Article(id=1226956557397705662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250175, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1743004800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-27, onlineDate=1770458839034, onlineDateStr=2026-02-07, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770458839034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770458839034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770458839034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226956547847275311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='9', pageStart='3821', pageEnd='4232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770458836757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770459153781, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4136, endPage=4150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226956559553577045, articleId=1226956557397705662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Amplicon sequencing of rpsD reveals the community composition and transgenerational transmission of Bacteroides in family members, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Obligate symbiotic bacteria in the human gut play a key role in maintaining microecological balance and are generally thought to be transmitted vertically across generations through breastfeeding. However, compared with that on Bifidobacterium, there is limited literature on the transmission and diffusion mechanisms of Bacteroides, a representative of obligate symbiotic microbiota in the human body, within populations. Additionally, the occurrence and cross-generational transmission of Bacteroides within families remain poorly understood. [Objective] We explored the vertical transmission and co-occurrence patterns of Bacteroides among family members, aiming to reveal the assembly mechanism of gut microbiota in the human body and provide a theoretical basis for the recommendation of microbiome-based interventions and the realization of personalized gut regulation. [Methods] A high-throughput sequencing dataset for Bacteroides-specific rpsD in fecal samples from four families with 50 members in 3-4 generations in Xinjiang, China was established. Then, the composition and diversity of Bacteroides communities among different families and member groups were measured at the species level and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level by comparison and annotation. [Results] A total of 16 Bacteroides species and 3 704 ASVs were identified, of which 1 293 ASVs were common among the four families. The five species with the highest number of ASVs were B. fragilis (653), B. ovatus (619), B. uniformis (507), B. caccae (463), and B. finegoldii (314), which were also the five species with the highest relative abundance and prevalence. There were significant differences in community composition and abundance of Bacteroides among families, with B. fragilis, B. uniformis, and B. faecichinchillae being the most significant representatives. There was no significant difference in alpha or beta diversity among family members grouped according to gender and age (P>0.05). By contrast, the beta diversity analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance showed differences between families (P=0.001). According to the sharing rate of ASVs and Bray-Curtis distance, the Bacteroides strain similarity of mother-child and siblings was significantly higher than that of father-child, couple, and unrelated members. [Conclusion] The community structure and diversity of Bacteroides were characterized by family convergence, with significant differences among families. The similarity of Bacteroides strains was the highest within the mother-child and sibling groups among different social relationship groups, supporting transgenerational vertical transmission at the strain level. The conclusion remains to be validated by the combination of the strain isolation method and metagenomic sequencing.

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*E-mail: SUN Hailong,
NI Yongqing,
