Article(id=1226956555636097934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1742745600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-24, onlineDate=1770458838614, onlineDateStr=2026-02-07, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770458838614, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770458838614, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770458838614, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226956547847275311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='9', pageStart='3821', pageEnd='4232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770458836757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770459153781, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4042, endPage=4059, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226956558635024414, articleId=1226956555636097934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Genomic characterization of the procyanophages in Microcystis spp., columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae, are important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and common dominant algae causing algal blooms in freshwater. Cyanophages, especially procyanophages, are important planktonic ecological factors that affect the evolution of blue-green algae and aquatic microbial communities. Yet studies on procyanophages in cyanobacteria remain scarce. So far, few studies have reported the procyanophages in Microcystis. [Objective] To investigate the prevalence of lysogeny in Microcystis and characterize the genomic features of procyanophages in Microcystis. [Methods] All the 354 genome sequences of Microcystis spp. in GenBank were downloaded. PHASTER was used to predict procyanophage regions in the Microcystis genomes. Resistance and virulence factors in intact procyanophages and questionable procyanophages were annotated via the virulence factors of bacterial pathogens (VFDB) and comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD). Bioinformatics tools were used for gene annotation and phylogenetic analysis of the procyanophages in Microcystis. Microcystis flos-aquae FACHB-1344 and M. aeruginosa FACHB-1326 each was predicted to harbor an intact procyanophage by PHASTER. To evaluate the infection activities of these two procyanophages, mitomycin C induction assays and dot-ELISA were conducted. [Results] Among all the 354 Microcystis genomes, 98.3% were predicted to harbor intact procyanophages, questionable or imcomplete procyanophages. A total of 13 intact procyanophages, 5 questionable procyanophages and 725 incomplete procyanophages were predicted by PHASTER. The 13 intact procyanophages and 5 questionable procyanophages were named as WZ1-WZ13 and YS1-YS5, respectively. No antibiotic resistance or virulence gene was detected in them. The phylogenomic tree displayed distant evolutionary relationships between the 18 procyanophages and other known viruses. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that YS5 revealed a previously unknown novel genus. WZ2, WZ3, WZ4, WZ5, WZ6, WZ7, WZ9, WZ10, WZ11, WZ12 and YS3 together revealed a novel family. WZ1 and YS1 together revealed a novel family. YS2, YS4, WZ8 and WZ13 each revealed a novel family. The procyanophages in M. flos-aquae FACHB-1344 and FACHB-1326 were verified to be activated by mitomycin C. [Conclusion] Lysogeny widely exists in Microcystis spp. The novel procyanophages in Microcystis spp. unlock novel viral evolutionary lineages previously unknown. This study enriches the understanding about cyanobacterium-virus interactions and the diversity of aquatic viruses.

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蓝细菌(cyanobacteria),俗称蓝藻,是水生生态系统中重要的初级生产者,也是常见的水华优势藻。噬藻体(cyanophage),尤其是原噬藻体(prophage)是重要的浮游生态因子,影响蓝藻的进化和水生微生物群落结构。然而,有关原噬藻体的信息极为有限,迄今尚未有关于微囊藻(Microcystis)原噬藻体的研究报道。 【目的】 探讨微囊藻的溶原性及其原噬藻体的基因组特征。 【方法】 从NCBI数据库中下载了所有微囊藻基因组(共计354个)序列,利用PHASTER软件预测其携带的原噬藻体,并分析原噬藻体的携带率、基因组大小和G+C含量;通过毒力因子数据库(virulence factors of bacterial pathogens, VFDB)和综合抗生素研究数据库(comprehensive antibiotic resistance database, CARD)平台,分析完整型原噬藻体与疑似型原噬藻体中携带的耐药因子与毒力因子;综合运用生物信息学工具对完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体进行基因功能注释和系统进化分析。选取含有完整型原噬藻体的水华微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa) FACHB-1326,用丝裂霉素C进行原噬藻体活化诱导,并采用点斑法进一步验证活化噬藻体的感染活性。 【结果】 在全部354个微囊藻基因组中,98.3%的藻株被预测出携带原噬藻体或原噬藻体样片段;共发现完整型原噬藻体13个,疑似型原噬藻体5个,不完整型原噬藻体725个。将完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体分别命名为WZ1-WZ13和YS1-YS5。在其基因组中均未发现耐药因子与毒力因子基因。蛋白谱发育树(phylogenomic tree)显示,这18株微囊藻原噬藻体与其他已知病毒的进化距离较远。生物信息学分析提示,YS5揭示了一个以往未知的新属;WZ2、WZ3、WZ4、WZ5、WZ6、WZ7、WZ9、WZ10、WZ11、WZ12与YS3共同揭示了一个以往未知的新科;WZ1与YS1共同揭示了一个新科;YS2、YS4、WZ8和WZ13则各自揭示了一个新科。FACHB-1344和FACHB-1326各被预测出一个完整型原噬藻体,试验表明丝裂霉素C可成功将其诱导活化。 【结论】 溶原现象在微囊藻中普遍存在,微囊藻基因组中整合的原噬藻体代表了以往未知的病毒进化谱系。本研究拓宽了对浮游病毒的认知。

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作者贡献声明

洪彬鑫:数据收集与分析、图表制作和稿件写作;潘灵婷:数据处理和稿件修改;谭隆:思路讨论;张靖昊:语言润色;杨佳豪:数据分析;徐舒燕:图表制作;徐锦鹏:优化表格;景晓盈:优化图片;李登峰:稿件选题、研究思路和稿件修改;童贻刚:研究思路和稿件修改。

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Environmental Microbiology Reports, 2019, 11(6): 848-854., articleTitle=An uncultured marine cyanophage encodes an active phycobilisome proteolysis adaptor protein NblA, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226964061741563992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, awardId=2018YFA0903000, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0903000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964061896753246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, awardId=2018YFA0903000, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964061955473504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, awardId=2022Z170, language=EN, fundingSource=Ningbo Key Research and Development Project(2022Z170), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964062030970983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, awardId=2022Z170, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市重点研发计划(2022Z170), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964062169383020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, awardId=2024Z234, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市重点研发计划(2024Z234), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226964049217372619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964049225761229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, companyId=1226964049217372619, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964049234149838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, companyId=1226964049217372619, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 宁波大学 海洋学院,浙江 宁波)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226964050609881560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964050618270169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, companyId=1226964050609881560, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964050626658777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, companyId=1226964050609881560, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京化工大学 生命科学学院,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226964057941525448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Comprehensive predictive analysis of procyanophage genomic features in Microcystis spp. A: Predicted types and numbers of the Microcystis procyanophages; B: The distribution of the genome size of the Microcystis procyanophages; C: The distribution of G+C content of the Microcystis procyanophages., figureFileSmall=KZx3ohlM6ZMpJQDFmvoGEg==, figureFileBig=6jdfmM4r/CZ7+3VmHSBQOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964058042188746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微囊藻原噬藻体基因组特征的综合预测分析。A:预测的微囊藻原噬藻体类型与数目;B:预测的微囊藻原噬藻体的基因组大小分布;C:微囊藻原噬藻体的G+C含量分布。, figureFileSmall=KZx3ohlM6ZMpJQDFmvoGEg==, figureFileBig=6jdfmM4r/CZ7+3VmHSBQOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964058176406482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Phylogenomic tree of protein profiles of intact and questionable procyanophages. Green triangles indicate intact procyanophages, blue triangles indicate questionable procyanophages, and pink triangles indicate Microcystis cyanophages., figureFileSmall=UlEN8S12Lay4xFdWpezeuw==, figureFileBig=v7gJ+2uZvtX9uiptT7XTWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059564721114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=图2, caption=完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体的蛋白谱系统发育树。绿色的三角形表示完整型原噬藻体,蓝色的三角形表示疑似型原噬藻体,粉红色的三角形表示微囊藻噬藻体。, figureFileSmall=UlEN8S12Lay4xFdWpezeuw==, figureFileBig=v7gJ+2uZvtX9uiptT7XTWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059686355938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Genome maps of procyanophages WZ1, WZ3, WZ8, and WZ13., figureFileSmall=lByOEtvkPN7rWuHdBx1obA==, figureFileBig=TJwDrU7nq3QfNid+LeXZAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059766047718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=图3, caption=微囊藻原噬藻体WZ1WZ3WZ8WZ13的基因组图谱, figureFileSmall=lByOEtvkPN7rWuHdBx1obA==, figureFileBig=TJwDrU7nq3QfNid+LeXZAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059849933806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Normal cultures and lysates of FACHB-1344 and FACHB-1326 with (A, B) and phagoliths causing phagolithic spots on algal moss (C, D)., figureFileSmall=Of/D5+Sw6qGTz8F7kaEOmg==, figureFileBig=ioTRIPuTc0n1EonxpY2WoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059950597108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=图4, caption=FACHB-1344FACHB-1326的裂解液与正常藻液(AB)和噬藻体在藻苔上造成的噬斑(CD), figureFileSmall=Of/D5+Sw6qGTz8F7kaEOmg==, figureFileBig=ioTRIPuTc0n1EonxpY2WoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964060072231931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Transmission electron microscopy photos of activated WZ7 (A, B) and WZ12 (C, D)., figureFileSmall=kVof3pAYMSTxeV/pVrSmjA==, figureFileBig=cmonqT5AnuD9FppRisK9ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964060311306242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=图5, caption=活化的WZ7 (AB)WZ12 (CD)的电镜图, figureFileSmall=kVof3pAYMSTxeV/pVrSmjA==, figureFileBig=cmonqT5AnuD9FppRisK9ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964060466495495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of intact procyanophages of Microcystis spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameHost (accession number)Genome size (kb)G+C content (%)Number of ORFsPHASTER score
WZ1Microcystis viridis NIES-102 (AP019314.1)13.441.8322110
WZ2

