, Lentilactobacillus laojiaonis, Loigolactobacillus Coryniformis, Paucilactobacillus vaccinostercus, Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis, Secundilactobacillus pentosiphilus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus garvieae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Weissella paramesenteroides2024[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1228088874077974588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017372192239916, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

来源于浓香型白酒窖泥的乳酸菌

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesYearsReferences
Lacticaseibacillus zeae, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, Pediococcus acidilactici2006[16]
Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Clostridium butyricum2015[17]
Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Oscillibacter valericigenes, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Rummeliibacillus pycnus, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium ultunense, Clostridium purinilyticum, Clostridium aminovalericum2017[18]
Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus aerius, Clostridium butyricum subsp. butyricum2018[19]
Lactobacillus paracasei2018[20]
Bacillus coagulans, Exiguobacterium sp., Exiguobacterium mexicanum, Enterococcus sp., Enterococcus thailandicus, Enterococcus italicus, Enterococcus pseudoavium, Enterococcus devriesei, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus durans, Lactobacillus sp., Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lacticaseibacillus camelliae, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Latilactobacillus curvatus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus, Lentilactobacillus laojiaonis, Loigolactobacillus Coryniformis, Paucilactobacillus vaccinostercus, Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis, Secundilactobacillus pentosiphilus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus garvieae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Weissella paramesenteroides2024[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1228088874212192327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017372192239916, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented grains of strong-flavor Baijiu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesYearsReferences
Corynebacterium xerosis, Staphylococcus auricularis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Paenibacillus macerans, Bacillus cereus2010[22]
Lactobacillus acidophilus2013[23]
Lactobacillus acetotolerans, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lentilactobacillus senioris, Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus dextrinicu, Limosilactobacillus pontis, Levilactobacillus spicheri, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus thailandicus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus coagulans, Sporolactobacillus vineae2016[8]
Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus sp., Lactobacillus hilgardii, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri, Lentilactobacillus diolivorans, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.mesenteroides, Streptococcus thermophiles, Weissella soli2024[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1228088874296078414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017372192239916, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

来源于浓香型白酒酒醅的乳酸菌

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesYearsReferences
Corynebacterium xerosis, Staphylococcus auricularis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Paenibacillus macerans, Bacillus cereus2010[22]
Lactobacillus acidophilus2013[23]
Lactobacillus acetotolerans, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lentilactobacillus senioris, Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus dextrinicu, Limosilactobacillus pontis, Levilactobacillus spicheri, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus thailandicus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus coagulans, Sporolactobacillus vineae2016[8]
Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus sp., Lactobacillus hilgardii, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri, Lentilactobacillus diolivorans, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.mesenteroides, Streptococcus thermophiles, Weissella soli2024[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1228088874409324634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017372192239916, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Lactic acid bacteria isolated from Daqu of strong-flavor Baijiu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesYearsReferences
Micrococcus lu-teus, Micrococcus colpogenes, Micrococcus varians, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Levilactobacillus brevis

2010

2013

[24-25]
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Enterococcus faecalis, Weissella confusa, Lactococcus formosensis, Lactococcus garvieae2018[26]
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus aicheniformis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Latilactobacillus curvatus, Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus, Lactococcus garvieae, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella cibaria2024[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1228088874577096815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017372192239916, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

来源于浓香型白酒大曲的乳酸菌

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesYearsReferences
Micrococcus lu-teus, Micrococcus colpogenes, Micrococcus varians, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Levilactobacillus brevis

2010

2013

[24-25]
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Enterococcus faecalis, Weissella confusa, Lactococcus formosensis, Lactococcus garvieae2018[26]
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus aicheniformis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Latilactobacillus curvatus, Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus, Lactococcus garvieae, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella cibaria2024[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1228088874715508858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017372192239916, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Other lactic acid bacteria isolated from cellars of strong-flavor Baijiu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species/GenusYearsReferences
Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus2005[27]
Pediococcus damnosus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus, Pediococcus parvulus, Pediococcus inopinatus, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus stilesii2007[28]
Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis, Levilactobacillus brevis, Lentilactobacillus sunkii, Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri, Loigolactobacillus coryniformis, Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lentilactobacillus diolivorans, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus xiangfangensis, Enterococcus thailandicus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus parvulus, Pediococcus acidilactici2018[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1228088874795200645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1228017372192239916, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

