Article(id=1226956556911166371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740067200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1746374400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-05, onlineDate=1770458838917, onlineDateStr=2026-02-07, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770458838917, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770458838917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770458838917, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226956547847275311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='9', pageStart='3821', pageEnd='4232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770458836757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770459153781, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4014, endPage=4028, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226956557263487928, articleId=1226956556911166371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=An efficient indirect surface display system in Pichia pastoris: construction and application in immobilization of organophosphorus hydrolase, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To develop an efficient catalyst for organophosphorus pesticide degradation by immobilizing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) on the surface of Pichia pastorisvia the SpyCatcher/SpyTag (SpyC/SpyT) system, addressing the poor stability and low reusability of OPH in practical applications and providing a new method for the bioremediation of organophosphorus pesticide pollution. [Methods] The “bait protein” SpyCatcher (SpyC) was first displayed on the surface of P. pastoris, and the display efficiency was increased by increasing the copy number and optimizing the culture conditions. Then based on the specific interaction between SpyC and SpyT, OPH-SpyTag (OPH-SpyT) was efficiently displayed on the yeast surface. The thermal stability, pH stability, and reusability of immobilized OPH were evaluated, and the hydrolysis efficiency of immobilized OPH against methyl parathion, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos was assessed. [Results] The display efficiency of SpyC on the P. pastoris surface reached over (97.0±0.4)%, with an optimized binding capacity of (21.4±0.7) mg green fluorescent protein for 1 g wet cells. OPH was successfully displayed on the cell surface via the SpyC/SpyT system. The immobilized OPH exhibited significantly enhanced thermal and pH stability, retaining more than 50% activity after five repeated uses. Under optimum conditions, the immobilized OPH showed the hydrolysis rates of (96.5±2.7)%, (79.5±2.3)%, and (82.6±2.8)% against 100 mg/L methyl parathion, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. This indicated that the method showed high hydrolysis efficiency for the organophosphorus pesticides. [Conclusion] The immobilization of OPH on P. pastoris surface via the SpyC/SpyT system effectively improves its stability and reusability, offering an efficient and environmentally friendly solution for the bioremediation of organophosphorus pesticide pollution. Meanwhile, this study provides a powerful tool and method for research in the field of P. pastoris surface display.

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*Tel: +86-27-88663882, E-mail:
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Zixuan ZHAO, Lin WANG, Yanli WANG, Hui YUAN, Nisha HE, Guimin ZHANG, Yuling ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1226956560971251842, articleId=1226956556911166371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=毕赤酵母高效间接表面展示系统的构建及在固定有机磷水解酶上的应用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 通过毕赤酵母表面展示技术,利用SpyCatcher/SpyTag (SpyC/SpyT)生物偶联体系固定有机磷水解酶(organophosphorus hydrolase, OPH),以解决OPH在实际应用中稳定性差和重复利用率低的问题,为有机磷农药污染的生物修复提供新方法。 【方法】 在毕赤酵母表面展示“诱饵蛋白” SpyCatcher (SpyC),通过增加拷贝数和优化培养条件提高展示效率。通过酶学性质分析评估固定化OPH的热稳定性、pH稳定性及重复使用性能,并考察其对基于SpyC/SpyT的特异性相互作用,将OPH-SpyTag (OPH-SpyT)高效展示于毕赤酵母表面。甲基对硫磷、乐果和毒死蜱 3种有机磷农药的水解效率。 【结果】 毕赤酵母表面展示SpyC的效率超过(97.0±0.40)%,优化后湿细胞可结合绿色荧光蛋白(21.4±0.7) mg/g。成功将OPH展示于细胞表面,固定化OPH的热稳定性和pH稳定性显著提高,重复使用5次后仍保留50%以上的活力。在最适条件下,对100 mg/L甲基对硫磷、乐果和毒死蜱这3种有机磷农药的水解率分别达到(96.5±2.7)%、(79.5±2.3)%和(82.6±2.8)%,表明该方法对某些有机磷农药具有较高的水解效率。 【结论】 SpyC/SpyT生物偶联体系的毕赤酵母表面展示技术可有效固定OPH,显著提升其稳定性和重复使用性能,为有机磷农药污染的生物修复提供了高效、绿色的新途径,也为毕赤酵母表面展示相关领域的研究提供了有力工具和方法。

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作者贡献声明

赵梓萱:完善实验并进行数据分析与结果验证,撰写论文初稿并参与论文修改;王淋:提出并完善研究概念,负责实验的具体实施与优化,进行数据分析与结果验证;王艳丽:负责数据的现场收集与记录,协助实验设备的调试与维护,参与实验流程的优化;袁慧:负责数据的整理与初步分析,协助实验过程中的技术问题解决,参与实验数据的监管;贺妮莎:提供研究设计的整体指导,协助确定研究方向与技术路线;张桂敏:提供技术支持,协助解决实验过程中的技术难题,参与数据分析方法的讨论,提供研究资源;周玉玲:主导研究的整体规划与管理,提供关键技术支持,负责论文的最终审核与定稿,监督管理研究项目。

