Article(id=1226956551676670732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740672000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1743609600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-03, onlineDate=1770458837670, onlineDateStr=2026-02-07, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770458837670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770458837670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770458837670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226956547847275311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='9', pageStart='3821', pageEnd='4232', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770458836757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770459153781, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226957877613605817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226956547847275311, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4088, endPage=4100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226956552033186580, articleId=1226956551676670732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Ferulic acid enhances the laccase activity of Dichomitus squalens, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the effect of ferulic acid on the laccase activity of Dichomitus squalens and its molecular mechanism, providing a theoretical basis for microbial degradation of aromatic compounds. [Methods] Ferulic acid was added to the synthetic medium at different concentrations to investigate its effects on the growth of D. squalens and laccase activity. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to examine the changes in laccase transcription and protein expression levels induced by ferulic acid. The lcc3 gene was knocked down using RNAi technology, and the impact on laccase activity and the ability to degrade various aromatic compounds was assessed. A self-constructed dual-luciferase system based on Gaussia luciferase and Nano luciferase was employed to identify the core promoter region of the lcc3 gene. [Results] An appropriate concentration of ferulic acid can significantly enhance laccase activity in D. squalens. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that the transcription and expression levels of the lcc3 gene were markedly up-regulated under ferulic acid induction. In the lcc3-gene-knocked-down strain, both laccase activity and the ability to degrade various aromatic compounds decreased significantly, confirming that lcc3 is a key gene for laccase-related activities in degrading aromatic compounds in D. squalens. Moreover, the dual-luciferase system successfully identified the core promoter region of the lcc3 gene. [Conclusion] This study first revealed that ferulic acid can induce D. squalens laccase activity and clarified the molecular mechanism. It was also proved that lcc3 is a key gene for ferulic acid-induced laccase activity and degradation of aromatic compounds in D. squalens. Identifying the core promoter region of lcc3 lays a foundation for gene expression regulation research, and these findings offer theoretical support for using microbial laccases to degrade aromatic compounds.

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*E-mail: CHANG Peng, ;
LUO Feng,
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#These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Jie WU, Jing LI, Feng LUO, Peng CHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1226956556873413480, articleId=1226956551676670732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=阿魏酸诱导污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性提升, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 探究阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性的影响及其分子机制,为微生物降解芳香族化合物提供理论依据。 【方法】 通过在合成培养基中添加不同浓度的阿魏酸,观察其对污叉丝孔菌生长和漆酶活性的影响;利用转录组和蛋白组技术分析阿魏酸诱导下漆酶的转录和蛋白表达水平变化;通过RNAi技术敲降lcc3基因,检测其对漆酶活性及降解多种芳香族化合物能力的影响;利用自建的基于高斯萤光素酶和Nano萤光素酶的双萤光素酶系统鉴定lcc3基因的核心启动子区。 【结果】 适量添加阿魏酸可显著提高污叉丝孔菌的漆酶活性。转录组和蛋白组分析发现,lcc3基因在阿魏酸诱导下转录水平和表达水平均显著上调。lcc3基因敲降菌株的漆酶活性及降解多种芳香族化合物的活性均显著下降,证实lcc3是污叉丝孔菌降解芳香族化合物相关的漆酶活性的关键基因。此外,通过双萤光素酶系统成功鉴定出lcc3基因的核心启动子区。 【结论】 本研究揭示了阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性的诱导作用及其分子机制,证明lcc3基因是阿魏酸诱导的漆酶活性及降解芳香族化合物的关键基因。鉴定lcc3基因核心启动子区为进一步地基因表达调控研究提供了基础,并为微生物漆酶降解芳香族化合物的应用提供了理论支持。

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作者贡献声明

吴洁:实验操作,数据收集和结果处理,论文撰写,讨论与修改;李静:实验操作;罗锋:研究构思和设计,论文讨论与修改;常鹏:研究构思和设计,实验设计,论文撰写,修改和投稿。