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人体肠道专性共栖细菌在维持微生态平衡方面发挥着关键作用,一般认为通过母乳喂养实现跨代垂直传递。然而,与双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)相比,拟杆菌(Bacteroides)作为人体专性共栖菌的代表,其在人群中的传递、扩散机制鲜有报道,且在家族成员中菌群的发生与跨代传递研究较少。 【目的】 探究家族成员间拟杆菌的垂直传递及共发生模式,揭示人体肠道微生物组的构建机制,为肠道微生物健康干预和个性化调控提供理论基础。 【方法】 采集中国新疆3-4代家族共50位家族成员的粪便样本,基于拟杆菌rpsD基因的高通量测序技术构建数据库,通过比对注释,在种水平和特征序列(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)水平上解析家族拟杆菌群落组成和多样性。 【结果】 4个家族共注释拟杆菌16个种、3 704个ASVs,其中4个家族共有的ASVs数量为1 293。ASVs数量最多的5个种为脆弱拟杆菌(B. fragilis,653)、卵形拟杆菌(B. ovatus,619)、单形拟杆菌(B. uniformis,507)、粪拟杆菌(B. caccae,463)和芬氏拟杆菌(B. finegoldii,314),这5个种也是相对丰度和发生率最高的。家族间拟杆菌菌群存在差异,以B. fragilisB. uniformis和毛丝鼠粪拟杆菌(B. faecichinchillae)的差异最为显著。不同性别和年龄段家族成员的α多样性无显著差异(P>0.05)。基于Bray-Curtis距离的β多样性分析显示,性别与年龄组间差异不明显,但家族间差异显著(P=0.001)。基于Bray-Curtis距离和ASVs共有率分析表明,不同社会关系家族成员之间的拟杆菌群落组成相似度为母-子、兄弟姐妹对明显高于父-子、夫-妻和无亲缘关系成员。 【结论】 拟杆菌的群落结构和多样性具有家族人群特征,家族间差异显著;依据社会关系分析,母子和兄弟姐妹间的菌群相似性最高,支持在菌株水平上的跨代垂直传递,未来需要采用菌株分离与宏基因组深度测序相结合的大数据方法进一步验证。

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作者贡献声明

李珑珑:实验方法设计,数据收集与处理,实验结果可视化,论文初稿撰写;张雪玲:研究资源采集,数据收集与处理,实验结果可视化;褚宇欣:研究资源采集,数据收集与处理;孙海龙:研究概念生成,研究资源采集,实验设计验证与核实;倪永清:研究概念生成,研究课题监管与指导,论文审阅与修订。

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The number in parentheses after the species name indicates the number of ASVs for each Bacteroides species., figureFileSmall=hBCJD9Y24A2V8tzQztW1Kg==, figureFileBig=zagJ50axeuwykQrW4+S76A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964060583936017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956557397705662, language=CN, label=图6, caption=16种拟杆菌共3 704ASVs (菌株水平)在不同家族成员肠道中的发生, figureFileSmall=hBCJD9Y24A2V8tzQztW1Kg==, figureFileBig=zagJ50axeuwykQrW4+S76A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964060697182234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956557397705662, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The Venn diagram showing the distribution and sharing of ASVs in different families., figureFileSmall=n30wyuZkYbjh/l26ohpXqg==, figureFileBig=9o+J1tEweF61GAf1eXvS2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964060818817058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956557397705662, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同家族ASVs分布及共有的Venn, figureFileSmall=n30wyuZkYbjh/l26ohpXqg==, figureFileBig=9o+J1tEweF61GAf1eXvS2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964060927868969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956557397705662, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Analysis of variability in Bacteroides community composition among family members with different social relationships based on ASV. A: Bray-Curtis distance based on ASVs; B: ASVs sharing rate. Different letters above box plots indicate significant differences at 0.05 level., figureFileSmall=puq1jDMAE0Y0fBFJAndf3w==, figureFileBig=mno1oeZstJcTKTFRyCaGWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964061024337969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956557397705662, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于ASV对不同社会关系家族成员间拟杆菌群落组成的差异分析。A:基于ASVs的Bray-Curtis距离;B:ASVs共享率。, figureFileSmall=puq1jDMAE0Y0fBFJAndf3w==, figureFileBig=mno1oeZstJcTKTFRyCaGWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964061137584184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956557397705662, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Demographic characteristics of family members

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristics and demographic dataValues (%)
Gender
Male22 (44)
Female28 (56)
Family
K211 (22)
K49 (18)
K616 (32)
K714 (28)
Body mass index (BMI)
Underweight (<18.5)34 (68)
Normal (18.5-23.9)8 (16)
Overweight (24.0-26.9)2 (4)
Obesity (27.0--29.9)3 (6)
Severe obesity (≥30)3 (6)
Age (years)
0-1220 (40)
13-308 (16)
31-6013 (26)
61-809 (18)
), ArticleFig(id=1226964061267607613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956557397705662, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

家族成员人口统计学特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristics and demographic dataValues (%)
Gender
Male22 (44)
Female28 (56)
Family
K211 (22)
K49 (18)
K616 (32)
K714 (28)
Body mass index (BMI)
Underweight (<18.5)34 (68)
Normal (18.5-23.9)8 (16)
Overweight (24.0-26.9)2 (4)
Obesity (27.0--29.9)3 (6)
Severe obesity (≥30)3 (6)
Age (years)
0-1220 (40)
13-308 (16)
31-6013 (26)
61-809 (18)
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基于 rpsD 功能基因测序分析家族成员肠道拟杆菌群落组成及其跨代传递
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李珑珑 1, 2 , 张雪玲 2 , 褚宇欣 2 , 孙海龙 2 , 倪永清 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(9): 4136-4150
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(9): 4136-4150
基于 rpsD 功能基因测序分析家族成员肠道拟杆菌群落组成及其跨代传递