Microcystis aeruginosa 11-30S32

(BHVU01000019.1)

17.646.9515100
WZ3

Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 9443

(HE973005.1)

17.347.0517100
WZ4

M. aeruginosa BS11-05

(JAADAD010000119.1)

15.147.4115110
WZ5

M. aeruginosa F13-15

(JAADAG010000087.1)

17.147.0717100
WZ6

M. aeruginosa L111-01

(JAADAX010000123.1)

15.147.3816110
WZ7

M. flos-aquae FACHB-1344

(JACJSW010000233.1)

17.747.0316100
WZ8

Microcystis sp. M110S1

(JADBRY010000143.1)

45.242.1256100
WZ9

Microcystis sp. M41BS1

(JADBVJ010000056.1)

17.047.2516100
WZ10

Microcystis sp. LE17-20D

(JAPZQZ010000103.1)

17.946.7116100
WZ11

Microcystis sp. LE19-84

(JAPZSR010000022.1)

17.047.1316100
WZ12

M. aeruginosa CHAOHU 1326

(MOLZ01000045.1)

16.747.1215110
WZ13

M. wesenbergii Mw_MB_S_20031200_S109D

(SFAP01000237.1)

17.444.4420110
), ArticleFig(id=1226964060550381582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微囊藻完整型原噬藻体信息汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameHost (accession number)Genome size (kb)G+C content (%)Number of ORFsPHASTER score
WZ1Microcystis viridis NIES-102 (AP019314.1)13.441.8322110
WZ2

Microcystis aeruginosa 11-30S32

(BHVU01000019.1)

17.646.9515100
WZ3

Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 9443

(HE973005.1)

17.347.0517100
WZ4

M. aeruginosa BS11-05

(JAADAD010000119.1)

15.147.4115110
WZ5

M. aeruginosa F13-15

(JAADAG010000087.1)

17.147.0717100
WZ6

M. aeruginosa L111-01

(JAADAX010000123.1)

15.147.3816110
WZ7

M. flos-aquae FACHB-1344

(JACJSW010000233.1)

17.747.0316100
WZ8

Microcystis sp. M110S1

(JADBRY010000143.1)

45.242.1256100
WZ9

Microcystis sp. M41BS1

(JADBVJ010000056.1)

17.047.2516100
WZ10

Microcystis sp. LE17-20D

(JAPZQZ010000103.1)

17.946.7116100
WZ11

Microcystis sp. LE19-84

(JAPZSR010000022.1)

17.047.1316100
WZ12

M. aeruginosa CHAOHU 1326

(MOLZ01000045.1)

16.747.1215110
WZ13

M. wesenbergii Mw_MB_S_20031200_S109D

(SFAP01000237.1)

17.444.4420110
), ArticleFig(id=1226964060692987928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of questionable procyanophages of Microcystis spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameHost (accession number)Genome size (kb)G+C content (%)Number of ORFsPHASTER score
YS1

M. aeruginosa NIES-298

(CP046058.1)

25.440.652470
YS2

M. aeruginosa FACHB-905

(CP089094.1)

11.740.631370
YS3

M. aeruginosa G13-05

(JAADAN010000102.1)

9.346.79970
YS4

Microcystis sp. M31BS1

(JADBVE010000095.1)

24.647.533790
YS5

Microcystis sp. M20BS1

(JADBUZ010000015.1)

74.545.017790
), ArticleFig(id=1226964060818817056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

疑似型原噬藻体汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameHost (accession number)Genome size (kb)G+C content (%)Number of ORFsPHASTER score
YS1

M. aeruginosa NIES-298

(CP046058.1)

25.440.652470
YS2

M. aeruginosa FACHB-905

(CP089094.1)

11.740.631370
YS3

M. aeruginosa G13-05

(JAADAN010000102.1)

9.346.79970
YS4

Microcystis sp. M31BS1

(JADBVE010000095.1)

24.647.533790
YS5

Microcystis sp. M20BS1

(JADBUZ010000015.1)

74.545.017790
), ArticleFig(id=1226964060923674664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANI and isDDH values shared between intact and questionable Microcystis spp. procyanophages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ANI (%)iisDDH (%)
WZ1WZ2WZ3WZ4WZ5WZ6WZ7WZ8WZ9WZ10WZ11WZ12WZ13YS1YS2YS3YS4YS5
WZ10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.088.283.90.00.00.0
WZ20.051.476.951.377.177.90.051.649.951.858.10.00.00.078.10.00.0
WZ30.095.254.785.654.654.20.080.545.680.764.90.00.00.047.30.00.0
WZ40.097.095.654.299.571.70.058.149.358.158.70.00.00.0100.00.00.0
WZ50.095.498.096.654.255.40.078.944.980.162.40.00.00.048.40.00.0
WZ60.097.095.7100.096.671.90.058.149.458.258.60.00.00.099.90.00.0
WZ70.097.197.096.396.896.30.054.045.953.658.80.00.00.072.60.00.0
WZ80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
WZ90.092.697.193.997.493.992.90.047.694.472.40.00.00.047.40.00.0
WZ100.092.491.991.693.491.691.00.092.347.452.00.00.00.039.10.00.0
WZ110.092.697.093.997.694.092.80.099.292.269.10.00.00.047.00.00.0
WZ120.095.497.296.894.696.896.90.096.993.796.60.00.00.050.70.00.0
WZ130.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
YS198.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
YS298.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
YS30.097.990.2100.093.5100.096.70.096.192.296.097.50.00.00.00.00.0
YS40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
YS50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226964061024337968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

