Article(id=1226956555178914640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250150, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1744214400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-10, onlineDate=1770458838504, onlineDateStr=2026-02-07, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770458838504, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770458838504, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770458838504, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226956547847275311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='9', pageStart='3821', pageEnd='4232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770458836757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770459153781, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4060, endPage=4074, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226956556898579307, articleId=1226956555178914640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Deficiency of the ABC transporter permease-like protein DppC2 facilitates the survival of Yersinia pestis in macrophages, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the role of dppC2 in the survival of Yersinia pestis in macrophages. [Methods] The strain (201-ΔdppC2) with traceless knockout of dppC2 was constructed with a suicide plasmid via homologous recombination based on Y. pestis biovar Microtus strain 201. Phenotypes were compared between 201-ΔdppC2 and the wild type (201-WT) by the acid survival assay, hydrogen peroxide survival assay, macrophage intracellular survival assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, and cytotoxicity and mouse challenge assays. The gene expression was compared between 201-ΔdppC2 and 201-WT by transcriptomics analysis and RT-qPCR. [Results] Compared with 201-WT, 201-ΔdppC2 exhibited multiple phenotypic alterations, including significantly increases in intracellular survival rates in RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells and under acidic and hydrogen peroxide conditions, upregulation of the acid resistance gene hdeD and the catalase-related genes katA and katG, enhancement of catalase and peroxidase activities, and declines in intracellular ROS levels in 201-ΔdppC2 and RAW264.7 cells infected with the mutant. Furthermore, 201-ΔdppC2 showed reduced cytotoxicity to HeLa cells but no change in the virulence in mice. [Conclusion] The deletion of dppC2 has been demonstrated to enhance the fitness of Y. pestis to acidic and hydrogen peroxide environments, which promote the survival and replication of Y. pestis in macrophages.

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*E-mail: SONG Kai,
SONG Yajun,
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【目的】 研究dppC2基因在鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(鼠疫菌)巨噬细胞内生存中的作用。 【方法】 采用自杀质粒同源重组法构建鼠疫菌201株的dppC2基因无痕敲除株(201-ΔdppC2);通过巨噬细胞内生存实验、酸生存实验、过氧化氢生存实验、酶活测定、活性氧检测、细胞毒力测定和小鼠攻毒实验等,比较201-ΔdppC2与野生株(201-WT)的表型差异;利用转录组学分析和实时定量逆转录PCR (real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, RT-qPCR)分析201-ΔdppC2与201-WT的基因表达差异。 【结果】 与201-WT相比,201-ΔdppC2在小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7和人单核细胞白血病细胞THP-1中的胞内生存率显著升高,酸生存率及过氧化氢生存率升高,耐酸基因hdeD以及过氧化物酶相关基因katAkatG的转录水平上调,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活力升高,细菌及其感染的巨噬细胞RAW264.7胞内活性氧水平降低;对HeLa细胞的毒性降低,但对小鼠的毒力无差异。 【结论】 dppC2基因缺失后,鼠疫菌对酸性和过氧化氢环境的适应性提高,有利于鼠疫菌在巨噬细胞内的生存和复制。

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作者贡献声明

申雷鸣:实验操作、数据分析、撰写初稿;魏雨萌:修改初稿;崔一鸣:执行调研;赵彦婷:技术支持;姚文武:参与论文讨论;刘瑾萍:背景调研;郭阳云:实验方法讨论;李嘉敏:论文修改;石佳丽:实验材料准备;宋凯:实验设计、论文审阅;宋亚军:研究指导、论文审阅、经费支持。

