Article(id=1226855194923807662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250182, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1743091200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-28, onlineDate=1770434672336, onlineDateStr=2026-02-07, pubDate=1748966400000, pubDateStr=2025-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770434672336, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770434672336, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770434672336, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226855188863038235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='6', pageStart='2321', pageEnd='2769', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770434670891, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770435273893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226857718103851267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226857718103851268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2678, endPage=2687, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226855195729114050, articleId=1226855194923807662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Granite weathering caused by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans under acidic conditions, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the bio-weathering effects and mechanisms of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on granite under acidic conditions (pH 2.0). [Methods] A 36-day immersion experiment was conducted, comparing the microbial group, acid solution group (pH 2.0, H2SO4), and pure culture medium (control) group. Physicochemical parameters [pH, redox potential (Eh), and electrical conductivity (EC)] of the soultion, surface chromaticity (CIE-Lab) of granite, and mineral dissolution characteristics were analyzed. [Results] The microbial group significantly accelerated granite weathering, forming a distinct weathered layer on the surface after 9 days. During the initial phase (0‒3 days), plagioclase dissolution caused a pH increase followed by stabilization. Fe3+ accumulation-dominated Eh and EC were regulated by both the initial ion background and weathering products. After bio-weathering, the granite exhibited a decrease of 11.6 in L* (reduced brightness), an increase of 6.8 in a* value (enhanced reddish-brown tone), and an increase of 9.6 in b* value (increased bluish tone). Surface reddish-brown areas were directly correlated with jarosite deposition. [Conclusion] Under acidic conditions, A. ferrooxidans accelerate granite weathering via Fe3+-mediated redox reactions. The chromaticity parameters (ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) and morphological characteristics serve as indicators for rapidly assessing weathering intensity. These findings provide a novel basis for evaluating weathering risks caused by acid mine wastewater in surrounding rocks and guiding ecological remediation.

, correspAuthors=Huan HE, Qiang SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: HE Huan,
SUN Qiang,
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【目的】 以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)为对象,探究其在酸性条件下(pH 2.0)对花岗岩的生物风化作用及机制。【方法】 通过36 d浸泡实验,对比微生物组、酸水组(pH 2.0,H2SO4)及纯培养基对照组,检测溶液理化参数(pH、Eh、EC)、花岗岩表面色度(CIE-Lab)及矿物溶解特征。【结果】 微生物组显著促进花岗岩风化,9 d后表面形成明显风化层;初期(0-3 d)斜长石溶解导致pH值升高后趋于稳定,Fe3+积累主导氧化还原电位(Eh),电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)受初始离子背景与风化产物共同调控。生物风化后,花岗岩L*值下降11.6 (亮度降低),a*值和b*值分别上升6.8 (红褐色增强)和9.6 (蓝色调增加),表面红褐色区域与黄钾铁矾沉淀直接相关。【结论】 酸性环境下A. ferrooxidans通过Fe3+介导的氧化还原反应加速花岗岩风化,色度参数(ΔL*、Δa*、Δb*)及形貌特征可作为快速评估风化程度的指标,为矿山酸性废水引发的围岩风化风险评估及生态修复提供了新依据。

