Article(id=1226855195699758079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250134, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740326400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1745337600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-23, onlineDate=1770434672522, onlineDateStr=2026-02-07, pubDate=1748966400000, pubDateStr=2025-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770434672522, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770434672521, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770434672521, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226855188863038235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='6', pageStart='2321', pageEnd='2769', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770434670891, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770435273893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226857718103851267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226857718103851268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2655, endPage=2666, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226855196635086902, articleId=1226855195699758079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Synthesis molecular mechanism of arsinothricin and its impact on bacterial community structure of rice soil, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To further investigate the role of arsL and arsM genes in the synthesis of arsinothricin (AST) and the effects of AST on the community structure of soil bacteria. [Methods] Using Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388 as the research object, we obtained its BoarsL and BoarsM genes via PCR amplification, constructed recombinant plasmids pET21b-BoarsL and pET28a-BoarsM, and transformed them into the competent cells of Escherichia coli expression strain Rosetta(DE3). In addition, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the effects of different concentrations of AST treatment on the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities. [Results] Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) detected target proteins with relative molecular weights of 47.79 kDa and 41.50 kDa in recombinant strains, indicating successful expression of BoArsL and BoArsM. Cells expressing only the BoarsL gene produced AST-OH and a small amount of AST, while cells expressing only the BoarsM gene produced only a small amount of dimethylarsinic acid. Additionally, statistical analysis indicated that AST treatment at different concentrations had a significant impact on the alpha diversity of soil bacterial communities (P<0.05), as evidenced by significant differences in both the Chao1 and Shannon indices. The low-concentration treatment group had higher soil bacteria diversity and richness than the control group, whereas the high-concentration treatment caused statistically significant declines in both diversity and species richness. Further analysis revealed that bacterial community composition at the genus level also exhibited significant differences among the AST treatment groups of different concentrations (P<0.05), and high concentrations of AST significantly enriched bacteria of the genus Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia but significantly inhibited bacteria of the genera Clostridium_sensu_stricto and Sedimentibacter. [Conclusion] The BoarsL gene of B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388 is essential for the biosynthesis of AST. High concentrations of AST significantly affect the structure of soil bacterial communities.

, correspAuthors=Ximei XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 进一步探讨arsLarsM基因在砷代草丁膦(arsinothricin, AST)合成中的作用,以及AST对土壤细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】 以俄克拉何马伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia oklahomensis)NCTC 13388为研究对象,通过PCR扩增获得该菌株的BoarsLBoarsM基因,分别构建重组质粒pET21b-BoarsL和pET28a-BoarsM。将重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌表达菌Rosetta(DE3)感受态细胞中。采用高通量测序技术分析不同浓度AST处理对土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的影响。【结果】 十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)分析显示,重组菌株表达出相对分子质量分别为47.79 kDa和41.50 kDa的目的蛋白,证实BoArsL和BoArsM蛋白成功表达。单独表达BoarsL基因的细胞产生AST-OH和少量的AST,而单独表达BoarsM基因的细胞仅产生少量的二甲基砷酸。统计分析表明,不同浓度AST处理对土壤细菌群落的α多样性产生了显著影响(P<0.05),具体表现为Chao1指数和Shannon指数均存在显著差异,低浓度处理组土壤细菌多样性和丰富度高于对照组,高浓度处理组则显著降低了土壤细菌的多样性和丰富度。进一步分析发现,不同浓度AST处理组在属水平上的细菌群落组成也呈现显著差异(P<0.05),高浓度AST显著富集了伯克霍尔德氏菌属-卡瓦列罗菌属-副伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia)细菌,同时对梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto)、沉积物杆菌属(Sedimentibacter)等细菌则表现出显著的抑制作用。【结论】 B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388菌株的BoarsL基因是AST生物合成所必需的。高浓度AST显著干扰了土壤细菌群落结构。

, correspAuthors=薛喜枚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gUKjCm1p5prrYwt5tHDo0g==, magXml=XjZNN3qs3V0EApLYWz9T6Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cvi+CM2S4QCBk66J+ZRD6g==, pdfFileSize=2127219, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=79gw9/ydr5X3M0I0R3V5tg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cv0NH27lORUu1YdWLiB3AQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