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Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 2024, 14(6): 1847-1856 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226964060370022411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, awardId=2022YFC2106000, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2106000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964060466491410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, awardId=2022YFC2106000, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2106000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964060562960411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, awardId=2023AFA071, language=EN, fundingSource=Outstanding Youth Fund of Hubei Province(2023AFA071), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964060701372456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, awardId=2023AFA071, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省杰出青年基金(2023AFA071), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226964051637481971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964051645870579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, companyId=1226964051637481971, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964051650064885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, companyId=1226964051637481971, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 湖北大学 生命科学学院,湖北 武汉)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226964051763311103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964051771699709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, companyId=1226964051763311103, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964051780088319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, companyId=1226964051763311103, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京化工大学 生命科学与技术学院,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226964056972637045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flow cytometry detection for the display efficiency of SpyC. A: The display of SpyC on the surface of Pichia pastoris cells was detected using FITC-labeled anti-HA antibodies targeting HA-tagged SpyC; B: Assembly of eGFP-SpyT on PSA-1 cells (with HA tag); C: Assembly of eGFP-SpyT on PSA-1 cells (without HA tag). GS115 was used as a negative control., figureFileSmall=HWHCMGmaWQBh2jyP4Ge04w==, figureFileBig=hWroinXNXH45gYHB4l219w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057069106047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=CN, label=图1, caption=流式细胞仪检测SpyC在毕赤酵母细胞表面的展示效率。A:用FITC标记的抗HA抗体检测带有HA标签的SpyC在毕赤酵母细胞表面的展示情况;B:eGFP-SpyT在PSA-1细胞上的组装检测(带HA标签);C:eGFP-SpyT在PSA-1细胞上的组装检测(无HA标签)。GS115作为阴性对照。, figureFileSmall=HWHCMGmaWQBh2jyP4Ge04w==, figureFileBig=hWroinXNXH45gYHB4l219w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057224295306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The assembly efficiency of recombinant strains with different copy numbers. Data are given as means±SD, n=3. ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=FM5fHQpEaRIgvL5uuG0PwQ==, figureFileBig=BI/LypvOoDVg6A3aWA+bbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057333347220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同拷贝重组菌株细胞的组装效率, figureFileSmall=FM5fHQpEaRIgvL5uuG0PwQ==, figureFileBig=BI/LypvOoDVg6A3aWA+bbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057450787741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Optimization of culture conditions for PSA-4. A: Effect of induction time on display efficiency; B: Influence of methanol on average fluorescence intensity. Data are given as means±SD, n=3., figureFileSmall=g6Qqssxh+nD57uVpzaq/Pg==, figureFileBig=rNvfQzV8rM5knE4Swr+nog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057605976997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PSA-4的培养条件优化。A:诱导时间对展示率的影响;B:甲醇对平均荧光强度的影响。, figureFileSmall=g6Qqssxh+nD57uVpzaq/Pg==, figureFileBig=rNvfQzV8rM5knE4Swr+nog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057794720683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Measurement of protein loading capacity of PSA-4 cells. A: The remaining amount of eGFP-SpyT in the supernatant was determined using SDS-PAGE. M: Protein marker. B: Quantitative analysis of the remaining amount of eGFP-SpyT in the supernatant using fluorescence measurement. Data are given as means±SD, n=3., figureFileSmall=Kd00YWpNm10V0wO2qcLdDg==, figureFileBig=Alc2/Um0K6pfnjPpN04yEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057920549813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PSA-4细胞蛋白载荷能力的测量。A:用SDS-PAGE测定上清液中eGFP-SpyT的剩余量。M:蛋白marker。B:通过荧光测定法测定上清液中eGFP-SpyT的剩余量。, figureFileSmall=Kd00YWpNm10V0wO2qcLdDg==, figureFileBig=Alc2/Um0K6pfnjPpN04yEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964058037990336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=SDS-PAGE and enzyme activity analysis of OPH and OPH-SpyT. A: SDS-PAGE analysis of fermentation supernatants of OPH and OPH-SpyT. M: Protein marker; 1: OPH-SpyT supernatant; 2: OPH supernatant. B: Relative enzyme activity assays of OPH and OPH-SpyT, with OPH set at 100%. Data are given as mean±SD, n=3. ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=QKgB+qosGuG9Vl3DZMzCYg==, figureFileBig=fMPc2kQmkmaStC/n1+fDbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964058155430859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=CN, label=图5, caption=OPHOPH-SpyTSDS-PAGE及酶活分析。A:OPH和OPH-SpyT发酵上清的SDS-PAGE分析。M:蛋白marker;1:OPH-SpyT发酵上清;2:OPH发酵上清。B:OPH和OPH-SpyT相对酶活力测定,OPH设为100%。