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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Growth curves of 201-WT and 201-ΔdppC2 strains at different culture temperatures. A: 26 ℃; B: 37 ℃. ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=c79gjOwgxilnmiloDU6D5w==, figureFileBig=Juv7TDpiz2GJpBNE4CHiUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964056184107828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=CN, label=图1, caption=201-WT201-ΔdppC2 在不同培养温度下的生长曲线, figureFileSmall=c79gjOwgxilnmiloDU6D5w==, figureFileBig=Juv7TDpiz2GJpBNE4CHiUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964056318325568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Intracellular viability of 201-WT, 201-ΔdppC2 and 201-ΔdppC2::com strains in macrophages RAW264.7 and THP-1. A: Giemsa staining of macrophages RAW264.7; B: Giemsa staining of macrophages RAW264.7 infected with Y. pestis; C, D: Phagocytosis of Y. pestis in macrophages RAW264.7 (C) and THP-1 (D); E, F: Intracellular survival curves of Y. pestis in macrophages RAW264.7 (E) and THP-1 (F); G, H: Intracellular survival of Y. pestis in macrophages RAW264.7 (G) and THP-1 (H). *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=yCIvKDIeeZxoREMJrxL3IQ==, figureFileBig=kc92VwqAL6vc0NBgnKaI2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964056414794566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=CN, label=图2, caption=201-WT201-ΔdppC2201-ΔdppC2::com在巨噬细胞RAW264.7THP-1胞内生存能力, figureFileSmall=yCIvKDIeeZxoREMJrxL3IQ==, figureFileBig=kc92VwqAL6vc0NBgnKaI2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964056549012307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Survival rates of 201-WT, 201-ΔdppC2 and 201-ΔdppC2::com strains after treatment with acid and H2O2. Survival rates of Y. pestis after 1 h and 1.5 h treatment with pH 3.5 at 26 ℃ (A) and 37 ℃ (B); C: Survival rates of Y. pestis after 10 min treatment with 50 mmol/L and 150 mmol/L at 26 ℃; D: Survival rates of Y. pestis after 10 min treatment with 100 mmol/L and 200 mmol/L H2O2 at 37 ℃. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=z8suqUO5nKKkOWHGCa661A==, figureFileBig=MyTXHBvhmeZMx1WFpfuIKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964056674841436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=CN, label=图3, caption=201-WT201-ΔdppC2201-ΔdppC2::com的酸生存率和过氧化氢生存率, figureFileSmall=z8suqUO5nKKkOWHGCa661A==, figureFileBig=MyTXHBvhmeZMx1WFpfuIKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964056800670568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=RT-qPCR of 201-WT, 201-ΔdppC2 and 201-ΔdppC2::com strains. A: Acid tolerance-related gene (hdeD); B: Catalase gene (katA); C: Peroxidase gene (katG). *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=ePsWg5v36jzvAjGmCsq5BA==, figureFileBig=enAwz7jo2uAYipTJI3EL2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964056918111087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=CN, label=图4, caption=201-WT201-ΔdppC2201-ΔdppC2::comRT-qPCR分析, figureFileSmall=ePsWg5v36jzvAjGmCsq5BA==, figureFileBig=enAwz7jo2uAYipTJI3EL2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057001997178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Catalase and peroxidase activity of 201-WT, 201-ΔdppC2 and 201-ΔdppC2::com strains. A: Catalase activity; B: Peroxidase activity. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=/yCVaRxyyzZSgW9hFqA1zA==, figureFileBig=1xjv6AIR5CVDyNN6i1FT4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057085883266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=CN, label=图5, caption=201-WT201-ΔdppC2201-ΔdppC2::com的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活力, figureFileSmall=/yCVaRxyyzZSgW9hFqA1zA==, figureFileBig=1xjv6AIR5CVDyNN6i1FT4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057207518089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=ROS within 201-WT, 201-ΔdppC2 and 201-ΔdppC2::com strains and in post-infection macrophages. A: ROS of 201-WT, 201-ΔdppC2, and 201-ΔdppC2::com strains at 26 ℃ and 37 ℃; B-D: Intracellular ROS in macrophages infected by Y. pestis for 4 h (B), 8 h (C), and 24 h (D). *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=IgtrK+p+dDUv+59A3/zi0w==, figureFileBig=y1AxFioRPGRLEfGQ/ujHHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057316570000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=CN, label=图6, caption=201-WT201-ΔdppC2201-ΔdppC2::com及感染后巨噬细胞内的ROS, figureFileSmall=IgtrK+p+dDUv+59A3/zi0w==, figureFileBig=y1AxFioRPGRLEfGQ/ujHHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057400456086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Cytotoxicity of 201-WT, 201-ΔdppC2 and 201-ΔdppC2::com strains and survival curves of infected mice. Cell activity assay (MTT assay) of HeLa (A) and RAW264.7 (B) cells infected by Y. pestis; C: RTCA assay to detect the virulence of Y. pestis on HeLa cells; D: The area under the cell index curve of RTCA; E: Survival curves of mice after subcutaneous injection of 201-WT and 201-ΔdppC2 (Each mouse was injected with 1.7×103 CFU of bacteria); F: Survival curves of mice after intraperitoneal injection of 201-WT and 201-ΔdppC2 (Each mouse was injected with 1.7×103 CFU of bacteria). *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=QW3b0WPnGn7jdy0+ZuPI8w==, figureFileBig=YkppGyhyJwRvm24M2rThxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057501119394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=CN, label=图7, caption=201-WT201-ΔdppC2201-ΔdppC2::com的细胞毒力和感染后小鼠的生存曲线, figureFileSmall=QW3b0WPnGn7jdy0+ZuPI8w==, figureFileBig=YkppGyhyJwRvm24M2rThxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057610171304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
Up-dppC2-FCTTCTTCTAGAGGTACCGCACGCTATTTTACTGGTAGTGC
Up-dppC2-RATAGTGGTGAGGTCGCCATACATTATTGGCGGCCCTCAAA

Down-dppC2-F

Down-dppC2-R

TATGGCGACCTCACCACTATTGGATATCCAAAACCTCAGT

TTGTGGAATTCCCGGGAGAGCAATCATCACTCGCTGGCGT

dppC2-FGGGGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACATGATGAGACTAAGTGCAAT
dppC2-RAAACAGCCAAGCTTGCATGCTCAGTACACCTTACTTGGGT
Q-rpoB-FGTTGATCTGAGCACCTTTACC
Q-rpoB-RCCTTGATTTCTTTCTCTGTCG
Q-katG-FGGTCTAAGGCTGGTGTGTT
Q-katG-RTAAGTTTCCCTGTTTTCCG
Q-katA-FATGTTTGTCCGCTTCTCCA
Q-katA-RAATCCCAGTTGCCTTCCTC
Q-hdeD-FTAAGGATCTAAAAAGACCGG
Q-hdeD-RTAGCAACCATAAAGCAACTG
), ArticleFig(id=1226964057807303599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
Up-dppC2-FCTTCTTCTAGAGGTACCGCACGCTATTTTACTGGTAGTGC
Up-dppC2-RATAGTGGTGAGGTCGCCATACATTATTGGCGGCCCTCAAA