杨宇晗:实验操作、数据收集与分析,论文撰写;胡仕林:论文审阅和修改;黄丽婕:实验操作、论文审阅和修改;段桂兰:论文审阅和修改;薛喜枚:实验设计、论文审阅和修改。

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departmentName=null, remark=4.State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227680959072501989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, companyId=1227680959059919076, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.中国科学院生态环境研究中心,区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227680963455549932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The resistance of Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388to As(Ⅲ) (A) and As(Ⅴ) (B)., figureFileSmall=RGHNe7qFo1rBJHWjmO8Opg==, figureFileBig=mqGuWOQ28hhBpqLALJaWzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680963585573365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388As(Ⅲ) (A)As(Ⅴ) (B)的抗性, figureFileSmall=RGHNe7qFo1rBJHWjmO8Opg==, figureFileBig=mqGuWOQ28hhBpqLALJaWzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680963736568325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Biotransformation of inorganic arsenic by Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388. The time course of conversion of 1 μmol/L As(Ⅲ) (A) and As(V) (B) from Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388 was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-ICP-MS). cps (counts per second) represents the number of ionized signals of target elements detected per second by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detector., figureFileSmall=bxMqhnM60V7rQxQct4xi+w==, figureFileBig=MIKZkLGrd9V4+LdZN+JqBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680963841425930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388对无机砷的生物转化。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定了Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388中1 μmol/L As(Ⅲ) (A)和As(Ⅴ) (B)转化的时间过程。cps (counts per second,每秒计数)表示质谱检测器(ICP-MS)每秒检测到的目标元素离子化信号的数量。, figureFileSmall=bxMqhnM60V7rQxQct4xi+w==, figureFileBig=MIKZkLGrd9V4+LdZN+JqBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680963971449362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=BoArsL and BoArsM from Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388 involved in AST synthesis. A: Comparative analysis of AST biosynthetic gene clusters between Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388 (accession No. NZ_UFUH01000000) and Burkholderia gladioli GSRB05 (accession No. JAGSIB000000000); B: The comparison figure of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis after the expression of recombinant proteins of BoArsL and BoArsM induced by induction; C: Biosynthesis of AST-OH or/and AST in E. coli cells harboring BoarsL or/and BoarsM., figureFileSmall=UOXSUZr+t3vL8TP2BeyEfg==, figureFileBig=gtwyYtjIqqs9vQ8A9vbYSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964093084189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388BoArsLBoArsM参与了AST的合成。A:Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388 (登录号:NZ_UFUH01000000)和Burkholderia gladioli GSRB05 (登录号:JAGSIB000000000) AST生物合成基因簇对比;B:BoArsL和BoArsM重组蛋白诱导表达后的SDS-PAGE检测电泳对比图;C:携带BoarsL或/和BoarsME. coli细胞中AST-OH和AST的生物合成。, figureFileSmall=UOXSUZr+t3vL8TP2BeyEfg==, figureFileBig=gtwyYtjIqqs9vQ8A9vbYSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964239884836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Analysis of PCoA (A), Shannon index (B) and Chao1 index (C) of soil bacteria treated with AST at different concentrations. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments with significance level (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=mgt3XmxN5eozFT5u6usNCQ==, figureFileBig=wKUKypGDTUk+y48GQPwV7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964386685486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度AST处理土壤细菌PCoA (A)Shannon指数(B)Chao1指数(C)分析。不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=mgt3XmxN5eozFT5u6usNCQ==, figureFileBig=wKUKypGDTUk+y48GQPwV7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964525097525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Composition of soil genus level bacterial community treated with different concentrations of AST., figureFileSmall=xG5sqZMzu4usz0S4VR679g==, figureFileBig=pMUpy7C7mGR6NlzCD8h0EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964634149435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同浓度AST处理土壤属水平细菌群落组成, figureFileSmall=xG5sqZMzu4usz0S4VR679g==, figureFileBig=pMUpy7C7mGR6NlzCD8h0EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964776755781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

限制酶切位点

Restriction site

BoarsM-FCATATGATATGGAAATGGATTCCGTCATTNde I
BoarsM-RGCGGCCGCGCAGCAGAAGGTGGAACTAGTNot I
BoarsL-F

CATATGGCCAACTATCTA

GTTGTCTCCAC

Nde I
BoarsL-RGCGGCCGCGCACTTGAGGCAGCATCGTTTNot I
338FACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA
806RGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT
), ArticleFig(id=1227680964881613385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855195699758079, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