完整型和疑似型微囊藻原噬藻体间分享的ANI值和isDDH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ANI (%)iisDDH (%)
WZ1WZ2WZ3WZ4WZ5WZ6WZ7WZ8WZ9WZ10WZ11WZ12WZ13YS1YS2YS3YS4YS5
WZ10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.088.283.90.00.00.0
WZ20.051.476.951.377.177.90.051.649.951.858.10.00.00.078.10.00.0
WZ30.095.254.785.654.654.20.080.545.680.764.90.00.00.047.30.00.0
WZ40.097.095.654.299.571.70.058.149.358.158.70.00.00.0100.00.00.0
WZ50.095.498.096.654.255.40.078.944.980.162.40.00.00.048.40.00.0
WZ60.097.095.7100.096.671.90.058.149.458.258.60.00.00.099.90.00.0
WZ70.097.197.096.396.896.30.054.045.953.658.80.00.00.072.60.00.0
WZ80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
WZ90.092.697.193.997.493.992.90.047.694.472.40.00.00.047.40.00.0
WZ100.092.491.991.693.491.691.00.092.347.452.00.00.00.039.10.00.0
WZ110.092.697.093.997.694.092.80.099.292.269.10.00.00.047.00.00.0
WZ120.095.497.296.894.696.896.90.096.993.796.60.00.00.050.70.00.0
WZ130.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
YS198.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
YS298.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
YS30.097.990.2100.093.5100.096.70.096.192.296.097.50.00.00.00.00.0
YS40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
YS50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226964061133389878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Functional categorization of intact and questionable Microcystis procyanophage ORFs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProcyanophagesLysisLysogeny and transposonPackagingReplication and regulationStructureHypothetical proteinTotal ORFs
WZ1-6-8-923
WZ22---12216
WZ32---12216
WZ43---12116
WZ52---12216
WZ62---12216
WZ72---12216
WZ81-12163362
WZ92---12115
WZ102---13-15
WZ112---12115
WZ122---12115
WZ1321-28821
YS1111-14-1137
YS2-6-5-112
YS32--25-9
YS42-2852037
YS54312226395
), ArticleFig(id=1226964061288579138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

完整型原噬藻体和疑似型微囊藻原噬藻体基因功能归类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProcyanophagesLysisLysogeny and transposonPackagingReplication and regulationStructureHypothetical proteinTotal ORFs
WZ1-6-8-923
WZ22---12216
WZ32---12216
WZ43---12116
WZ52---12216
WZ62---12216
WZ72---12216
WZ81-12163362
WZ92---12115
WZ102---13-15
WZ112---12115
WZ122---12115
WZ1321-28821
YS1111-14-1137
YS2-6-5-112
YS32--25-9
YS42-2852037
YS54312226395
), ArticleFig(id=1226964061401825350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Host range of induced WZ7 of Microcystis flos-aquae FACHB-1344 and WZ12 of Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-1326

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsWZ7 of M. flos-aquae FACHB-1344WZ13 of M. aeruginosa FACHB-1326
M. aeruginosa FACHB-905--
M. aeruginosa FACHB-942--
M. aeruginosa FACHB-1326-+
M. aeruginosa FACHB-924--
M. aeruginosa FACHB-925--
M. aeruginosa FACHB-469--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-908--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-1112--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-1318--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-1317--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-929++
M. flos-aquae FACHB-1028+-
M. flos-aquae FACHB-1351-+
M. flos-aquae FACHB-1323++
M. flos-aquae FACHB-1344+-
M. elabens FACHB-916-+
M. Panniformis FACHB-1757--
M. Ichthyoblabe FACHB-1409--
M. viridis FACHB-979--
M. viridis FACHB-1342--
Microcystis sp. FACHB-915--
), ArticleFig(id=1226964061519265866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555636097934, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

诱导活化的FACHB-1344原噬藻体WZ7FACHB-1326原噬藻体WZ12的宿主范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsWZ7 of M. flos-aquae FACHB-1344WZ13 of M. aeruginosa FACHB-1326
M. aeruginosa FACHB-905--
M. aeruginosa FACHB-942--
M. aeruginosa FACHB-1326-+
M. aeruginosa FACHB-924--
M. aeruginosa FACHB-925--
M. aeruginosa FACHB-469--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-908--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-1112--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-1318--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-1317--
M. wesenbergii FACHB-929++
M. flos-aquae FACHB-1028+-
M. flos-aquae FACHB-1351-+
M. flos-aquae FACHB-1323++
M. flos-aquae FACHB-1344+-
M. elabens FACHB-916-+
M. Panniformis FACHB-1757--
M. Ichthyoblabe FACHB-1409--
M. viridis FACHB-979--
M. viridis FACHB-1342--
Microcystis sp. FACHB-915--
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微囊藻的原噬藻体基因组特征分析
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洪彬鑫 1 , 潘灵婷 1 , 谭隆 1 , 张靖昊 1 , 杨佳豪 1 , 徐舒燕 1 , 徐锦鹏 1 , 景晓盈 1 , 李登峰 1 , 童贻刚 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(9): 4042-4059
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(9): 4042-4059
微囊藻的原噬藻体基因组特征分析
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洪彬鑫1, 潘灵婷1, 谭隆1, 张靖昊1, 杨佳豪1, 徐舒燕1, 徐锦鹏1, 景晓盈1, 李登峰1 , 童贻刚2
作者信息
  • 1 宁波大学 海洋学院,浙江 宁波
  • 2 北京化工大学 生命科学学院,北京
Genomic characterization of the procyanophages in Microcystis spp.
Binxin HONG1, Lingting PAN1, Long TAN1, Jinghao ZHANG1, Jiahao YANG1, Shuyan XU1, Jinpeng XU1, Xiaoying JING1, Dengfeng LI1 , Yigang TONG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
  • 2 College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250146
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蓝细菌(cyanobacteria),俗称蓝藻,是水生生态系统中重要的初级生产者,也是常见的水华优势藻。噬藻体(cyanophage),尤其是原噬藻体(prophage)是重要的浮游生态因子,影响蓝藻的进化和水生微生物群落结构。然而,有关原噬藻体的信息极为有限,迄今尚未有关于微囊藻(Microcystis)原噬藻体的研究报道。 【目的】 探讨微囊藻的溶原性及其原噬藻体的基因组特征。 【方法】 从NCBI数据库中下载了所有微囊藻基因组(共计354个)序列,利用PHASTER软件预测其携带的原噬藻体,并分析原噬藻体的携带率、基因组大小和G+C含量;通过毒力因子数据库(virulence factors of bacterial pathogens, VFDB)和综合抗生素研究数据库(comprehensive antibiotic resistance database, CARD)平台,分析完整型原噬藻体与疑似型原噬藻体中携带的耐药因子与毒力因子;综合运用生物信息学工具对完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体进行基因功能注释和系统进化分析。选取含有完整型原噬藻体的水华微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa) FACHB-1326,用丝裂霉素C进行原噬藻体活化诱导,并采用点斑法进一步验证活化噬藻体的感染活性。 【结果】 在全部354个微囊藻基因组中,98.3%的藻株被预测出携带原噬藻体或原噬藻体样片段;共发现完整型原噬藻体13个,疑似型原噬藻体5个,不完整型原噬藻体725个。将完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体分别命名为WZ1-WZ13和YS1-YS5。在其基因组中均未发现耐药因子与毒力因子基因。蛋白谱发育树(phylogenomic tree)显示,这18株微囊藻原噬藻体与其他已知病毒的进化距离较远。生物信息学分析提示,YS5揭示了一个以往未知的新属;WZ2、WZ3、WZ4、WZ5、WZ6、WZ7、WZ9、WZ10、WZ11、WZ12与YS3共同揭示了一个以往未知的新科;WZ1与YS1共同揭示了一个新科;YS2、YS4、WZ8和WZ13则各自揭示了一个新科。FACHB-1344和FACHB-1326各被预测出一个完整型原噬藻体,试验表明丝裂霉素C可成功将其诱导活化。 【结论】 溶原现象在微囊藻中普遍存在,微囊藻基因组中整合的原噬藻体代表了以往未知的病毒进化谱系。本研究拓宽了对浮游病毒的认知。