Down-dppC2-F

Down-dppC2-R

TATGGCGACCTCACCACTATTGGATATCCAAAACCTCAGT

TTGTGGAATTCCCGGGAGAGCAATCATCACTCGCTGGCGT

dppC2-FGGGGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACATGATGAGACTAAGTGCAAT
dppC2-RAAACAGCCAAGCTTGCATGCTCAGTACACCTTACTTGGGT
Q-rpoB-FGTTGATCTGAGCACCTTTACC
Q-rpoB-RCCTTGATTTCTTTCTCTGTCG
Q-katG-FGGTCTAAGGCTGGTGTGTT
Q-katG-RTAAGTTTCCCTGTTTTCCG
Q-katA-FATGTTTGTCCGCTTCTCCA
Q-katA-RAATCCCAGTTGCCTTCCTC
Q-hdeD-FTAAGGATCTAAAAAGACCGG
Q-hdeD-RTAGCAACCATAAAGCAACTG
), ArticleFig(id=1226964057924744118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Genes with significantly regulated expression levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene ID*Gene namelog2 fold changePadjFunction
26 ℃
YP_RS06865yejF-2.9652.802×10-128Microcin C ABC transporter ATP-binding protein YejF
37 ℃
YP_RS06865yejF-1.4182.217×10-6Microcin C ABC transporter ATP-binding protein YejF
sRNA00014-2.1450.047-
YP_RS00405cpxP1.7050.035Cell-envelope stress modulator CpxP
YP_RS00700feoA1.2462.851×10-7Ferrous iron transporter A
YP_RS06740fruB1.2132.564×10-5Fused PTS fructose transporter subunit IIA/HPr protein
YP_RS07975-1.0071.645×10-3tRNA-Gly
YP_RS09590-1.2301.913×10-3HEAT repeat domain-containing protein
YP_RS11765bssS1.1182.141×10-3Biofilm formation regulator BssS
YP_RS13175-1.7902.141×10-3Hypothetical protein
), ArticleFig(id=1226964058050573251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956555178914640, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

表达水平显著改变的基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene ID*Gene namelog2 fold changePadjFunction
26 ℃
YP_RS06865yejF-2.9652.802×10-128Microcin C ABC transporter ATP-binding protein YejF
37 ℃
YP_RS06865yejF-1.4182.217×10-6Microcin C ABC transporter ATP-binding protein YejF
sRNA00014-2.1450.047-
YP_RS00405cpxP1.7050.035Cell-envelope stress modulator CpxP
YP_RS00700feoA1.2462.851×10-7Ferrous iron transporter A
YP_RS06740fruB1.2132.564×10-5Fused PTS fructose transporter subunit IIA/HPr protein
YP_RS07975-1.0071.645×10-3tRNA-Gly
YP_RS09590-1.2301.913×10-3HEAT repeat domain-containing protein
YP_RS11765bssS1.1182.141×10-3Biofilm formation regulator BssS
YP_RS13175-1.7902.141×10-3Hypothetical protein
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ABC转运透性酶DppC2的缺失有利于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌在巨噬细胞内的生存
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申雷鸣 1 , 魏雨萌 1, 2 , 崔一鸣 1, 3 , 赵彦婷 1, 4 , 姚文武 1 , 刘瑾萍 1, 4 , 郭阳云 1, 5 , 李嘉敏 1 , 石佳丽 1, 2 , 宋凯 1 , 宋亚军 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(9): 4060-4074
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(9): 4060-4074
ABC转运透性酶DppC2的缺失有利于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌在巨噬细胞内的生存
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申雷鸣1, 魏雨萌1, 2, 崔一鸣1, 3, 赵彦婷1, 4, 姚文武1, 刘瑾萍1, 4, 郭阳云1, 5, 李嘉敏1, 石佳丽1, 2, 宋凯1 , 宋亚军1
作者信息
  • 1 军事科学院军事医学研究院,病原微生物生物安全全国重点实验室,北京
  • 2 苏州大学 药学院,江苏 苏州
  • 3 福建农林大学 生命科学学院,福建 福州
  • 4 内蒙古农业大学 园艺与植物保护学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
  • 5 牡丹江医科大学 基础医学院,黑龙江 牡丹江
Deficiency of the ABC transporter permease-like protein DppC2 facilitates the survival of Yersinia pestis in macrophages
Leiming SHEN1, Yumeng WEI1, 2, Yiming CUI1, 3, Yanting ZHAO1, 4, Wenwu YAO1, Jinping LIU1, 4, Yangyun GUO1, 5, Jiamin LI1, Jiali SHI1, 2, Kai SONG1 , Yajun SONG1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 2 College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
  • 3 College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
  • 4 College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 5 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250150
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【目的】 研究dppC2基因在鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(鼠疫菌)巨噬细胞内生存中的作用。 【方法】 采用自杀质粒同源重组法构建鼠疫菌201株的dppC2基因无痕敲除株(201-ΔdppC2);通过巨噬细胞内生存实验、酸生存实验、过氧化氢生存实验、酶活测定、活性氧检测、细胞毒力测定和小鼠攻毒实验等,比较201-ΔdppC2与野生株(201-WT)的表型差异;利用转录组学分析和实时定量逆转录PCR (real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, RT-qPCR)分析201-ΔdppC2与201-WT的基因表达差异。 【结果】 与201-WT相比,201-ΔdppC2在小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7和人单核细胞白血病细胞THP-1中的胞内生存率显著升高,酸生存率及过氧化氢生存率升高,耐酸基因hdeD以及过氧化物酶相关基因katAkatG的转录水平上调,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活力升高,细菌及其感染的巨噬细胞RAW264.7胞内活性氧水平降低;对HeLa细胞的毒性降低,但对小鼠的毒力无差异。 【结论】 dppC2基因缺失后,鼠疫菌对酸性和过氧化氢环境的适应性提高,有利于鼠疫菌在巨噬细胞内的生存和复制。