限制酶切位点

Restriction site

BoarsM-FCATATGATATGGAAATGGATTCCGTCATTNde I
BoarsM-RGCGGCCGCGCAGCAGAAGGTGGAACTAGTNot I
BoarsL-F

CATATGGCCAACTATCTA

GTTGTCTCCAC

Nde I
BoarsL-RGCGGCCGCGCACTTGAGGCAGCATCGTTTNot I
338FACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA
806RGGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT
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砷代草丁膦的合成分子机制及其对水稻土壤细菌群落结构的影响
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杨宇晗 1, 2, 3 , 胡仕林 1, 3 , 黄丽婕 1, 3 , 段桂兰 3, 4 , 薛喜枚 1, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(6): 2655-2666
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(6): 2655-2666
砷代草丁膦的合成分子机制及其对水稻土壤细菌群落结构的影响
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杨宇晗1, 2, 3, 胡仕林1, 3, 黄丽婕1, 3, 段桂兰3, 4, 薛喜枚1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院城市环境研究所,区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室,福建 厦门
  • 2.福建农林大学 菌草与生态学院,福建 福州
  • 3.中国科学院大学,北京
  • 4.中国科学院生态环境研究中心,区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室,北京
Synthesis molecular mechanism of arsinothricin and its impact on bacterial community structure of rice soil
Yuhan YANG1, 2, 3, Shilin HU1, 3, Lijie HUANG1, 3, Guilan DUAN3, 4, Ximei XUE1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China
  • 2.College of JunCao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
  • 3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250134
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【目的】 进一步探讨arsLarsM基因在砷代草丁膦(arsinothricin, AST)合成中的作用,以及AST对土壤细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】 以俄克拉何马伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia oklahomensis)NCTC 13388为研究对象,通过PCR扩增获得该菌株的BoarsLBoarsM基因,分别构建重组质粒pET21b-BoarsL和pET28a-BoarsM。将重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌表达菌Rosetta(DE3)感受态细胞中。采用高通量测序技术分析不同浓度AST处理对土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的影响。【结果】 十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)分析显示,重组菌株表达出相对分子质量分别为47.79 kDa和41.50 kDa的目的蛋白,证实BoArsL和BoArsM蛋白成功表达。单独表达BoarsL基因的细胞产生AST-OH和少量的AST,而单独表达BoarsM基因的细胞仅产生少量的二甲基砷酸。统计分析表明,不同浓度AST处理对土壤细菌群落的α多样性产生了显著影响(P<0.05),具体表现为Chao1指数和Shannon指数均存在显著差异,低浓度处理组土壤细菌多样性和丰富度高于对照组,高浓度处理组则显著降低了土壤细菌的多样性和丰富度。进一步分析发现,不同浓度AST处理组在属水平上的细菌群落组成也呈现显著差异(P<0.05),高浓度AST显著富集了伯克霍尔德氏菌属-卡瓦列罗菌属-副伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia)细菌,同时对梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto)、沉积物杆菌属(Sedimentibacter)等细菌则表现出显著的抑制作用。【结论】 B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388菌株的BoarsL基因是AST生物合成所必需的。高浓度AST显著干扰了土壤细菌群落结构。

砷代草丁膦  /  有机砷抗生素  /  Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388  /  土壤细菌群落结构

[Objective] To further investigate the role of arsL and arsM genes in the synthesis of arsinothricin (AST) and the effects of AST on the community structure of soil bacteria. [Methods] Using Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388 as the research object, we obtained its BoarsL and BoarsM genes via PCR amplification, constructed recombinant plasmids pET21b-BoarsL and pET28a-BoarsM, and transformed them into the competent cells of Escherichia coli expression strain Rosetta(DE3). In addition, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the effects of different concentrations of AST treatment on the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities. [Results] Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) detected target proteins with relative molecular weights of 47.79 kDa and 41.50 kDa in recombinant strains, indicating successful expression of BoArsL and BoArsM. Cells expressing only the BoarsL gene produced AST-OH and a small amount of AST, while cells expressing only the BoarsM gene produced only a small amount of dimethylarsinic acid. Additionally, statistical analysis indicated that AST treatment at different concentrations had a significant impact on the alpha diversity of soil bacterial communities (P<0.05), as evidenced by significant differences in both the Chao1 and Shannon indices. The low-concentration treatment group had higher soil bacteria diversity and richness than the control group, whereas the high-concentration treatment caused statistically significant declines in both diversity and species richness. Further analysis revealed that bacterial community composition at the genus level also exhibited significant differences among the AST treatment groups of different concentrations (P<0.05), and high concentrations of AST significantly enriched bacteria of the genus Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia but significantly inhibited bacteria of the genera Clostridium_sensu_stricto and Sedimentibacter. [Conclusion] The BoarsL gene of B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388 is essential for the biosynthesis of AST. High concentrations of AST significantly affect the structure of soil bacterial communities.