, figureFileSmall=QKgB+qosGuG9Vl3DZMzCYg==, figureFileBig=fMPc2kQmkmaStC/n1+fDbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059564717013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Determination of enzymatic properties of PSA-OPH and OPH. A: The optimal temperature for PSA-OPH and OPH; B: Measurement of the thermal stability of PSA-OPH and OPH at 70 ℃; C: The optimal pH for PSA-OPH and OPH; D: Measurement of the pH stability of PSA-OPH and OPH after incubation at 4 ℃ for 24 h at different pH values. Data are given as means±SD, n=3., figureFileSmall=u1vhmb0iHgJJIL5BqTI9yg==, figureFileBig=THz/CG+cxmOYw5wTEe8s0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059686351837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PSA-OPHOPH酶学性质的测定。A:PSA-OPH和OPH最适温度测定;B:PSA-OPH和OPH在70 ℃条件下热稳定性的测定;C:PSA-OPH和OPH最适pH测定;D:不同pH值下4 ℃孵育24 h后PSA-OPH和OPH的pH稳定性的测定。, figureFileSmall=u1vhmb0iHgJJIL5BqTI9yg==, figureFileBig=THz/CG+cxmOYw5wTEe8s0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059816375269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Reusability of immobilized enzyme (PSA-OPH) over multiple cycles. Data are given as means±SD, n=3., figureFileSmall=5JlKo7D4lUlrbi+B2A1Ljg==, figureFileBig=jPE4KzBykteQtxYIA7ZhFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059929621486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=CN, label=图7, caption=固定化酶的循环使用次数, figureFileSmall=5JlKo7D4lUlrbi+B2A1Ljg==, figureFileBig=jPE4KzBykteQtxYIA7ZhFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964060030284788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956556911166371, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The impact of PSA-OPH on the hydrolysis rate of different pesticides within 60 minutes. 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毕赤酵母高效间接表面展示系统的构建及在固定有机磷水解酶上的应用
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赵梓萱 1 , 王淋 1 , 王艳丽 1 , 袁慧 1 , 贺妮莎 1 , 张桂敏 2 , 周玉玲 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(9): 4014-4028
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(9): 4014-4028
毕赤酵母高效间接表面展示系统的构建及在固定有机磷水解酶上的应用
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赵梓萱1, 王淋1, 王艳丽1, 袁慧1, 贺妮莎1, 张桂敏2, 周玉玲1
作者信息
  • 1 湖北大学 生命科学学院,湖北 武汉
  • 2 北京化工大学 生命科学与技术学院,北京
An efficient indirect surface display system in Pichia pastoris: construction and application in immobilization of organophosphorus hydrolase
Zixuan ZHAO1, Lin WANG1, Yanli WANG1, Hui YUAN1, Nisha HE1, Guimin ZHANG2, Yuling ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 2 College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250127
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【目的】 通过毕赤酵母表面展示技术,利用SpyCatcher/SpyTag (SpyC/SpyT)生物偶联体系固定有机磷水解酶(organophosphorus hydrolase, OPH),以解决OPH在实际应用中稳定性差和重复利用率低的问题,为有机磷农药污染的生物修复提供新方法。 【方法】 在毕赤酵母表面展示“诱饵蛋白” SpyCatcher (SpyC),通过增加拷贝数和优化培养条件提高展示效率。通过酶学性质分析评估固定化OPH的热稳定性、pH稳定性及重复使用性能,并考察其对基于SpyC/SpyT的特异性相互作用,将OPH-SpyTag (OPH-SpyT)高效展示于毕赤酵母表面。甲基对硫磷、乐果和毒死蜱 3种有机磷农药的水解效率。 【结果】 毕赤酵母表面展示SpyC的效率超过(97.0±0.40)%,优化后湿细胞可结合绿色荧光蛋白(21.4±0.7) mg/g。成功将OPH展示于细胞表面,固定化OPH的热稳定性和pH稳定性显著提高,重复使用5次后仍保留50%以上的活力。在最适条件下,对100 mg/L甲基对硫磷、乐果和毒死蜱这3种有机磷农药的水解率分别达到(96.5±2.7)%、(79.5±2.3)%和(82.6±2.8)%,表明该方法对某些有机磷农药具有较高的水解效率。 【结论】 SpyC/SpyT生物偶联体系的毕赤酵母表面展示技术可有效固定OPH,显著提升其稳定性和重复使用性能,为有机磷农药污染的生物修复提供了高效、绿色的新途径,也为毕赤酵母表面展示相关领域的研究提供了有力工具和方法。

SpyCather/SpyTag  /  毕赤酵母  /  间接表面展示  /  有机磷水解酶

[Objective] To develop an efficient catalyst for organophosphorus pesticide degradation by immobilizing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) on the surface of Pichia pastorisvia the SpyCatcher/SpyTag (SpyC/SpyT) system, addressing the poor stability and low reusability of OPH in practical applications and providing a new method for the bioremediation of organophosphorus pesticide pollution. [Methods] The “bait protein” SpyCatcher (SpyC) was first displayed on the surface of P. pastoris, and the display efficiency was increased by increasing the copy number and optimizing the culture conditions. Then based on the specific interaction between SpyC and SpyT, OPH-SpyTag (OPH-SpyT) was efficiently displayed on the yeast surface. The thermal stability, pH stability, and reusability of immobilized OPH were evaluated, and the hydrolysis efficiency of immobilized OPH against methyl parathion, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos was assessed. [Results] The display efficiency of SpyC on the P. pastoris surface reached over (97.0±0.4)%, with an optimized binding capacity of (21.4±0.7) mg green fluorescent protein for 1 g wet cells. OPH was successfully displayed on the cell surface via the SpyC/SpyT system. The immobilized OPH exhibited significantly enhanced thermal and pH stability, retaining more than 50% activity after five repeated uses. Under optimum conditions, the immobilized OPH showed the hydrolysis rates of (96.5±2.7)%, (79.5±2.3)%, and (82.6±2.8)% against 100 mg/L methyl parathion, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. This indicated that the method showed high hydrolysis efficiency for the organophosphorus pesticides. [Conclusion] The immobilization of OPH on P. pastoris surface via the SpyC/SpyT system effectively improves its stability and reusability, offering an efficient and environmentally friendly solution for the bioremediation of organophosphorus pesticide pollution. Meanwhile, this study provides a powerful tool and method for research in the field of P. pastoris surface display.