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李珑珑1, 2, 张雪玲2, 褚宇欣2, 孙海龙2 , 倪永清2
作者信息
  • 1 石河子大学 生命科学学院,新疆 石河子
  • 2 石河子大学 食品学院,新疆特色益生菌与乳品技术八师重点实验室,新疆 石河子
Amplicon sequencing of rpsD reveals the community composition and transgenerational transmission of Bacteroides in family members
Longlong LI1, 2, Xueling ZHANG2, Yuxin CHU2, Hailong SUN2 , Yongqing NI2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Special Probiotics and Dairy Technology of the Eighth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250175
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人体肠道专性共栖细菌在维持微生态平衡方面发挥着关键作用,一般认为通过母乳喂养实现跨代垂直传递。然而,与双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)相比,拟杆菌(Bacteroides)作为人体专性共栖菌的代表,其在人群中的传递、扩散机制鲜有报道,且在家族成员中菌群的发生与跨代传递研究较少。 【目的】 探究家族成员间拟杆菌的垂直传递及共发生模式,揭示人体肠道微生物组的构建机制,为肠道微生物健康干预和个性化调控提供理论基础。 【方法】 采集中国新疆3-4代家族共50位家族成员的粪便样本,基于拟杆菌rpsD基因的高通量测序技术构建数据库,通过比对注释,在种水平和特征序列(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)水平上解析家族拟杆菌群落组成和多样性。 【结果】 4个家族共注释拟杆菌16个种、3 704个ASVs,其中4个家族共有的ASVs数量为1 293。ASVs数量最多的5个种为脆弱拟杆菌(B. fragilis,653)、卵形拟杆菌(B. ovatus,619)、单形拟杆菌(B. uniformis,507)、粪拟杆菌(B. caccae,463)和芬氏拟杆菌(B. finegoldii,314),这5个种也是相对丰度和发生率最高的。家族间拟杆菌菌群存在差异,以B. fragilisB. uniformis和毛丝鼠粪拟杆菌(B. faecichinchillae)的差异最为显著。不同性别和年龄段家族成员的α多样性无显著差异(P>0.05)。基于Bray-Curtis距离的β多样性分析显示,性别与年龄组间差异不明显,但家族间差异显著(P=0.001)。基于Bray-Curtis距离和ASVs共有率分析表明,不同社会关系家族成员之间的拟杆菌群落组成相似度为母-子、兄弟姐妹对明显高于父-子、夫-妻和无亲缘关系成员。 【结论】 拟杆菌的群落结构和多样性具有家族人群特征,家族间差异显著;依据社会关系分析,母子和兄弟姐妹间的菌群相似性最高,支持在菌株水平上的跨代垂直传递,未来需要采用菌株分离与宏基因组深度测序相结合的大数据方法进一步验证。

拟杆菌  /  rpsD基因高通量测序  /  垂直传递  /  群落结构

Obligate symbiotic bacteria in the human gut play a key role in maintaining microecological balance and are generally thought to be transmitted vertically across generations through breastfeeding. However, compared with that on Bifidobacterium, there is limited literature on the transmission and diffusion mechanisms of Bacteroides, a representative of obligate symbiotic microbiota in the human body, within populations. Additionally, the occurrence and cross-generational transmission of Bacteroides within families remain poorly understood. [Objective] We explored the vertical transmission and co-occurrence patterns of Bacteroides among family members, aiming to reveal the assembly mechanism of gut microbiota in the human body and provide a theoretical basis for the recommendation of microbiome-based interventions and the realization of personalized gut regulation. [Methods] A high-throughput sequencing dataset for Bacteroides-specific rpsD in fecal samples from four families with 50 members in 3-4 generations in Xinjiang, China was established. Then, the composition and diversity of Bacteroides communities among different families and member groups were measured at the species level and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level by comparison and annotation. [Results] A total of 16 Bacteroides species and 3 704 ASVs were identified, of which 1 293 ASVs were common among the four families. The five species with the highest number of ASVs were B. fragilis (653), B. ovatus (619), B. uniformis (507), B. caccae (463), and B. finegoldii (314), which were also the five species with the highest relative abundance and prevalence. There were significant differences in community composition and abundance of Bacteroides among families, with B. fragilis, B. uniformis, and B. faecichinchillae being the most significant representatives. There was no significant difference in alpha or beta diversity among family members grouped according to gender and age (P>0.05). By contrast, the beta diversity analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance showed differences between families (P=0.001). According to the sharing rate of ASVs and Bray-Curtis distance, the Bacteroides strain similarity of mother-child and siblings was significantly higher than that of father-child, couple, and unrelated members. [Conclusion] The community structure and diversity of Bacteroides were characterized by family convergence, with significant differences among families. The similarity of Bacteroides strains was the highest within the mother-child and sibling groups among different social relationship groups, supporting transgenerational vertical transmission at the strain level. The conclusion remains to be validated by the combination of the strain isolation method and metagenomic sequencing.