其他来源于浓香型白酒窖池的乳酸菌

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species/GenusYearsReferences
Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus2005[27]
Pediococcus damnosus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus, Pediococcus parvulus, Pediococcus inopinatus, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus stilesii2007[28]
Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis, Levilactobacillus brevis, Lentilactobacillus sunkii, Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri, Loigolactobacillus coryniformis, Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lentilactobacillus diolivorans, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus xiangfangensis, Enterococcus thailandicus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus parvulus, Pediococcus acidilactici2018[29]
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浓香型白酒酿造中乳酸菌的功能及相关研究进展
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赵秋伟 1 , 潘越 1 , 王松涛 2, 3 , 沈才洪 2, * , 李寅 1, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(3): 871-882
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(3): 871-882
浓香型白酒酿造中乳酸菌的功能及相关研究进展
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赵秋伟1, 潘越1, 王松涛2, 3, 沈才洪2, * , 李寅1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物资源前期开发国家重点实验室,微生物生理与代谢工程研究室,北京
  • 2 国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心,四川 泸州
  • 3 泸州品创科技有限公司,四川 泸州
Research progress in the functions of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu
Qiuwei ZHAO1, Yue PAN1, Songtao WANG2, 3, Caihong SHEN2, * , Yin LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 2 National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
  • 3 Luzhou Pinchuang Technology Co. , Ltd. , Luzhou, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240665
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中国传统白酒被分为浓香、清香、酱香以及兼香等多种香型,因其发酵原料、发酵剂、发酵容器、发酵工艺和地理环境等不同,造就了不同香型白酒独特且复杂的窖池微生物群落。乳酸菌作为酿酒复杂微生物系统的核心菌群之一,其代谢产物乳酸及其衍生物是浓香型白酒中重要的风味物质,对酒体的香气和味道具有重要作用。目前,对浓香型白酒酿造中乳酸菌的研究相对比较分散,不够系统。本文结合作者的工作,综述了浓香型白酒酿造中关于乳酸菌的研究进展,包括利用传统微生物学手段在浓香型白酒酿造过程中对乳酸菌进行分离筛选,以及利用现代微生物学研究手段深入探究乳酸菌在浓香型白酒酿造中的作用。将传统微生物学研究手段与现代微生物学研究手段结合起来,对浓香型白酒中的乳酸菌进行以菌种实物为基础的系统、深入研究,可为深入理解浓香型白酒酿造过程中乳酸菌的作用,进而强化或优化浓香型白酒酿造过程提供参考。

浓香型白酒  /  乳酸菌  /  功能  /  研究手段

Traditional Chinese Baijiu products can be classified into multiple flavor types such as strong-flavor, light-flavor, soy sauce-flavor, and complex-flavor types. Due to differences in fermentation raw materials, starters, fermentation vessels, fermentation processes, and geographical environments, Baijiu products of different flavor types have unique and complex pit-mud microorganisms. As one of the core microbial groups in the complex microbial community of Baijiu, lactic acid bacteria, whose metabolites lactic acid and its derivatives are important flavor substances in strong-flavor Baijiu, play an important role in the flavor and taste of Baijiu. At present, the research on lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu is scattered and not systematic enough. On the basis of our work, we review the research on the role of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu. This review encompasses the isolation and screening of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu by conventional microbiological methods and the in-depth understanding of the role of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu by modern microbiological research methods. Combining traditional with modern microbiological research methods to conduct systematic and in-depth research on lactic acid bacteria in strong-flavor Baijiu based on actual strains can provide references for deeply understanding the role of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing process and then strengthening or optimizing the brewing process.