, correspAuthors=何环, 孙强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yHVfjSc5Z6QYr+wjqOaN1w==, magXml=P9eW6C2uT5md6Tdf5ZVdEw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=J6TaGYA/8TMAXIj5BhJBpA==, pdfFileSize=2757622, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5lNT3PAiORBrClpDW3p5tg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=AmplyWBFnryW3RNSZetU0A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

姜夏烨:样品采集,实验安排、调查,初稿撰写;吴柏林:数据分析,图片绘制;何环:框架指导,撰写,修改,审阅;徐琛琛:数据管理、调查;程瑜:数据分析;孙强:提供资源。

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A: Culture medium color; B: Cell concentration; C: Ferrous oxidation rate., figureFileSmall=913nCgoguh980ubDICoYlA==, figureFileBig=OGR/JTj+X4gj1ZttQCTLjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680963572990449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 在亚铁环境中生长特性变化。A:菌液颜色;B:细胞浓度;C:亚铁氧化率。, figureFileSmall=913nCgoguh980ubDICoYlA==, figureFileBig=OGR/JTj+X4gj1ZttQCTLjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680963736568324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The change curves of pH (A), Eh (B), and EC (C) of the soaking liquid., figureFileSmall=sA6shdtM2b5bqV1LbyxIEQ==, figureFileBig=g7fHMrNDprsJe+ijoUNhDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680963837231626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=CN, label=图2, caption=花岗岩浸泡液的pH (A)Eh (B)EC (C)变化, figureFileSmall=sA6shdtM2b5bqV1LbyxIEQ==, figureFileBig=g7fHMrNDprsJe+ijoUNhDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680963975643667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Photos of granite surface changing with time under different soaking conditions., figureFileSmall=MuxW+FGdQ8i808W6pJcpCw==, figureFileBig=3HAmrF9/xOiGjDaB1PDMfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964088889883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=CN, label=图3, caption=花岗岩在不同浸泡条件下岩石表面随时间变化照片, figureFileSmall=MuxW+FGdQ8i808W6pJcpCw==, figureFileBig=3HAmrF9/xOiGjDaB1PDMfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964235690530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Analysis of chromaticity change of granite sample surface. A: L* color axis; B: a* color axis; C: b* color axis., figureFileSmall=2/5D1U3sfhvfyuHC/bH1/A==, figureFileBig=UScaufTG7qPyf/pbSscqhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964369908266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=CN, label=图4, caption=花岗岩岩石样品表面的色度变化分析。A:L*颜色坐标系;B:a*颜色坐标系;C:b*颜色坐标系。, figureFileSmall=2/5D1U3sfhvfyuHC/bH1/A==, figureFileBig=UScaufTG7qPyf/pbSscqhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964520903218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Stereoscopic microscopy of granite under different soaking conditions., figureFileSmall=ln/SSZJmc9l6XUasHRt1Lw==, figureFileBig=YV172/0HFHxnPvIgNyZHrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964625760825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=CN, label=图5, caption=花岗岩在不同浸泡条件下体视显微镜观察照片, figureFileSmall=ln/SSZJmc9l6XUasHRt1Lw==, figureFileBig=YV172/0HFHxnPvIgNyZHrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680964785144390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Concentrations of Fe2+, Fe3+, and the corresponding Eh values in three groups of experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groupt/dc(Fe2+)/(mg/L)c(Fe3+)/(mg/L)Fe3+ percentage (%)Eh/mV
Microorganism333.32±2.34612.34±8.6294.80582±15
942.21±1.68753.21±7.3194.70601±10
3681.76±3.14742.52±5.86>99.00595±15
Pure medium3844.25±12.371.21±0.080.14320±12
9709.34±9.499.86±0.841.37383±13
36692.14±11.057.42±0.871.06325±15
Acid+Water30.31±0.011.98±0.3986.50513±12
90.51±0.022.34±0.8482.10474±12
361.33±0.013.42±0.2972.00400±25
), ArticleFig(id=1227680964906779210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855194923807662, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三组实验中Fe2+Fe3+ 浓度及相应的Eh

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groupt/dc(Fe2+)/(mg/L)c(Fe3+)/(mg/L)Fe3+ percentage (%)Eh/mV
Microorganism333.32±2.34612.34±8.6294.80582±15