SpyCatcher/SpyTag  /  Pichia pastoris  /  indirect surface display  /  organophosphorus hydrolase
赵梓萱, 王淋, 王艳丽, 袁慧, 贺妮莎, 张桂敏, 周玉玲. 毕赤酵母高效间接表面展示系统的构建及在固定有机磷水解酶上的应用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4014 -4028 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250127
Zixuan ZHAO, Lin WANG, Yanli WANG, Hui YUAN, Nisha HE, Guimin ZHANG, Yuling ZHOU. An efficient indirect surface display system in Pichia pastoris: construction and application in immobilization of organophosphorus hydrolase[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4014 -4028 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250127
有机磷农药(organophosphorus compounds, OPs)因其毒性强和杀虫谱广而被广泛用于害虫防治。在环境中有机磷农药可通过光解、水解和微生物降解等途径进行自然降解。尽管有机磷农药具有一定的降解性,但其降解速率和程度因环境条件、农药种类等因素而异。例如,某些有机磷农药如甲基对硫磷、乐果和毒死蜱在特定环境条件下难以完全降解,导致残留积累,进而对土壤肥力和水生态健康构成潜在威胁,长期接触还可能引发人体各种严重疾病。有机磷水解酶(organophosphorus hydrolase, OPH)是一种能够高效降解有机磷化合物的酶,因其底物谱广、催化效率高和绿色环保等优点,被视为一种理想的生物修复手段[1-2]。然而OPH与其他游离酶一样,在实际应用中存在局限性。其稳定性相对较低,容易受到温度、pH值变化及盐浓度高低等因素的影响,导致活性降低甚至丧失。此外,有机磷水解酶的回收和再利用也是一个挑战[3-5]。因此开发能够提高有机磷水解酶稳定性和重复利用率的固定化方法显得尤为重要,这将使其能够应用于污水处理器或果蔬清洁器中,配合光解等其他修复方法,实现高效、绿色的污染治理和食品安全保障。
蛋白质的固定化方法包括吸附法、共价结合法、交联法和包埋法等[6]。细胞表面展示是近年来发展起来的一种新的固定化技术[7-8]。该技术通过基因工程手段将目标蛋白或酶与宿主细胞壁上的特定锚定分子结合,从而将目标蛋白或酶展示在细胞表面。与其他固定化方法相比,细胞表面展示技术具有诸多优势:能够使酶或蛋白在细胞表面稳定固定,同时保持其生物活性;酶固定在细胞表面可以实现酶的连续使用和简便回收;可以通过细胞分裂来扩增酶的量,实现酶的放大生产[8-10]。因此这种技术广泛应用于各种生物技术与生物医学领域,例如药物筛选、生物催化剂、文库筛选、定量测定和生物传感器。
根据展示细胞的种类,表面展示技术可划分为噬菌体展示、微生物细胞展示和动物细胞展示。在这些展示系统中,酵母细胞具有诸多显著优势[11]:酵母细胞体积较大,使其表面能够展示更多的蛋白质分子(约104-106);巴斯德毕赤酵母、酿酒酵母和解脂耶氏酵母等常见酵母菌株已被美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)认定为一般认为安全(generally regarded as safe, GRAS)的微生物,这为它们在工业应用中提供了法律保障;酵母细胞抗化学试剂能力和环境耐受性强。综上所述,这些优点使得酵母展示系统在生物技术领域中占据了重要地位。其中,毕赤酵母是除酿酒酵母之外使用最广泛的表达系统。相较于酿酒酵母,毕赤酵母发酵密度更高、糖基化程度较低。截至目前,已有上千种蛋白在毕赤酵母中成功表达,有些蛋白的产量可达到每升克级水平,并且已经实现了商业化。因此毕赤酵母菌株更适合用于生产重组蛋白。
根据锚定蛋白与靶蛋白连接方式的不同,细胞表面展示又可分为直接表面展示和间接表面展示。尽管直接表面展示操作简便,但其存在一定的局限性,如空间位阻问题以及展示效率低等。Liu等[12]在毕赤酵母表面直接展示了磷脂酶D,虽然提高了该酶的稳定性和重复利用率,但该酶的展示率相对较低,只有约53%,这对其后续应用产生了一定的影响。间接展示系统通过将一个小分子配基与锚定蛋白进行融合表达,目标蛋白与另一个配基融合表达,利用这些配基间的高亲和力实现蛋白的表面展示,可以避免蛋白直接锚定在细胞表面可能引起的活性损失或功能障碍。间接表面展示通常采用生物偶联系统,如生物素与链霉亲和素(streptavidin, SA)、Colicin E7 (CL7) DNA酶与其抑制物免疫蛋白7 (immunity protein 7, Im7)、化脓链球菌纤连蛋白结合蛋白的CnaB2结构域改造而来的SpyC/SpyT等,这些系统能够形成特异性相互作用,从而将目标蛋白间接展示在细胞表面[13-15]。2019年,Li等[16]在毕赤酵母表面将Im7蛋白锚定,然后利用Im7和CL7之间的超高亲和力相互作用,将带有CL7融合标签的目标蛋白[荧光蛋白(sfGFP和mCherry)或酶(人类精氨酸酶I)]高效展示在毕赤酵母表面。绿色荧光蛋白在毕赤酵母表面的展示量约2.8×106个/细胞,这种间接表面展示方法效率高,为展示生物分子提供了一个强大的平台。此外,间接展示系统还具有良好的可扩展性,可以通过改变锚定蛋白的种类和数量来调节目标蛋白的展示密度和位置。Bao等[17]在大肠杆菌表面展示了SpyTag和SnoopTag,通过SpyTag/SpyCatcher和SnoopTag/SnoopCatcher的相互作用将3种融合不同配对键的几丁质降解酶固定在大肠杆菌表面,通过“一锅法”将α-几丁质转化为氨基葡萄糖(glucosamine, GlcN),转换率高达79.02%,重复使用6轮后仍保留90%的酶活性。因此间接表面展示为微生物表面工程提供了更多的可能性,使得微生物可以被设计用于多种工业应用。