arsinothricin  /  organoarsenic antibiotic  /  Burkholderia oklahomensis NCTC 13388  /  community structure of soil bacteria
杨宇晗, 胡仕林, 黄丽婕, 段桂兰, 薛喜枚. 砷代草丁膦的合成分子机制及其对水稻土壤细菌群落结构的影响. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (6) : 2655 -2666 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250134
Yuhan YANG, Shilin HU, Lijie HUANG, Guilan DUAN, Ximei XUE. Synthesis molecular mechanism of arsinothricin and its impact on bacterial community structure of rice soil[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (6) : 2655 -2666 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250134
砷是一种广泛存在于自然界的有毒类金属,主要以无机砷形式存在,例如亚砷酸盐[As(Ⅲ)]和砷酸盐[As(Ⅴ)][1]。地质活动(如岩石风化、火山爆发和地热)以及人类活动(如采矿和冶炼)从岩石圈释放出砷,使其进入陆地和海洋环境[2]。值得注意的是,尽管无机砷具有毒性,但其在医学领域中的应用历史悠久,并在现代临床治疗中持续发挥重要作用[3]。例如砷可用作抗菌剂和抗癌剂[4]。早期合成的含砷抗菌剂包括砷凡纳明(salvarsan)、对氨基苯砷酸(4-aminophenylarsonic acid)及其他芳香族砷剂,如洛克沙砷(roxarsone)和硝苯砷酸(nitarsone),这些化合物曾被用于预防家禽鸡球虫病和组织滴虫病[5]。此外,三氧化二砷仍然是全球治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病的标准药物[6]。作为砷的解毒策略之一[7-8],细菌能够将无机砷转化为有机砷化合物,如各种甲基砷[9]、砷糖及其衍生物[10],这一转化过程在砷的生物地球化学循环和生物进化中起着关键作用[11]。有些细菌还进化出了特定的代谢途径,合成结构和生物学功能独特的含砷化合物[12]
先前的研究发现了一种天然含砷化合物——砷代草丁膦(arsinothricin, AST),这是一种由水稻根际土壤细菌产生的防御性化合物[13]。AST是一种广谱抗生素,对多种病原微生物具有抑制作用[14-15]。目前,由结核分枝杆菌引起的人类结核病因多重耐药性问题被世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)列为全球卫生紧急事件[16],并呼吁开发新的创新型抗菌药物。AST对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均具有抗菌活性,能有效抑制WHO重点关注的病原体——耐碳青霉烯阴沟肠杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae)活性,且其对人类单核细胞的毒性远低于As(Ⅲ)。AST主要是通过与谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)的活性位点结合,竞争性抑制其催化功能[14],阻断结核分枝杆菌的氮代谢,从而抑制其生长[17]。综上所述,AST作为一种极具前景的抗菌药物候选物,对其高效合成方法与生态效应的深入研究具有重要科学价值。已知AST生物合成菌唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia gladioli)GSRB05可将As(Ⅲ)转化成2-氨基-4-(二羟基砷酰基)丁酸酯[2-amino-4-(dihydroxyarsinoyl) butanoate, AST-OH]和AST[13]。在B. gladioli GSRB05的基因组中,操纵子arsQML基因簇被证实参与了AST及其前体AST-OH的生物合成。具体而言,arsL基因编码一种非典型的自由基S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methi noine, SAM)酶通过催化SAM中的3-氨基-3-羧基丙基基团与As(Ⅲ)结合,介导AST-OH的生成。随后,AST-OH在arsM基因编码的SAM甲基转移酶作用下被甲基化成AST[18]
在本研究中,首先验证了俄克拉何马伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia oklahomensis) NCTC 13388可以合成AST,并以该菌株为研究对象,通过基因异位表达探究了BoarsLBoarsM在AST合成过程中的功能。AST作为一种新型抗生素,在未来的应用过程中不可避免地会进入环境,但目前缺乏AST在环境中暴露及其潜在影响的研究。鉴于此,本研究进一步利用不同浓度AST处理水稻土壤,探究了AST对水稻土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的潜在生态效应。
B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388购自National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC),在30 ℃好氧条件下培养于PY培养基中。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)在37 ℃条件下于LB培养基中振荡培养[19]
LB培养基购自Difco公司;蛋白胨酵母提取物(peptone yeast extract, PY)培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.00、酵母提取物5.00、NaCl 5.00;ST 10-1培养基(g/L):蛋白胨0.50、酵母提取物0.05。
