Article(id=1226855192377869213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738684800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741968000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-15, onlineDate=1770434671729, onlineDateStr=2026-02-07, pubDate=1748966400000, pubDateStr=2025-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770434671729, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770434671729, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770434671729, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226855188863038235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='6', pageStart='2321', pageEnd='2769', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770434670891, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770435273893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226857718103851267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226857718103851268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2560, endPage=2575, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226855192650498980, articleId=1226855192377869213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening of sulfamethoxazole-degrading bacteria in mariculture habitats and optimization of degradation conditions, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In marine aquaculture, the accumulation of antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole (SMX) has contributed to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, posing a serious threat to ecological health. Biological treatment of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater is an essential approach to mitigate these environmental risks. [Objective] To isolate a salt-tolerant strain LS-1 with high SMX degradation efficiency from the sediment of an inshore aquaculture pond, examine the effects of environmental factors on the degradation capacity of this strain, optimize the SMX degradation conditions, elucidate the degradation pathway through product analysis, and evaluate the toxicity of the degradation products. [Methods] The isolated strain was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Single factor experiments and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the degradation conditions. GC-MS and the luminescent bacteria test for acute toxicity were adopted to analyze the degradation products and their toxicity. [Results] Strain LS-1 showed 99.79% sequence similarity with Alcaligenes aquatilis strain AS1. Tryptone was determined to be the optimal exogenous carbon source for both growth and SMX degradation. The strain exhibited robust growth across a temperature range of 20‒35 ℃, salinities of 15‰‒35‰, SMX concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/L, and pH 7.0‒9.0. Response surface analysis revealed that SMX concentration, initial pH, and temperature significantly influenced the SMX degradation rate, in descending order of importance. Under optimal conditions (SMX concentration of 33 mg/L, pH 7.4, and 30 ℃), the strain achieved a maximum degradation rate of 60.17% within 48 h. MS results indicated that LS-1 degraded SMX via acetylation and hydroxylation pathways. The results of the luminescent bacteria test for acute toxicity demonstrated a progressive reduction in biological toxicity during the SMX degradation process. [Conclusion] The SMX-degrading strain LS-1 can effectively adapt to marine environmental conditions, reducing SMX-induced toxicity in water. This study highlights the potential of LS-1 for controlling antibiotic pollution in marine aquaculture wastewater.

, correspAuthors=Yangguo ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Tel: +86-532-66782390, E-mail:
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在海水养殖过程中,磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMX)等抗生素类药物的大量残留加速了抗性细菌和抗性基因的传播,严重威胁生态环境健康。生物法控制抗生素废水是解决其环境危害的重要途径。【目的】 从近海养殖池底泥中筛选出一株耐盐且对SMX具有高效降解能力的菌株LS-1,分析环境因素对其降解能力的影响,优化菌株对SMX的降解性能,并通过产物类型解析其降解途径,最终对降解产物进行毒性分析。【方法】 通过对分离菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列测序与系统发育树分析进行鉴定,采用单因素和响应面试验对降解条件进行优化,利用气质色谱法及发光细菌水质急性毒性试验检测分析其降解产物及产物毒性。【结果】 分离获得的菌株LS-1与产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)中的水生产碱菌(Alcaligenes aquatilis) AS1序列相似度达99.79%。单因素试验确定胰蛋白胨是菌株生长和降解SMX时的最佳外源碳源。菌株在温度20-35 ℃、盐度15‰-35‰、SMX浓度10-100 mg/L、pH 7.0-9.0的条件下时生长良好。响应面分析表明,对SMX降解率有显著影响的因素依次为:SMX浓度>初始pH>环境温度。在SMX浓度为33 mg/L、pH 7.4和30 ℃的条件下,该菌株在48 h内的最高降解率达60.17%。质谱检测分析推测菌株LS-1通过乙酰化和羟基化等途径降解SMX,发光细菌急性毒性试验表明在SMX降解过程中生物毒性逐渐降低。【结论】 本研究分离的SMX降解菌能够很好地适应海洋环境条件,降低SMX的水质毒性,对海水养殖废水中抗生素污染的防治具有重要的应用前景。