鼠疫菌  /  巨噬细胞  /  dppC2  /  胁迫环境耐受性

[Objective] To investigate the role of dppC2 in the survival of Yersinia pestis in macrophages. [Methods] The strain (201-ΔdppC2) with traceless knockout of dppC2 was constructed with a suicide plasmid via homologous recombination based on Y. pestis biovar Microtus strain 201. Phenotypes were compared between 201-ΔdppC2 and the wild type (201-WT) by the acid survival assay, hydrogen peroxide survival assay, macrophage intracellular survival assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, and cytotoxicity and mouse challenge assays. The gene expression was compared between 201-ΔdppC2 and 201-WT by transcriptomics analysis and RT-qPCR. [Results] Compared with 201-WT, 201-ΔdppC2 exhibited multiple phenotypic alterations, including significantly increases in intracellular survival rates in RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells and under acidic and hydrogen peroxide conditions, upregulation of the acid resistance gene hdeD and the catalase-related genes katA and katG, enhancement of catalase and peroxidase activities, and declines in intracellular ROS levels in 201-ΔdppC2 and RAW264.7 cells infected with the mutant. Furthermore, 201-ΔdppC2 showed reduced cytotoxicity to HeLa cells but no change in the virulence in mice. [Conclusion] The deletion of dppC2 has been demonstrated to enhance the fitness of Y. pestis to acidic and hydrogen peroxide environments, which promote the survival and replication of Y. pestis in macrophages.