微囊藻  /  原噬藻体  /  基因组  /  溶源性  /  新属  /  新科  /  噬菌体进化  /  基因水平转移

Cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae, are important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and common dominant algae causing algal blooms in freshwater. Cyanophages, especially procyanophages, are important planktonic ecological factors that affect the evolution of blue-green algae and aquatic microbial communities. Yet studies on procyanophages in cyanobacteria remain scarce. So far, few studies have reported the procyanophages in Microcystis. [Objective] To investigate the prevalence of lysogeny in Microcystis and characterize the genomic features of procyanophages in Microcystis. [Methods] All the 354 genome sequences of Microcystis spp. in GenBank were downloaded. PHASTER was used to predict procyanophage regions in the Microcystis genomes. Resistance and virulence factors in intact procyanophages and questionable procyanophages were annotated via the virulence factors of bacterial pathogens (VFDB) and comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD). Bioinformatics tools were used for gene annotation and phylogenetic analysis of the procyanophages in Microcystis. Microcystis flos-aquae FACHB-1344 and M. aeruginosa FACHB-1326 each was predicted to harbor an intact procyanophage by PHASTER. To evaluate the infection activities of these two procyanophages, mitomycin C induction assays and dot-ELISA were conducted. [Results] Among all the 354 Microcystis genomes, 98.3% were predicted to harbor intact procyanophages, questionable or imcomplete procyanophages. A total of 13 intact procyanophages, 5 questionable procyanophages and 725 incomplete procyanophages were predicted by PHASTER. The 13 intact procyanophages and 5 questionable procyanophages were named as WZ1-WZ13 and YS1-YS5, respectively. No antibiotic resistance or virulence gene was detected in them. The phylogenomic tree displayed distant evolutionary relationships between the 18 procyanophages and other known viruses. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that YS5 revealed a previously unknown novel genus. WZ2, WZ3, WZ4, WZ5, WZ6, WZ7, WZ9, WZ10, WZ11, WZ12 and YS3 together revealed a novel family. WZ1 and YS1 together revealed a novel family. YS2, YS4, WZ8 and WZ13 each revealed a novel family. The procyanophages in M. flos-aquae FACHB-1344 and FACHB-1326 were verified to be activated by mitomycin C. [Conclusion] Lysogeny widely exists in Microcystis spp. The novel procyanophages in Microcystis spp. unlock novel viral evolutionary lineages previously unknown. This study enriches the understanding about cyanobacterium-virus interactions and the diversity of aquatic viruses.