砷酸钠和亚砷酸钠均购自中国医药集团有限公司;砷标准溶液:以2% (体积分数)硝酸溶液为稀释剂,将中国计量科学研究院的砷标准溶液(GSB04-1714-2004,1 000 mg/L)逐级稀释,配制成浓度为0、0.1、0.5、1、5、10、50、100、200 μg/L的系列工作标准溶液;E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit,Omega Bio-Tek公司;NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit,上海新睿生物科技有限公司;AST的制备:将PY培养基中过夜培养的菌液离心后,收集细胞沉淀,并以1/3 PY培养基体积的ST 10-1培养基[含1 μmol/L As(Ⅲ)和0.4%甘油]重悬细胞,30 ℃、180 r/min培养72 h,离心取上清冷冻干燥,用超纯水溶解后测定AST浓度。本研究所用引物(表1)由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS),Agilent公司;Jupiter C18 300 Å色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm),Phenomenex公司;Milli-Q超纯水机,密理博公司;NanoDrop 2000,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;紫外可见分光光度计,Mapada公司;Illumina NextSeq 2000,Illumina公司。
B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388的单克隆接种于PY培养基中,在30 ℃、180 r/min培养过夜。将过夜培养的菌液接种至10 mL PY培养基中,调整初始细胞密度(OD600)至0.05,并向培养基中添加不同浓度的As(Ⅲ) (0、0.01、0.1、1和10 mmol/L)或As(Ⅴ) (0、0.01、0.1、1、10和100 mmol/L)。在30 ℃、180 r/min条件下培养,每组实验设置4个生物学重复,每隔2 h时间间隔取样,持续监测至细菌生长进入衰亡期。
每次取200 μL菌液,使用紫外-可见分光光度计测定OD600以监测细胞密度,并记录实验数据,绘制不同As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)浓度下B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388的生长曲线。
将过夜培养的菌液25 ℃、5 000 r/min离心去上清后,重悬于等体积ST 10-1培养基[含 1 μmol/L As(Ⅲ)或As(Ⅴ)和0.4%甘油]继续培养72 h。在培养过程中,分别于0、8、16、24、48、72 h时间点采集等量样品(2 mL)。样品在25 ℃、8 000 r/min条件下离心2 min,收集上清液,并通过0.22 μm硝酸纤维素膜过滤器过滤。最后,使用HPLC-ICP-MS测定上清液中水溶性砷形态。
参考NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388基因序列(GenBank登录号为NZ_UFUH01000001)设计特异性扩增引物,BoarsM基因的扩增使用引物BoarsM-F和BoarsM-R;BoarsL基因的扩增使用引物BoarsL-F和BoarsL-R (表1)。PCR扩增体系(50 µL):2×Premix Taq (Ex Taq version 2.0 plus dye) 25 µL,上游引物(9.8 µmol/L) 1 µL、下游引物(10.0 µmol/L) 1 µL,DNA模板0.5 µL,ddH2O 22.5 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性15 s,54 ℃退火15 s,72 ℃延伸1.5 min,36个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。
构建重组质粒pET21b-BoarsL和pET28a-BoarsM,并将其分别转化到E. coli Rosetta(DE3)和同时转化到E. coli BL21(DE3)。此外,将空白载体pET21b转化到Rosetta(DE3)中作空白对照。分别挑取重组菌株Rosetta(pET21b-BoarsL)、Rosetta(pET28a-BoarsM)、Rosetta(pET21b)、BL21(pET21b-BoarsL+pET28a-BoarsM)单克隆在LB液体培养基中于37 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养过夜。菌液25 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min后,收集细胞沉淀,3倍浓缩至ST 10-1培养基[含 1 μmol/L As(Ⅲ)和0.4%甘油]中,在37 ℃、 180 r/min条件下继续培养72 h,25 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min收集上清液,经0.22 μm硝酸纤维素膜过滤,加1%过氧化氢将其中三价砷氧化成相应五价砷后用于砷形态测定。
土壤样品于2024年5月下旬采集自厦门市集美区(24°38′36.8′′N,117°59′34.7′′E)的一片水稻田,主要收集水稻根际土壤。
称取0.5 g (湿重,约合0.35 g干重)水稻土样品置于无菌血清小瓶中,分别添加AST溶液和2.5 mL超纯水与ST的混合液,调整至2×ST,且使AST终浓度分别为0、0.5、2.5、5.0、10.0 mg As/kg干土。随后,使用N2:Ar (20:80,体积比)混合气体冲洗30 min后,以丁基橡胶塞密封小瓶,并在30 ℃黑暗条件下静置培养。所有实验处理(包括非生物对照)均设置4个生物学重复。培养7 d后,培养样品在室温下以8 000 r/min离心10 min,将得到的土壤沉淀迅速冷冻于液氮中,于-80℃储存,用于后续土壤微生物总DNA的提取。