942.21±1.68753.21±7.3194.70601±10
3681.76±3.14742.52±5.86>99.00595±15
Pure medium3844.25±12.371.21±0.080.14320±12
9709.34±9.499.86±0.841.37383±13
36692.14±11.057.42±0.871.06325±15
Acid+Water30.31±0.011.98±0.3986.50513±12
90.51±0.022.34±0.8482.10474±12
361.33±0.013.42±0.2972.00400±25
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酸性环境下嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌对花岗岩风化作用的研究
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姜夏烨 1 , 吴柏林 2 , 何环 2, * , 徐琛琛 3 , 程瑜 1 , 孙强 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(6): 2678-2687
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(6): 2678-2687
酸性环境下嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌对花岗岩风化作用的研究
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姜夏烨1, 吴柏林2, 何环2, * , 徐琛琛3, 程瑜1, 孙强3, *
作者信息
  • 1.江苏省海洋地质调查院,自然资源部滨海盐碱地生态改良与可持续利用工程技术创新中心,江苏 南京
  • 2.中国矿业大学 化工学院,煤炭清洁加工与高效洁净利用教育部重点实验室,江苏 徐州
  • 3.西安科技大学 煤炭绿色开采地质研究院,陕西 西安
Granite weathering caused by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans under acidic conditions
Xiaye JIANG1, Bolin WU2, Huan HE2, * , Chenchen XU3, Yu CHENG1, Qiang SUN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Coastal Saline-alkali Land Ecological Rehabilitation and Sustainable Utilization Technology Innovation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Marin Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
  • 3.Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2025-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250182
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【目的】 以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)为对象,探究其在酸性条件下(pH 2.0)对花岗岩的生物风化作用及机制。【方法】 通过36 d浸泡实验,对比微生物组、酸水组(pH 2.0,H2SO4)及纯培养基对照组,检测溶液理化参数(pH、Eh、EC)、花岗岩表面色度(CIE-Lab)及矿物溶解特征。【结果】 微生物组显著促进花岗岩风化,9 d后表面形成明显风化层;初期(0-3 d)斜长石溶解导致pH值升高后趋于稳定,Fe3+积累主导氧化还原电位(Eh),电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)受初始离子背景与风化产物共同调控。生物风化后,花岗岩L*值下降11.6 (亮度降低),a*值和b*值分别上升6.8 (红褐色增强)和9.6 (蓝色调增加),表面红褐色区域与黄钾铁矾沉淀直接相关。【结论】 酸性环境下A. ferrooxidans通过Fe3+介导的氧化还原反应加速花岗岩风化,色度参数(ΔL*、Δa*、Δb*)及形貌特征可作为快速评估风化程度的指标,为矿山酸性废水引发的围岩风化风险评估及生态修复提供了新依据。

生物风化  /  花岗岩  /  嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌  /  色度分析

[Objective] To investigate the bio-weathering effects and mechanisms of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on granite under acidic conditions (pH 2.0). [Methods] A 36-day immersion experiment was conducted, comparing the microbial group, acid solution group (pH 2.0, H2SO4), and pure culture medium (control) group. Physicochemical parameters [pH, redox potential (Eh), and electrical conductivity (EC)] of the soultion, surface chromaticity (CIE-Lab) of granite, and mineral dissolution characteristics were analyzed. [Results] The microbial group significantly accelerated granite weathering, forming a distinct weathered layer on the surface after 9 days. During the initial phase (0‒3 days), plagioclase dissolution caused a pH increase followed by stabilization. Fe3+ accumulation-dominated Eh and EC were regulated by both the initial ion background and weathering products. After bio-weathering, the granite exhibited a decrease of 11.6 in L* (reduced brightness), an increase of 6.8 in a* value (enhanced reddish-brown tone), and an increase of 9.6 in b* value (increased bluish tone). Surface reddish-brown areas were directly correlated with jarosite deposition. [Conclusion] Under acidic conditions, A. ferrooxidans accelerate granite weathering via Fe3+-mediated redox reactions. The chromaticity parameters (ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) and morphological characteristics serve as indicators for rapidly assessing weathering intensity. These findings provide a novel basis for evaluating weathering risks caused by acid mine wastewater in surrounding rocks and guiding ecological remediation.