Bacteroides  /  high-throughput sequencing of rpsD  /  vertical transmission  /  community structure
李珑珑, 张雪玲, 褚宇欣, 孙海龙, 倪永清. 基于 rpsD 功能基因测序分析家族成员肠道拟杆菌群落组成及其跨代传递. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4136 -4150 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250175
Longlong LI, Xueling ZHANG, Yuxin CHU, Hailong SUN, Yongqing NI. Amplicon sequencing of rpsD reveals the community composition and transgenerational transmission of Bacteroides in family members[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4136 -4150 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250175
人体肠道栖息着数万亿微生物,上千种微生物共同维持着肠道微生态平衡[1]。其中部分微生物与宿主紧密互作[2],存在协同进化关系[3-4],并产生有益于宿主健康的次级代谢产物[5],被定义为宿主共生体(或互利共生体)[6]。一些专性肠道共生体不能离开肠道,它们依靠宿主提供的稳定栖息环境获取营养物质,对宿主的健康和发育具有重要意义。在婴儿期,这些共生体主要通过母亲产道分娩接触获得母体微生物[7],或者通过母乳喂养实现跨代垂直传递,这是重要共生体在人群中扩散的主要途径[8]。这种传递对人体在婴儿期构建健全的肠道菌群至关重要[9]。拟杆菌(Bacteroides)和双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)是人类肠道专性共栖菌的典型代表。大量文献报道,双歧杆菌通过母乳喂养对婴儿实现垂直传播[10],并在后代中连续跨代遗传[11-12]。与双歧杆菌相似,拟杆菌也是专性厌氧细菌,是人体结肠的主要成员,在成人肠道菌群中占优势地位,并发挥多种重要作用,包括保护肠道免受病原体侵害[13]。此外,拟杆菌最重要的功能是其强大的多糖降解能力,无论是饮食来源的多糖还是宿主黏膜的聚糖,都能被其降解为各种小分子的寡糖或单糖[14],从而成为肠道其他细菌的营养提供者。因此拟杆菌很可能是成人化肠道细菌营养代谢的基石细菌(keystone)[15],并被认为是新一代的肠道有益菌[16]
目前,拟杆菌作为人体肠道健康标志物、种群遗传变异、菌株水平上的动态变化以及与宿主饮食互作的模式细菌,受到广泛关注[17-18]。研究表明随着宿主年龄的变化,拟杆菌种群结构也会发生变化,儿童肠道和成人肠道存在显著差异[19-20]。饮食、生活方式及生态环境会影响人群肠道菌群的优势度,例如高脂肪和动物蛋白的饮食会导致肠道拟杆菌的高丰度[21]。有关横断面队列研究的报道显示,拟杆菌的多样性具有一定的人群地域性,但菌群组成尚未发现明显的规律性分布特征[22-24]。与双歧杆菌相比,拟杆菌作为同样可遗传的人体专性共栖菌代表,其在人群中的传递和扩散机制鲜有报道,家族成员中菌群的发生与跨代传递情况也知之甚少。研究种水平上共栖细菌在家族成员间的分布、菌株的垂直传递以及共发生规律,将为某些与微生物相关的家族性疾病(如过敏、肥胖等)的发生提供新的视角[25]。家族遗传、饮食习惯和生存环境的差异会造成关键共生菌在家族内传递的差异,从而影响后代健康[26]。因此家族作为研究菌群发生与传递的理想模型,将为揭示人体菌群的构建机制提供最直接的证据。
本研究采集了新疆南部4个3-4代家族的粪便样本,采用拟杆菌特异引物的高通量核糖体蛋白基因(rpsD基因)扩增子测序技术,自主构建拟杆菌rpsD基因数据库。通过基因数据的比对和注释,在种水平上解析了拟杆菌菌群在家族、年龄、性别方面的差异,并在菌株水平上重点分析了母子和非母子不同社会关系的家族成员间拟杆菌的群落组成和多样性差异,探究了拟杆菌在家族成员间的垂直传递和菌株共发生情况。本研究以期为了解人体肠道微生物组的构建机制,以及基于肠道菌群健康开发益生菌组合的个性化干预生物疗法提供依据。
2021年11月12日至27日,在新疆喀什伽师县和疏勒县招募了4个无通婚、有聚居习惯的家族,共62名成员。其中,部分成员未能成功采集样本(n=8)或样本量不足,无法进行后续的DNA提取与测序(n=4)。所有参与者均身体健康,且至少6个月内未服用抗生素或其他药物。统计了志愿者的相关临床特征信息,包括性别、出生日期、身高、体重、主食习惯与生活方式等。作为调查的一部分,每个户主均被要求绘制家谱,涵盖所有家族成员,包括无血缘关系者。如果成员已婚,则记录配偶姓名以及子女的数量和年龄。每个研究对象收集约10-15 g的新鲜粪便样本,放入无菌取样管。样本自采集后储存在-20 ℃的车载冰箱中,并在72 h内运送到实验室,随后立即转移至-80 ℃冰箱。本研究依据《赫尔辛基宣言》进行[27],并获得石河子大学医学院第一附属医院伦理委员会的批准,编号KJ2021-088-01,所有参与志愿者均签署了知情同意书。