Yersinia pestis  /  macrophage  /  dppC2  /  environmental stress tolerance
申雷鸣, 魏雨萌, 崔一鸣, 赵彦婷, 姚文武, 刘瑾萍, 郭阳云, 李嘉敏, 石佳丽, 宋凯, 宋亚军. ABC转运透性酶DppC2的缺失有利于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌在巨噬细胞内的生存. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4060 -4074 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250150
Leiming SHEN, Yumeng WEI, Yiming CUI, Yanting ZHAO, Wenwu YAO, Jinping LIU, Yangyun GUO, Jiamin LI, Jiali SHI, Kai SONG, Yajun SONG. Deficiency of the ABC transporter permease-like protein DppC2 facilitates the survival of Yersinia pestis in macrophages[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4060 -4074 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250150
鼠疫是一种自然疫源性疾病,主要在啮齿动物中流行,可通过跳蚤叮咬、直接接触或吸入污染气溶胶传播给人类,引发人间鼠疫[1-2]。人类感染后的主要形式包括腺鼠疫、肺鼠疫和败血性鼠疫等,若未及时治疗,致死风险极高[3-4]。历史上曾发生3次鼠疫全球大流行,致约2亿人死亡,严重危害人类社会,目前在全球不同疫源地仍有散在发生[5-6]。1894年,学者Alexander Yersin成功分离并鉴定出鼠疫的病原体——鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia pestis,以下简称鼠疫菌)[7-8]。古DNA研究表明,鼠疫菌约7 000年前由假结核耶尔森氏菌进化而来[5,9-10]
鼠疫菌在感染哺乳动物宿主早期易被巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞吞噬[11]。巨噬细胞吞噬病原体后会产生NO3-、NO2-等活性氧杀伤病原体[12]。此外,巨噬细胞内溶酶体通过膜上质子泵逆浓度梯度转运H+以形成有效杀伤病原体的酸性环境[13]。巨噬细胞内的氧化环境[14]、酸性环境和溶菌酶等是清除侵入机体致病菌的重要手段[15]。鼠疫菌被吞噬细胞吞噬后不会被完全杀伤和清除,反而表现出在单核细胞和巨噬细胞吞噬作用下生存和繁殖的能力[16]。体外研究表明,这部分在巨噬细胞中存活下来的鼠疫菌可以分泌Yersinia outer protein J (YopJ)引发巨噬细胞的程序性死亡,释放细胞内细菌进一步扩大感染范围,进而导致败血症[17]。此外,鼠疫菌phoPQ突变株在巨噬细胞内表现出生存缺陷,且在体外低pH和氧化应激条件下的生存能力降低,其对BALB/c小鼠的毒力同样显著减弱(LD50升高75倍),这表明巨噬细胞杀伤和清除鼠疫菌的能力可能有助于宿主抵抗感染[18-19]。这些结果凸显了鼠疫菌在巨噬细胞内生存能力对其发病过程的重要性。然而,鼠疫菌抵抗巨噬细胞杀伤作用的具体分子机制尚不完全清楚[8,20]
前期研究发现鼠疫菌201菌株的巨噬细胞诱导株(201-macrophage induced, 201-MI)在巨噬细胞内的生存能力显著高于野生株。全基因组测序显示201-MI存在一些插入/缺失和单核苷酸突变(包括dppC2基因),这些突变可能提升了其胞内生存能力[21]。生物信息学分析表明鼠疫菌的dppC2基因(YP_RS06860)可能编码一种microcin C ATP-binding cassette (ABC)转运透性酶,目前鲜有关于dppC2基因的研究。在沙门氏菌中类似的YejABEF转运蛋白参与对抗抗菌肽,并且有利于细菌在巨噬细胞内增殖和对小鼠的毒力[22]。这提示dppC2基因可能与鼠疫菌在巨噬细胞内生存能力相关。
本研究构建鼠疫菌dppC2基因敲除株和回补株,通过表型实验和基因转录分析等方法初步探索dppC2基因缺失在鼠疫菌抵抗巨噬细胞杀伤中的作用机制,以期有助于进一步探索鼠疫菌抵抗巨噬细胞杀伤的机制研究。
布氏田鼠型鼠疫菌201株为本实验室保存[23-24]。自杀质粒pDS132、质粒pBAD24、宫颈癌细胞系(HeLa)、小鼠单核巨噬细胞系(RAW264.7)和人单核细胞白血病细胞系(THP-1)均为本实验室保存。鼠疫菌201株用LB培养基在26 ℃ (模拟鼠疫菌在跳蚤内生存的温度)或37 ℃ (模拟宿主体内温度)振荡培养。细胞均在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中静置培养。6-8周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠,北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。
赫氏琼脂,Hopebiol公司;RPMI 1640、Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM),Gibco公司;基因组DNA提取试剂盒,Qiagen公司;RNA小提试剂盒,赛默飞世尔科技公司;无缝克隆试剂盒,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;逆转录试剂盒(HiScript Ⅲ RT SuperMix),南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;过氧化氢酶活性检测试剂盒、过氧化物酶活性检测试剂盒、细胞毒性(methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, MTT)检测试剂盒,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;细菌活性氧检测试剂盒、活性氧检测试剂盒,BestBio公司;2×PrimeSTAR Max Premix,TaKaRa公司;Sph I-HF和Sal I-HF限制性内切酶,New England Biolabs公司。
精密细胞培养振荡器,上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;PCR仪、多功能酶标仪,Bio-Rad公司;实时荧光定量PCR仪,上海罗氏制药有限公司;转录组学测序平台,江苏宏微特斯医药科技有限公司;实时无标记细胞分析(real-time cell analysis, RTCA)系统,安捷伦科技有限公司。
本研究所用引物序列见表1,根据序列ASM788v1 (NCBI)设计。