strong-flavor Baijiu  /  lactic acid bacteria  /  function  /  research methods
赵秋伟, 潘越, 王松涛, 沈才洪, 李寅. 浓香型白酒酿造中乳酸菌的功能及相关研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (3) : 871 -882 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240665
Qiuwei ZHAO, Yue PAN, Songtao WANG, Caihong SHEN, Yin LI. Research progress in the functions of lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of strong-flavor Baijiu[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (3) : 871 -882 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240665
乳酸菌是一类能通过发酵碳水化合物主要产生乳酸的细菌的总称,包括乳酸杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、链球菌属、乳球菌属、片球菌属等[1]。在其生长和新陈代谢的过程中,乳酸菌不仅生成乳酸,还会产出诸如胞外多糖、抗菌肽等有益成分,这些物质使得乳酸菌发挥益生作用[2]。研究表明,乳酸菌可以有效改善消化道内微生态平衡、缓解乳糖不耐受症状、降低机体胆固醇水平、增强机体免疫响应能力等[3],甚至能够在抑制肿瘤和预防癌症方面发挥一定的作用[4]。作为益生菌的重要代表,乳酸菌广泛存在于众多发酵类食品中,并在食品的防腐和风味塑造方面扮演着关键角色[5]
乳酸菌是窖泥中主要细菌种类之一,也是白酒发酵过程中的关键菌群[6]。在浓香型固态发酵酿制白酒的过程中,乳酸菌参与了浓香型白酒独特风味的形成,起到了功能性作用。其代谢产物乳酸及其衍生物是浓香型白酒中重要的风味物质,对白酒的原酒质量和风味有着特殊贡献。例如,研究显示,乳酸菌产生的乳酸能够与乙醇发生化学反应,生成影响白酒口感的关键成分——乳酸乙酯[7],并能在白酒中起到增香、改善口感和提高品质的作用。酿酒专家沈怡方先生曾指出:“乳酸菌对生产各种白酒都至关重要,如果没有它们参与发酵过程,所酿造出的白酒将无法具备其应有的独特风味。”随着技术的发展,行业专家们逐渐意识到窖泥微生物群落中的乳酸菌是不可忽视的重要功能微生物,对酿造过程中的代谢产物组成可能具有重要影响。
近年来,关于白酒酿造微生物的研究,主要集中于利用现代微生物学手段研究微生物演替、代谢、起源、核心微生物、与风味化合物相关的微生物,以及不同地区、不同发酵时间点、不同风味的白酒中微生物群落的差异等。然而,关于在白酒酿造中乳酸菌的具体作用,仅有一篇2008年发表的综述[7]进行了探讨。在浓香型白酒的酿造过程中,乳酸菌的角色、作用机制、对白酒生境微生物群落组成的改善以及对白酒品质的调控作用,仅在2016年被总结过[8]。然而,基于利用传统微生物学手段对浓香型白酒酿造中乳酸菌的分离筛选结果,利用现代微生物学研究手段对浓香型白酒酿造中的乳酸菌的研究进展,迄今尚未被系统评述。因此,本文从传统微生物学手段和现代微生物学技术2个方面,总结浓香型白酒酿造中乳酸菌的作用、种类、丰度、分布以及功能预测等方面的研究进展,以期对改善窖池中微生物群落结构组成,实现风味物质的稳定提升和定向调控,进而提升白酒品质等提供参考依据。