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Enzyme Research, 2014, 2014: 163242., articleTitle=Fungal laccases and their applications in bioremediation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226964060642656278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, awardId=32070105, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070105), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964060726542366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, awardId=32070105, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32070105), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964060835594276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, awardId=32100092, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100092), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964060999172143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, awardId=32100092, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32100092), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964061116612661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, awardId=cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0392, language=EN, fundingSource=Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0392), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226964061288579136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, awardId=cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0392, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0392), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226964052618953362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964052623147667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, companyId=1226964052618953362, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Gene Technology, School of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964052631536276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, companyId=1226964052618953362, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 西南大学 资源环境学院,基因技术创新应用重庆市重点实验室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226964052719616671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964052732199586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, companyId=1226964052719616671, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 PUROTON Gene Medical Institute Co. , Ltd. , Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226964052740588194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, companyId=1226964052719616671, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 浦洛通基因医学研究院有限公司,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226964057224299426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Effects of ferulic acid on mycelial growth and extracellular laccase production in Dichomitus squalens. A: Mycelial growth of D. squalens under varying ferulic acid concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mmol/L); B: Extracellular laccase production by D. squalens under the same ferulic acid concentrations. Mycelia were cultured on cellophane-overlaid SC synthetic medium plates supplemented with 0.0-2.5 mmol/L ferulic acid for 5 days, followed by photographic documentation and extracellular laccase activity assay. a, b, c, d indicate significant differences among different ferulic acid concentration groups statistically (P<0.05). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA., figureFileSmall=6ujYSoFLFwc7Dryc0lXTLg==, figureFileBig=igkLQ0v3GtLXVq5809lSGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057329157034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=CN, label=图1, caption=阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌菌丝生长和胞外漆酶产量的影响。A:不同浓度(0.0、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mmol/L)阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌菌丝生长的影响;B:不同浓度(0.0、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mmol/L)阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌胞外漆酶产量的影响。菌丝在含有不同浓度(0.0、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mmol/L)的阿魏酸且覆盖玻璃纸的SC合成培养基平板上培养5 d后进行拍照和胞外漆酶活性测定。a、b、c、d表示不同阿魏酸浓度组之间在统计学上存在显著差异(P<0.05)。采用ANOVA单因素方差分析进行数据分析。, figureFileSmall=6ujYSoFLFwc7Dryc0lXTLg==, figureFileBig=igkLQ0v3GtLXVq5809lSGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057496929201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Down-regulation of lcc3 gene expression in the lcc3 knockdown strain resulted in decreased laccase activity. A: Total laccase activities were measured in the wild-type (WT) and lcc3-RNAi strains; B-E: The mRNA levels of lcc3 (B), lcc4 (C), lcc7 (D), and lcc10 (E) were quantified by RT-qPCR, with transcription levels normalized to the gpd reference gene. Statistical significance was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and is indicated as follows: ns: P>0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=ySrsz10vL4O54U94w2/OCg==, figureFileBig=VzmDaHuiXkqkNcTftVoqag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057639535544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=CN, label=图2, caption=lcc3 基因敲降菌株中 lcc3 基因表达下调导致漆酶活性降低。A:野生型(WT)和lcc3-RNAi菌株中的总漆酶活性;B-E:通过RT-qPCR对lcc3 (B)、lcc4 (C)、lcc7 (D)和lcc10 (E)的mRNA水平进行定量,转录水平以gpd参考基因为标准进行归一化。, figureFileSmall=ySrsz10vL4O54U94w2/OCg==, figureFileBig=VzmDaHuiXkqkNcTftVoqag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057798919099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of ferulic acid induction on the degradation of various aromatic compounds by crude laccase solutions from Dichomitus squalens. Crude laccase solutions were prepared from the lcc3-RNAi and the wild-type (WT) strain under conditions with or without ferulic acid induction (+/-FA). A: L-tryptophan (Trp); B: Vanillic acid (VA); C: Trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CA); D: Neutral red; E: Amaranth; F: Methyl orange., figureFileSmall=48dtKetcD54RwXMmQKm/Qw==, figureFileBig=ToDD67ULoFnE60qFD3g6/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964057937331140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=CN, label=图3, caption=阿魏酸诱导对污叉丝孔菌粗漆酶溶液降解多种芳香族化合物的影响。粗漆酶溶液由lcc3-RNAi和野生型(WT)菌株在有或无阿魏酸诱导(+/-FA)的条件下制备。A:L-色氨酸(Trp);B:香草酸(VA);C:反式-4-羟基肉桂酸(CA);D:中性红;E:苋菜红;F:甲基橙。, figureFileSmall=48dtKetcD54RwXMmQKm/Qw==, figureFileBig=ToDD67ULoFnE60qFD3g6/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964058050577354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Analysis of the core promoter of lcc3 based on the dual luciferase system. A: Schematic diagram of the core regions of plasmids containing the lcc3 promoter and its truncants with Gaussia luciferase and NanoLuc luciferase (NanoLuc: NanoLuc luciferase using furimazine as its substrate; T gpd : The terminator of D. squalensgpd gene; P gpd : The promoter of D. squalensgpd gene; GLuc: Gaussia luciferase using coelenterazine as its substrate; G418R: The NPTII gene (G418 resistance); T camv : The terminator of CaMV 35S. The figure is not scaled); B: Activities of different lengths of the lcc3 promoter, expressed as the ratio of coelenterazine to furimazine (FA: Ferulic acid. Statistical significance was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. ns: P>0.05; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01)., figureFileSmall=2b4htUdV8FlhVRfJ6YkM4A==, figureFileBig=7P5AG65rnR8B69X5TE78zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964058151240653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于双萤光素酶系统的 lcc3 核心启动子分析。A:包含lcc3基因启动子及其截短体与高斯萤光素酶和NanoLuc萤光素酶的质粒核心区域示意图[NanoLuc:以furimazine为底物的纳米萤光素酶;T gpd :污叉丝孔菌gpd基因的终止子;P gpd :污叉丝孔菌gpd基因的启动子;高斯萤光素酶(GLuc):以coelenterazine为底物的高斯萤光素酶;G418R:新霉素磷酸转移酶II基因(G418抗性);T camv :花椰菜花叶病毒35S终止子。该图未按比例绘制];B:不同长度lcc3启动子的活性,以coelenterazine与furimazine的比值表示(FA:阿魏酸)。, figureFileSmall=2b4htUdV8FlhVRfJ6YkM4A==, figureFileBig=7P5AG65rnR8B69X5TE78zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226964059560526809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlasmidFeatureUsageSource
pDsV53P tif1 -Dslcc3 CDS partial-P tub, G418Rlcc3 RNAiLab stock
pCDS8bP lcc3p (-1--1 909)-NLuc-T gpd, Pgpd-GLuc-G418R-T camvlcc3 promoter analysisThis study
pCDS8b1P lcc3p (-1--1 339)-NLuc-T gpd, Pgpd-GLuc-G418R-T camv
pCDS8b2P lcc3p (-1--1 101)-NLuc-T gpd, P gpd -GLuc-G418R-T camv
pCDS8b3P lcc3p (-1--539)-NLuc-T gpd, P gpd -GLuc-G418R-T camv
pCDS8b4P lcc3p (-1--342)-NLuc-T gpd, P gpd -GLuc-G418R-T camv
pCDS8b5P lcc3p (-1--273)-NLuc-T gpd, P gpd -GLuc-G418R-T camv
), ArticleFig(id=1226964059636024287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究使用的主要质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlasmidFeatureUsageSource
pDsV53P tif1 -Dslcc3 CDS partial-P tub, G418Rlcc3 RNAiLab stock
pCDS8bP lcc3p (-1--1 909)-NLuc-T gpd, Pgpd-GLuc-G418R-T camvlcc3 promoter analysisThis study
pCDS8b1P lcc3p (-1--1 339)-NLuc-T gpd, Pgpd-GLuc-G418R-T camv
pCDS8b2P lcc3p (-1--1 101)-NLuc-T gpd, P gpd -GLuc-G418R-T camv
pCDS8b3P lcc3p (-1--539)-NLuc-T gpd, P gpd -GLuc-G418R-T camv
pCDS8b4P lcc3p (-1--342)-NLuc-T gpd, P gpd -GLuc-G418R-T camv
pCDS8b5P lcc3p (-1--273)-NLuc-T gpd, P gpd -GLuc-G418R-T camv
), ArticleFig(id=1226964059719910373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used for quantitative real-time PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
lcc2