采用Jupiter C18 300 Å色谱柱进行不同形态砷的分离,并利用HPLC-ICP-MS技术进行砷形态分析。
流动相:3 mmol/L丙二酸和5%甲醇(用四丁基氢氧化铵水溶液调节pH至5.8),进样体积:30 µL,流速:1.0 mL/min,柱温:25 ℃。
RF功率:1 550 W,RF匹配:1.8 V,采样深度:10.0 mm,雾化器气流量:1.0 L/min,蠕动泵速率:0.50 r/s,雾化室温度:2 ℃,稀释气流量:0.30 L/min,提取透镜1电压:0 V,提取透镜2电压:-195 V,偏转电压:-80 V,透镜电压:10.2 V,碰撞池入口电压:-40 V,碰撞池出口电压:-60 V。
利用E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit提取土壤中微生物总DNA,并用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳和NanoDrop 2000分析DNA的质量和浓度。使用特定引物338F和806R (表1)[20]对16S rRNA基因的V3-V4可变区进行PCR扩增,PCR反应由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。扩增产物经纯化回收后,采用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit构建测序文库,并在Illumina NextSeq 2000平台完成高通量测序。
采用fastp[21] (https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp,version 0.19.6)对双端原始测序数据进行质量控制,并使用FLASH[22] (http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/flash,version 1.2.11)进行序列拼接。基于QIIME 2流程[23],使用DADA2插件对质控后序列进行去噪、拼接和去嵌合体处理,生成扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)。为确保α多样性(alpha diversity)和β多样性(beta diversity)分析的可靠性,将所有样本的序列数抽平至20 000,抽平后Good’s coverage仍可达99.09%,表明测序深度足以覆盖样本中的主要物种。基于Silva 16S rRNA基因数据库(version 138),采用QIIME 2的Naive Bayes、Vsearch或BLAST分类器对ASVs进行物种分类学注释。
计算α多样性指数,包括Chao1指数(物种丰富度)和Shannon指数(物种多样性),并采用Wilcoxon秩和检验评估不同组间α多样性差异的显著性。基于Bray-Curtis距离算法进行主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA),以评估样本间细菌群落结构的相似性。同时,结合非参数多元方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA)检验,分析不同实验组之间细菌群落结构的差异是否具有统计学显著性。此外,采用线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe,LDA>2,P<0.05)筛选在门至属水平上具有显著丰度差异的细菌类群,从而确定特定实验组中的优势菌群[24-25]
B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388于1973年在美国俄克拉何马州的一起农业事故导致的人类伤口感染病例中分离得到,该菌最早被归类为Pseudomonas pseudomallei,后被更改为Burkholderia[26]。为了评估B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388对砷的耐受性,分析了其在不同浓度As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)处理条件下的生长曲线。结果显示,在0.01、0.1和1 mmol/L的As(Ⅲ)或As(Ⅴ)处理条件下,该菌株生长未受到明显抑制(图1)。然而,当As(Ⅲ)浓度升高至10 mmol/L时菌株的生长被完全抑制,而10 mmol/L As(Ⅴ)仅对菌株生长产生部分抑制。进一步实验发现,当As(Ⅴ)浓度增加至100 mmol/L时,菌株的生长被完全抑制(图1B)。这些结果表明,B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388具有较强的抗砷性,且As(Ⅲ)对菌株的毒性明显高于As(Ⅴ)。
为了探究B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388的AST生物合成过程,将该菌株分别接种至含有1 μmol/L As(Ⅲ)或As(Ⅴ)的培养基中,并在不同时间点检测砷形态的变化。在As(Ⅲ)处理条件下(图2A),培养16 h后开始检测到AST-OH,同时As(Ⅲ)浓度逐渐下降。至24 h,AST开始出现,并伴随AST-OH减少,表明AST-OH可能是AST的前体,并进一步转化为AST。在As(Ⅴ)处理条件下(图2B),培养16 h后As(Ⅴ)浓度逐渐下降,同时检测到As(Ⅲ)和AST-OH的生成。至48 h,AST开始出现,且As(Ⅴ)被完全消耗。这些结果表明,在AST的生物合成过程中,As(Ⅴ)需要先被还原为As(Ⅲ),随后 As(Ⅲ)转化为AST-OH,最终AST-OH通过甲基化反应生成AST。