, correspAuthors=赵阳国, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3jxs31/s4+AJ5ff3/nHtfA==, magXml=iCvl6ZGK3KvGbv9PkgVBIg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=iZhagdryCRD5fwBINMQAmg==, pdfFileSize=3183496, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=x2WmHTnrJBC0lDbM2B+gMw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QnVYVSoQKljmGS/TuGwseA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

厉怡君:实验设计、操作及论文撰写;赵阳国:实验指导、论文修改和润色;刘磊:协助实验操作、论文讨论;岳梦晨:协助实验操作、论文讨论;张彦超:协助实验操作及指导,李欢欢:协助实验操作。

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Water Research, 2016, 88: 322-328., articleTitle=Rapid degradation of sulphamethoxazole and the further transformation of 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole in a microbial fuel cell, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227680963581379059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, awardId=41977315, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977315), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227680963715596799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, awardId=41977315, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41977315), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227680963849814540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, awardId=201964004, language=EN, fundingSource=Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities of China(201964004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227680963975643669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, awardId=201964004, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(201964004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227680954530071533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227680954534265838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, companyId=1227680954530071533, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227680954542654448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, companyId=1227680954530071533, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国海洋大学 环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛)]), AuthorCompany(id=1227680954622346227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227680954630734836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, companyId=1227680954622346227, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227680954634929141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, companyId=1227680954622346227, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国海洋大学,海洋环境与生态教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227680959982666046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Morphological characteristics of strain LS-1. 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Plackett-Burman experimental protocol and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test numberA-concentration (mg/L)B

C-

salinity (‰)

D-

pH

E-

T/℃

48 h removal efficiency (%)
1507209.03554.48
2107355.03531.56
3503359.02543.31
4107209.03541.31
5103355.03530.93
6103209.02535.11
7503205.03539.05
8507205.02544.09
9507355.02537.32
10107359.02532.38
11503359.03548.87
12103205.02526.85
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961853325772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Plackett-Burman实验方案与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test numberA-concentration (mg/L)B

C-

salinity (‰)

D-

pH

E-

T/℃

48 h removal efficiency (%)
1507209.03554.48
2107355.03531.56
3503359.02543.31
4107209.03541.31
5103355.03530.93
6103209.02535.11
7503205.03539.05
8507205.02544.09
9507355.02537.32
10107359.02532.38
11503359.03548.87
12103205.02526.85
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961941406167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface optimization design and results of 48 h removal efficiency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test number

A-

concentration (mg/L)

B-

pH

C-

T/℃

48 h removal efficiency (%)
1105.03034.68
2505.03032.82
3109.03030.19
4509.03050.59
5107.02528.36
6507.02543.27
7107.03538.15
8507.03540.12
9305.02541.47
10309.02542.41
11305.03543.74
12309.03546.73
13307.03060.72
14307.03058.92
15307.03060.78
16307.03057.05
17307.03059.98
), ArticleFig(id=1227680962050458081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855192377869213, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

48 h降解率的响应曲面优化设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test number

A-

concentration (mg/L)