F: ACCACAGTCATCTTTCCACG

R: TGAGGGTAATCACGGTCGAG

lcc3

F: ATGTCGTCGACCAGTTAACCA

R: GGTACCAGTAGGTGCCAGAC

lcc4

F: CATTTCTCCTGACGGCTACTC

R: TCGATGACGTTGAGTTGGAAG

lcc5

F: AGCTCAATGTCATCGACCAG

R: TCTGCCCAGTTTGTACCATG

lcc7

F: CTTGTACGACTTCCATGTCCC

R: CCGTCACAATACTGGGTAGATAG

lcc10

F: CAAACAAGGACATTTCGCCC

R: AGCATGGTCTCGTTCTCAAG

lcc11

F: ACTGCGACCAGTATCCATTG

R: TGGTCAGGGACGTTGAAATTA

gpd

F: ACCCTGCCAACATCAAGTG

R: GGGCGGAAATGACTACCTTC

), ArticleFig(id=1226964059812185068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实时定量PCR所使用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
lcc2

F: ACCACAGTCATCTTTCCACG

R: TGAGGGTAATCACGGTCGAG

lcc3

F: ATGTCGTCGACCAGTTAACCA

R: GGTACCAGTAGGTGCCAGAC

lcc4

F: CATTTCTCCTGACGGCTACTC

R: TCGATGACGTTGAGTTGGAAG

lcc5

F: AGCTCAATGTCATCGACCAG

R: TCTGCCCAGTTTGTACCATG

lcc7

F: CTTGTACGACTTCCATGTCCC

R: CCGTCACAATACTGGGTAGATAG

lcc10

F: CAAACAAGGACATTTCGCCC

R: AGCATGGTCTCGTTCTCAAG

lcc11

F: ACTGCGACCAGTATCCATTG

R: TGGTCAGGGACGTTGAAATTA

gpd

F: ACCCTGCCAACATCAAGTG

R: GGGCGGAAATGACTACCTTC

), ArticleFig(id=1226964059938014195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Differentially expressed laccase genes under ferulic acid induction revealed by both transcriptomic and proteomic study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TranscriptomeProteotome
Gene IDGeneFA-tpmCK-tpmFA/CKRegulateFACKFA/CKRegulate
177001lcc114.4113.281.09Up239.8402454Up
142773lcc22.384.050.59DownNDNDNDND
176907lcc320.8213.471.55Up12 685.801 525.238.32Up
201365lcc419.7929.850.66Down11 767.249.58761227Up
169869lcc58.087.761.04UpNDNDNDND
180464lcc64.815.450.88DownNDNDNDND
179829lcc724.5610.092.44Up480.18186.872.57Up
67925lcc815.1312.851.18Up757.441 682.960.45Down
105748lcc915.0813.151.15UpNDNDNDND
173305lcc1016.869.811.72UpNDNDNDND
110823lcc1110.875.581.95UpNDNDNDND
62489lcc124.023.131.29UpNDNDNDND
), ArticleFig(id=1226964060072231929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

转录组和蛋白质组研究揭示阿魏酸诱导下差异表达的漆酶基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TranscriptomeProteotome
Gene IDGeneFA-tpmCK-tpmFA/CKRegulateFACKFA/CKRegulate
177001lcc114.4113.281.09Up239.8402454Up
142773lcc22.384.050.59DownNDNDNDND
176907lcc320.8213.471.55Up12 685.801 525.238.32Up
201365lcc419.7929.850.66Down11 767.249.58761227Up
169869lcc58.087.761.04UpNDNDNDND
180464lcc64.815.450.88DownNDNDNDND
179829lcc724.5610.092.44Up480.18186.872.57Up
67925lcc815.1312.851.18Up757.441 682.960.45Down
105748lcc915.0813.151.15UpNDNDNDND
173305lcc1016.869.811.72UpNDNDNDND
110823lcc1110.875.581.95UpNDNDNDND
62489lcc124.023.131.29UpNDNDNDND
), ArticleFig(id=1226964060302918655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The DNA binding motif of lcc3 core promoter region predicted by TFinder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Motif typeMotif sequencePredicted sequenceScore adjustedP-value
Individual motifGGGRNYYYCCaatGGATGTTTCCgcg4.219 2758.086 0×10-3
tgtGCAGATTCCAgat3.329 4581.453 3×10-2
PWMHBGCCGGAGRMcgaTCCACCAGCGGaat3.492 1113.354 0×10-3
tgtTTCCGCGGCATgca2.834 3324.059 0×10-3
tttCCGCGGCATGCatc-0.946 5789.804 0×10-3
agcTTGACGGCAGCcgt0.201 6739.804 0×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1226964060462301190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226956551676670732, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