依据粪便基因组提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]的说明书,提取粪便微生物群的总DNA。使用核酸定量仪(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)对提取的DNA进行定量,并通过1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的提取质量,利用紫外可见光分光光度计测定DNA浓度和纯度。
采用引物Bif‐rpsD-F (5′-AWCDAGAATHG CMCGTAA-3′)/Bif-rpsD-R (5′-YRTCCCAYTCC AACCA-3′)扩增rpsD基因的24-508 bp区域[28]。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Taq PCR Master Mix 25 μL,DNA模板(10 ng/µL) 1 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,ddH2O 22 μL。PCR扩增程序:95 ℃预变性8 min;95 ℃变性40 s,50 ℃退火40 s,72 ℃延伸40 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸8 min。扩增产物经回收质检后,采用Illumina MiSeq PE150平台进行测序(上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司)。
从NCBI GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/)、EMBL-EBI Ensembl Bacteria (https://bacteria.ensembl.org/)下载包含目标功能基因的所有全基因组数据。应用FastQC工具对下载的全基因组数据进行质量控制,确保每个基因组数据的整体质量达到标准。从质控后的全基因组数据中提取目标功能基因序列,并使用ElimDup进行去重处理,确保每个基因只保留 1个代表序列。利用IQ-TREE[29]工具构建系统发育树,通过进化关系分析识别并去除错误的基因序列。最终得到的基因序列用于数据库的构建。
使用VSEARCH[30] (-fastq_mergepairs)合并成对双端reads,生成高质量的FASTQ文件。使用-fastx_filter命令去除引物,并过滤低质量序列(使用-fastq_stripleft和-fastq_stripright去除引物,使用-fastq_maxee_rate进行质量控制)。通过-fastq_minlen和-fastq_maxlen进行序列长度过滤。为减少冗余,进一步通过-fastx_uniques选项保留唯一序列,并设置-minuniquesize参数过滤掉低丰度序列。通过-cluster_unoise命令识别特征序列(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)。结合参考数据库检测并移除嵌合体序列(-uchime_ref),优化数据质量。使用-usearch_global命令生成一个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)表,将序列相似性阈值设置为0.99 (id=99)。对聚类后的ASV使用-sintax进行物种注释(sintax_cutoff=0.6),获得初步注释结果。使用FastTree[31]软件计算基于ASVs代表序列的发育树。提取ASVs代表序列,并使用BLAST进行比对,生成最终的物种分类注释表。
采用R语言(v4.4.1)中的“vegan包”计算α多样性指数和β多样性指数。α多样性指数的两组间差异采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,多组间差异通过Kruskal-Wallis检验进行分析。β多样性分析基于Bray-Curtis距离分别进行主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA)和限制主坐标分析(constrained principal coordinate analysis, CPCoA),PCoA和CPCoA分析通过“amplicon包”完成。组间菌群差异通过ANOVA检验评估,群落组成的组间及组内相似性分析使用“vegan包”完成。此外,利用Kruskal-Wallis检验确定组间差异的显著性,并进一步使用Dunn检验进行两两比较,以详细解析不同分组成员肠道拟杆菌相对丰度的变化,以及不同关系对Bray-Curtis距离和ASVs共享率的影响。使用自编脚本从所有样本所属的家族中随机选取2个不同的家族,并分别从每个家族中随机抽取1个样本,构成一对“无亲缘关系组”样本。此过程重复进行50次,生成50对来自不同家族的随机样本对,用于与家族内样本对的微生物组差异进行对比分析。为保证结果的可复现性,所有随机抽样过程均设定随机种子。所有数据的可视化处理均使用R-Studio软件(R v4.4.1)完成。