在浓香型白酒的生产过程中,乳酸菌能够影响白酒风味化合物的生成、稳定酿酒环境和平衡微生态。研究显示,乳酸菌可产生有机酸及具有香气的醛和酮类等物质,提升成品酒的感官特性。其主要代谢产物乳酸作为浓香型白酒的四大有机酸之一,在促进新酒成熟的同时维持了酒质的稳定性[7]。此外,由乳酸转化而来的乳酸乙酯,因其带有柔和的果香和甜美口感,被视为中国白酒的特色之一[8]。两者协同作用可掩盖酒精的强烈刺激,与众多其他成分相融合,改良酒体的口感,消除粗糙和苦涩,增强酒体的饱满度和回甜,并提高其他风味物质在酒中的溶解度[8]。乳酸菌代谢产生的乙酸和乙酸乙酯,对于酒的口感上增添了清新微甜的果香味道;乳酸甲酯、丙酯和丁酯等衍生物,以及不同乳酸菌生成不同的酸类、醇类、酯类、酮类、吡嗪类、芳香族化合物和烷烃类物质,对于白酒的香气构成均具有显著作用[6]
在白酒的酿造过程中,除了生成风味物质外,乳酸菌还可通过自身的新陈代谢活动为其他微生物制造必要的营养成分(如必需氨基酸和维生素等)。这些营养成分是白酒发酵生产过程中发挥不同作用的其他微生物生长代谢和繁殖所必需的。例如,乳酸可作为碳源促进产丁酸的微生物生长[7]。同时,经乳酸菌发酵、分解和转化后的谷物原料,其含有的营养物质(如氨基酸、维生素以及游离的无机氮、铁、钙)含量有了明显的增加[9],使存在于白酒生境中的其他微生物充分利用营养物质进行发酵,为美拉德反应奠定了物质基础[10],促进了白酒中香味成分的形成,对采用传统固态发酵法制作的白酒风味具有深远影响[11]
乳酸菌作为浓香型白酒酿造窖池中的优势菌属,能够在白酒发酵前期代谢产生有机酸,营造偏酸性的发酵条件以抑制腐败微生物和杂菌的代谢活性,并为酵母菌创造适宜的生存条件[8]。乳酸菌通过产生抗菌性物质(如过氧化氢、抗菌蛋白或肽等)和其竞争性代谢策略,对其他微生物的生长和代谢活动产生影响。这种影响机制包括资源竞争,即对生长所需的关键底物的争夺,以及通过产生细菌素等拮抗物质直接抑制其他微生物的生长。例如,乳链球菌素等可对抗某些病原菌,维护和改善固态发酵法生产白酒微生态环境的稳定性和协调性[12]。通过这些方式,乳酸菌能够有效地调控整个发酵过程中的微生物群落构成,确保发酵过程的顺利进行[13-14]。因此,乳酸菌的存在增强了发酵菌群的生物活跃度,抑制杂菌的代谢活性,这有助于不同微生物之间发挥出最佳的协同作用,确保了传统固态法酿造白酒的过程得以有效而顺畅地展开。
综上所述,乳酸菌在浓香型白酒发酵中的作用是多方面的。从营养供给到香味形成,再到微生态环境的维护,乳酸菌都发挥着不可或缺的作用,对提升白酒的品质和风味具有显著的影响。然而,对浓香型白酒中乳酸菌的作用,目前的认识还很有限,尤其是乳酸菌是否具有针对浓香型白酒风味特征的独有功能,还有待相关领域的科研人员去深入研究发掘。
早在2005年,沈怡方先生利用传统分离手段从窖泥中分离获得了己酸菌[15],并开启了我国酿酒微生物研究序幕。越来越多的研究学者开始利用传统微生物学手段探究酿酒环境中菌类的组成、特性等,针对浓香型白酒生产中的乳酸菌研究也陆续取得了一些进展。例如,采用传统微生物学的纯培养方法从窖泥、酒醅和大曲中分离出了多个种属的乳酸菌,具体情况如表1-4所示。
窖泥附着于窖池内壁,参与浓香型白酒的发酵,是产生酒体风味物质的关键角色,也是浓香型白酒主体香己酸乙酯的重要来源场所,对浓香型白酒的特色和品质具有决定性作用[30]。因此,相关学者先后开展了从浓香型白酒窖泥中分离筛选乳酸菌的工作。
表1可以看到,2006年,王葳等[16]从浓香白酒窖泥中分离到了3种乳酸菌,分别为戊糖乳杆菌、玉米乳杆菌和乳酸片球菌;2015年,胡晓龙[17]在浓香型窖泥中分离了4种乳酸菌,包括凝结芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌、酪丁酸梭菌和丁酸梭菌;2017年,刘博等[18]在湖南白酒厂窖泥中分离了1株布氏乳杆菌;2018年,汪文鹏等[19]在浓香型白酒的窖泥中分离了3种乳酸菌,包括厌氧菌地衣芽孢杆菌、空气芽孢杆菌和丁酸梭菌亚种;同年,沈馨等[20]在浓香型窖泥分离了1株副干酪乳酸杆菌;2024年,作者在泸州老窖白酒的窖泥中分离了16个属27个种的44株乳酸菌[21]。其中,在连续使用450年的窖壁泥中发现了一株乳杆菌新种Lentilactobacillus laojiaonis,为老窖慢生乳杆菌[31]