TFinder预测的 lcc3 核心启动子DNA结合基序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Motif typeMotif sequencePredicted sequenceScore adjustedP-value
Individual motifGGGRNYYYCCaatGGATGTTTCCgcg4.219 2758.086 0×10-3
tgtGCAGATTCCAgat3.329 4581.453 3×10-2
PWMHBGCCGGAGRMcgaTCCACCAGCGGaat3.492 1113.354 0×10-3
tgtTTCCGCGGCATgca2.834 3324.059 0×10-3
tttCCGCGGCATGCatc-0.946 5789.804 0×10-3
agcTTGACGGCAGCcgt0.201 6739.804 0×10-3
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阿魏酸诱导污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性提升
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吴洁 1 , 李静 1 , 罗锋 1, 2 , 常鹏 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(9): 4088-4100
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(9): 4088-4100
阿魏酸诱导污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性提升
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吴洁1, 李静1, 罗锋1, 2 , 常鹏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 西南大学 资源环境学院,基因技术创新应用重庆市重点实验室,重庆
  • 2 浦洛通基因医学研究院有限公司,重庆
Ferulic acid enhances the laccase activity of Dichomitus squalens
Jie WU1, Jing LI1, Feng LUO1, 2 , Peng CHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Chongqing Key Laboratory for Innovative Application of Gene Technology, School of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
  • 2 PUROTON Gene Medical Institute Co. , Ltd. , Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250162
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【目的】 探究阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性的影响及其分子机制,为微生物降解芳香族化合物提供理论依据。 【方法】 通过在合成培养基中添加不同浓度的阿魏酸,观察其对污叉丝孔菌生长和漆酶活性的影响;利用转录组和蛋白组技术分析阿魏酸诱导下漆酶的转录和蛋白表达水平变化;通过RNAi技术敲降lcc3基因,检测其对漆酶活性及降解多种芳香族化合物能力的影响;利用自建的基于高斯萤光素酶和Nano萤光素酶的双萤光素酶系统鉴定lcc3基因的核心启动子区。 【结果】 适量添加阿魏酸可显著提高污叉丝孔菌的漆酶活性。转录组和蛋白组分析发现,lcc3基因在阿魏酸诱导下转录水平和表达水平均显著上调。lcc3基因敲降菌株的漆酶活性及降解多种芳香族化合物的活性均显著下降,证实lcc3是污叉丝孔菌降解芳香族化合物相关的漆酶活性的关键基因。此外,通过双萤光素酶系统成功鉴定出lcc3基因的核心启动子区。 【结论】 本研究揭示了阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性的诱导作用及其分子机制,证明lcc3基因是阿魏酸诱导的漆酶活性及降解芳香族化合物的关键基因。鉴定lcc3基因核心启动子区为进一步地基因表达调控研究提供了基础,并为微生物漆酶降解芳香族化合物的应用提供了理论支持。

污叉丝孔菌  /  阿魏酸  /  漆酶  /  lcc3  /  RNAi  /  双萤光素酶

[Objective] To study the effect of ferulic acid on the laccase activity of Dichomitus squalens and its molecular mechanism, providing a theoretical basis for microbial degradation of aromatic compounds. [Methods] Ferulic acid was added to the synthetic medium at different concentrations to investigate its effects on the growth of D. squalens and laccase activity. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to examine the changes in laccase transcription and protein expression levels induced by ferulic acid. The lcc3 gene was knocked down using RNAi technology, and the impact on laccase activity and the ability to degrade various aromatic compounds was assessed. A self-constructed dual-luciferase system based on Gaussia luciferase and Nano luciferase was employed to identify the core promoter region of the lcc3 gene. [Results] An appropriate concentration of ferulic acid can significantly enhance laccase activity in D. squalens. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that the transcription and expression levels of the lcc3 gene were markedly up-regulated under ferulic acid induction. In the lcc3-gene-knocked-down strain, both laccase activity and the ability to degrade various aromatic compounds decreased significantly, confirming that lcc3 is a key gene for laccase-related activities in degrading aromatic compounds in D. squalens. Moreover, the dual-luciferase system successfully identified the core promoter region of the lcc3 gene. [Conclusion] This study first revealed that ferulic acid can induce D. squalens laccase activity and clarified the molecular mechanism. It was also proved that lcc3 is a key gene for ferulic acid-induced laccase activity and degradation of aromatic compounds in D. squalens. Identifying the core promoter region of lcc3 lays a foundation for gene expression regulation research, and these findings offer theoretical support for using microbial laccases to degrade aromatic compounds.