为了探究B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388中BoarsLBoarsM是否参与AST的生物合成,首先对B. gladioli GSRB05和B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388的基因组进行了比对分析(图3A)。结果显示,两者的ArsL或ArsM氨基酸序列相似性均超过90%,暗示BoarsLBoarsM可能参与了AST的合成。为探究BoarsLBoarsM在AST生物合成中的作用,分别或同时在E. coli中异源表达这2个基因。BoArsL由428个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为47.79 kDa;BoArsM由377个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为41.50 kDa (图3B)。实验中,分别克隆BoarsMBoarsL,并将其单独转化到Rosetta(DE3)菌株,同时构建共同表达BoarsLBoarsM的BL21(DE3)菌株。在1 μmol/L As(Ⅲ)处理条件下(图3C),携带pET21b-BoarsL的Rosetta(DE3)菌株将As(Ⅲ)转化为AST-OH和极少量的AST,而携带pET28a-BoarsM的Rosetta(DE3)菌株则主要是将As(Ⅲ)转化为DMAs(Ⅴ)。此外,共表达BoArsL和BoArsM的BL21(DE3)菌株仅产生少量DMAs(Ⅴ),并未检测到明显的AST-OH或AST。上述结果表明,BoarsLE. coli中的异源表达能够参与AST-OH的生物合成,而BoArsM则主要是催化As(Ⅲ)甲基化生成DMAs(Ⅴ),但并未直接促成AST的合成。
对高通量测序结果的PCoA分析显示,经过7 d不同浓度AST处理后,5组土壤的细菌群落结构存在显著差异(P<0.05) (图4A),表明AST处理显著影响了土壤细菌群落的组成。此外, 5组样本的Shannon指数和Chao1指数均表现出显著差异(图4B4C)。多样性分析结果表明,0.5 mg As/kg和2.5 mg As/kg AST处理组的土壤细菌多样性显著高于对照组(0 mg As/kg) (P<0.05),而10.0 mg As/kg AST处理组则显著降低了土壤细菌的多样性和丰富度(P<0.05)。
基于高通量测序结果,在属水平上对不同浓度AST处理的水稻土细菌群落结构进行了分析。共检测到909个细菌属,结果表明AST处理显著改变了土壤细菌群落的属级组成(图5)。在对照组(未添加AST)中,以下5个细菌属梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto)、沉积物杆菌属(Sedimentibacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、拟醋杆菌属(Acetobacteroides)、nonrank_c_BRH-c20a的相对丰度较高(>4%)。与对照组相比,不同浓度AST处理组的细菌属相对丰度显著下降,Clostridium_sensu_strictoSedimentibacterBacillusAcetobacteroides、nonrank_c_BRH-c20a的相对丰度分别降低93.6%-99.7%、99.9%-100%、91.1%-99.9%、100.0%。这些结果表明,AST处理显著抑制了水稻土壤中优势菌群的生长,尤其对Clostridium_ sensu_strictoSedimentibacterBacillus的作用最为显著,且这种抑制作用随AST浓度增加而增强。另外,在0.5、2.5、5.0、10.0 mg As/kg AST处理组中伯克霍尔德氏菌属-卡瓦列罗菌属-副伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia)的相对丰度和对照组相比分别提高了63.8、407、1 585和3 577倍。此外,在2.5、5.0、10.0 mg As/kg AST处理组中,该菌群成为优势菌属,且随AST浓度增高逐渐占据主导地位。
本研究首先通过实验验证了B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388中AST的生物合成过程,明确了AST-OH和AST的生物合成顺序及其时间动态。在72 h的培养过程中,首先检测到AST-OH的生成,随后AST才开始出现,同时培养过程中As(Ⅲ) [或As(Ⅴ)]的浓度逐渐降低(图2)。这一结果表明As(Ⅲ)首先被转化为AST-OH,随后AST-OH进一步甲基化生成AST。该结果也进一步支持了AST的两步生物合成途径[27]:第一步,BgArsL催化SAM的 3-氨基-3-羧丙基基团转移至As(Ⅲ)[28],生成三价AST-OH(Ⅲ);第二步,BgArsM甲基化AST-OH(Ⅲ)生成AST(Ⅲ),后者经空气氧化形成AST。
B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388的砷代谢过程中,As(Ⅲ)和As(V)之间存在动态转化并影响AST的合成。在As(Ⅲ)处理组中,培养早期 As(Ⅲ)首先被氧化为As(V),这可能是微生物的一种解毒机制,因为As(V)的毒性通常低于 As(Ⅲ)。随后,As(V)被砷酸还原酶ArsC还原为As(Ⅲ),后者作为直接底物参与AST的合成(图2A)。相比之下,在As(V)处理组中,As(V)逐渐被还原为As(Ⅲ),后者进一步被用于合成AST-OH和AST (图2B)。这一动态转化过程表明,AST的合成依赖于As(Ⅲ)的供应,而As(V)的还原是As(Ⅲ)的重要来源。微生物通过氧化 As(Ⅲ)为As(V)以降低其毒性,同时通过还原 As(V)为As(Ⅲ)以满足AST合成的需求。此外,As(V)的还原也可能是微生物应对高浓度砷压力的一种适应性策略,通过将As(V)转化为As(Ⅲ)并进一步被转化为对自身低毒性的有机砷化合物(如AST),以减轻砷的毒性效应。总之,B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388通过As(Ⅲ)氧化、As(V)还原以及AST合成的多步反应,实现了对砷的动态解毒和代谢。这种复杂的代谢途径不仅体现了微生物对砷的适应性,也揭示了其在砷生物地球化学循环中的重要作用。