这些研究表明,乳酸菌在酿酒窖泥中种类较多。对窖泥中乳酸菌进行研究,可从乳酸菌的角度为白酒发酵过程中窖泥的质量控制提供科学依据,为监测和鉴定窖泥状态与质量提供技术支持。优势乳酸菌可用于构建人工窖泥,旨在提高白酒品质。
白酒酒醅作为发酵物料,是浓香型白酒生产中微生物的重要来源。浓香型白酒丰富、特殊的口感正是由于乳酸菌在内的多种酿酒微生物的发酵作用,包括原料在微生物和酶催化下的分解物、微生物自身的代谢物,以及这些物质之间的相互转化反应。
多年来,陆续有研究人员从酒醅中筛选到不同的乳酸菌。如表2所示,2010年,姚惟琦等[22]在浓香型酒醅中分离了6株乳酸菌,包括干燥棒杆菌、耳葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、浸麻类芽孢杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌;2013年,赵东等[23]从酒醅样本分离出1株嗜酸乳杆菌;2016年,栗连会[8]从浓香型白酒酒醅中分离出19株乳酸菌,分别为耐酸乳杆菌、淀粉乳杆菌、老人乳杆菌、希氏乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、糊精乳杆菌、庞氏乳杆菌、斯比氏乳杆菌、副干酪乳杆菌和酸鱼乳杆菌,粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、耐久肠球菌和泰国肠球菌,戊糖片球菌、凝结芽孢杆菌和葡萄园芽孢乳杆菌;2024年,作者在泸州老窖白酒的酒醅中分离了7个属11个种的22株乳酸菌[21]
这些研究表明,乳酸菌在酿酒酒醅(尤其是发酵后期的酒醅)中丰度比较高。因此,探究酒醅中乳酸菌的种类及其对浓香型白酒风味的贡献,可以为采用乳酸菌酿制具有新风味的白酒产品奠定基础,有助于从乳酸菌方面提出新的指标体系,进一步优化白酒质量控制标准。
大曲在白酒酿造中起糖化、发酵的作用,大曲中还含有可助力白酒风味形成的多种微生物、酶类以及前驱物质。浓香型白酒采用中温大曲,酒曲菌群主要由霉菌、酵母菌、细菌和放线菌等构成。其中乳酸菌属于浓香型白酒酒曲中的关键微生物。
科研人员以大曲为来源,先后进行了乳酸菌的分离筛选工作。从表3可以看到,2010年和2013年,侯小歌等[24-25]在中温大曲样品分离出8种乳酸菌,包括乳酸乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、乳链球菌、乳酸片球菌、戊糖片球菌、变异微球菌、褶皱微球菌和藤黄微球菌。2018年,吴正坤等[26]从高温大曲中筛出6株乳酸菌。2024年,作者在泸州老窖白酒的大曲中分离8个属10个种的15株乳酸菌[21],具体菌株信息见表3
乳酸菌是大曲酒酿造过程中的重要细菌类群之一,对浓香型白酒的产香、增香具有重要作用。对此,浓香型白酒大曲中乳酸菌的分离研究,有助于深入了解大曲组分中的微生物群落特征,丰富我国白酒传统酿造机理的研究,为微观调控白酒品质提供理论依据。
在研究浓香型白酒生产过程中,2005年,乔宗伟等[27]分离出4个属的乳酸菌,包括乳杆菌属、乳球菌属、链球菌属和芽孢乳杆菌属。2007年,刘莉萌等[28]从白酒酿造的窖池环境中分离出9种片球菌,其中酒窖片球菌和耐乙醇片球菌是2个乳酸菌新种。2018年,杨小慧[29]在白酒窖池中成功识别并分离出多种乳酸菌,多达19株。详见表4
综上所述,乳酸菌广泛存在于窖池环境的窖泥、酒醅以及大曲组分中,在浓香型白酒的酿造过程中担任重要的角色。其生成的乳酸及其衍生物是赋予浓香型白酒独特味道的核心化合物,对整体的香味和风味起着重要作用。在不同窖池环境下,乳酸菌优势菌属身份的转变及其丰度的下降,可视为窖泥-酒醅-大曲组分中的动态演变,这一动态演变是否是浓香型白酒增香的关键,值得深入研究。
虽然浓香型白酒酿造过程中乳酸菌的分离筛选工作取得了很大的进展,但相对比较分散,不够系统。同时,我们也发现近5年来,除作者团队的工作外,未有其他研究团队报道过浓香型白酒的酿造乳酸菌的分离筛选工作进展。通过对不同窖池结构中乳酸菌的细致分析、筛选、识别,乃至代谢过程的深入研究,能够对全面理解乳酸菌在浓香型白酒生产过程中的重要作用提供宝贵的科学洞察。