Dichomitus squalens  /  ferulic acid  /  laccase  /  lcc3  /  RNAi  /  dual luciferases
吴洁, 李静, 罗锋, 常鹏. 阿魏酸诱导污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性提升. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4088 -4100 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250162
Jie WU, Jing LI, Feng LUO, Peng CHANG. Ferulic acid enhances the laccase activity of Dichomitus squalens[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (9) : 4088 -4100 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250162
在环境过程和工业应用的广阔领域中,芳香族化合物的降解已成为备受关注的关键议题。深入研究表明,利用木质素降解型白腐菌来降解具有4个或更多缩合芳香环的多环芳烃展现出了极为高效的性能[1]。木质纤维素,这一复杂有机物质广泛存在于木材和植物生物质之中。其中,木质素因其极为复杂的化学结构而难以降解,无疑成为了木质纤维素生物质转化过程中最具挑战性的组分之一。污叉丝孔菌(Dichomitus squalens)作为一种白腐菌,在木质素降解过程中发挥着重要的生态作用。其基因组中蕴含着多个编码木质素降解酶和纤维素酶的基因[2]。这些酶系的协同作用赋予了该菌在自然生态系统中强大的分解能力,能够有效促进森林生态系统的物质循环和能量流动。因此,污叉丝孔菌在木质素的生物预处理、生物转化和生物降解方面具有巨大潜力,成为开发新型木质素转化生物技术工具的有力候选者。系统研究污叉丝孔菌木质素降解酶和纤维素酶的特性,深入探究其表达调控机制,对于构建污叉丝孔菌代谢工程菌株以及优化工业生产过程具有极为重要的意义。
白腐真菌漆酶在木质素降解和芳香族环境污染物解毒的过程中起着至关重要的作用。例如偶氮染料、苯并芘、黄曲霉毒素、有机磷化合物、卤代农药和多环芳烃[3-4]。此外,漆酶可以由真菌在木质素或其他有机污染物存在的情况下诱导产生。例如,向培养基中添加木质素可以增加真菌产生漆酶的量,从而增加木质素和污染物的降解[4]。特定的芳香族化合物可以诱发污叉丝孔菌的不同转录响应[5]
在白腐真菌中,芳香族化合物的代谢受到多种转录因子和启动子元件的调控。研究发现某些基因的启动子区域存在激活蛋白AP-2识别序列,这些序列可能参与调控木质素降解相关酶(如漆酶、过氧化物酶)的表达[6]。锌指结构域转录因子[7](如TH8421和TH4300)和热休克因子[8](如ThhspA1)被发现能够协同调控漆酶和P450单加氧酶的表达,从而参与芳香族化合物的代谢。因此白腐真菌中漆酶和其他木质素相关芳香族化合物降解酶编码基因的各种转录因子和启动子元件构成了一个复杂的调控网络,需要进一步研究以阐明这些基因表达调控背后的分子机制。
阿魏酸是一种广泛存在的酚类化合物,存在于种子和叶片中,既以游离形式存在,也与植物细胞壁中的多糖、碳水化合物、糖蛋白和木质素结合[9]。阿魏酸以及几种其他酚类化合物,如对香豆酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草醛和香草酸,已经可以通过化学氧化或热解从木质素中产生[10]。研究表明,阿魏酸可以调节蛋白酶体的功能,可能导致真菌中漆酶的积累,特别是白腐菌如Trametes versicolorPhlebia radiata[11]。然而,阿魏酸诱导漆酶表达的相关分子机制尚未阐明。
启动子与转录因子的相互作用是调控基因表达的主要机制。基于萤火虫萤光素酶和海肾萤光素酶的双萤光素酶系统常用于研究启动子活性[12]。然而,这2种萤光素酶是非分泌型的,需要提取总蛋白进行检测。以高斯萤光素酶(Gaussia luciferase)和NanoLuc为代表的分泌型萤光素酶则因其高灵敏度、高信号强度、低背景信号以及无需裂解细胞的特性而越来越受欢迎[13]。此外,高斯萤光素酶和NanoLuc分子量较小,在丝状真菌中表达更加容易,其分泌特性也使得样品检测更加简便快捷。因此,在真菌中利用高斯萤光素酶和NanoLuc进行启动子分析是一种极具潜力的方法。
虽然已有研究证实白腐真菌对木质素衍生芳香族化合物的代谢响应,但目前仍存在一个关键科学问题亟待阐明,即芳香族化合物如何诱导了特定漆酶同工酶的特异性响应表达。因此,本研究通过建立污叉丝孔菌DSM9615的阿魏酸应激模型(1.5 mmol/L),整合转录组、蛋白组数据与漆酶降解活性检测,鉴定了阿魏酸作用下诱导高表达的漆酶基因lcc3,并进一步利用RNA干扰技术(RNAi)证实了其在污叉丝孔菌降解芳香族化合物的漆酶活性中的贡献;最后借助双萤光素酶报告系统鉴定了lcc3基因在阿魏酸诱导时的核心启动子区,以期为污叉丝孔菌降解芳香族化合物的特定漆酶表达活性改造或酶的定向进化提供理论支持。
污叉丝孔菌(D. squalens)DSM 9615,购自DSMZ公司。基因克隆所用大肠杆菌Top10感受态购自北京博迈德基因技术有限公司。
本研究用到的质粒见表1。所有的质粒构建均采用2×Seamless Cloning Mix (北京博迈德生物技术有限公司)。
污叉丝孔菌常规培养用YMA和YMB培养基(g/L):酵母提取物3.00,麦芽提取物3.00,右旋葡萄糖10.00,蛋白胨5.00,琼脂15.00 (YMB液体培养基不需要加),加水定容至1.00 L。灭菌条件为115 ℃、15 min,室温储存。
污叉丝孔菌诱导培养使用SC合成培养基:右旋葡萄糖10.00 g,l-天冬酰胺1.50 g,维生素B1 0.12 mg,KH2PO4 0.46 g,K2HPO4 1.00 g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.50 g,1 000×Trace elements 2 μL,琼脂20.00 g,调整pH至6.0,加水定容至1.00 L。灭菌条件为115 ℃、15 min,室温储存。
1 000×Trace elements (mg/L):FeCl3·6H2O 5.00,HBO3 0.06,(NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O 0.04,CuSO4·5H2O 0.20,ZnSO4·7H2O 2.00,MnSO4·4H2O 0.10,CoCl2·6H2O 0.40,
Ca(NO3)2·4H2O 1.20,加水定容至1.00 L。灭菌条件为115 ℃、15 min,室温储存。