B-

pH

C-

T/℃

48 h removal efficiency (%)
1105.03034.68
2505.03032.82
3109.03030.19
4509.03050.59
5107.02528.36
6507.02543.27
7107.03538.15
8507.03540.12
9305.02541.47
10309.02542.41
11305.03543.74
12309.03546.73
13307.03060.72
14307.03058.92
15307.03060.78
16307.03057.05
17307.03059.98
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海水养殖生境中磺胺甲恶唑降解菌的筛选及降解条件优化
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厉怡君 1 , 赵阳国 1, 2, * , 刘磊 1 , 岳梦晨 1 , 张彦超 1 , 李欢欢 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(6): 2560-2575
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(6): 2560-2575
海水养殖生境中磺胺甲恶唑降解菌的筛选及降解条件优化
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厉怡君1, 赵阳国1, 2, * , 刘磊1, 岳梦晨1, 张彦超1, 李欢欢1
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛
  • 2.中国海洋大学,海洋环境与生态教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛
Screening of sulfamethoxazole-degrading bacteria in mariculture habitats and optimization of degradation conditions
Yijun LI1, Yangguo ZHAO1, 2, * , Lei LIU1, Mengchen YUE1, Yanchao ZHANG1, Huanhuan LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
  • 2.Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250081
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在海水养殖过程中,磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMX)等抗生素类药物的大量残留加速了抗性细菌和抗性基因的传播,严重威胁生态环境健康。生物法控制抗生素废水是解决其环境危害的重要途径。【目的】 从近海养殖池底泥中筛选出一株耐盐且对SMX具有高效降解能力的菌株LS-1,分析环境因素对其降解能力的影响,优化菌株对SMX的降解性能,并通过产物类型解析其降解途径,最终对降解产物进行毒性分析。【方法】 通过对分离菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列测序与系统发育树分析进行鉴定,采用单因素和响应面试验对降解条件进行优化,利用气质色谱法及发光细菌水质急性毒性试验检测分析其降解产物及产物毒性。【结果】 分离获得的菌株LS-1与产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)中的水生产碱菌(Alcaligenes aquatilis) AS1序列相似度达99.79%。单因素试验确定胰蛋白胨是菌株生长和降解SMX时的最佳外源碳源。菌株在温度20-35 ℃、盐度15‰-35‰、SMX浓度10-100 mg/L、pH 7.0-9.0的条件下时生长良好。响应面分析表明,对SMX降解率有显著影响的因素依次为:SMX浓度>初始pH>环境温度。在SMX浓度为33 mg/L、pH 7.4和30 ℃的条件下,该菌株在48 h内的最高降解率达60.17%。质谱检测分析推测菌株LS-1通过乙酰化和羟基化等途径降解SMX,发光细菌急性毒性试验表明在SMX降解过程中生物毒性逐渐降低。【结论】 本研究分离的SMX降解菌能够很好地适应海洋环境条件,降低SMX的水质毒性,对海水养殖废水中抗生素污染的防治具有重要的应用前景。

海水养殖  /  磺胺甲恶唑  /  Alcaligenes sp.  /  微生物降解  /  降解产物

In marine aquaculture, the accumulation of antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole (SMX) has contributed to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, posing a serious threat to ecological health. Biological treatment of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater is an essential approach to mitigate these environmental risks. [Objective] To isolate a salt-tolerant strain LS-1 with high SMX degradation efficiency from the sediment of an inshore aquaculture pond, examine the effects of environmental factors on the degradation capacity of this strain, optimize the SMX degradation conditions, elucidate the degradation pathway through product analysis, and evaluate the toxicity of the degradation products. [Methods] The isolated strain was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Single factor experiments and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the degradation conditions. GC-MS and the luminescent bacteria test for acute toxicity were adopted to analyze the degradation products and their toxicity. [Results] Strain LS-1 showed 99.79% sequence similarity with Alcaligenes aquatilis strain AS1. Tryptone was determined to be the optimal exogenous carbon source for both growth and SMX degradation. The strain exhibited robust growth across a temperature range of 20‒35 ℃, salinities of 15‰‒35‰, SMX concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/L, and pH 7.0‒9.0. Response surface analysis revealed that SMX concentration, initial pH, and temperature significantly influenced the SMX degradation rate, in descending order of importance. Under optimal conditions (SMX concentration of 33 mg/L, pH 7.4, and 30 ℃), the strain achieved a maximum degradation rate of 60.17% within 48 h. MS results indicated that LS-1 degraded SMX via acetylation and hydroxylation pathways. The results of the luminescent bacteria test for acute toxicity demonstrated a progressive reduction in biological toxicity during the SMX degradation process. [Conclusion] The SMX-degrading strain LS-1 can effectively adapt to marine environmental conditions, reducing SMX-induced toxicity in water. This study highlights the potential of LS-1 for controlling antibiotic pollution in marine aquaculture wastewater.