随着科学技术的发展,白酒酿造中乳酸菌的研究已不局限于传统纯培养技术。一系列更加先进的现代微生物学技术被广泛应用,如分子生物学、基因组学和生物信息学等。其中,利用分子生物学技术、基因组学技术来解析白酒酿造过程微生物的群落结构和多样性,已成为酿造微生物研究的重要技术。
早期,研究学者采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE)技术及聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术来分析微生物群落结构和多样性。这些技术在微生物分子生态学领域已经成为一种主要的研究方法。例如,通过应用DGGE技术,研究人员对5种中温型和高温型大曲中的细菌群落结构进行了详尽的分析[32]。结果表明,食物魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)、瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)、发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)、面包乳杆菌(Lactobacillus panis)等乳酸菌普遍存在于5种大曲中,Thermoactinomyces sanguinis仅存在于高温曲酱曲中,同时DGGE检测到了传统方法未能分离鉴定的木糖葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus xylosus)和产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca);不同工艺的大曲细菌群落结构存在明显差异,随着制曲温度的升高,大曲细菌多样性指数呈现下降趋势[32]。使用PCR-DGGE技术揭示了在发酵过程开始后,耐酸的乳杆菌在酒醅中占据主导地位,并推测这种菌在白酒的发酵过程及酒体风味塑造上扮演了关键角色[29]。利用PCR-DGGE技术还在泸州老窖的窖泥中发现了8种乳酸菌,特别是耐酸乳杆菌在窖泥乳酸菌群中占据优势地位[33]
实时定量PCR和二代测序技术是检测微小RNA (miRNA)存在和表达水平的常用方法,具有高效、灵敏的特点。研究人员采用了实时定量PCR和二代测序技术来监测浓香型风味白酒发酵过程中乳酸菌的数量及其相对比例的动态变化。借助二代测序技术和构建的克隆库,他们对酒糟中乳酸菌的种类丰富度及其随时间的变迁模式进行了细致研究;在此基础上,还可通过使用菌群功能预测分析方法(phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states, PICRUSt),对酒糟中的乳酸菌群落潜在功能进行预测性分析[8],从而更好地判断乳酸菌在白酒酿造过程中所发挥的主导作用。
微生物在浓香型白酒酿造过程中占据核心地位,参与酿造的微生物来源多样,窖泥和大曲中的微生物是发酵体系中主要的微生物来源。与其他香型白酒相比,浓香型白酒发酵窖池中的微生物对其形成的典型风味特征具有决定性影响,包括酒醅微生物、窖泥微生物、大曲微生物以及黄水中的微生物[34]。因此,许多学者开始关注并利用微生物测序技术(如16S rRNA、18S rRNA、ITS基因测序等)来探究白酒酿造过程中微生物的群落结构组成和演变所带来的影响。利用这些技术,可以深层次解析白酒酿造生境中群落结构的组成、演替,并监测乳酸菌在白酒酿造过程中的重要作用。