本研究纳入了4个家族共62名成员,其中26位来自新疆喀什地区疏勒县(75.99°E,39.33°N),家族编号为K2和K4,缺失样本6份;36位来自新疆喀什地区伽师县(76.72°E,39.48°N),家族编号为K6和K7,缺失样本6份。共缺失样本12份,其中4份为母亲样本,因DNA提取率低,无法达到测序要求,未能纳入后续分析。家族结构为3-4代(图1A-1D),成员年龄范围为1-80岁,具体统计信息见表1
本研究共获得原始数据reads 1 414 172条。通过自建数据库及BLAST同源性序列比对注释,鉴定出810 189条序列属于拟杆菌,占总序列数的57.3%。随后利用自编脚本提取拟杆菌序列,用于后续多样性分析及物种注释,共划分为3 704个ASVs。基于ASV数据进行多样性分析,计算家族内及家族间不同成员肠道拟杆菌的α多样性(图A2-2C)。结果显示,不同性别和年龄段成员的拟杆菌α多样性差异不显著(P>0.05),而家族间α多样性差异显著,尤其是K4家族与K7家族的差异显著(P<0.05),其他家族之间差异无统计学意义。
基于Bray-Curtis距离对家族间拟杆菌进行β多样性分析,采用PCoA和CPCoA分别依据年龄、性别和家族进行分析。结果显示,性别对拟杆菌菌群多样性的影响不显著(P>0.05) (图2D);依据年龄将所有家族成员分为4组,其中0-12岁、13-30岁和31-60岁3个组间β多样性差异不明显,而61-80岁组与前3组相比差异明显但无统计学意义(P>0.05) (图2E);不同家族间拟杆菌群落β多样性差异显著(Adonis test,P=0.001) (图2F)。
通过自建库注释及BLAST比对,综合所有家族成员的测序数据集,肠道菌群中共鉴定 16种拟杆菌(图3)。按相对丰度排序结果如下:卵形拟杆菌(B. ovatus, 21.74%)、脆弱拟杆菌(B. fragilis, 19.95%)、单形拟杆菌(B. uniformis, 17.32%)、粪拟杆菌(B. caccae, 15.65%)、毛丝鼠粪拟杆菌(B. faecichinchillae, 5.16%)、芬氏拟杆
菌(B. finegoldii, 4.93%)、多形拟杆菌(B. thetaiotaomicron, 4.71%)、溶木聚糖拟杆菌(B. xylanisolvens, 3.05%)、粪便拟杆菌(B. stercoris, 1.65%)、产酸拟杆菌(B. acidifaciens, 1.51%)、萨利尔斯氏拟杆菌(B. salyersiae, 0.96%)、闪亮拟杆菌(B. clarus, 0.85%)、人粪拟杆菌(B. faecis, 0.84%)、解纤维素拟杆菌(B. cellulosilyticus, 0.83%)、张文宏拟杆菌(B. zhangwenhongii, 0.61%)、埃氏拟杆菌(B. eggerthii, 0.23%)。
16种拟杆菌在4个家族50个成员中的发生及相对丰度热图显示(图3),在种水平上,B. fragilisB. ovatusB. uniformisB. thetaiotaomicron的发生率最高,存在于绝大部分家族成员中。B. faecichinchillaeB. stercoris主存在于绝大部分家族成员中。B. acidifaciens仅在K2家族中出现。B. cellulosilyticusB. clarusB. eggerthiiB. faecichinchillaeB. faecis在K4家族所有成员的肠道中均未检测到。B. faecis仅在K6、K7家族各1个成员中出现,是发生率最低的种。进一步对4个家族的肠道拟杆菌物种组成进行整体统计显示(图4A),K2家族的主要优势菌种为B. caccae (23.49%),K4家族中B. fragilis (38.30%)的丰度显著高于其他家族,而K6、K7家族分别以B. ovatus (25.49%)和B. uniformis (28.33%)为优势菌种。此外,某些种表现出家族内的富集现象,例如B. finegoldiiB. zhangwenhongii主要在K4家族中富集,而K2家族富集的菌种种类更多,包括B. xylanisolvens等。B. fragilisB. uniformisB. faecichinchillae 在家族间的相对丰度差异最显著(图4B-4DP<0.05)。
对4个家族所有成员按性别分组统计显示,男性和女性肠道拟杆菌组成存在差异,但差异不显著(图5BP>0.05)。其中,女性肠道中的卵形拟杆菌(B. ovatus)平均丰度略高于男性,而男性成员肠道中的B. fragilisB. uniformis相对丰度略高。图5A显示了按年龄分组(0-12岁、13-30岁、31-60岁和61-80岁)的不同年龄成员拟杆菌种的组成。B. fragilisB. ovatusB. uniformis为所有年龄组的绝对优势种,占比超过50%。B. clarus (4.69%)主要存在于0-12岁成员的肠道中,而在13-30岁年龄组的肠道微生物群中,B. stercoris (15.38%)和B. xylanisolvens (28.06%)的平均丰度显著高于其他年龄组。B. eggerthii (1.35%)仅出现在31-60岁年龄组中。此外,该年龄组成员的肠道中B. acidifaciens (20.89%)平均相对丰度高于其他年龄组,而B. caccae (6.36%)的平均相对丰度则较其他年龄组低;B. faecis (10.23%)仅在61-80岁年龄组中表现出优势。总体上,各年龄段的拟杆菌种类及丰度分布无显著差异(P>0.05)。