采用自杀质粒同源重组法基于201-WT无痕敲除dppC2。使用基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取201-WT的全基因组。使用引物对Up-dppC2-F/R和Down-dppC2-F/R以201-WT基因组DNA为模板PCR扩增dppC2的上游和下游同源臂。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×PrimeSTAR Max Premix 25 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1.5 μL,DNA模板(10 ng/μL) 5 μL,双蒸水17 μL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性3 min;98 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火10 s,72 ℃延伸5 s,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。使用无缝克隆试剂盒连接线性化质粒pDS132与上、下游同源臂。重组质粒电穿孔转化到大肠杆菌S17λpir中,与201-WT共孵育过夜后涂布于含氯霉素的耶尔森氏菌选择性琼脂(yersinia selective agar base, YSAB)平板。从YSAB平板挑取单菌落接种到LB培养基,26 ℃、200 r/min培养2 h,将培养物涂布于含7%蔗糖的LB琼脂平板,以筛选发生第2次同源重组的鼠疫菌。敲除株命名为201-ΔdppC2
基于质粒pBAD24构建回补株。采用Sal I-HF和Sph I-HF酶对质粒pBAD24进行双酶切。使用引物对dppC2-F/R,以201-WT基因组DNA为模板PCR扩增dppC2片段。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×PrimeSTAR Max Premix 25 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1.5 μL,DNA模板(10 ng/μL) 5 μL,双蒸水17 μL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性3 min;98 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火10 s,72 ℃延伸10 s,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。使用无缝克隆试剂盒连接线性化pBAD24和dppC2片段。将重组质粒电穿孔转化到201-ΔdppC2,产生的转化子命名为201-ΔdppC2::com。
活化甘油保存的201-WT和201-ΔdppC2至生长平台期,按1:100比例接种至LB培养基,26 ℃、200 r/min培养至生长对数期(OD620=1.0)。将菌液按1:100的比例接种至含60 mL LB培养基的锥形瓶中。将锥形瓶置于精密细胞培养振荡器,26 ℃、200 r/min培养,每2 min自动测量细菌培养物的吸光度。每个菌株设置3个重复。鼠疫菌在37 ℃、LB培养基中的生长曲线,除培养温度外与前述相同。
巨噬细胞RAW264.7用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养,铺板至12孔细胞培养板,37 ℃、5% CO2恒温培养箱中培养过夜。201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com以MOI=10感染RAW264.7细胞30 min后,更换为200 μg/mL庆大霉素的DMEM培养基杀死残留的细胞外细菌。使用快速吉姆萨染液对细胞进行染色后置于倒置显微镜观察。将细胞置于37 ℃、5% CO2的恒温培养箱中分别培养0.5、2、4和8 h。PBS洗涤细胞后使用0.3% Triton X-100裂解感染的RAW264.7细胞15 min,5倍倍比梯度稀释裂解液并将稀释液滴板至赫氏固体培养基培养计数。鼠疫菌在THP-1中的胞内生存实验按照上述方法进行,但在感染前需将细胞在含有100 ng/mL PMA的RPMI 1640中诱导分化48 h。
活化甘油保存的201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com至生长平台期(OD620约为1.8),按1:100比例接种至LB培养基,26 ℃、200 r/min培养至生长对数期(OD620约为1.0)。分别用100 mmol/L和200 mmol/L过氧化氢刺激10 min,以及用pH 3.5的酸性溶液刺激1.0 h和1.5 h。将刺激前后的细菌进行5倍倍比梯度稀释,并将稀释液滴板至赫氏固体培养基培养计数,计数活菌浓度并比较菌株间的生存率差异。
按照过氧化氢酶活性检测试剂盒和过氧化物酶活性检测试剂盒的说明书测定201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性差异。H2O2在240 nm有特征光吸收,过氧化氢酶分解H2O2使溶液的吸光度随反应时间下降,吸光度下降越快过氧化氢酶活力越高;过氧化物酶可催化H2O2氧化特定底物,生成的产物在470 nm有特征吸收峰,吸光度越高过氧化物酶活力越高。
使用细菌活性氧检测试剂盒检测201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)差异。按照活性氧检测试剂盒的说明书测定RAW264.7细胞感染201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com后的细胞内活性氧变化。细菌活性氧检测试剂盒的荧光探针O11和活性氧检测试剂盒的荧光探针dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA)可自由进入胞内被ROS氧化生成荧光物质,荧光的强弱可反映ROS含量的高低。
使用MTT试剂盒测定201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com对HeLa和RAW264.7细胞的毒力差异。MTT可被细胞中线粒体内的脱氢酶还原成深紫色产物,在490 nm有特征吸收峰。细胞量越多吸光度越高,说明细菌的细胞毒力越低。
E-Plate 16孔板加入50 µL DMEM校准基线后,每孔加入5×103个HeLa细胞,待细胞贴壁后检测细胞增殖曲线。RTCA系统每15 min测量1次细胞阻抗,从而得到反映细胞增殖的细胞指数(cell index, CI)[25]。201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com以MOI=10感染细胞后置于RTCA检测平台实时检测CI。
201-WT和201-ΔdppC2生长至对数期后用PBS稀释至1.0×104 CFU/mL。6-8周龄的雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为6个实验组(n=10)。实验组分别通过腹股沟皮下和腹腔注射100 μL稀释菌液,对照组注射等量PBS。连续监测各组小鼠的生存情况,并绘制生存曲线。本研究所有动物实验经军事科学院军事医学研究院微生物流行病研究所实验动物福利伦理委员会批准,编号为IACUC-IME-2024-020。