钱玮等[35]通过扩增子技术等多种微生物分子生态学技术,分析了泸型酒生产过程中窖池乳酸菌的群落结构,解析了酒醅和窖泥中乳酸菌群落演替规律和差异物种,并对乳酸菌群落功能表型进行了预测。研究发现酒醅中乳酸菌的丰度随发酵时间先下降后上升,并在发酵后期成为酒醅中绝对优势菌群;窖泥中的乳酸菌丰度在发酵早期则呈现先下降后恢复的波动趋势[35]。在发酵前期的大曲中,酒醅乳酸菌与大曲乳酸菌的组成存在一定相似性[36],以魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)为主,此时的酒醅乳酸菌多样性较高,随着发酵进行,演替为以乳杆菌为主的多样性较低的乳酸菌群落[35]。该研究表明,乳酸菌存在于传统窖池发酵体系中的不同位置,因窖池的发酵环境不同,乳酸菌会出现丰度增长或降低的情况,且窖池的不同位置会表现出不同的乳酸菌丰度[35]。这与作者的研究结论也较为相似,一是在窖泥、酒醅和大曲中,乳杆菌无论在种类还是丰度上都高于其他乳酸菌;二是窖泥中乳酸菌的种类最为丰富,酒醅(尤其是发酵后期的酒醅)中乳酸菌的丰度最高,而大曲中的乳酸菌无论是种类还是丰度都低于窖泥和酒醅[36]。这可能是由于窖泥处于长期半封闭的稳定状态,使得窖泥中的乳酸菌得以稳定繁衍和进化,所以种类最为丰富;酒醅中添加了一定量的大曲,因此酒醅中与大曲中最为近似的乳酸菌可能是由大曲带入的;而酒醅与窖泥之间又通过发酵产物黄水进行连接,使得酒醅中乳酸菌的种类又比大曲更为丰富[36]。总之,乳酸菌能够在窖泥、酒醅、大曲组分中稳定增殖,并逐渐趋于稳定、简化,从而发挥作用。
在酒醅微生物中,Xu等[37]研究发现,发酵前期酒醅中的优势细菌门为厚壁菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门;随着酒醅发酵时间延长,乳杆菌属成长为绝对的优势菌属,进而为发酵提供所需的酸性环境以及形成有机酸等风味物质。郭小蛟等[38]发现细菌在浓香型白酒酒醅中占据主导地位,其中随着酒醅发酵时间的延长,乳杆菌属成长为绝对的优势菌属,包括乳酸菌科和醋酸杆菌科;在属水平上,包括片球菌属、瘤胃球菌属及酒球菌属等,这些微生物提供了发酵所需的酸性环境以及形成有机酸等风味物质,使得酒醅中有机酸的含量甚至高于乙醇的含量。在窖泥微生物中,樊科权等[39]采集了剑南春酒厂的不同窖龄的窖泥进行了微生物群落组成分析,在属水平的窖泥中细菌群落结构显示,乳酸杆菌属、己酸菌、甲烷短杆菌、甲烷杆菌属、甲烷囊菌属和乙酸细菌等为主导菌群。
Yan等[40]研究了与风味物质相关的微生物在窖池空间上的分布规律,发现Lactobacillus pasteuriiLimnochorda pilosa是窖泥中不同区域层级上共有的优势微生物。Zhang等[41]研究发现,新窖池窖底泥1/4处和中心处的优势菌属为Lactobacillus,且通过冗余分析确定了乳酸、pH值在白酒发酵中为较为关键的环境因素。张会敏等[42]对浓香型白酒新老窖池壁泥与池底泥原核菌群结构研究时,发现新窖池池壁泥中的菌群结构主要为LactobacillusCaproiciproducens,并随时间增长,在老窖池池底泥发现的菌群组成更加丰富。
在大曲微生物中,研究显示优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属、乳杆菌属、热放线菌属[43-44]。大曲中的乳酸菌作为曲类发酵中的一类优势菌种,主要包括融合魏斯氏菌、戊糖片球菌、柠檬明串珠菌、耐酸乳杆菌等[45]。在黄水(白酒发酵的副产物)微生物中,存在的主要细菌属包括乳杆菌属、梭菌属和沉积菌属,这也是发酵后期酒醅中有机酸、乙醛、乙缩醛等物质含量明显增高的原因之一。
对菌株的形态、生化、生理、系统发育和基因组分化特征等进行鉴定分析,确定老窖慢生乳杆菌是慢生乳杆菌属的新种,与NCBI数据库中已完成基因组测序的乳杆菌进行搜索比对,发现该菌是所有已经完成全基因组测序的具有最小基因组的乳杆菌,其基因组大小(1.24 Mb)仅为广泛分布的植物乳杆菌(3.3 Mb)的38%[22]。通过对老窖慢生乳杆菌基因组的比较分析,揭示了其最大程度地保留了碳水化合物代谢、转运和调控基因,尤其具有很强的戊糖代谢能力,以及对富含碳水化合物的环境适应能力也较强[46]。通过菌株的外源性添加能否影响白酒酿造的过程及品质,还需进一步研究。
随着科研人员对浓香型白酒酿造过程中乳酸菌的研究不断深入,浓香型白酒酿造中的乳酸菌的更多特性,以及乳酸菌在白酒尤其是浓香型白酒酿造中发挥的作用越来越多地被揭示出来,使我们对白酒酿造中的乳酸菌有了更深入的认识。