在ASV水平上,共鉴定出16个拟杆菌种,包含3 704个ASVs (图6)。其中,ASVs数量最多的5个种依次为B. fragilis (653)、B. ovatus (619)、B. uniformis (507)、B. caccae (463)、B. finegoldii (314),而ASVs数量最少的种为B. cellulosilyticusB. eggerthii (16)。不同家族的ASVs数量分布存在较大差异。如图7所示, 4个家族(K2、K4、K6、K7)共有的ASVs数量为1 293,各家族特有ASVs数量分别为51、3、130、125。由于相同的ASVs可以被认定为相同的菌株,因此拟杆菌ASV在不同家族及其成员间的分布具有相似性,可以反映菌株在人群中的传递情况。不同家族间同种拟杆菌相同ASV代表序列的共有性,意味着菌株水平上的社会性扩散传递;而特有ASV则代表家族特异的菌株,反映了肠道拟杆菌群落的菌株多样性和垂直传递。
为了提供无亲缘共享率的基线对照,从随机配对中抽取50个对照作为无亲缘关系组。基于Bray-Curtis距离计算家族成员之间的拟杆菌群落组成差异度(图8A)。总体上,夫-妻(0.83)>父-子(0.77)/祖父-子(0.77)>祖母-子(0.69)>兄弟姐妹(0.63)>母-子(0.62),母子之间的拟杆菌群落组成差异最小。在家族成员间,母-子和兄弟姐妹之间的群落差异最小(0.62),而无亲缘关系的随机配对之间的差异最大(0.84)。同时,依据ASVs共有率(两者均具有的ASVs数量/两者总ASVs数量)的分析表明(图8B),母-子对的共享率为0.25,其后为兄弟姐妹对(0.21),显著高于其他社会关系,如父子对(0.13)、夫妻对(0.16)。尤其是基于Bray-Curtis距离和共享率均显示,父亲与子女之间、夫妻之间的菌株相似性最低。
人体肠道中分布着大量的共栖细菌,其中许多种类因其对宿主健康和生长发育的重要调控作用而备受关注。这些细菌共同维持着肠道的微生态平衡,对人体发挥着生理、免疫调控、延缓衰老等各种益生功能[32]。实际上,不同的共栖细菌有不同的生活史,根据生态位分布的宽度可区分为自由生活型、兼性共栖细菌和专性共栖的宿主关联型(host-associated microbes)[33]。其中,专性共栖细菌只生存于肠道,与肠道黏膜层紧密互作,与宿主形成协同进化关系[34]。这些共生体通常在婴儿期通过母亲顺产阴道接触或母乳喂养获得,这种传递方式称为垂直传递,是共生体跨代传递、构建健全肠道菌群的重要途径[8]BacteroidesBifidobacterium通常被认为是专性厌氧细菌,是人类肠道专性共栖菌的典型代表,也是最早在人类婴儿肠道中定居的微生物。与双歧杆菌相比,拟杆菌在成人肠道菌群中占绝对优势,尤其是它们对非消化性多糖的强大降解能力为其他肠道细菌提供了营养,形成了复杂的食物网[14]。在婴幼儿逐渐成人化的过程中,拟杆菌是肠道细菌营养代谢的基石细菌,现被认为是新一代的益生菌[16]。然而,目前对拟杆菌在人群中的共发生和菌株传递的了解仍然有限。
大量研究表明,宿主的生活环境,尤其是独特的饮食和地域环境差异,可能是导致肠道微生物物种组成和重要菌群差别的主要因素,使得总体上人类肠道菌群呈现地域性和民族性特征。研究显示高脂和高动物蛋白的饮食会导致肠道拟杆菌的数量增加,因此西方国家人群肠道中拟杆菌的多样性和丰度更高,尤其B. thetaiotaomicron的丰度更高、更普遍;在非洲和东亚、东南亚地区,由于日常饮食中脂类和蛋白质摄入较低、碳水化合物摄入量较高,人群拟杆菌的丰度相对较低;然而,饮食以肉食占比较高的日本人群拟杆菌多样性却与西方群体接近,并明显高于植物基食品摄入较高的印度人群[35-38]。针对意大利一个人群队列的研究发现,纯素食者和素食者中B. fragilis的丰度很低,而杂食群体中B. fragilis的丰度和发生率均很高。此外还发现,在杂食性人群中普遍存在B. salanitronisB. coprocola,而B. vulgatus广泛存在于一般素食者,纯素食者中则更流行B. salyersiae[39]。然而,总体上目前文献报道的不同人群和个体拟杆菌种群和物种流行度差异很大,结论不明确。这不仅与研究方法有关,也与文献对研究人群文化多元、饮食多样复杂难以准确量化有关,尤其是难以量化复杂多糖摄入量及其持久性。
研究发现,随着年龄增加拟杆菌种群结构也会发生变化,即使在相同年龄的儿童中肠道拟杆菌的丰度差异也较大。对荷兰学龄儿童队列研究显示,B. ovatusB. fragilisB. thetaiotaomicronB. xylanisolvens是发生率最高的4个种,其中富含拟杆菌的一组儿童以B. xylanisolvensB. doreiB. vulgatusB. eggerthii为优势种[19]。相反,在成人肠道中以B. fragilisB. thetaiotaomicronB. vulgatus的丰度最高[40],但也有研究报道成人中B. xylanisolvens也很常见[20]。总体而言,拟杆菌属是儿童和成人中常见的属,一些种类在成人和儿童组具有相似的发生率。这与本研究结果基本一致,不同年龄和性别的人群中,拟杆菌种群结构差异并不显著。