大肠杆菌培养使用LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.00,酵母提取物5.00,氯化钠10.00,琼脂15.00 (液体培养基不需要加),加水定容至1.00 L。灭菌条件为121 ℃、15 min,室温储存。
阿魏酸购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;G418购自北京酷来博科技有限公司;氨苄青霉素、硫酸卡那霉素、氯霉素、利福平等抗生素以及右旋葡萄糖、酵母提取物、麦芽提取物、胰蛋白胨、蛋白胨、琼脂糖、l-天冬酰胺、维生素B1、DMSO、EDTA、ABTS、醋酸钠、4-羟基肉桂酸、香草酸及无机盐等均购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;FastRNATM Pro Red Kit购自MP Biomedicals公司;GoScriptTM Reverse Transcription Mix、Oligo(dT)反转录试剂盒、GoTaq® qPCR Master Mix试剂盒和Nano-Glo® Luciferase检测试剂盒均购自Promega公司;2×Phanta Max Master Mix购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;高斯萤光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;多功能DNA纯化回收试剂盒、高纯度质粒小量快速提取试剂盒、DNA marker等均购自北京博迈德基因技术有限公司。
将冻存管中的野生型菌丝接种到YMA培养基上,28 ℃活化5 d,再将最外圈新鲜的污叉丝孔菌接种至含终浓度分别为0.0、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 mmol/L阿魏酸的SC合成培养基(预铺玻璃纸)上进行诱导培养。以未添加阿魏酸的SC合成培养基作为对照,每组各有3个生物学重复,28 ℃静置培养5 d。
菌丝诱导培养5 d后取整块菌丝浸泡于1 mL醋酸缓冲液(pH 4.5)中,4 ℃、120×g振荡培养4 h,然后于4 ℃、12 000×g离心10 min,取上清酶液通过ABTS法[14]测定漆酶活性。在室温条件下,取2.4 mL的醋酸钠缓冲液(pH 4.5)与0.3 mL的上清酶液混合得到粗酶液。测定漆酶活性时,取0.3 mL 5.0 mmol/L ABTS溶液与粗酶液充分混合后,使用紫外分光光度计在波长420 nm测定1 min之内OD420值的变化。漆酶酶活力计算方式见公式(1)
酶活力(U)=107×(A1-A0)ε×t
式中:ε为吸光系数36 000,A0A1为测量起止时刻的吸光度,∆t为测量的时间范围。
在铺有玻璃纸的未加阿魏酸的SC合成培养基(60 mm培养皿)和含有1.5 mmol/L阿魏酸的平板上分别接种一个直径5 mm的污叉丝孔菌菌块,每组各有3个生物学重复,28 ℃培养5 d后刮取玻璃纸上的菌丝(约100 mg)放入1.5 mL的无RNase离心管中,液氮速冻30 min后,-80 ℃保存,用于总RNA提取和转录组送样。刮取玻璃纸上的菌丝(约为100 mg)放入50 mL的离心管中,用10 mL PBS溶液洗涤3次,转移至1.5 mL的无RNase离心管中,液氮速冻5 min以上,-80 ℃保存用于蛋白组送样。转录组和蛋白组均由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成检测和分析。转录组和蛋白组数据已经上传至国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号分别为NMDCM0000870、NMDCM0000871。
以污叉丝孔菌cDNA为PCR模板,扩增lcc3基因CDS区的19-321区域(303 bp),然后在其上游插入污叉丝孔菌组成型β-actin基因启动子(559 bp),在其下游插入反向的组成型tif1基因启动子,形成2个启动子反向控制同一个目标基因部分cDNA序列的RNAi结构,然后插入带有G418抗性基因表达盒的质粒骨架,得到lcc3-RNAi质粒pDsV53。然后通过根癌农杆菌介导转化污叉丝孔菌,通过G418筛选转化子并进行基因组的PCR鉴定。质粒序列见附件信息已提交国家微生物科学数据中心,编号为NMDCX0001782。
使用FastRNATM Pro Red Kit提取未诱导的野生型菌丝和添加1.5 mmol/L阿魏酸诱导的菌丝总RNA,通过微量分光光度计检测RNA浓度和纯度。使用GoScriptTM Reverse Transcription Mix、Oligo(dT)试剂盒将2 μg总RNA逆转录成cDNA,置于-80 ℃保存。使用GoTaq® qPCR Master Mix,配制RT-qPCR反应体系,上机运行后采用2-ΔΔCt法计算相应漆酶基因的mRNA的相对表达量。以gpd基因作为内参基因,实验所用特异性引物详见表2。引物设计使用的软件为IDT的PrimerQuest™ Tool。
lcc3基因敲降菌株(lcc3-RNAi)和野生型菌株(WT)分别接种在YMA培养基上,28 ℃静置培养5 d。分别取最外圈新鲜菌块接种至含终浓度为1.5 mmol/L阿魏酸的SC合成培养基平板(铺有玻璃纸)上,以不添加阿魏酸的SC合成培养基平板作为对照,每组各有3个生物学重复,28 ℃静置培养5 d。取整块菌丝浸泡于1.5 mL醋酸缓冲液(pH 4.5)中,在4 ℃条件下振荡培养4 h,4 ℃、12 000×g离心10 min后取上清漆酶酶液通过ABTS法测定漆酶活性并将漆酶酶液置于4 ℃保存。
用蒸馏水配制50.0 mg/L中性红(neutral red)、100.0 mg/L甲基橙(methyl orange)和100.0 mg/L苋菜红(amaranth);用40%的DMSO配制20.0 mmol/L的色氨酸(L-tryptophan)、香草酸(vanillic acid)和4-羟基肉桂酸(trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid)。将配制好的芳香族化合物溶液在波长为200-600 nm的范围内进行全波长扫描,确定各溶液的最大吸收波长。
在1.5 mL降解反应体系中加入5 μL 5.0 mmol/L ABTS、750 μL粗漆酶酶液,再分别加入750 μL的溶液(50.0 mg/L中性红、100.0 mg/L甲基橙、100.0 mg/L苋菜红、20.0 mmol/L色氨酸、香草酸和4-羟基肉桂酸)。以水代替粗酶液作为对照组,每组各有3个生物学重复。将反应体系混合后在40 ℃水浴中进行降解反应。每个反应设置3个重复。分别在12、24、36、48 h这4个时间点定时取样,测定各芳香族化合物在其最大吸收波长处的吸光度。芳香族化合物降解率计算如公式(2)所示。
降解率=A1-A2A1×100%
式中:A1为对照组的吸光度,A2为实验组的吸光度。