乳酸菌在浓香型白酒的酿造过程中扮演着至关重要的角色。它们不仅参与了酒醅的发酵过程,还在提升白酒的风味和品质上发挥着重要作用。现代微生物学研究手段的应用,使得我们能够更全面和深入地了解这些微生物的多样性以及它们的功能预测。然而,这些研究多数停留在理论层面,对于乳酸菌的实际作用机制及其在浓香型白酒酿造中的应用仍有待进一步探索。
为了更深入地挖掘乳酸菌在浓香型白酒酿造中的功能,需要将传统微生物学研究手段和现代微生物学研究手段相结合。通过深度解析乳酸菌的生理、生化、分子遗传、代谢组等特性,可以更好地理解它们在浓香型白酒酿造和窖池养护等方面的应用潜力。这不仅有助于提升浓香型白酒的品质,还能为酿造工艺的改善提供理论依据。
目前,关于浓香型白酒酿造过程中的乳酸菌研究仍然处于探索阶段。我们尚未完全获得或认识所有的乳酸菌种类,也不清楚它们在浓香型白酒酿造中可能发挥的所有作用。此外,乳酸菌如何在浓香型白酒酿造中发挥作用,以及如何在窖池养护中应用,都是科研人员需要进一步深入研究的问题。
未来,随着对浓香型白酒酿造中乳酸菌研究的不断深入,我们对这一传统工艺的理解将更加全面,对乳酸菌的认识也将更加深刻。这将为浓香型白酒的品质提升和酿造工艺的改善提供有力的支持。
  • 国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心开放课题/泸州品创科技有限公司技术开发项目(PCGS-2021000136)
  • 国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心开放课题/泸州品创科技有限公司技术开发项目(PCGS-2023000043)
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2025年第65卷第3期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240665
  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-10
  • 出版时间:2025-03-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
  • 录用日期:2024-12-12
基金
Technology Development Projects of the National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing and the Luzhou Pinchuang Technology Co. Ltd(PCGS-2021000136)
国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心开放课题/泸州品创科技有限公司技术开发项目(PCGS-2021000136)
Technology Development Projects of the National Engineering Research Center of Solid-state Brewing and the Luzhou Pinchuang Technology Co. Ltd(PCGS-2023000043)
国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心开放课题/泸州品创科技有限公司技术开发项目(PCGS-2023000043)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物资源前期开发国家重点实验室,微生物生理与代谢工程研究室,北京
    2 国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心,四川 泸州
    3 泸州品创科技有限公司,四川 泸州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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