本研究通过SpyC/SpyT生物偶联系统构建毕赤酵母间接展示平台(Pichia pastoris surface anchor system, PSA),探索其在有机磷水解酶(OPH)展示中的应用。通过优化基因拷贝数和培养条件,以提高OPH在细胞表面的展示效率和稳定性,从而为增强其催化活性和降解能力提供新的策略。
大肠杆菌菌株DH5α和BL21(DE3)分别用于DNA克隆和蛋白质表达。毕赤酵母菌株GS115和质粒pPICZαA均购自Invitrogen公司。载体pET28a-eGFP-SpyT和pHBM905BDM均由Du等[10]保存,并用于后续实验。限制性内切酶(如ExTaq DNA聚合酶和T4 DNA连接酶)均购自宝生物工程(大连)有限公司(TaKaRa公司)。Ni Sepharose 6 Fast Flow纯化柱和GE HiTrap脱盐纯化柱均购自GE HealthCare公司;所有化学试剂均为分析纯。引物的生物合成和DNA测序服务由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司提供。
SpyC是一种能与SpyT特异性结合的“诱饵蛋白”,分子量为10.22 kDa,从前期构建的载体pET28a-LSP-OmpA-SpyC-HA中克隆而来[10]。(G4S)3为连接肽,SED1是毕赤酵母的表面锚定分子(GenBank登录号为CP046084.1)。为了构建毕赤酵母表面展示系统(PSA),首先将SpyC片段与连接肽(G4S)3和表面锚定分子SED1连接,形成HA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1和SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1片段。这些片段被克隆到质粒pPICZαA中,并转化至大肠杆菌DH5α中进行测序验证。通过Sac I酶线性化处理后,将质粒电转到毕赤酵母GS115菌株中,构建表面展示菌株PSA-1:GS115-pPICZαA-HA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1和GS115-pPICZαA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1。
以pPICZαA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1 (PSA-1)为基础,采用“生物砖法”构建了多拷贝表达质粒PSA-(2-6) (pPICZαA-(SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1)2-6)。 “生物砖法”是一种通过模块化基因组装的方法[18],通过限制性内切酶的切割和连接将多个基因模块串联起来,构建多拷贝表达质粒。首先:利用Bgl II和Avr II限制性内切酶消化pPICZαA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1,产生包含启动子、前导信号序列、目标开放阅读框[SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1]和终止子的表达盒。然后将表达盒克隆到经Avr II和BamH I酶处理的pPICZαA中,得到质粒pPICZαA-(SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1)2。通过重复该步骤,成功构建了多拷贝表达质粒pPICZαA-(SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1)2-6。所有重组质粒通过质粒大小和限制性内切酶酶切分析进行验证,并转化至GS115中,构建了表面展示菌株GS115-pPICZαA-(SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1)2-6
为了提高表面展示效率,本研究系统优化了表面展示菌株的培养条件。每天在BMMY培养基中添加1%甲醇对毕赤酵母菌株进行诱导,培养时间为7 d,以确定最佳培养时间。为了探究不同甲醇浓度对毕赤酵母表面展示效果的影响,在BMMY培养基中分别添加了0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5%的甲醇进行诱导。
在含有pET28a-eGFP-SpyT的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达目的蛋白eGFP-SpyT,经Ni Sepharose 6 Fast Flow纯化后,使用荧光酶标仪在488 nm处测定eGFP蛋白浓度与荧光强度的关系,确定标准曲线。
从载体pHBM905BDM-OPH[19]中克隆oph片段,通过重叠PCR合成OPH-(G4S)3-SpyT片段,并将其克隆到表达载体中,从而构建质粒pHBM905BDM-OPH-(G4S)3-SpyT。经测序验证后,将pHBM905BDM-OPH-(G4S)3-SpyT转化毕赤酵母进行表达,诱导表达获得目的蛋白OPH-(G4S)3-SpyT,并通过SDS-PAGE进行验证。参照Shen等[19]的方法对OPH和OPH-SpyT的活性进行测定。
取200 μL毕赤酵母菌液,3 000 r/min离心2 min,弃上清液,用含1%牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)的PBS溶液(pH 7.4)洗沉淀 2次,再用PBS稀释至1×106个细胞/mL。将细胞与稀释的抗HA标签单克隆抗体或eGFP-SpyT混匀,4 ℃静置15 min,然后在室温下继续静置30 min,整个过程均在避光条件下进行。孵育结束后,细胞用含1%牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的PBS溶液(pH 7.4)洗涤3次,随后用相同的缓冲液重悬,并使用流式细胞仪(Beckman Coulter公司)进行检测(HA的激发和发射波长分别为492 nm和518 nm,eGFP的激发和发射波长分别为488 nm和509 nm),以评估展示细胞的百分比。
菌株诱导1-3 d后,3 000 r/min离心5 min收集细胞,用PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4)洗涤2次,再次3 000 r/min离心5 min收集细胞。将10 mg酵母湿细胞与1 mL的0.6 mg/mL eGFP-SpyT溶液使用旋转混合仪孵育30 min。在不同时间点(0、5、10、15和30 min)取上清液,使用SDS-PAGE和荧光测定法来确定eGFP-SpyT的剩余量。