bio-weathering  /  granite  /  Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans  /  chromaticity analysis
姜夏烨, 吴柏林, 何环, 徐琛琛, 程瑜, 孙强. 酸性环境下嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌对花岗岩风化作用的研究. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (6) : 2678 -2687 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250182
Xiaye JIANG, Bolin WU, Huan HE, Chenchen XU, Yu CHENG, Qiang SUN. Granite weathering caused by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans under acidic conditions[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (6) : 2678 -2687 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250182
微生物与矿物相互作用是地球表层系统的关键生物地球化学过程,也是地质微生物学核心研究方向[1-2]。在自然界中,绝大多数微生物与矿物的相互作用集中在矿物表面微域,其代谢活动通过氧化还原反应、胞外聚合物分泌以及代谢产物释放等机制,显著影响矿物表面形貌、晶格重构以及元素的溶解释放。目前,微生物与矿物相互作用的研究主要集中在生物冶金[3-4]、生物矿化[5-6]、生物浮选[7]和生物风化[8-9]等领域,其中岩石的生物风化因其在驱动元素生物地球化学循环、地表物理重塑以及碳封存与气候变化调控中的重要作用已成为前沿热点[10-12]。例如,在橄榄岩和玄武岩的生物风化过程中释放的Ca2+、Mg2+可通过碳酸盐沉淀实现CO2固定,而Fe、Ni等微量金属元素的溶出则可显著调控产甲烷菌的代谢活性,进而影响温室气体排放通量[12]
花岗岩是大陆地壳的主要组成单元,其抗化学风化特性源于石英-长石-云母矿物组合的高稳定性。然而,微生物介导的生物力学侵蚀(如菌丝穿透)与生物化学溶解(如有机酸和铁载体螯合)可突破其抗风化屏障[11,13-14]。研究表明,真菌(如黑曲霉)因具备强有机酸分泌能力,对花岗岩中斜长石的Al‒O‒Si键的破坏效率远高于细菌[15-17],而部分微生物通过产生有机酸和络合作用可选择性溶出花岗岩中的稀土元素[13-14]。值得注意的是,现有研究多聚焦于中性环境下的生物风化行为,而对酸性环境(pH<4.0)中微生物-花岗岩相互作用机制的研究仍属空白。在我国推行去产能政策过程中,大规模矿山关闭引发的次生环境效应——特别是酸性矿山排水(acid mine drainage, AMD)对地下水-水生生态系统的复合污染风险不容忽视[18-19]。研究表明,酸性化学溶液可通过质子攻击引发花岗岩矿物晶格解离,导致硅酸盐矿物(如斜长石、方解石等)发生化学蚀变及物理劣化(如孔隙率增加、抗压强度下降等)[20]。然而,针对酸性环境下微生物介导的花岗岩风化的研究却鲜有涉及。需特别指出的是,AMD环境中的嗜酸微生物群落通过硫代谢途径和铁的氧化循环持续释放质子和铁离子,其生物地球化学通量对围岩(以花岗岩为主)的风化作用将远高于化学腐蚀[21-22]。因此,研究酸性环境下微生物对花岗岩的风化溶蚀对阐明酸性矿山废水的形成机理以及矿山的生态安全具有重要意义。