分别收集26 ℃和37 ℃培养的201-WT和201-ΔdppC2,使用RNA小提试剂盒提取细菌总RNA,经去除rRNA、创建cDNA文库和Qubit定量后进行Illumina测序。201-WT和201-ΔdppC2在26 ℃和37 ℃培养的转录组原始数据存储于国家微生物科学数据中心(NMDC),登录号分别为NMDC40078468-40078473和NMDC40078432-40078437。以鼠疫菌91001株的序列(ASM788v1)作为测序结果注释的参考基因组。以Padj<0.05且|log2 fold change|>1为阈值,鉴定201-WT和201-ΔdppC2的显著差异表达基因。
使用逆转录试剂盒将201-WT和201-ΔdppC2的RNA逆转录为cDNA。以单拷贝基因rpoB作为内参基因。RT-qPCR反应体系:2×Light Cycler® 480 SYBR Green Master 10 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.8 μL,cDNA (5 ng/μL) 2 μL,双蒸水6.4 μL,设置3个生物学重复。RT-qPCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性15 s,53 ℃退火10 s,72 ℃延伸15 s,40个循环。通过熔解曲线验证引物扩增的特异性。采用2-ΔΔCt法计算基因相对表达量,以201-WT的基因表达量为1,分析201-ΔdppC2的基因表达水平。
每个菌株至少设置3个独立的生物学重复,结果以平均值±标准差表示。满足正态分布和方差齐性的两组数据采用非配对t检验;3组数据间差异分析先进行单因素方差分析,然后通过Šidák检验进行多重比较。小鼠攻毒生存曲线采用Log-Rank (Mantel-Cox)检验。所有检验均以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01;***:P<0.001;****:P<0.000 1;ns:无统计学意义。
在26 ℃和37 ℃培养条件下,201-WT和201-ΔdppC2在LB培养基的生长曲线下面积无显著差异(图1),表明dppC2的缺失不影响鼠疫菌在LB培养基中的生长。
通过吉姆萨染色法对吞噬鼠疫菌的巨噬细胞进行染色。图2A为对照组,巨噬细胞核呈紫蓝色,胞浆呈灰蓝色;图2B为吞噬鼠疫菌的巨噬细胞,胞内鼠疫菌呈杆状紫蓝色,两极浓染,表明鼠疫菌可被巨噬细胞RAW264.7吞噬。在RAW264.7和THP-1细胞中,201-ΔdppC2被巨噬细胞的吞噬率明显高于201-WT,且这种表型差异可被回补株部分恢复(图2C2D)。根据201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com在巨噬细胞RAW264.7和THP-1细胞内2、4、8和12 h的生存率绘制的生存曲线(图2E2F)显示,201-ΔdppC2在2种巨噬细胞中的生存率均高于201-WT;通过对201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com的胞内生存率进行统计学分析发现,与201-WT相比201-ΔdppC2在RAW264.7细胞(4 h和8 h)和THP-1细胞(8 h和12 h)的生存率显著升高,而回补株可部分恢复这种生存率差异(图2G2H)。结果表明dppC2缺失使鼠疫菌更易被RAW264.7和THP-1细胞吞噬,并增强了鼠疫菌在RAW264.7和THP-1细胞中的生存能力。
利用37 ℃条件下酸性和过氧化氢环境在体外模拟巨噬细胞胞内环境,26 ℃则模拟适宜鼠疫菌体外增殖的环境温度[26]。酸刺激1.0 h和1.5 h后,201-ΔdppC2的生存率显著高于201-WT (图3A3B),回补株可以恢复酸刺激条件下的表型差异。在100 mmol/L和200 mmol/L H2O2中分别处理10 min后,201-ΔdppC2的生存率显著高于201-WT,且回补株能够恢复这种条件下的表型差异(图3C3D)。结果表明dppC2缺失增强了鼠疫菌对氧化应激和低pH环境的耐受性。
为了进一步探索dppC2基因缺失对鼠疫菌表达谱的影响,比较分析在26 ℃或37 ℃培养的201-WT和201-ΔdppC2的转录组。相较于201-WT,在26 ℃培养条件下201-ΔdppC2中仅有yejF (YP_RS06865,与dppC2基因相邻)表达下调;在37 ℃培养条件下201-ΔdppC2yejF表达下调,sRNA00014、cpxPfeoAfruBbssS、YP_RS07975、YP_RS09590和YP_RS13175表达上调(表2)。
以单拷贝基因rpoB作为内参,对201-WT和201-ΔdppC2 (26 ℃培养)的RNA转录本进行RT-qPCR分析,比较其耐酸相关基因(hdeD)、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶编码基因(katAkatG)的转录水平差异。敲除株的耐酸基因hdeD转录水平高于野生株(图4A)。此外,敲除株的过氧化氢酶基因katAkatG的转录水平也高于野生株(图4B4C)。26 ℃转录组结果显示,相较于201-WT,201-ΔdppC2hdeD (log2 fold change=0.156, Padj=0.007)、katA (log2 fold change=0.130, Padj=0.028)和katG (log2 fold change=0.177, Padj=3.213×10-34)的转录水平虽未达到筛选阈值,但变化具有显著性(Padj<0.05)。结果表明,dppC2缺失会引起耐酸基因hdeD和过氧化氢酶基因katA/katG的转录水平略有升高。
通过试剂盒检测201-WT、201-ΔdppC2和201-ΔdppC2::com的过氧化氢酶活力和过氧化物酶活力发现201-ΔdppC2的酶活力均高于201-WT,且回补株可恢复酶活力差异(图5)。结果表明dppC2基因缺失后,鼠疫菌表现出更高的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活力。
为了研究201-ΔdppC2在巨噬细胞内生存率的升高是否与ROS有关,检测鼠疫菌和巨噬细胞感染后的ROS水平。在26 ℃和37 ℃培养条件下,201-ΔdppC2的ROS水平均显著低于201-WT,且回补株可恢复表型差异(图6A)。巨噬细胞感染鼠疫菌后,随着感染时间的延长细胞内ROS水平与对照组(未感染细菌)相比明显升高。感染201-ΔdppC2的巨噬细胞的细胞内ROS水平明显低于感染201-WT的巨噬细胞,回补株可恢复ROS水平差异(图6B-6D)。
为了研究dppC2缺失对鼠疫菌细胞毒力的影响,比较分析了201-WT和201-ΔdppC2对HeLa和RAW264.7细胞的细胞毒性。MTT实验结果显示,感染201-ΔdppC2的细胞在OD490的吸光度较高,说明201-ΔdppC2对HeLa和RAW264.7细胞的细胞毒性降低(图7A7B)。通过RTCA检测各菌株对HeLa细胞的毒力差异,与201-WT相比感染201-ΔdppC2的细胞CI曲线下面积更高,表明细胞毒力更低(图7C7D)。上述研究结果表明,dppC2缺失降低了鼠疫菌对HeLa细胞的细胞毒力。