将表达OPH-SpyT的毕赤酵母培养物以3 000 r/min离心5 min后收集上清,与表面展示SpyC的毕赤酵母细胞PSA-4在室温下混合并孵育30 min。通过SpyC-SpyT相互作用,将OPH间接展示在毕赤酵母细胞表面。OPH可以将甲基对硫磷水解生成黄色的对硝基苯酚(p-nitrophenol, pNP),在不同温度(30-70 ℃)和pH (5.0-12.0)条件下,先将900 μL的50 mmol/L甲基对硫磷底物预热5 min,取适量稀释的酶液/菌液100 μL加入到体系中反应10 min,加入1 mL的10%三氯乙酸终止反应,再加入1 mL的10%碳酸钠显色。用酶标仪测定在410 nm的pNP特定吸收峰,根据吸光度计算其酶活力:1个酶活单位(U)定义为每分钟催化生成1 μmol产物所需的酶量,从而定量分析OPH在细胞表面的展示效率[19]
为了系统研究固定化有机磷水解酶(PSA-OPH)的性质,对其最适温度、最适pH、热稳定性、pH稳定性及循环利用性能进行了表征。将PSA-OPH和OPH分别悬浮于pH 9.0的甘氨酸-氢氧化钠缓冲液中,在30-70 ℃下进行反应,以5 ℃为一个温度梯度,反应时间为10 min。通过分光光度计在410 nm处测定产物pNP的生成速率,以确定OPH的最适温度。将PSA-OPH和OPH分别在70 ℃下孵育,每10 min取样1次,孵育时间为60 min。将样品冷却至室温后,加入底物甲基对硫磷测定产物pNP的生成量,测定残余活性。通过比较不同时间点的残余活性确定OPH的热稳定性。
将PSA-OPH和OPH分别悬浮于不同pH值(5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0、12.0)的缓冲液中,在45 ℃下进行反应,反应时间为10 min。通过分光光度计在410 nm处测定产物pNP的生成速率,以确定OPH的最适pH。将PSA-OPH和OPH分别在不同pH值(5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0、12.0)的缓冲液中孵育24 h。在4 ℃下进行孵育,以减少温度对酶活性的影响。孵育结束后加入底物甲基对硫磷,测定残余活性,评估OPH在不同pH条件下的稳定性。
将PSA-OPH悬浮于Gly-NaOH缓冲液(pH 9.0)中,在45 ℃和室温(25 ℃)下进行反应。每次反应时间为10 min,通过分光光度计在 410 nm处测定产物pNP的生成速率,以确定OPH的活性。反应结束后,3 000 r/min离心 5 min收集细胞沉淀,用Gly-NaOH缓冲液 (pH 9.0)洗涤细胞3次,以去除残留底物和产物。将洗涤后的细胞重新悬浮于新鲜缓冲液中,进行下一次反应。重复上述步骤5次,记录每次反应的活性,评估固定化OPH的循环利用性能。
为了评估表面展示有机磷水解酶的实际应用能力,本研究选择在最适条件下测定PSA-OPH对100 mg/L甲基对硫磷、乐果和毒死蜱的水解率。将PSA-OPH用PBS洗涤3次以去除残留的培养基成分,然后在1 mL含有100 mg/L的甲基对硫磷反应体系中加入1 g的PSA-OPH,反应时间为60 min。在反应过程中,每隔一定时间取样进行检测。参照Wang等[20]的方法计算对甲基对硫磷的水解率,参照李文等[21]的氯化钯乙酸比色法计算乐果和毒死蜱的水解率。
为了开发一种能够有效展示的间接P. pastoris表面展示系统,基于前期研究成果[10]将SpyC-SpyT系统中较大的SpyC片段展示在毕赤酵母表面,目标蛋白或肽链则与SpyT融合。将质粒线性化后,分别转化至毕赤酵母GS115中,构建了重组菌株GS115-HA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1和GS115-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1。经甲醇诱导24 h后,与HA抗体孵育,使用流式细胞仪分析展示效率(以10 000个细胞作为总样本量)。含有HA标签的GS115-HA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1菌株展示率达(84.9±0.7)%,而对照GS115未检测到任何荧光(图1A)。进一步通过荧光显微镜验证,GS115-HA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1细胞表面展示荧光,而对照GS115未检测到任何荧光(图未展示),结果表明SpyC成功展示在毕赤酵母表面,为SpyC-SpyT的组装提供了基础。
为了排除HA标签对SpyC-SpyT相互作用的影响,将诱导培养72 h的GS115-HA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1和GS115-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1与0.5 mg eGFP-SpyT在含有1%牛血清白蛋白的pH 7.4 PBS缓冲液中孵育30 min,随后使用流式细胞仪(以10 000个细胞作为总样本)进行分析。结果显示,GS115-HA-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1的组装率达(52.0±0.4)% (图1B),而GS115-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1的组装率达(59.9±0.8)% (图1C),GS115对照组为(0.2±0.2)%,表明eGFP可以通过SpyC-SpyT在毕赤酵母表面间接展示,但HA标签对目标蛋白在毕赤酵母表面展示有一定影响。因此后续展示菌株选用GS115-SpyC-(G4S)3-SED1,即PSA-1。