传统岩石风化程度的评估主要依赖于化学分析方法,即通过采集风化溶液并检测其中游离离子(如Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+等)的浓度变化,结合X射线衍射或质谱技术解析矿物相变规律[15-17]。虽然该类方法能够精准反映岩石内部成分的化学蚀变过程,但存在采样破坏性强、实验周期长(通常需数周至数月)且难以实现原位动态监测的局限性。近年来,随着光学检测技术的发展,基于岩石表面颜色与形貌特征的快速无损分析逐渐成为新兴研究方向。例如,采用色度计来量化岩石表面色度参数(如CIE-Lab*色空间值),通过色差ΔE值对比原始样本与风化样本,可建立颜色变化与质量损失、灰度变化和孔隙率等风化指标的定量关系[23-24]。同时,表面形貌扫描仪可通过毫米/微米级精度捕捉表面粗糙度、孔隙率及裂隙扩展等物理特征,已在岩石风化[24]和工程地质[25]评估中取得实践应用,其高效性与非破坏性优势为生物风化过程研究提供了新的技术路径。
嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)在AMD体系中广泛存在,可通过Fe2+氧化与硫代谢途径显著改变体系的氧化还原状态[21-22]。本研究以该化能自养菌为研究对象,针对花岗岩中常见的含铁矿物(如黄铁矿FeS2、菱铁矿FeCO3)[26],设计多组对照实验,通过追踪溶液pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)与电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)的动态变化规律,同时结合色度计量技术和表面形貌扫描观察,初步分析嗜酸微生物对花岗岩表面的化学蚀变机制,以期对阐明矿山关闭后AMD体系下围岩的生物风化机制具有参考意义。
试验所用岩石样品采自山东省临沂市的“鲁灰”花岗岩。试验前用切割机将其切割成直径为(50.00±0.05) mm、高(25.00±0.05) mm的圆柱体试样。该花岗岩的主要成分是石英、钾长石和伊利石,还含有部分方解石、菱铁矿和黄铁矿等矿物[26]。岩石浸泡所用的微生物为中国矿业大学化工学院保存的嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A. ferrooxidans,GenBank登录号为KR856281)[27],培养基为9K基本盐,其基本组成为(g/L):(NH4)2SO4 3.0,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5,KCl 0.1,K2HPO4 0.5,Ca(NO3)2 0.01,硫酸亚铁44.5,pH为2.0,培养温度为30 ℃[27]。采用分光光度计(Shimadzu Corporation公司)测量溶液中亚铁离子含量,并计算其氧化率;采用ICP-OES (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定总铁含量。
A. ferrooxidans培养至对数生长期后,用普通定性滤纸(杭州沃华滤纸有限公司)过滤得到微生物培养液,将1.5 L培养液转移至3.0 L玻璃容器中。容器顶部用8层无菌纱布包裹(孔隙率≤10 μm)以实现气液交换并阻隔外界微生物污染。设置对照组为等体积的灭菌培养基(纯培养基)和pH为2.0的硫酸水溶液(酸+水)。将预处理后的花岗岩标准试样浸没于反应液中,维持恒温30 ℃ (精度±0.5 ℃)。采用无菌空气过滤系统(0.22 μm PTFE滤芯)以0.5 L/min的速率持续通入空气。每3 d监测反应器总质量,定量补加无菌去离子水与对应溶液(菌液/对照液)以补偿蒸发损失,维持溶液体积恒定(波动<±2%)。
在实验的第0、3、6、9、18、27、36天时间节点分别从3组试验(微生物组、纯培养基组和酸+水组)中吸取30 mL反应液。用pH计、氧化还原电位仪和电导率仪(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司)分别测定其pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)和电导率(EC)。在试验的第3、9、36天取出浸泡液,10 000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液,采用分光光度法(Shimadzu Corporation公司)测量溶液中亚铁离子含量,ICP-OES (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定总铁含量,总铁与亚铁离子含量的差值可计算得到三价铁离子含量。