marine aquaculture  /  sulfamethoxazole  /  Alcaligenes sp.  /  microbial degradation  /  degradation products
厉怡君, 赵阳国, 刘磊, 岳梦晨, 张彦超, 李欢欢. 海水养殖生境中磺胺甲恶唑降解菌的筛选及降解条件优化. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (6) : 2560 -2575 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250081
Yijun LI, Yangguo ZHAO, Lei LIU, Mengchen YUE, Yanchao ZHANG, Huanhuan LI. Screening of sulfamethoxazole-degrading bacteria in mariculture habitats and optimization of degradation conditions[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (6) : 2560 -2575 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250081
近年来,受全球,特别是亚洲水产养殖业增长的推动,全球渔业和水产养殖产量创历史新高[1]。中国作为亚洲区的代表,是全球最大的水产品生产、加工和贸易国[2],海水产品养殖总量占全球总量的71%[3-4]。然而,由于海水养殖业的无序扩张以及养殖方式的粗放低效[5-6],导致了一系列生态环境问题。抗生素的使用在全球范围内受到了越来越多的限制和监管。抗生素的过度使用,加剧了耐药微生物及其抗性基因的传播,对公共卫生构成了严重威胁[7]。磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMX)是海水养殖中广泛使用的抗生素之一,已被中国政府授权可在水产养殖中有条件地使用[8-9]。SMX具有强亲水性、弱降解性、高迁移率和持久性等特征[10],使其具有较长的半衰期(85-100 d)和较强的生物积累作用[11]。报道显示,SMX在水产养殖中的最高检出浓度可达mg/L[12-13]。SMX在环境中的存在能够促进抗性基因(sul1sul2sul3sulA)的传播[14]
针对SMX污染的控制,通常采用物理吸附以及化学氧化等技术,如生物炭、碳纳米管、芬顿反应以及光化学催化等[15]。然而,上述方法均面临着回收难、再利用效率低、成本高及操作程序复杂等难题[15]。相比之下,微生物降解技术因其环境友好成本低等特点而受到越来越多的关注。有研究从河口中筛选出一株气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae)能将SMX降解为苯胺与3-氨基-5-甲基异恶唑[16]。Kong等[17]从海水养殖场中分离出一株科氏扁平球菌(Planococcus kocurii) O516,在SMX初始浓度为10 mg/L的条件下降解率可达60%以上。Liu等[18]从人工湿地系统中分离出一株高效降解SMX的细菌 西里西亚单胞菌(Pseudomonas silesiensis) F6a,并研究了其在不同污染物浓度下的降解动力学。目前,SMX降解菌的研究主要集中在淡水环境[19-20],而在海洋环境下,SMX降解效率的影响因素及其优化方法的研究相对较少。
响应面法是一种通过建立数学模型来分析多个显著影响因素与响应值之间的关系,并通过统计学方法验证模型结果的技术,已被广泛应用于多种污染物降解条件的优化,以提高去除效率和降低成本[21-22]。本研究从近海养殖池底泥中筛选出一株耐盐且对SMX具有高效降解能力的菌株。通过单因素实验分析了环境因素对其降解能力的影响,以探究其环境适应性,并进行了响应面分析及验证,以优化该菌株对SMX的降解条件,并分析其降解途径和产物毒性。研究结果将为海水养殖废水中抗生素污染的防治提供技术支持,具有广泛的应用前景。
海水养殖底泥与海水样品取自山东省青岛市即墨区鳌山湾森林公园附近的海水养殖池(120°69′E,36°37′N),养殖池水深0.2 m。取池底泥水混合物放入无菌样品瓶中,24 h内运回实验室,4 ℃冷藏保存。