为了提高SpyC在毕赤酵母表面的展示量,进而提高目标蛋白的组装量,通过“生物砖”方法构建了多拷贝表达质粒pPICZαA-(SpyC-(G4S)3- SED1)2-6。重组菌株PSA-1、PSA-2、PSA-3、PSA-4和PSA-6在1%甲醇诱导24 h后收集,并与eGFP-SpyT孵育,通过流式细胞仪分析表面组装。结果显示,PSA-1、PSA-2、PSA-3、PSA-4和PSA-6的组装效率分别达到了 (33.9±0.8)%、(44.9±1.5)%、(52.4±2.5)%、 (88.7±1.5)%和(79.5±1.8)% (图2)。因此根据实验结果,PSA-4被选为表面展示平台。
为了提高PSA-4菌株的展示效率,对培养条件进行了优化。结果显示,PSA-4的展示率随着培养时间的延长而逐渐增加,并在第3天和第4天达到最大值(97.0±0.4)%,之后PSA-4的展示率逐渐下降(图3A)。通过调整甲醇诱导浓度来优化表面展示效率。在3个平行实验中,补充了6种不同浓度的甲醇:0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5%,诱导3 d。由于展示效率接近100%,无法进行进一步评估,因此改用平均荧光强度来确定最佳甲醇浓度。如图3B所示,在2.0%甲醇浓度诱导下,PSA-4的平均荧光强度达到最高。因此选择3 d培养时间和2.0%甲醇浓度作为最佳培养条件。
为了测量PSA-4细胞的蛋白载荷能力,2.0%甲醇诱导3 d后的PSA-4细胞(10 mg,湿重)与1 mL的0.6 mg/mL的eGFP-SpyT溶液在旋转条件下孵育30 min。在不同时间点(0、5、10、15和30 min)取上清液,使用SDS-PAGE和荧光测定法来确定eGFP-SpyT的剩余量。如图4所示,蛋白带随着时间的推移逐渐减弱,并且在15 min后不再变化,表明eGFP-SpyT通过SpyC-SpyT在15 min内迅速组装到PSA-4细胞表面,并达到饱和,这与之前很多报道的结果一致[10,22-23]。根据残留在上清中的eGFP-SpyT浓度计算结合在细胞表面的蛋白浓度,表明PSA-4细胞的平均载荷能力为(21.4±0.7) mg eGFP-SpyT/g细胞(湿重) (图4B)。
为了将OPH组装在毕赤酵母细胞表面,将SpyT标签融合到OPH的C末端,并在毕赤酵母中重新表达。通过SDS-PAGE和活力测定分析,结果表明融合标签对OPH的表达和活力无影响(图5)。按照上述方法将OPH-SpyT与PSA-4细胞孵育30 min后,根据结合绿色荧光蛋白与PSA-4结合的方法计算了组装在酵母表面的OPH量。计算结果表明,结合在酵母表面的有机磷水解酶的量为18.8 mg/g湿重细胞。进一步将间接表面展示菌株和参照(不加OPH-SpyT的PSA-4)在4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心5 min后加入底物,测定酶活。为了确保酶活测定的可靠性,所有实验均进行了3次独立的重复。通过绘制标准曲线确定了酶浓度与吸光度之间的线性关系(R2=0.995)。固定化OPH的比酶活为 (22.56±1.23) U/mg,而游离OPH的比酶活为(15.42±0.89) U/mg。通过独立样本t检验分析,固定化OPH的酶活显著高于游离OPH (t=4.32,df=4,P=0.012),表明固定化技术显著提高了OPH的酶活。
图6A6B所示,固定化酶(PSA-OPH)在45 ℃时显示出最佳温度活性,并随着温度的升高活性略有下降,在70 ℃时仍保持超过60%的残余活性,而游离酶(OPH)的最适温度为50 ℃,在60 ℃时活性仅剩25%。在热稳定性分析实验中,PSA-OPH和OPH在70 ℃条件下孵育60 min,其间定期测定其残余酶活性。结果显示,游离OPH的酶活性随时间迅速下降,60 min后其残余活性降至10%以下,而PSA-OPH的酶活性下降速率较慢,60 min后仍保留超过40%的活性。
PSA-OPH和OPH的最适pH值在45 ℃下进行测定。如图6 C所示,与OPH一样,PSA-OPH在pH 9.0时显示出最高的催化活性。然而,在低于5.0和高于10.0的极端环境下,PSA-OPH的活性高于OPH。随后在不同pH值(5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0、12.0)下4 ℃孵育24 h,测定其pH稳定性,结果表明PSA-OPH在所有测试的pH值下催化活性保持在50%以上,而OPH在pH 5.0时仅保留了少量的活性(图6D)。这些结果表明,PSA系统的酶固定化提高了OPH的耐酸和耐碱能力。
在 pH 9.0 条件下,PSA-OPH在45 ℃和室温(25 ℃)条件下测定其循环利用情况。结果如图7所示,PSA-OPH的活性在5个使用周期后仍保持在50%以上。在洗涤过程中,总有部分细胞丢失,这可能导致部分活力的丧失。为了验证这一猜测,进一步测定了细胞的密度,发现每次洗涤后细胞有5%左右的损失。这表明细胞损失是酶活下降的一个重要因素。在多轮使用过程中,构象改变也可能是引起活力下降的主要因素之一。
为了评估PSA-OPH的实际应用能力,在最适条件下测定了PSA-OPH对100 mg/L甲基对硫磷、乐果和毒死蜱3种有机磷农药的水解率。如图8结果显示,该固定化有机磷水解酶对甲基对硫磷、乐果和毒死蜱的水解率分别为 (96.5±2.7)%、(79.5±2.3)%和(82.6±2.8)%,表明固定化的有机磷水解酶具有较高的水解活性。
有机磷农药的广泛应用给环境和人类健康带来了严峻挑战,而有机磷水解酶(OPH)作为一种绿色环保的生物修复手段,在处理有机磷农药污染方面展现出了巨大的潜力和应用价值。在一些实际应用中,若需重复利用OPH这类游离酶,便会遭遇稳定性不佳以及重复利用率低下的困境,这些问题亟待解决。本研究通过构建毕赤酵母间接展示平台成功实现了有机磷水解酶在细胞表面的高密度展示,为提高OPH的稳定性和重复利用率提供了一种新方法。