通过腹股沟皮下注射和腹腔注射2种途径感染BALB/c小鼠(n=10)研究dppC2对鼠疫菌毒力的影响。不管是腹股沟皮下注射途径还是腹腔内注射,201-WT和201-ΔdppC2感染小鼠的生存曲线变化趋势一致(图7E7F),无显著性差异。结果表明dppC2缺失不影响鼠疫菌对BALB/c小鼠的致病性。
鼠疫菌在侵入宿主初期易受到吞噬细胞的攻击和吞噬,但能在巨噬细胞内生存和复制[11]。在吞噬细胞内“武装”后,鼠疫菌从细胞中“逃逸”出来,并对中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的吞噬作用产生抵抗力[27]。这种胞内生存能力是鼠疫菌在感染早期存活和后期感染扩散的重要环节[11]。为研究dppC2在鼠疫菌巨噬细胞内生存中的作用,本研究构建了dppC2敲除株,并比较了201-ΔdppC2和201-WT的表型差异。与201-WT相比,201-ΔdppC2在RAW264.7和THP-1细胞中都表现出更高的细胞内生存能力。研究表明巨噬细胞能依靠细胞内酸性和氧化环境有效清除入侵的病原体[28]。本研究在体外通过低pH环境和氧化应激条件模拟巨噬细胞内的酸性和氧化环境,发现201-ΔdppC2在这2种条件下都表现出更强的生存率。这表明dppC2缺失增强鼠疫菌对酸性和氧化环境的耐受性和适应性,从而促进其在巨噬细胞内的生存能力。
针对dppC2缺失增强鼠疫菌对酸性和氧化环境的耐受性和适应性,本研究进一步对相关基因的表达水平进行验证。耐酸蛋白HdeABD可以通过阻止酸诱导的蛋白质聚集和促进pH中和后的蛋白质重折叠来增强细菌的耐酸能力[29-30];而hdeD基因的下调与酸性条件下细菌耐受性的降低有关[31]。KatA和KatG是鼠疫菌中受转录调节剂OxyR调控的单功能过氧化物酶和双功能过氧化物酶[32];Scheller等[33]证明了KatA是H2O2的主要清除剂。dppC2缺失后,转录组测序显示其对鼠疫菌基因的全局转录水平影响不大,前述几个相关基因的转录水平变化未达到筛选阈值(|log2 fold change|>1),但变化具有显著性(Padj<0.05),这提示对于转录组数据还需要更为精细的解读。基于基因的生物学功能出发,进一步的RT-qPCR验证结果显示,在201-ΔdppC2hdeDkatAkatG的转录水平升高。鼠疫菌dppC2缺失导致的hdeD转录水平上调有利于其抵抗巨噬细胞及吞噬小体内的酸性环境;katAkatG的转录水平升高,以及相应的KatA和KatG酶活性的升高,可能是201-ΔdppC2抵抗巨噬细胞中氧化压力的关键因素。
在26 ℃和37 ℃转录组结果中,dppC2敲除株的yejF基因表达水平均出现显著下调。鼠疫菌基因组中dppC2yejF两个基因的位置相邻,存在共转录,因此上游基因的敲除很可能导致下游基因的转录下调。yejF基因在大肠杆菌、鼠疫菌和沙门氏菌中的编码产物为ABC转运蛋白YejABEF中的ATP结合亚基[22,34]。ABC转运蛋白通常由多个亚基组成,包括跨膜域和核苷酸结合域。这些亚基在操纵子中的协同表达有助于确保转运蛋白的组装和功能,提高物质转运的效率和底物特异性[35]。已知在沙门氏菌中,YejF对于细菌抵抗抗菌肽(多黏菌素B、人防御素等)的杀伤和对小鼠的毒力有重要作用[22]。关于YejF转录下调在鼠疫菌中的生物学意义仍需进一步探索。
活性氧ROS是由分子氧衍生出来的一组高活性含氧化合物,含病原体的吞噬体中产生的ROS在巨噬细胞介导的免疫防御中起着至关重要的作用[36]。本研究的结果表明,201-ΔdppC2及其感染的巨噬细胞中ROS水平都较低,进一步解释了其巨噬细胞内生存能力提高的原因。
本研究从hdeDkatAkatG的转录水平,KatA和KatG的酶活水平以及ROS含量等多个角度证明,201-ΔdppC2比201-WT更能适应巨噬细胞内的酸性和氧化环境,并能抑制受感染巨噬细胞内ROS的升高,从而促进鼠疫菌在巨噬细胞内的存活,使其更有效地抵御巨噬细胞介导的杀伤。此前关于巨噬细胞通过吞噬体酸化和过氧化氢酶活性介导杀伤细菌的有关研究也支持这一推断[37-38]
值得注意的是,dppC2敲除株在巨噬细胞中生存能力增强,对HeLa和RAW264.7细胞的细胞毒性都有所降低,但小鼠毒力与野生株无明显差异。鼠疫菌对小鼠的致病性是一个复杂的生物学过程,不仅与细胞毒性有关,还涉及细菌的侵袭力、免疫逃逸能力、定殖能力等多个因素[3,39-40]。在本研究中鼠疫菌dppC2缺失后,其巨噬细胞生存能力和细胞毒性与野生株存在显著差异,但这种变化只涉及其致病过程中的个别环节,可能不足以影响其动物毒力。
本研究初步揭示了ABC转运蛋白DppC2缺失后提高鼠疫菌胞内生存率的机制,为其在细胞存活机制的研究提供了新的视角,有利于深入了解鼠疫菌如何在宿主体内生存、繁殖并引发疾病。宿主细胞内的微环境与细菌原本的生活环境有很大差异,ABC转运蛋白能够将宿主细胞内的金属离子、氨基酸、维生素等营养物质运输到细胞内,使其能够在宿主细胞内稳定生存[41-42]。相比之下,在鼠疫菌中DppC2的缺失却能够提高鼠疫菌在巨噬细胞内的生存率,推测DppC2在巨噬细胞内所转运的某种或某类物质可能不利于鼠疫菌的胞内生存。这也为我们提出一些问题。例如DppC2作为一种ABC转运透性酶,其转运的物质是什么?dppC2的缺失为什么会导致hdeDkatAkatG的转录水平的变化?dppC2的转录受什么机制的调控?这些问题为我们后续相关研究提供了新的思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U22A20526)
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2025年第65卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250150
  • 接收时间:2025-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-02-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-27
  • 录用日期:2025-04-10
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20526)
国家自然科学基金(U22A20526)
作者信息
    1 军事科学院军事医学研究院,病原微生物生物安全全国重点实验室,北京
    2 苏州大学 药学院,江苏 苏州
    3 福建农林大学 生命科学学院,福建 福州
    4 内蒙古农业大学 园艺与植物保护学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
    5 牡丹江医科大学 基础医学院,黑龙江 牡丹江
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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