Microcystis  /  procyanophage  /  genome  /  lysogeny  /  novel genus  /  novel family  /  bacteriophage evolution  /  horizontal gene transfer
洪彬鑫, 潘灵婷, 谭隆, 张靖昊, 杨佳豪, 徐舒燕, 徐锦鹏, 景晓盈, 李登峰, 童贻刚. 微囊藻的原噬藻体基因组特征分析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4042 -4059 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250146
Binxin HONG, Lingting PAN, Long TAN, Jinghao ZHANG, Jiahao YANG, Shuyan XU, Jinpeng XU, Xiaoying JING, Dengfeng LI, Yigang TONG. Genomic characterization of the procyanophages in Microcystis spp.[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4042 -4059 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250146
蓝细菌(cyanobacteria),又称为放氧细菌(oxyphotobacteria),俗称蓝藻(blue-green algae) ,是能通过光合作用捕获太阳能的单细胞藻类,广泛分布于淡水、海水及咸淡水环境中,是水生生态系统中重要的初级生产者。随着全球工业化的发展,水体富营养化日益普遍且严重,蓝藻水华在世界各地的出现次数和频率不断增加。蓝藻水华不仅使淡水生态系统退化[1],还对供水安全构成严重威胁[2]。在所有水华蓝藻中,微囊藻(Microcystis)是最常见且危害最大的一种,广泛存在于温带与亚热带的湖泊、水库和河流中,遍布全球六大洲至少108个国家[3],是我国富营养化湖泊(如滇池、太湖和巢湖等)在高温季节暴发水华的主要优势藻[4-6]。微囊藻产生微囊藻毒素(microcystin, MCs)对水环境、水产养殖对象以及人畜健康构成严重威胁[7]。饮用水源中的淡水微囊藻毒素是原发性肝癌的潜在诱发因素[8],也是急性致死因子。在巴西曾发生一起著名的群体中毒事件,因水源暴发微囊藻水华,肝毒性微囊藻毒素在透析患者的组织中蓄积,导致许多患者死于肝衰竭[9]。微囊藻水华已成为全球关注的重大环境问题之一,如何有效治理蓝藻水华也越来越成为研究的热点。
噬藻体(cyanophage)是能够特异性侵染蓝藻的噬菌体。虽然噬藻体本身极其微小,但其数量庞大,广泛分布于全球水环境中,具有丰富的遗传多样性,是水体微生态的重要组成部分[10]。噬藻体通过选择性感染和裂解蓝细菌,改变水体生物群落结构,是重要的水生生态因子[11]。根据生命周期,噬藻体可分为烈性(virulent)和溶原性(lysogenic) 2类[12]。烈性噬藻体在感染蓝藻后可快速裂解宿主,而溶原性噬藻体(温和噬菌体)在感染宿主后并不裂解宿主,而是将其基因组整合入宿主染色体的特定位点中,成为原噬藻体(prophage)。这些原噬藻体可随宿主基因组的复制而长期复制。含有溶原噬菌体的细菌宿主被称为溶源菌(lysogen)。由于被认为是最具潜力的水华控制生物因子,烈性噬藻体近年来已成为研究热点,迄今在公共数据库中已有400余株噬藻体的基因组被报道。然而原噬藻体和蓝细菌的溶源性信息却很罕见。原噬菌体能够介导外源基因的水平转移,是细菌获得外源性遗传物质(如毒力基因、抗性基因和耐药基因)的重要方式[13]。原噬菌体的整合主要取决于噬菌体的物种,不同物种的整合点差异很大[14]。在诱导条件下(如紫外线照射、丝裂霉素C处理等),原噬菌体的基因组可从宿主基因组中切除,形成具有感染活性的病毒粒子,并使宿主细胞裂解[15]。原噬菌体在细菌演化和环境适应等方面发挥着关键作用,已被广泛研究。
人们对蓝细菌的原噬藻体知之甚少,迄今尚无关于微囊藻原噬藻体的研究报道。本研究采用生物信息学手段,对NCBI数据库中公布的微囊藻序列进行原噬藻体分析,解析溶原率、原噬藻体的基因组特征、多态性及进化地位,以期为深入探索微囊藻与病毒之间的相互作用关系以及微囊藻水华的生物防治奠定基础。
从美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI) (https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih)检索微囊藻序列,总计发现了354株微囊藻的基因组数据(截至2023年12月30日),将其全部下载。
PHASTER (http://phaster.ca/)[16]是一个功能全面的原噬菌体预测在线工具,该软件可快速识别和标注细菌基因组和质粒中的噬菌体序列,能够注释所测菌株中原噬菌体的数量、原噬藻体的基因片段长度、G+C含量、ORF数量,以及噬菌体在宿主染色体上整合的位置等信息。PHASTER根据细菌基因组中噬菌体基因编码序列(coding sequence, CDS)的数量和含有的噬藻体序列对样本进行评分。得分>90的被评定为完整型原噬菌体(intact prophage);得分在70-90之间的被评定为疑似型原噬菌体(questionable prophage);得分<70的被评定为非完整型原噬菌体(incomplete prophage)。本研究应用PHASTER对微囊藻的基因组进行分析,共得到13株完整型原噬藻体和5株疑似型原噬藻体,以“预测类型+编号”将其命名为WZ1、WZ2……WZ13和YS1、YS2……YS5,其中WZ即完整型原噬藻体的简称,YS即疑似型原噬藻体的简称。
分别将注释出的各个完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体的基因组序列输入到抗生素耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)数据库(https://card.mcmaster.ca/),检索耐药基因和耐药基因家族,分析耐药表型、耐药机制等[17]
利用毒力因子数据库(VFDB) (http://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/)中的“Search”功能,提交原噬藻体基因组FASTA格式序列,在DNA sequences from VFDB core dataset (setA)和DNA sequences from VFDB full dataset (setB) 2个数据库中进行BLAST搜索[18],检索原噬藻体基因组中的毒力因子基因。
以2023年8月国际病毒分类委员会 (international committee on taxonomy of viruses, ICTV) (https://ictv.global/)最新发布的病毒分类系统为标准,运用在线软件ViPTree (https://www.genome.jp/viptree/)[19]构建基于全基因组序列比对的蛋白谱系统发育树(phylogenomic tree)。用于构建phylogenomic tree的基因组序列包括:截至2024年10月30日NCBI中已公布的全部15株微囊藻噬藻体;本研究预测出的13株完整型原噬藻体与5株疑似型原噬藻体;用在线工具PHASTER发现的与本研究的完整型、疑似型原噬藻体最相似的噬菌体(most common phages);ICTV分类系统中有尾纲下不属于任何目的独立的32个科的噬菌体代表种,以及有尾纲各目的代表种。
用EzBioCloud平台(https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani)[20]计算各个完整型原噬藻体、疑似型原噬藻体与其近缘病毒间的平均核酸一致性值(average nucleotide identity value, ANI)。使用GGDC平台(http://ggdc.dsmz.de)[21]计算各个完整型原噬藻体、疑似型原噬藻体与其近缘病毒间的DNA分子原位杂交值(in silico DNA-DNA hybridization value, isDDH)。用在线平台PASC (pairwise sequence comparison) (http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/sutils/pasc/)[22]将预测得到的完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体与已知数据库中的病毒进行比对,分别计算它们与近缘病毒间的全基因组成对核苷酸序列相似度(PASC值)。用Virus Intergenomic Distance Calculator (http://rhea.icbm.uni-oldenburg.de/VIRIDIC/)[23]计算噬藻体基因组间相似性(VIRIDIC值)。用在线软件VirClust (https://rhea.icbm.uni-oldenburg.de/VIRCLUST/)[24]计算发育树中完整型和疑似型原噬藻体与其近亲之间的核心基因占比。上述ANI、isDDH、PASC、VIRIDIC值和核心基因占比是国际病毒分类委员会细菌与古菌病毒分会(bacterial and archaeal viruses subcommittee,BAVS)推荐的用于分析噬菌体间亲缘关系的工具,原则为:种间各病毒株间分享的ANI值<95%、isDDH值<70%;属间各病毒间分享的PASC<70%、VIRIDIC<70%;在基于全基因组比对构建的发育树中,同一科的病毒聚在一个枝簇(clade)中,科内各病毒分享的核心基因占 比≥17%,亚科内各病毒间共享的核心基因占比为27%-79%,属内病毒间共享的核心基因占 比≥80%。