磺胺甲恶唑(C10H11N3O3S)购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;色谱级乙腈、磷酸(98%)购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。实验使用的其他药品均为分析纯。
富集培养基(g/L):NH4Cl 1.0,K2HPO4 1.5,KH2PO4 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05,CH3COONa 0.2,NaCl 30.0,微量元素0.1 mL/L。微量元素(g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.5,EDTA 1.0,ZnSO4 0.2,MnCl2·4H2O 0.1,FeSO4·7H2O 0.5,CuSO4·5H2O 0.5,CoCl2·6H2O 0.2。降解培养基(g/L):K2HPO4 1.5,KH2PO4 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05,NaCl 30.0,Tryptone 2.0。LB液体培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨 10,酵母浸粉 5,NaCl 30。LB固体培养基在上述成分基础上加入12 g/L琼脂。所有培养基经121 ℃灭菌20 min。
SMX母液:以无水乙醇为溶剂,配制SMX质量浓度为10 mg/mL,置于棕色瓶中,于‒20 ℃保存。人工海水配制:以蒸馏水为溶剂,NaCl浓度为30 g/L。
取养殖池泥水样品5 g置于250 mL无菌海水中,30 ℃、150 r/min振荡3 h,使泥中细菌充分分散到无菌海水中。取5 mL混合样品转移至装有95 mL富集培养基的锥形瓶中,设置SMX初始浓度为5 mg/L,在恒温培养箱中30 ℃、120 r/min避光培养。7 d后转接至10 mg/L SMX的新鲜富集培养基中,依次重复上述步骤,每次转接按5 mg/L梯度浓度增大培养基中SMX含量,直至抗生素浓度达到30 mg/L。将富集菌群按10-3、10-4、10-5的梯度浓度稀释,稀释后的菌液涂布到含有30 mg/L SMX的LB固体培养基上培养,待长出菌落后,用接种环挑选菌株,用四区划线法纯化分离获得纯菌株,甘油-80 ℃保存。
将筛选出的单菌株采用平板划线法接种于含有SMX的富集琼脂培养基上,30 ℃培养48 h后观察菌落形态并进行革兰氏染色将菌株在LB培养基中30 ℃、120 r/min培养30 h至OD600值为0.5左右,20 ℃、5 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,用戊二醛固定过夜,经过乙醇脱水,冷冻干燥,表面喷金后,通过扫描电镜(Thermo Fisher 公司)观察菌体形态。将培养至对数生长期的菌株,取2 mL置于离心管中,委托青岛派森诺生物科技有限公司进行16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定。得到的序列结果提交至NCBI数据库,通过BLAST进行初步对比鉴定。采用MEGA 11.0软件中的邻接(neighbor-joining)法进行多序列比对,构建系统发育树并分析结果。
将培养至对数生长期OD600为0.5左右的菌株,以2%的接种量接种至100 mL降解培养基中,于30 ℃、120 r/min振荡培养,分别在4-72 h使用紫外分光光度计测量菌株OD600。以时间为横坐标,OD600为纵坐标绘制菌株生长曲线。
改变不同影响因素,如碳源(胰蛋白胨、醋酸钠、葡萄糖、蔗糖)、SMX初始浓度(10、20、50、100 mg/L)、接种量(1%、3%、5%、7%)、盐度(20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰)、温度(20、25、30、35 ℃)、pH (5.0、7.0、9.0),采用控制单一变量的方法,探究各因素对菌株48 h降解率的影响。上述实验在120 r/min恒温振荡培养,每隔12 h取样,通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析培养液中SMX的剩余量。