为了进一步验证BoarsLBoarsM在AST合成中的功能,本研究构建了重组表达菌株Rosetta (pET21b-BoarsL)、Rosetta(pET28a-BoarsM)及BL21(pET21b-BoarsL+pET28a-BoarsM)。实验结果显示,单独表达BoArsL的菌株可生成AST-OH以及少量AST,表明BoArsL参与了AST-OH的生物合成。单独表达BoArsM的菌株仅产生少量DMAs(V),这是因为菌株缺乏BoArsL,无法合成BoArsM甲基化的直接底物——AST-OH,因此BoArsM只能利用As(Ⅲ)进行初级甲基化,导致代谢流向DMA(V)生成方向,AST合成路径因底物缺失被完全阻断。然而,共表达BoArsL和BoArsM的菌株未检测到AST或AST-OH的产生。对于这一现象,可能是由于AST对E. coli具有较强的毒性,E. coli通过调控其他相关途径抑制了AST-OH及AST的生成,导致其在实验条件下难以被检测到。
抗生素耐药性危机作为全球公共卫生领域的重大挑战,亟待开发具有广谱活性的新型抗生素。AST及其衍生物因其独特的抗菌机制被视为新型抗生素候选,但其环境归趋可能对土壤生态系统产生潜在风险。为评估AST对环境微生物群落的影响,本研究选择水稻土作为实验对象,分析不同浓度AST处理对土壤细菌群落组成的影响。Shannon指数分析结果表明,在低浓度AST条件下土壤细菌多样性高于对照组,然而随着AST浓度的增加,土壤细菌多样性逐渐降低。Chao1指数分析结果显示,在低浓度AST处理组土壤细菌丰富度高于对照组,当AST浓度增加至10.0 mg As/kg时,土壤细菌丰富度显著下降。这种剂量依赖性生态响应模式与Hormesis理论具有显著一致性[29],通常表现为低剂量刺激(促进效应)和高剂量抑制(毒性效应)的双相反应。然而,由于Hormesis现象的复杂性和多样性,其分子机制尚未完全阐明,特别是在不同生物体系和环境条件下的具体调控机制仍需进一步深入研究。
基于对属水平不同浓度AST处理的土壤微生物群落结构分析,发现Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia在高浓度AST处理下的相对丰度显著上升,并在AST浓度超过2.5 mg As/kg处理组中成为优势菌属。随着AST浓度的增加,该菌群逐渐占据主导地位,表明其能够耐受甚至适应高浓度AST环境。这一现象表明,尽管AST对大多数土壤细菌具有抑制作用,但Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia菌属可能具备独特的AST抗性或降解能力,使其能够在高AST环境中维持生态优势。Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia的相对丰度与土壤AST浓度呈显著正相关,暗示其可作为新型砷污染生物指示物的候选菌群。其生态优势的分子基础可能与arsN编码的N-乙酰转移酶相关,该酶通过催化AST的乙酰化修饰实现解毒代谢,其底物特异性结合域可有效识别AST结构,从而维持胞内氧化还原稳态[14]。此外,目前环境中未检测到高浓度AST的积累,表明环境中可能存在AST及其乙酰化产物的降解机制,这一机制的具体途径及其调控机制仍有待进一步研究。
本研究成功构建了来自B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388菌株的BoarsLBoarsM基因的异位表达菌,并通过砷转化实验,验证了两者在AST生物合成过程中的功能,BoArsL参与了AST-OH的生物合成,催化As(Ⅲ)转化为AST-OH,而BoArsM优先将As(Ⅲ)甲基化为DMAs(V)。此外,通过对AST处理后土壤细菌群落结构的分析,发现AST对大多数土壤细菌具有一定的毒性,随着AST浓度的增加,细菌群落的多样性和丰富度显著降低。然而,Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia在高浓度AST处理组中显著富集,表明其能够耐受甚至适应高浓度AST,可能具备较强的AST抗性或降解能力。本研究不仅揭示了B. oklahomensis NCTC 13388在AST生物合成过程中的关键基因,也为AST在环境中的影响及其微生物降解机制提供了新的研究视角和理论基础。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42077289)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42277197)
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2025年第65卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250134
  • 接收时间:2025-02-24
  • 首发时间:2026-02-07
  • 出版时间:2025-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-24
  • 录用日期:2025-04-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077289)
国家自然科学基金(42077289)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277197)
国家自然科学基金(42277197)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院城市环境研究所,区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室,福建 厦门
    2.福建农林大学 菌草与生态学院,福建 福州
    3.中国科学院大学,北京
    4.中国科学院生态环境研究中心,区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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