使用RAST在线工具(https://rast.nmpdr.org/rast.cgi)[25]对微囊藻原噬藻体的ORF进行初步预测和注释,用HHpred (https://toolkit.tuebingen.mpg.de/tools/hhpred) (E-value<10-5)、HMMER (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/hmmer/search/hmmscan) (domain完整且E-value<10-5)[26-27]和BLASTp (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.gov) (E-value<10-5)进行校准与补充。
用PHASTER软件在水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae) FACHB-1344和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa) FACHB-1326中各发现一个完整型噬藻体,分别为WZ7和WZ12;铜绿微囊藻FACHB-905中有一个疑似型噬藻体,为YS2。为了验证其是否为具有活性的原噬菌体(active prophage),参照文献[28-30]描述的方法分别将FACHB-1344、FACHB-1326和FACHB-905培养至对数期,分装成5 mL/管,随后分别用丝裂霉素和环境因子诱导:实验组I中每管加入5 μL丝裂霉素C (5 mg/mL),对照组I则添加5 μL BG11液体培养基,用锡纸将试管包裹,置于25 ℃培养箱(4 000 lx)中诱导孵育24 h;将实验组II、III各管分别放置于光照强度为7 000 lx和10 000 lx的25 ℃培养箱中,而对照组则置于光照强度为4 000 lx的25 ℃培养箱中,孵育24 h后观察结果;将实验组IV、V、VI分别倾倒至培养皿中,开盖后置于紫外线B (312 nm)、紫外线C (254 nm)下照射,剂量分别为50、100、200 J/m2,对照组不进行紫外照射,随后将各组用锡纸包裹,置于25 ℃培养箱(4 000 lx)中诱导孵育24 h后观察结果;将实验组VII、VIII、IX组各管分别置于30、35和40 ℃培养箱(4 000 lx)中,将对照组置于25 ℃培养箱(4 000 lx)中,诱导孵育24 h后观察结果;微囊藻生长pH范围为5.7-10.5,将实验组X、XI、XII、XIII各管分别调整至pH 6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0,将各管置于培养箱(4 000 lx)中诱导孵育24 h后观察结果。各组设置3个平行。对照组继续保持浑浊蓝绿色,实验组裂解澄清黄化则标注为阳性。
原噬菌体基因组稳定性、宿主适应性和生态功能等受诱导条件的影响。丝裂霉素C诱导活化的噬菌体通常对原宿主(指示菌)具有典型的裂解活性和感染能力[31],可在包括指示菌在内的易感菌的菌苔上形成不完全透明的噬菌斑,所以点斑法常用于此类噬菌体的活性验证和宿主范围检测[32-33]。参照文献[32-33],采用点斑法进一步验证1.7节所诱导的原噬藻体的活性。分别将1 mL新鲜培养的对数期水华微囊藻FACHB-1344和铜绿微囊藻FACHB-1326与8 mL BG11半固体培养基(含0.75%琼脂)混合后倾倒至BG11固体培养基平板(含1.5%琼脂)上,冷却凝固,获得双层平板。取1.7节诱导的原噬藻体裂解液在4 ℃、8 000×g条件下离心10 min,取上清液依次经0.45 μm和0.22 μm的聚醚砜滤器过滤,将滤液分别滴到FACHB-1344和FACHB-1326双层平板上为实验组,每个平板点4个区域,每个区域点3 μL。未滴加活化的噬藻体上清过滤液的双层平板设为对照组。自然晾干后,倒置于25 ℃光照培养箱中,每天观察噬斑是否出现。每组设3个平行。
参照文献[30-31],采用点斑法检测1.7节所诱导的原噬藻体的宿主范围。取1.7节诱导的原噬藻体裂解液在4 ℃、8 000×g条件下离心10 min,取上清液依次经0.45 μm和0.22 μm的聚醚砜滤器过滤,将滤液分别滴到实验室已有的21株微囊藻双层平板上,做原噬藻体的宿主范围实验。
取1.7节诱导的原噬藻体裂解液在4 ℃、8 000×g条件下离心10 min,取上清液加入到300 kDa的透析袋中,于4 ℃下在PBS溶液中透析2 h。取透析后的原噬藻体,滴至铜网 (200目)上,静置10 min后,用中性滤纸从侧面吸去多余水分,用2%磷钨酸负染色1 min,用中性滤纸从侧面吸去染色剂。静置10 min后,使用透射电镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)观察病毒粒子形态。
截至2023年12月30日,NCBI中共有354株微囊藻噬藻体基因组,其中98.3%的藻株携带原噬藻体基因组或原噬藻体样基因组片段。共发现完整型原噬藻体基因组13个,疑似型原噬藻体基因组5个,非完整型原噬藻体725个(图1A)。完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体的宿主藻株和基因组大小等信息见表1-2,其基因组序列原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号为NMDCX0002089。
分别将13个完整型噬藻体命名并编号为WZ1-WZ13;将5个疑似型噬藻体命名并编号为YS1-YS5。微囊藻原噬藻体基因组大小为 3.2-74.5 kb,其中,完整型噬藻体基因组大小在13.4-45.2 kb之间(图1B表1),疑似型噬藻体基因组大小在9.3-74.5 kb之间(图1B表2),非完整型噬藻体基因组大小在3.2-65.3 kb之间(图1B)。微囊藻原噬藻体基因组的G+C含量区间为34.94%-68.22%,其中,完整型原噬藻体的G+C含量在41.83%-47.41%之间(图1C表1),疑似型原噬藻体G+C含量在40.65%-47.53%之间(图1C表2),不完整型噬藻体G+C含量在34.94%-68.22%之间(图1C)。
用CARD平台对所有完整型与疑似型微囊藻原噬藻体进行分析,均未发现抗生素耐药基因(ARGs);用VFDB平台对所有完整型与疑似型微囊藻原噬藻体进行分析,均未发现毒力因子(virulence factors, VFs)的基因。
全部13个完整型原噬藻体和5个疑似型原噬藻体与数据库中已知的所有病毒间分享的PASC值都<12%,这些值均远小于ICTV界定的属内病毒间的阈值(≥70%),结果表明这18个原噬藻体均不属于任何已知的属,而属于以往未知的病毒进化谱系,代表以往未知的新的分类单元。
在基于全基因组构建的蛋白谱发育树(图2)中,YS3、WZ2、WZ4、WZ6与WZ7近源地聚成一个枝簇(clade);WZ3、WZ5、WZ9、WZ10、WZ11与WZ12近源地聚成一个枝簇;这2个枝簇间进化距离较近,共同构成一个更大的枝簇。疑似型原噬藻体YS5与已被分离报道的微囊藻烈性噬藻体Ma-LMM01、Mamv-DH01和MaMV-DC近源地一起构成一个枝簇;YS1、YS2和WZ1远源地聚成一个枝簇;YS4与Puniceispirillum的噬菌体HMO-2011远源地聚成一个枝簇;WZ8与慢生杆菌属(Lentibacter)的噬菌体Siovirus germanense远源地聚成一个枝簇;WZ13与伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)的噬菌体K9远源地聚成一个枝簇。
如前所述,在ICTV网站中可查询到最新的分类版本(#39)和分类标准:科内成员聚在同一个枝簇(clade)中,它们共享的核心基因占比不小于17%;亚科内成员共享的核心基因占比在27%-79%之间;属内成员共享80%的核心基因,属内成员间基因组相似度至少为70%;种内成员间的ANI值和isDDH值分别不小于95%和70%。
在YS3、WZ2、WZ4、WZ6、WZ7共同构成的枝簇中,各原噬藻体间进化距离很短,彼此间的基因组序列相似度很高,VIRIDIC值和PASC值均超过了属阈值(70%),结果提示它们可能归为同一个属。虽然这些原噬藻体间共享的核心基因占比为61.64%,但导致其共享基因占比不足80%的可能原因是YS3的基因组太小,使得其ORF数太少,这拉低了计算核心基因占比时的分子值。进一步地,这些原噬藻体间分享的ANI值(表3)均高于种内阈值(95%)、分享的isDDH值(表3)均高于种内阈值(70%),结果提示它们可能归为同一个种。它们共享的核心基因编码尾丝蛋白(tail fibers protein)、尾部蛋白(tail protein)、基板蛋白(baseplate protein)、Pam3基板楔形结构(Pam3 baseplate wedge)蛋白、尾部溶菌酶(tail lysozyme)、毒素与PAAR结构域(Tox-PAAR-like)蛋白等。它们的宿主菌均为铜绿微囊藻和水华微囊藻FACHB-1344 (表1表2)。