在第3、6、9、21、36天分别从各实验组取出标准花岗岩试样(n=3),经超纯水冲洗去除表面附着物后,于105 ℃烘箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司)中干燥6 h至恒重。采用高分辨率工业内窥镜(深圳超眼科技有限公司,5倍光学放大+5倍数码增强,LED冷光源)获取岩石表面形貌图像。使用分光色度计(深圳市三恩驰科技有限公司,D65标准光源,10°观测角)测定试样表面Lab*色坐标,每个样品取9点测量(3×3网格)后计算均值。
A. ferrooxidans在亚铁中培养的生长过程如图1所示,可以看出经过24 h培养液开始出现浑浊,36 h培养液开始泛红,然后逐渐变红变深,到72 h培养液变成深红色,细胞浓度达到9.52×107个/mL,Fe2+被完全氧化成Fe3+,氧化率达到100%,Fe3+浓度达(847.21±2.05) mg/L,细胞浓度与亚铁氧化率呈正相关,符合典型对数生长代谢特征。过滤沉淀后,取滤液作为生物风化介质。
近年来,水化学溶液对花岗岩宏-微观结构及力学性能的影响研究取得了显著进展。研究人员通过分析岩石表面形貌、渗透率、元素组成以及浸泡液中金属离子浓度等性质,揭示了酸性溶液作用下花岗岩损伤时效特征与机理,以及含裂隙花岗岩法向刚度的演变规律[20,28]。研究发现,酸性化学溶液浸泡花岗岩的腐蚀程度主要受其所处酸性溶液pH值的控制,pH值越低,腐蚀程度越明显[22]。氧化还原电位(Eh)与pH的协同变化遵循Nernst方程,直接调控金属离子的氧化态分布及浸出效率[29]。溶液体系的电导率和离子浓度密切相关,能够准确反映浸泡体系中的离子变化情况。三组实验浸泡液的理化参数(pH、EC和Eh)变化如图2所示,可以看出在为期36 d的浸泡实验中,A. ferrooxidans培养液、对照培养基和酸水对花岗岩的风化作用均经历了初期波动(0-9 d),随后逐渐趋于平稳(9-36 d)。在浸泡初期,酸性溶液和微生物细胞能够较好地与花岗岩石表面接触,发生一系列的化学变化,释放出岩石中的离子,因此早期波动较大。随着浸出过程的进行,微生物和酸性溶液需要沿着孔隙才能进入岩石内部,这极大地限制了岩石的进一步风化作用,因此趋于平稳。
图2A所示,在浸泡初期(0-3 d),3组pH均有上升(2.0→2.3-2.6),主要归因于花岗岩中斜长石(CaAl2Si2O8)的溶解[反应式(1)];其反应释放的Ca2+、Mg2+及OH-部分中和H⁺[30]。微生物组在第3天后pH下降1.98±0.05左右,显著低于酸水组(2.42±0.08)和培养基组(2.35±0.07),表明其Fe2+氧化[反应式(2)]与黄铁矿(FeS2)生物氧化[反应式(3)]协同产酸,而非生物组仅依赖Fe2+的化学氧化[31-32]。从pH变化的差别可以看出,A. ferrooxidans对花岗岩的风化起到了促进作用。
CaAl2Si2O8+8H+→Ca2++2Al3++2SiO2+4H2O
Fe2++H++1/4O2→Fe3++1/2H2O
2Fe3++FeS2+2H2O+3O23Fe2++2SO42-+4H+
图2B2C所示,各浸泡液的Eh和EC有不同程度的变化,但总的变化趋势保持一致。微生物组Eh稳定在(595±15) mV左右,显著高于酸水组和培养基组,符合Fe3+/Fe2+氧化还原对(E⁰=+770 mV)的Nernst方程,如公式(4)所示。
Eh=E0+RTnFln[Fe3+][Fe2+]
式中,R为气体常数,T为温度,n为反应中转移的电子数,F为法拉第常数。