通过污叉丝孔菌农杆菌介导转化法[15]获得lcc3启动子不同截短体的转化子。将所有转化子接种到含有10 μg/mL G418的6 cm YMA平板(铺有玻璃纸)上,28 ℃培养3-5 d后取整块玻璃纸上的菌丝于1.5 mL的醋酸钠缓冲液中,4 ℃、30 r/min条件下振荡培养4 h,4 ℃、12 000×g离心10 min后取上清。分别使用Nano-Glo® Luciferase检测试剂盒和高斯萤光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒测量相同体积上清液的荧光强度。
为了探究固体培养条件下阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌漆酶的诱导作用,开展了平板诱导实验。将污叉丝孔菌菌丝接种于含有不同浓度阿魏酸(0.0、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mmol/L)的SC合成培养基平板(铺有玻璃纸)上,培养5 d后观察菌丝生长情况(图1A)。结果显示,随着阿魏酸浓度的增加菌丝生长受到显著抑制。进一步检测菌丝的总漆酶活性(图1B),发现1.0 mmol/L和1.5 mmol/L阿魏酸处理显著提高了漆酶活性,而过高浓度的阿魏酸(2.0 mmol/L和2.5 mmol/L)则降低了这种诱导效果。这表明阿魏酸在一定浓度范围内对漆酶活性具有促进作用。综合考虑菌丝生长和漆酶活性,选择1.5 mmol/L阿魏酸用于后续研究。
污叉丝孔菌中的漆酶家族包含12个同工酶基因。漆酶活性的提升可能源于酶的单位活性增加,或漆酶基因表达水平的上升。先前的研究表明,芳香族化合物诱导漆酶活性上升是由于漆酶基因表达水平的提高,且不同的化合物可能导致不同的漆酶基因响应[5]。为了确定响应阿魏酸诱导的具体漆酶基因,开展了固体培养条件下阿魏酸诱导菌丝与未诱导菌丝的比较转录组学和比较蛋白组学研究。
表3所示,比较转录组学分析表明,阿魏酸诱导使漆酶基因lcc1lcc3lcc5lcc7lcc8lcc9lcc10lcc11lcc12的表达水平上升,而lcc2lcc4lcc6的表达水平下降。选取转录水平变化显著的漆酶基因lcc2lcc3lcc4lcc7lcc10lcc11,通过RT-qPCR对其转录水平进行验证。lcc2lcc11未检测到明显的转录水平变化,与转录组数据不符。lcc3lcc7lcc10的转录水平在阿魏酸诱导下显著上升,与转录组数据一致(编号为NMDCX0001782)。lcc4的转录水平在阿魏酸诱导下显著上升,与转录组数据相反。
蛋白组学分析仅检测到5个漆酶蛋白LCC1、LCC3、LCC4、LCC7和LCC8 (表3)。其中,LCC1、LCC3、LCC4和LCC7的蛋白水平在阿魏酸诱导下显著上升,但LCC1和LCC7的蛋白水平远低于LCC3和LCC4。LCC8蛋白水平在阿魏酸诱导下显著下降,与转录组数据相反。上述结果表明,lcc3lcc4基因可能是响应阿魏酸诱导的主要漆酶基因。鉴于lcc3基因的转录水平和蛋白水平变化的一致性,选择lcc3基因作为下一步的研究对象。
为了进一步探究lcc3基因在阿魏酸诱导的漆酶活性中的作用,构建了lcc3基因的RNAi菌株,并检测了其在阿魏酸诱导后的漆酶活性。如图2A所示,当lcc3基因被敲降后,阿魏酸不能诱导菌丝的漆酶活性上升。为了排除其他漆酶基因同时被敲降的可能性,选择了在阿魏酸诱导时表达水平较高且显著上升的lcc3lcc4lcc7lcc10作为靶标基因,在lcc3-RNAi菌株中检测了这4个基因的转录水平。结果表明,在lcc3-RNAi菌株中即使在阿魏酸诱导下,lcc3基因的转录水平也未显著上升(图2B),而lcc4lcc7lcc10的转录水平在阿魏酸诱导下仍然显著上升(图2C-2E)。这些结果表明,lcc3基因是阿魏酸诱导的漆酶活性的主要贡献者。
进一步研究了lcc3基因沉默对污叉丝孔菌降解芳香族化合物能力的影响。在48 h内,测试了野生型菌株和lcc3-RNAi菌株在阿魏酸诱导和未诱导条件下产生的4种漆酶液对6种芳香族化合物的降解效果。所有6种芳香族化合物的化学结构和最大吸收波长信息存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(编号为NMDCX0001782)。
对于色氨酸(Trp,图3A),未诱导的野生型菌株(WT-FA)组在48 h内的降解率为(2.67±0.68)%,阿魏酸诱导的野生型菌株(WT+FA)组的降解率为(7.14±1.3)%,而未诱导的lcc3-RNAi菌株(lcc3-RNAi-FA)组和阿魏酸诱导的lcc3-RNAi菌株(lcc3-RNAi+FA)组的降解率分别为(2.43±0.98)%和(3.46±0.49)%。
对于香草酸(VA,图3B),WT-FA组的降解率为(2.10±0.38)%,WT+FA组的降解率为(13.00± 1.31)%,lcc3-RNAi-FA组和lcc3-RNAi+FA组的降解率分别为(1.89±0.63)%和(3.56±0.73)%。
对于4-羟基肉桂酸(CA,图3C),WT-FA组的降解率为(3.28±0.42)%,WT+FA组的降解率为(28.28±1.18)%,lcc3-RNAi-FA组和lcc3-RNAi+ FA组的降解率分别为(3.07±0.76)%和 (5.15±0.76)%。
对于中性红(neutral red,图3D),WT-FA组的降解率为(3.94±0.34)%,WT+FA组的降解率为(14.20±1.57)%,lcc3-RNAi-FA组和lcc3-RNAi+FA组的降解率分别为(3.75±0.34)%和(5.92±0.59)%。
对于苋菜红(amaranth,图3E),WT-FA组的降解率为(2.90±0.79)%,WT+FA组的降解率为(26.89±1.94)%,lcc3-RNAi-FA组和lcc3-RNAi+FA组的降解率分别为(2.85±0.29)%和(4.09±0.95)%。
对于甲基橙(methyl orange,图3F),WT-FA组的降解率为(9.05±0.77)%,WT+FA组的降解率为(50.67±3.13)%,lcc3-RNAi-FA组和lcc3-RNAi+FA组的降解率分别为(7.31±0.92)%和(10.17±1.24)%。
综上所述,阿魏酸诱导野生型菌株产生的漆酶对6种芳香族化合物的降解率显著高于未诱导野生型菌株。对于lcc3-RNAi菌株,无论是否加入阿魏酸,lcc3-RNAi菌株产生的粗漆酶液对这6种芳香族化合物的降解率均很低,但阿魏酸的加入仍能在一定程度上提高降解率。这些结果表明,lcc3在污叉丝孔菌漆酶降解芳香族化合物过程中发挥了关键作用。
尝试鉴定lcc3基因启动子的顺式作用元件区域,以助力后续的诱导调控分子机制研究。为此,构建了一个基于高斯萤光素酶和NanoLuc萤光素酶的报告基因系统(图4A)。该系统中NanoLuc受不同截短的lcc3启动子片段控制,而高斯萤光素酶则受污叉丝孔菌组成型gpd启动子(P gpd )控制。这些质粒转入污叉丝孔菌野生型菌丝,并检测多个截短体转化子的2种萤光素酶信号。2种信号的比值(coelenterazine/furimazine)反映了截短部分对启动子活性的影响:比值越大表明NanoLuc信号越弱,即截短体启动子的活性越低。