WZ3、WZ5、WZ9和WZ11的进化距离很短,它们之间分享的ANI值、isDDH值(表3)均高于种内阈值,结果提示它们可能归为同一个种。虽然WZ10、WZ12与WZ3、WZ5、WZ9、WZ11聚成一个枝簇,但WZ10、WZ12与这四者之间分享的ANI与isDDH值(表3)低于种内阈值,结果提示WZ10、WZ12各自是不同的新种。这6个原噬藻体间的共享基因占比高达91.3% (图2),高于80%的属阈值,而且它们间分享的VIRIDIC值和PASC值均超过了属阈值(70%),结果提示它们可以归为同一个属。它们共享的核心基因分别编码尾部组装蛋白(tail assembly protein)、尾管蛋白(tail tube protein)、尾鞘蛋白(tail sheath protein)、尾部蛋白、基板蛋白、Pam3基板楔形结构蛋白、尾部溶菌酶、毒素与PAAR结构域蛋白等。
WZ3、WZ5、WZ9、WZ10、WZ11、WZ12所在的枝簇与YS3、WZ2、WZ4、WZ6、WZ7所在的枝簇共同构成一个更大的枝簇,它们间的共享基因占比为55.3% (图2),小于属阈值(80%),大于17%的科阈值,在亚科阈值区间(27%-79%)中,2个枝簇的病毒间的VIRIDIC和PASC值也小于属阈值,结果提示它们分别属于2个新属,共同属于一个新的亚科。它们共享的核心基因分别编码尾部蛋白、尾管蛋白、尾部组装蛋白、尾鞘蛋白、基板蛋白、Pam3基板楔形结构、尾部溶菌酶、毒素与PAAR结构域蛋白。该亚科与芽孢杆菌的噬菌体Becedseptimavirus BCD7远源地聚集但无共享的核心基因,结果显示这11个微囊藻原噬藻体构成的亚科实际揭示一个以往未知的科。
在基于全基因组比对的发育树中,微囊藻原噬藻体YS5与微囊藻烈性噬藻体Ma-LMM01、MaMV-DH01、MaMV-DC共同构成的枝簇与其他病毒间的进化距离遥远(>0.45) (图2)。YS5与这些微囊藻的烈性噬藻体之间分享的VIRIDIC值分别为54.6%、50.7%、52.2%,均小于属阈值(70%);YS5与这些烈性噬藻体共享的核心基因占比为42.9%,处于亚科的阈值区间(27%-79%)。结果提示YS5代表一个以往未知的新的属,它与这些尚未分类的微囊藻烈性噬藻体Ma-LMM01、MaMV-DH01、MaMV-DC共同构成一个以往未知的亚科,该亚科中的噬藻体内共享的核心基因分别编码末端酶大亚基(terminase large subunit)、DNA聚合酶(DNA polymerase)、DNA引发酶(DNA primase)、转座酶(transposase)、裂解酶(lysis)、核糖核苷酸还原酶(ribonucleotide reductase)、RNA连接酶(RNA ligase)、DNA解旋酶(DNA helicase)、RecA蛋白(RecA protein)、外切酶(exonuclease)、非褪色蛋白A (NblA)以及48个未能注释出功能的假设蛋白。
在基于全基因组比对的发育树中,WZ1与YS1聚成一簇(图2),两者间共享的核心基因占比为27.6%,小于属内阈值(80%),落在亚科的阈值区间(27%-79%);两者间的VIRIDIC和PASC值也小于属阈值。结果提示WZ1与YS1各自代表一个以往未知的属,它们可能归为同一个新的亚科。二者与YS2构成一个更大的枝簇,三者之间共享的核心基因占比为14.0%,小于科阈值(17%),结果提示YS2揭示一个以往未知的新科,WZ1与YS1一起揭示一个以往未知的科。WZ1与YS1共享的核心基因编码转座酶。
在基于全基因组比对的发育树中(图2),YS4与Puniceispirillum 菌的噬菌体HMO-2011远源地聚成一个枝簇;WZ8与慢生杆菌属(Lentibacter)的噬菌体S. germanense远源地聚成一个枝簇;WZ13与伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)的噬菌体KS9远源地聚成一个枝簇。VirClust分析显示,YS4与HMO-2011间、WZ8与S. germanense间、WZ13与KS9间均无共享的核心基因,VIRIDIC和PASC比对也显示它们两两间的基因组相似度很低(≤0),结果显示YS4、WZ8、WZ13各自代表以往未知的新的科。
使用在线注释软件RAST、HHpred、HMMER和BLASTp进行注释后,将ORFs基于功能归为4个基因模块:复制与调节、裂解、溶原与转座、结构(图3表4)(编号为NMDCX0002089)。未能被功能注释的ORFs编码的蛋白被称作假设蛋白(hypothetical protein)。与一般噬菌体类似,原噬藻体中存在重叠基因。原噬藻体YS1的基因组末端有短的正向末端重复序列:attL (ATAGAAGTCCGA,区域位置:17 226-17 237 bp)和attR (ATAGAAGTCCGA,区域位置:42 636-42 647 bp)。
在WZ1基因组中注释出编码sleeping beauty转座酶的基因,在WZ1和YS2中都注释出编码Mariner Mos1转座酶的基因。Sleeping beauty转座酶是一种Tc1/mariner超家族DNA转座子,可在多种生物体中提供一种流行的基因组工程工具,由转座酶动员,转座酶催化DNA切割和整合在转座子末端的短特异性序列上[34]。Mariner Mos1转座酶最早是在毛里求斯果蝇中发现的转座因子,属于Mos1-mariner/Tc1家族,通过剪切和粘贴机制转座,在TA二核苷酸处插入并编码转座酶[35]
在13个完整型原噬藻体和5个疑似型原噬藻体中,除WZ1和YS2外,其他12个完整型原噬藻体和4个疑似型原噬藻体均被注释出与溶菌相关的基因。将完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体的各ORF编码的蛋白与公共数据库中所有的参考序列进行BLASTp比对,发现除了WZ13外,其他原噬藻体的编码蛋白的Top hit均为微囊藻或者微囊藻噬藻体(编号为NMDCX0002089)。
在对WZ13的ORF进行BLASTp比对时,其中12个蛋白与多核杆菌属(Fusobacterium)的蛋白同源性最高,1个与劳特罗普氏菌属(Lautropia)的同源性最高,其他7个的Top hit为惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)的蛋白(编号为NMDCX0002089)。
在这些微囊藻原噬藻体中,WZ8和YS5被注释出较多的辅助代谢基因。WZ8的ORF 34被预测为编码谷氨酰环转移酶(glutamyl transferase, GT),ORF36预测为编码氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶(carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, CPS),ORF37预测为编码天冬酰胺合成酶(asparagine synthase, ASNS),ORF57预测为编码胸苷酸合成酶(thymidylate synthase, TS),ORF59预测为编码黄素依赖型胸苷酸合成酶(flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase, FDTS or ThyX)。谷氨酰胺转氨酶(又称转谷氨酰胺酶)可催化蛋白质多肽发生分子内和分子间共价交联,从而改善蛋白质的结构和功能,对改善蛋白质的性质(如发泡性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、热稳定性、保水性和凝胶能力等)效果显著,进而改善食品的风味、口感、质地和外观等,作为一种新型食品添加剂,被广泛应用于食品加工领域,如水产加工品、肉丸、火腿、香肠、豆腐等的制作[36]。氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶是一种关键的代谢酶,催化氨基甲酰磷酸的生成,是连接氮代谢与核苷酸合成的核心酶,参与尿素循环和嘧啶核苷酸合成途径[37]。天冬酰胺合成酶是一种关键的代谢酶,催化天冬氨酸(aspartate, Asp)和谷氨酰胺(glutamine, Gln)合成天冬酰胺(asparagine, Asn),在氮代谢和转运、氨基酸代谢、细胞增殖和应激响应中起着至关重要的作用,其功能跨越多物种,在基础代谢与疾病防控中具有重要研究价值[38]。胸苷酸合成酶是参与DNA合成与修复的不可或缺的关键酶,负责催化脱氧尿苷酸(deoxyuridine monophosphate, dUMP)甲基化生成脱氧胸苷酸(deoxythymidine monophosphate, dTMP),dTMP是DNA中胸腺嘧啶的直接前体[39]。FDTS是一种不同于经典胸苷酸合成酶的嘧啶合成关键酶,利用黄素辅因子(flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD/FMN)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)催化脱氧尿苷酸转化为dTMP,为DNA合成提供胸腺嘧啶前体。FDTS主要存在于细菌、古菌和部分真核微生物(如藻类)中,已成为抗微生物药物开发的重要靶点[40]