微生物组、纯培养基组及酸水组在第3、9、36天的亚铁(Fe2+)与铁离子(Fe3+)浓度如表1所示。在微生物组中,Fe3+浓度在第3、9、36天分别达到612.34、753.21和742.52 mg/L,其占比由94.80%升至99.0%以上,对应Eh值稳定于(595±15) mV的高位区间。这一现象与A. ferrooxidans的铁硫氧化代谢直接相关:微生物通过氧化Fe2+及黄铁矿[反应式(2)和反应式(3)]持续生成Fe3+,从而推动体系Eh值显著升高。在纯培养基组中,由于缺乏微生物活性,Fe3+浓度极低(第3天:1.21 mg/L;第36天:7.42 mg/L),其占比始终低于1.40%,导致Eh值仅维持在320-330 mV;酸水组虽然因化学氧化作用使Fe3+初始占比较高(第3天:86.50%),但其Fe3+绝对浓度(1.98-3.42 mg/L)不足微生物组的1%,且随着实验进程Fe3+占比下降至72.00% (第36天),Eh值相应降低至(400±25) mV。上述差异表明,仅当Fe3+绝对浓度达到微生物组的量级(>500 mg/L)时,才能显著提升Eh值至近600 mV,而低浓度Fe3+ (<10 mg/L)对Eh的贡献有限,Fe3+和Eh的相关性分析结果表明两者之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),Pearson相关系数为0.835 7,这进一步证实Fe3+含量主导Eh变化。
电导率(图2C)受溶液初始离子背景与风化产物的共同调控。在浸泡初期,纯培养基组中的离子最为丰富,而微生物组由于前期培养和过滤时消耗了部分离子,酸水组只有酸参与,因此其初期EC均低于纯培养基组,初期中离子可能主要被岩石吸附[33],导致电导率逐渐减小。在后期,花岗岩中的金属离子因氧化浸出使得总金属离子浓度在动态波动后趋于稳定[27]
岩石的颜色本质上是由其所含矿物的颜色所决定的。花岗岩作为一种常见的岩石类型,其矿物组成复杂多样,因此呈现出丰富多变的颜色特征[34]。在风化作用这一复杂的地质过程中,岩石内部的矿物成分会发生改变,相应地,花岗岩的颜色也会随之发生变化。通过对花岗岩在风化作用过程中颜色变化的细致观察,能够为推测其内部矿物在风化过程中所发生的特定变化提供重要依据,进而为后续更为深入、系统的研究奠定坚实基础。
1976年,国际照明委员会公布了CIE-Lab*颜色系统,这是一种被广泛应用于色彩分析领域的科学模式。在该Lab模式下,颜色信息通过3个通道进行表征:第1个通道代表明度,以“L”表示;“a”通道主要涉及颜色从红色到绿色的变化维度;“b”通道则侧重于体现从蓝色到黄色的色彩变化范围[35]。从图3所展示的照片结果可以清晰看出,在整个浸泡实验过程中,无论是实验组还是对照组,花岗岩的色度变化趋势大体上呈现出一致性。综合来看,在浸泡实验期间对花岗岩表面进行观察时发现,其在实验初期表现出较为显著的变化,而随着时间的推移,这种变化逐渐趋于稳定。这一现象与前文所阐述的浸泡液理化性质的变化过程相互吻合。具体而言,经过微生物浸泡液风化处理后的花岗岩,其表面亮度呈现出明显的变暗趋势,从宏观角度进行观察,表面呈现出红褐色。进一步通过色度提取分析发现,其表面颜色在CIE-Lab*颜色系统中表现为偏红偏蓝的特征(图4)。
图4所示,不同处理组花岗岩的色度参数(L*、a*、b*)在风化初期阶段(0-9 d)较为稳定,9-21 d发生显著变化,后期(21-36 d)逐渐趋于平衡。具体而言,微生物组的L*值由初始60.6降至49.0 (ΔL*=-11.6),a*值由0.9升至7.7 (Δa*=+6.8),b*值由11.9升至21.5 (Δb*=+9.6)。在CIE-Lab*色彩系统中,此变化表明花岗岩表面颜色向红褐色(a*增加)与蓝紫色(b*增加)偏移,与体视显微观察结果(图5)一致。深色矿物区域(如黑云母)因次生矿物沉淀呈现蓝色调,而浅色区域(长石类矿物)因铁氧化物覆盖转为红褐色。微生物组实验体系的强酸性环境(pH 1.98‒2.10)由微生物驱动的铁硫氧化代谢维持:一方面,A. ferrooxidans通过氧化花岗岩中含铁矿物[反应式(2)和反应式(3)]持续释放H⁺并维持高浓度Fe3+;另一方面,Fe3+/Fe2+氧化还原对通过Nernst效应保持体系高氧化还原电位[反应式(4)],为硫酸盐稳定和黄钾铁矾结晶提供了热力学驱动力。微生物的铁硫代谢链[31-32]进一步促进花岗岩中钾长石(KAlSi3O8)的酸解释放K+ (纯培养基组和微生物组溶液中也含有K+),并与溶液中的Fe3+、SO₄2-按反应式(5)结合,最终形成鲜红色的纤维状黄钾铁矾沉淀(图5)。