拟杆菌的群落结构和多样性具有人群地域特征。本研究通过拟杆菌特异引物的高通量测序,以家族为研究目标,对不同社会成员的肠道拟杆菌群落组成在种水平和菌株水平进行了系统研究,共鉴定出肠道中存在16种拟杆菌,与Yang等的发现[41]一致。本研究的家族研究结果显示,在种水平上,B. ovatusB. fragilisB. uniformisB. caccae是发生率和丰度最高的4个种,其中前3个种与日本人群中流行、丰度最高的结果一致。然而,最大的不同在于B. thetaiotaomicron在本研究的家族群体中相对丰度总体较低,但却是发生率最高的种之一(图3图5)。研究报道B. thetaiotaomicron能够高效降解膳食纤维,例如抗性淀粉和木聚糖[42]。在高动物蛋白和脂肪饮食的人群中,尽管B. thetaiotaomicron的数量不占优势,但它可通过提供中间代谢产物以维持微生物群落的稳定性,因而作为关键种群,在该类人群中具有竞争优势并保持较高的发生率[43]。一项对北欧母婴队列的研究可以支持这一推测,拟杆菌在顺产婴儿的粪便样本中高于剖宫产婴儿、配方奶喂养的婴儿高于专门母乳喂养的婴儿[44],母婴间传递发生频率最高的种也是B. thetaiotaomicronB. caccae[45]
本研究依据ASV水平分析,显示了拟杆菌极高的微多样性,共3 704个ASVs (图6),其中B. fragilisB. ovatusB. uniformisB. caccaeB. finegoldii是菌株多样性最高的5个种,这与它们在4个家族成员中的高流行度、高丰度是一致的。依据ASVs共有率结果(图8B),在所有的家族社会关系间,母-子对的菌株共有率为0.25,其后为兄弟姐妹对(0.21),明显高于其他社会关系,如父-子对(0.13)、夫-妻对(0.16)。基于Bray-Curtis距离也显示了类似的结果,因此本研究结果支持拟杆菌可能主要通过垂直传递的方式在人群间扩散的假设。然而,即使是亲缘关系最近的母-子、兄弟姐妹间,菌株共有率仍然偏低,这很可能与本研究方法有关。研究表明基于扩增子测序的碱基比对法的ASV,可能过分高估了差异序列的数量,即种内菌株的多样性,从而降低了不同成员间共有相同菌株的比率[46]。由于基因位点的差异主要来自非有义突变,ASV是否与真实存在的菌株相对应,需要谨慎对待。研究表明肠道微生物组中的共栖菌种群在人体内是动态变化的[44],适应性进化的驱动使得肠道内可能有同种的多个不同菌株共存,例如一些病原细菌[47-48]和大肠杆菌等兼性共生细菌[3,49]。对小队列人群肠道的分菌菌株基因组测序证实,在宿主个体跨度几个月到 2年的时间尺度下,B. fragilis种群会发生显著的新突变和适应性进化,而且发生与否随不同种族的人群而异[3]。显然,在人体生命的较短时间内,就专性肠道共栖细菌拟杆菌和双歧杆菌来说,菌株变异的幅度以及是否会产生新菌株影响菌株跨代传递的确定。因此研究共栖细菌在特定人群中的扩散机制,需要分菌与深度宏基因组测序相结合,合理确定区分菌株的标准很关键。本研究从种水平和菌株水平揭示了不同家族以拟杆菌为代表的共栖细菌群落结构及菌株相似性,为了解共栖细菌微多样性和跨代传递提供了新的证据,对基于地缘人群的肠道菌群差异开发新的个性化菌株的精准医疗策略具有参考价值。
  • 新疆生产建设兵团重点领域科技攻关项目(2023AB050)
  • 新疆生产建设兵团重点领域科技攻关项目(2024AB050)
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金(U1903205)
  • 兵团研究生创新项目(BTYJXM-2024-K10)
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2025年第65卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250175
  • 接收时间:2025-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-04
  • 录用日期:2025-03-27
基金
Special Funds for Science and Technology Development of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2023AB050)
新疆生产建设兵团重点领域科技攻关项目(2023AB050)
Special Funds for Science and Technology Development of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2024AB050)
新疆生产建设兵团重点领域科技攻关项目(2024AB050)
Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1903205)
国家自然科学基金联合基金(U1903205)
Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(BTYJXM-2024-K10)
兵团研究生创新项目(BTYJXM-2024-K10)
作者信息
    1 石河子大学 生命科学学院,新疆 石河子
    2 石河子大学 食品学院,新疆特色益生菌与乳品技术八师重点实验室,新疆 石河子
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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