在YS5中,ORF2被预测为编码腐胺N-羟化酶(putrescine N-hydroxylase, PNH),ORF24被预测为编码辅酶PQQ合成蛋白(coenzyme PQQ synthesis protein, PQQ synthase),ORF64被预测为编码去磷酸辅酶A激酶(dephospho-CoA kinase, DPCK),ORF73被预测为编码尿嘧啶-DNA糖基化酶(uracil-DNA glycosylase, UDG),ORF91被预测为编码核糖核苷二磷酸还原酶(ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase, RNR)。腐胺N-羟化酶催化腐胺(putrescine)的N-羟基化反应,生成N-羟基腐胺(N-hydroxyputrescine),是铁载体合成的重要参与者,对细菌在低铁环境中的生存至关重要。在合成生物学领域,该酶被引入大肠杆菌,用于生产高附加值产品[41]。辅酶PQQ合成蛋白(又称吡咯喹啉醌合成酶)催化合成吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ),PQQ是一种具有氧化还原活性的醌类辅酶,广泛存在于微生物、植物和动物中,参与多种生物代谢过程。PQQ可广泛应用于生物传感器、生物燃料、植物促生、环境修复、医药与保健等领域。作为人体必需的营养素(水溶性类维生素),PQQ具有抗衰老、改善认知、抗糖尿病、修复和保肝等功能。目前PQQ的微生物发酵产量较低,需优化合成元件以提高产率,如果YS5的ORF24编码的PQQ synthase具有高水平的PQQ合成能力,则有望提升该产业,值得深入研究[42]。去磷酸辅酶A激酶催化合成辅酶A (coenzyme A, CoA)的最后一步,是连接能量代谢与生物合成的核心元件[43]。尿嘧啶-DNA糖基化酶催化含尿嘧啶的DNA去除尿嘧啶,形成嘧啶缺失位点(即AP位点),是DNA修复研究的模式分子,该酶是DNA碱基切除修复(base excision repair, BER)途径中的关键起始酶,可修复胞嘧啶自发脱氨产生的突变,并特异性识别并切除DNA中错误掺入的尿嘧啶,维持表观遗传标记。在分子生物学领域,尿嘧啶-DNA糖基化酶被用于控制PCR污染、修复古DNA损伤[44]。核糖核苷二磷酸还原酶是负责将核糖核苷酸(ribonucleoside triphosphates, NTPs)催化为脱氧核糖核苷酸(deoxyribonucleotides, dNTPs)的关键酶,其产物dNTPs是DNA复制与修复的必需原料[45]
水华微囊藻FACHB-1344和铜绿微囊藻FACHB-1326的基因组中各有1个完整型原噬藻体,分别为WZ7和WZ12;铜绿微囊藻FACHB-905中有1个疑似型噬藻体,为YS2。为了验证其活性,开展了诱导试验和点斑试验。FACHB-1344和FACHB-1326的藻液在25 ℃培养箱中用诱导剂丝裂霉素C处理3 d后均黄化或裂解澄清(图4A4B),而同期对照组藻液保持蓝绿色。丝裂霉素C处理的FACHB-905藻液不出现黄化或澄清。结果显示,完整型原噬藻体WZ7和WZ12可被丝裂霉素C诱导活化,而疑似型原噬藻体YS2不可被丝裂霉素C诱导活化。环境应激(光照、温度、pH和紫外线胁迫)无法将上述原噬藻体诱导活化。
分别将丝裂霉素C诱导的噬藻体悬液的离心上清过滤液点到含有FACHB-1344藻液和FACHB-1326藻液的双层平板上,在25 ℃光照培养箱中培养5 d后,在藻平板上出现藻苔,且在点样区域均出现明显的噬藻斑(图4C4D的箭头),这进一步验证了被活化的噬藻体的溶藻活性。
宿主范围如表5所示,从水华微囊藻FACHB-1344诱导活化的噬藻体能够感染水华微囊藻FACHB-1323、FACHB-1028和惠氏微囊藻FACHB-929;从铜绿微囊藻FACHB-1326诱导活化的噬藻体能够感染惠氏微囊藻FACHB-929、华美微囊藻FACHB-916和水华微囊藻FACHB-1351、FACHB-1323。
活化的WZ7和WZ12病毒粒子(图5)均呈现杆状结构。WZ7的长度为(247±6) nm,直径为(23±2) nm;WZ12的长度为(219±12) nm,直径为(17±6) nm。
本研究对现有微囊藻基因组中携带的原噬藻体进行了预测和较为系统的分析,阐释了微囊藻溶原率、微囊藻原噬藻体的基因组特征、系统进化地位,对完整型原噬藻体和疑似型原噬藻体进行了基因功能注释和耐药基因与毒力基因的搜索分析,并用试验验证了含有完整型原噬藻体的FACHB-1344与FACHB-1326藻株中的原噬藻体的可诱导活性。本研究填补了微囊藻原噬藻体研究的空白,丰富了噬藻体知识库。系统进化分析表明,本研究所发现的原噬藻体非常新颖,揭示了诸多以往未知的病毒进化谱系。
溶原现象普遍存在于微囊藻中,在全部354个微囊藻基因组中98.3%的藻株被预测出携带原噬藻体或原噬藻体样片段。已报道的烈性微囊藻噬藻体的G+C含量为35.17%-71.80%,而本研究中预测的完整型和疑似型原噬藻体的G+C含量为40.63%-47.53%。在已报道的真细菌原噬菌体中大多数含有毒力因子与耐药基因,而在已报道的烈性微囊藻噬藻体中通常不含毒力因子与耐药基因。本研究发现的所有完整型和疑似型微囊藻原噬藻体也不含已知的毒力因子或耐药基因。可能的原因有:一方面,水体中的蓝藻不像细菌一样广泛受到抗生素的影响,因此在蓝藻基因组中未广泛出现耐药基因,原噬藻体基因组中也不会因基因水平转移而出现耐药性;另一方面,蓝藻本身具有编码拮抗竞争者的藻毒素基因,无需噬藻体来提供毒性基因来提高竞争力[46]
依据ICTV的分类原则,基于全基因组的系统比对分析表明WZ3、WZ5、WZ9、WZ10、WZ11、WZ12与YS3、WZ2、WZ4、WZ6、WZ7一起代表一个以往未知的新科;YS5代表一个以往未知的新属,它与分类地位待定的微囊藻烈性噬藻体Ma-LMM01、MaMV-DH01、MaMV-DC共同构成一个以往未知的新亚科;WZ1、YS1与YS2各自代表一个以往未知的属,它们共同构成一个以往未知的新科;YS4、WZ8、WZ13各自代表以往未知的新科。综上所述,大部分的微囊藻原噬藻体与现有的微囊藻噬藻体具有遥远的进化距离,本研究揭示了诸多以往未知的新病毒进化谱系,这与以往原噬藻体研究的空白性、微囊藻噬藻体研究信息的欠缺相关。
在原噬藻体WZ1和YS2中发现编码Mariner Mos1转座酶的基因,而该基因在昆虫的转录实验中大量被使用[47-48];在原噬藻体WZ1中发现编码Sleeping Beauty转座酶的基因,而Sleeping Beauty转座酶在哺乳动物的转录实验中被大量使用[49-50]。本研究在原噬藻体中注释出编码Mariner Mos1转座酶、Sleeping Beauty转座酶的基因。在完整型原噬藻体WZ8和疑似型原噬藻体YS5中,本研究鉴定出多类具有重要代谢功能的辅助基因。WZ8携带的谷氨酰环转移酶可增强食品加工特性,其氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶和天冬酰胺合成酶分别参与氮代谢调控及氨基酸合成,而胸苷酸合成酶与黄素依赖型胸苷酸合成酶通过互补机制驱动DNA前体合成,揭示其基因冗余策略。YS5则编码腐胺N-羟化酶和辅酶PQQ合成酶,前者参与铁载体生物合成,后者催化具有多重生理功能的醌类辅因子合成,暗示其在微生物工程中的潜在应用价值。此外,YS5的去磷酸辅酶A激酶、尿嘧啶-DNA糖基化酶及核糖核苷二磷酸还原酶分别调控辅酶A代谢、DNA修复损伤及脱氧核苷酸生成,构成完整的代谢网络。这些发现为噬藻体代谢多样性及其在生物技术领域的应用提供了新见解,原噬藻体的基因是一个宝贵的资源库等待我们去发掘。
原噬菌体、细菌间可发生基因的水平转移[51-52],相互促进彼此的进化,细菌可获得整合在其基因组上的原噬菌体的某些基因,从而获得新功能强化某些功能,提高适应性;原噬菌体也可以从宿主那里获得某些基因[28]。本研究在原噬藻体YS5的基因组中注释出编码NblA蛋白的ORF (编号为NMDCX0002089)。NblA在蓝藻中起着至关重要的双重作用:它保护细胞免受高光强度的影响,并在营养限制条件下增加细胞内氮库。藻胆体是蓝藻的捕光复合物,藻胆素可占细胞可溶性蛋白含量的一半。在营养饥饿时,尤其氮不足时,蓝藻会迅速将其降解,以增加细胞内氮库,从而给重要生化过程提供营养,NblA是藻胆体降解过程中的关键调节因子[53]。此外,在WZ13的ORF在BLASTp比对时,其大部分的Top hit并非微囊藻或者微囊藻噬藻体的基因,而是真细菌,这也从侧面显示出原噬藻体在原核生物与原核生物之间的基因组水平转移中发挥了关键性的作用。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903000)
  • 宁波市重点研发计划(2022Z170)
  • 宁波市重点研发计划(2024Z234)
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2025年第65卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250146
  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
  • 录用日期:2025-03-24
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0903000)
国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903000)
Ningbo Key Research and Development Project(2022Z170)
宁波市重点研发计划(2022Z170)
宁波市重点研发计划(2024Z234)
作者信息
    1 宁波大学 海洋学院,浙江 宁波
    2 北京化工大学 生命科学学院,北京
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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