体视显微观察显示,该沉淀特异性覆盖于矿物表面及裂隙处,与酸水组和纯培养基组形成鲜明对比,这也充分说明所形成的红褐色沉淀为黄钾铁矾。进一步通过文献对比[36-37]及元素迁移分析(如Mg2+与伊利石蚀变的正相关性[38]),表明A. ferrooxidans通过以下途径驱动花岗岩风化:(1) 微生物优先侵蚀花岗岩中含铁矿物(如黄铁矿FeS2、菱铁矿FeCO3),通过胞外电子传递链将其氧化为Fe3+ [反应式(2)],显著提升溶液Fe3+浓度[Δ[Fe3+]=(152±8) mmol/L],促进黄钾铁矾[KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6]沉淀[反应式(5)] (图5红褐色区域)[27];(2) 斜长石与钾长石在酸性作用发生水解反应[反应式(1)]形成高岭石等次生黏土矿而变灰(ΔL*下降)[39]。此外,微生物代谢产生的有机酸(如草酸)可络合Al3+,加速硅酸盐骨架解体[40-41]
K++3Fe3++2SO42-+6H2O→KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6↓+6H+
本文以浸泡液的理化性质(pH、EC、Eh和铁离子含量)和花岗岩表面色度变化为依据,初步探究了酸性环境下A. ferrooxidans对花岗岩的生物风化过程,得到以下主要结论。
(1) 酸性环境下A. ferrooxidans对花岗岩具有风化作用,主要通过Fe2+氧化提升溶液中Fe3+浓度,催化其中的黄铁矿(FeS2)和菱铁矿(FeCO3)溶解,并诱导黄钾铁矾沉淀。
(2) 色度计和形貌分析可用于表征微生物对花岗岩的风化,色度参数(L*、a*、b*)变化与矿物蚀变直接相关:L*值亮度下降反映表面矿物沉积,a*值增加指示铁氧化物富集,而b*值升高关联次生黏土矿物生成。
(3) 酸性环境下微生物-矿物界面反应主导花岗岩风化进程,其动态过程(如溶液性质变化和矿物颜色变化)为AMD体系中围岩稳定性评估提供了参考。
作者声明绝无任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFF1306003)
  • 2023年度江苏省矿地融合试点项目(苏财资环[2023]29号)
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2025年第65卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250182
  • 接收时间:2025-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-07
  • 出版时间:2025-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-06
  • 录用日期:2025-03-28
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1306003)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFF1306003)
2023年度江苏省矿地融合试点项目(苏财资环[2023]29号)
Pilot Project of Mine-land Integration in Jiangsu Province in 2023(Sucai Zihuan [2023] No.29)
作者信息
    1.江苏省海洋地质调查院,自然资源部滨海盐碱地生态改良与可持续利用工程技术创新中心,江苏 南京
    2.中国矿业大学 化工学院,煤炭清洁加工与高效洁净利用教育部重点实验室,江苏 徐州
    3.西安科技大学 煤炭绿色开采地质研究院,陕西 西安

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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