间接表面展示技术通常采用生物偶联系统,如SA/AV、Im7/CL7、SpyC/SpyT等,这些系统能够形成特异性相互作用,从而将目标蛋白间接展示在细胞表面[13-15]。为了实现OPH的间接展示,本研究在毕赤酵母表面利用SpyC/SpyT系统构建了一个间接表面展示平台,将大分子SpyC作为“诱饵蛋白”展示在毕赤酵母表面。研究结果显示,SpyC成功展示在毕赤酵母表面。SpyC在细胞表面的展示量直接影响目标蛋白的展示量。Du等[10]采用基因串联的方法提高大肠杆菌表面SpyC展示量,发现当SpyC的串联数为3时间接展示量最大,可组装53 mg eGFP-SpyT/g湿细胞。为了提高SpyC的展示量,本研究利用“生物砖”法构建了多拷贝载体。随着SpyC拷贝数的增加,细胞表面的展示量也随之增加,在 4拷贝表达菌株(PSA-4)中SpyC的展示量达到最大值。这一变化趋势与基因表达的一般规律相符,拷贝数的增加能够有效提升目标蛋白的展示量。然而,当基因拷贝数过多时,细胞需要将更多的资源用于维持这些基因的表达,而细胞的生长代谢可能会受到限制[24-25]。因此细胞会通过某种机制来平衡基因表达和细胞生长之间的关系,使得基因表达量在某一拷贝数时达到一个相对平衡的峰值[26]。这与以往采用多拷贝方法提高酶的表达量的研究现象一致[18,27-29]。例如,He等[27]在体外构建多拷贝表达载体提高溶菌酶在毕赤酵母中的表达,当基因拷贝数达到6时溶菌酶的活力达到最大。本研究通过培养条件优化,PSA-4的组装量最终可达 (21.4±0.7) mg eGFP-SpyT/g湿细胞。这一结果比Du等[10]报道的大肠杆菌表面展示量低60%左右,可能是由于大肠杆菌的个体较小,比表面积相对较大所致。然而,与已报道的毕赤酵母等真核细胞展示系统相比,该系统展现出显著优势。例如,Li等[16]利用CL7/Im7系统在毕赤酵母表面构建了间接展示系统,该系统1 g干细胞才能结合17.8 mg的CL7-sfGFP。
间接表面展示这类固定化技术在提高酶的稳定性和重复利用性方面具有重要意义。本研究中,固定化后的OPH在酶的性质上表现出显著提升。固定化OPH的最适温度为45 ℃,虽然比游离酶降低了5 ℃,但在高温条件下(70 ℃)仍能保持60%的活性,而游离酶在该温度下完全失去活性。这表明固定化OPH在高温环境下的稳定性显著提高,能够更好地适应复杂的工业应用条件。此外,固定化OPH在不同pH值下的稳定性也显著优于游离酶,即使在pH 5.0的极端条件下固定化OPH仍能保持60%以上的活性,而游离酶仅保留15.9%的活性。这些结果与其他报道的固定化酶结果一致。Wang等[20]用解脂耶氏酵母直接展示甲基对硫磷水解酶(methyl parathion hydrolase, MPH),其热稳定性和pH稳定性都有一定提高。Liu等[12]在毕赤酵母表面展示的磷脂酶D,相较于游离酶,其热稳定性和pH稳定性也有明显提升。究其原因,固定化技术通过将酶限制在特定的载体上,为酶分子提供了保护性微环境,限制了其在高温或极端pH条件下的构象变化,从而提高了酶的稳定性。此外,固定化酶的重复利用性也是衡量其应用价值的重要指标。本研究中,固定化OPH在45 ℃和室温(25 ℃)条件下进行了循环利用测试。结果显示,固定化OPH在5个使用周期后仍保持50%以上的活性。虽然在洗涤过程中细胞的丢失和构象变化导致部分活性的丧失,但整体结果表明固定化OPH具有良好的重复利用性。类似的趋势也见于其他固定化酶的研究中。例如,2021年Ye等[11]在可逆可溶性的Eudragit L-100上固定3种酶(纤维素酶、葡萄糖氧化酶和过氧化氢酶),提高了这些酶的pH稳定性和热稳定性,重复使用6次共固定化酶的活性保持在52.38%。这表明固定化技术在提高酶的实用性和经济可行性方面具有显著优势。
本研究构建的PSA-OPH在水解率测试中表现出较高的催化效率,其比酶活达(22.56±1.23) U/mg。吴慧[13]研究OPH在毕赤酵母表面上直接展示时展示效率只有57%,比酶活为13.66 U/mg,而通过Im7/CL7系统在毕赤酵母间接展示的OPH,展示效率虽然有70%,但比酶活仅为6.51 U/mg。本研究构建的间接展示系统显著提高了展示效率,使得毕赤酵母细胞具有更高的OPH活性。此外,水解实验的结果表明,表面展示的OPH对甲基对硫磷、乐果、毒死蜱这3种有机磷农药都有水解效果,在 60 min内水解效率分别达到(96.5±2.7)%、 (79.5±2.3)%和(82.6±2.8)%。其中,乐果和毒死蜱的水解率相对较低,这可能是由于其化学结构相对复杂,存在额外的官能团或立体化学障碍,从而影响了OPH对它们的识别和水解效率[30-31]。与报道的其他有机磷水解酶相比,本研究的固定化有机磷水解酶展现出一定的优势。在相同条件下,Wang等[20]通过解脂耶氏酵母直接展示的甲基对硫磷水解酶(MPH)对甲基对硫磷的水解效率为90.8%,低于本研究的结果。Wang等[32]筛选出的产MPH的MEW06菌株对50 mg/L的乐果水解5 d后,水解率为79.8%,而本研究的固定化有机磷水解酶仅在60 min内对100 mg/L乐果的水解率即可达(79.5±2.3)%。同样地,2024年景凌云等[33]研究发现固定的漆酶和光酶协同,在24 min内对20 mg/L的毒死蜱降解率为74%,而本研究的固定化有机磷水解酶在60 min内对100 mg/L毒死蜱的水解率可达(82.6±2.8)%。综上所述,本研究的固定化有机磷水解酶在水解效率和反应时间方面均表现出明显优势。
本研究通过构建毕赤酵母间接展示平台,解决了有机磷水解酶在实际应用中稳定性差和难以回收的问题,为有机磷农药污染的生物修复提供了一种高效且绿色的解决方案。这一成果不仅为OPH的工业化应用奠定了基础,还为其他酶类的细胞表面展示技术提供了重要的参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2106000)
  • 湖北省杰出青年基金(2023AFA071)
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2025年第65卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250127
  • 接收时间:2025-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-21
  • 录用日期:2025-05-05
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2106000)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2106000)
Outstanding Youth Fund of Hubei Province(2023AFA071)
湖北省杰出青年基金(2023AFA071)
作者信息
    1 湖北大学 生命科学学院,湖北 武汉
    2 北京化工大学 生命科学与技术学院,北京
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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