加入阿魏酸诱导后,pCDS8b、pCDS8b1、pCDS8b2和pCDS8b3转化子的萤光素酶信号比值下降(图4B),表明这4个质粒的截短体lcc3基因启动子活性显著增强。相比之下,pCDS8b4和pCDS8b5转化子的萤光素酶信号比值在阿魏酸诱导和未诱导条件下无明显差异。这一结果表明,lcc3基因启动子区域中响应阿魏酸诱导的顺式作用元件位于-343--539 bp区间。利用转录因子结合预测软件TFinder[16],采用individual motif和PWM 2种结合基序类型,对上述核心启动子区域进行了分析,结果预测到该DNA区域内存在5个显著的结合基序可供后续的深入分析验证(表4)。
本研究系统地探讨了阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性的提升及其分子机制。本研究发现,适量的阿魏酸能够显著提高污叉丝孔菌的漆酶活性,这一结果与先前的研究[11]一致,即酚类化合物能够诱导白腐菌产生漆酶。然而,过高的阿魏酸浓度则抑制了菌丝生长和漆酶活性,这可能是由于高浓度的阿魏酸对细胞产生了毒性作用。因此在实际应用中需要优化体系中阿魏酸的浓度以达到最佳的漆酶诱导效果。
通过转录组和蛋白组分析发现,lcc3基因在阿魏酸诱导下显著上调,其转录水平和蛋白表达水平均显著增加。RNAi实验表明,敲降lcc3基因后漆酶活性显著下降,且菌株降解芳香族化合物的能力大幅减弱。上述结果表明,lcc3基因是污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性及降解芳香族化合物的关键基因。这一发现与先前的研究[5]一致,即特定的漆酶基因在不同诱导条件下表现出显著的响应。需要注意的是,虽然转录组数据显示lcc4的转录水平下降,但RT-qPCR验证数据和蛋白组学数据表明lcc4也是响应阿魏酸诱导的重要基因。此外,lcc4的转录水平在lcc3-RNAi菌株中虽然可以被显著诱导上调,但上调的倍数相对于野生型菌株有所下降。这表明lcc4的表达水平可能受到了lcc3基因沉默的影响。因此,lcc4在阿魏酸诱导污叉丝孔菌漆酶表达过程中的作用需要更深入地探究。
漆酶已被证明能有效降解各种芳香族化合物,包括酚类、多酚类和多环芳烃,且其降解效率受化合物的电离电位及其分子结构的影响[17]。同样地,芳香族化合物诱导漆酶活性也是一个复杂的过程,这些化合物对漆酶表达产生的影响也因生物体和特定芳香族化合物而异[18]。藜芦醇已被证明在一些真菌中增加漆酶产生,而愈创木酚被证明对其他真菌中的漆酶活性有更显著的影响[19]。漆酶功能的分化进化是真菌适应木质素异质性的重要策略。因此研究特定芳香族化合物和对应的特定漆酶的相互关系有助于提高特定芳香族化合物的降解效率。本研究分析了阿魏酸诱导后污叉丝孔菌产生的漆酶在降解多种芳香族化合物中的潜力。实验发现阿魏酸诱导后的野生型菌株产生的漆酶对6种芳香族化合物(色氨酸、香草酸、4-羟基肉桂酸、中性红、苋菜红和甲基橙)的降解率显著高于未诱导的野生型菌株产生的漆酶。lcc3基因敲降菌株产生的漆酶降解能力显著下降,这进一步证实了lcc3基因在漆酶降解芳香族化合物中的关键作用。这些结果表明,通过调控lcc3基因的表达可以提高污叉丝孔菌特异性降解芳香族化合物的能力。lcc3基因的这种特异性诱导模式可能代表污叉丝孔菌在针叶林腐生生态位中形成的独特适应性特征。
为了深入理解lcc3基因在阿魏酸诱导下的表达调控机制,利用双萤光素酶系统鉴定了lcc3基因的核心启动子区。结果表明,lcc3基因启动子区域中响应阿魏酸诱导的顺式作用元件位于-343--539 bp区间。通过转录因子结合预测软件TFinder预测了该区域内可能的转录因子结合位点,也用其他软件进行了预测,发现转录因子可能的结合位点预测结果差异非常大,预测到的基序非常多。这是由于丝状真菌的转录因子研究极不充分,这些转录因子结合预测软件采用的数据库大多是哺乳动物细胞或酵母。因此这些预测的位点必须通过Dnase I footprinting等实验进行验证。这些发现为后续研究lcc3基因的表达调控机制提供了基础,并为进一步优化漆酶的表达调控提供了潜在的靶点。
本研究虽然鉴定了lcc3基因的核心启动子区,但具体的转录因子及其精准的结合位点和转录起始位点尚需进一步验证。本研究主要集中在lcc3基因的调控机制上,但阿魏酸诱导信号究竟如何传导到lcc3基因启动子区仍需进一步研究。未来的研究还可以进一步通过基因工程手段改造lcc3基因的启动子以优化lcc3基因的调控表达或进行LCC3蛋白的定向改造,提高漆酶的产量和活性,进一步探索其在环境污染治理和工业生产中的应用潜力。
本研究系统地探讨了阿魏酸对污叉丝孔菌漆酶活性的促进作用及其分子机制。通过一系列实验揭示了阿魏酸在诱导漆酶活性方面的显著效果,并明确了lcc3基因在这一过程中的关键作用。本研究鉴定了lcc3基因响应阿魏酸诱导的核心启动子区。这些发现不仅为白腐菌漆酶在降解芳香族化合物中的应用提供了理论支持,也为进一步优化漆酶的表达和应用提供了重要的分子基础。未来的研究可以进一步探索阿魏酸诱导lcc3基因表达的具体转录因子及其分子机制,同时可以通过基因工程手段提高漆酶的产量和活性,以更好地应用于环境污染治理和工业生产中。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32070105)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32100092)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0392)
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2025年第65卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250162
  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
  • 录用日期:2025-04-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070105)
国家自然科学基金(32070105)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100092)
国家自然科学基金(32100092)
Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0392)
重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0392)
作者信息
    1 西南大学 资源环境学院,基因技术创新应用重庆市重点实验室,重庆
    2 浦洛通基因医学研究院有限公司,重庆
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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