通过Design-Expert 13设计Plackett-Burman(PB)实验,筛选对响应值具有显著影响的因素,用于后续的响应面分析(Box-Behnken方法)。设计响应面试验,分析影响因素的交互作用,优化降解条件。
利用安捷伦气相质谱仪(Agilent公司),对样本中的降解产物进行质谱分析。首先将样本在70 ℃下平衡4 min,随后以25 ℃/min的升温速率加热至100 ℃,并在此温度下保持1 min;接着,以3 ℃/min的升温速率继续升温至260 ℃,并在该温度下维持10 min,以确保充分分离与检测。质谱仪采用电子碰撞电离模式,电离能量设置为70 eV,溶剂延迟时间为4 min。MS源温度设定为230 ℃,传输线温度设定为280 ℃。选择全扫描模式,扫描范围为50-550 m/z。依据分析得出的降解产物,推测降解路径。
为检测降解产物的毒性,采用明亮发光杆菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum) T3菌株,利用LumiFOX2000型生物毒性分析仪(深圳朗石公司)检测相对发光率的变化,以表征水质毒性。首先用2% NaCl复苏发光细菌冻干粉,复苏2 min后细菌在黑暗中发出明显荧光。在测试仪配备的试管中加入2% NaCl和10 μL复苏的发光细菌菌液,混匀后先测试无降解产物对照组的发光亮度,再依次测试含有降解产物的处理组发光亮度。相对发光率的计算如公式(1)所示。相对发光率越高,说明毒性越低;相对发光率越低,表明水质毒性越高。
相对发光率(%)=样品管发光亮(mV)CK管发光亮(mV)×100
使用HPLC检测SMX含量。将经过微生物降解的培养液在4 ℃、4 000×g离心5 min,收集上清液,采用孔径为0.22 μm的针头过滤器过滤后,注入棕色液相瓶,4 ℃冷藏保存。使用高效液相色谱仪(1260 II,Agilent公司),配备C18反向色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm,Agilent公司),流动相为色谱级乙腈和0.05 mol/L磷酸(体积比30:70),设置UV检测器波长为256 nm,柱温30 ℃,进样量10 μL,流量1.0 mL/min。
每个实验均重复3次,数据结果以平均值±标准差表示,CK表示空白对照。采用SPSS 16.0进行单因素方差分析及Tukey’s HSD检验,将P值阈值设置为小于0.05,以确定组间统计学上的显著差异。借助Origin 2021软件进行数据可视化。
从养殖池采集的沉积物样品中,经过不断富集驯化,分离出5株具有对SMX耐药性的菌株,分别命名为LS-1、LS-2、LS-3、LS-4和LS-5。48 h内,各菌株对SMX的降解率分别为:LS-1为48%,LS-2为14%,LS-3为12%,LS-4为22%,而LS-5基本无降解能力。根据菌株对磺胺甲恶唑的降解率,选择LS-1作为实验菌株进行后续研究。
LS-1在平板上经30 ℃恒温培养48 h后,长出肉眼可观察的菌落,如图1A所示。LS-1菌落呈白色略透明,湿润凸起,边缘不规则,易挑取。经革兰氏染色后在显微镜下观察,菌体染色呈红色,为革兰氏阴性菌。利用扫描电镜对菌体形态进行观察(图1B),发现LS-1在电镜下外形清晰,呈短棒状,表面粗糙,有崎岖不平的凹槽和褶皱,长度为(2.0±0.1) μm,宽度为(1.0±0.1) μm。
将菌株的16S rRNA基因序列上传至NCBI数据库进行同源性分析,结果表明,LS-1的16S rRNA基因序列与水生产碱菌(Alcaligenes aquatilis) AS1有99.79%的一致性。使用MEGA 11.0软件,通过邻接法构建系统发育树,如图2所示,进一步证实该菌株为产碱杆菌。已有研究表明,该菌具有较强的脱氮能力,且未见其致病性的相关报道[23-24]。将LS-1的16S rRNA基因序列提交至GenBank数据库,获得序列登录号PQ740307。
菌株LS-1的生长曲线(OD600)以及培养基中SMX的去除率如图3所示。由生长曲线可知,前20 h为菌株的生长迟滞期,菌株需要适应含有抗生素的新环境,OD600值保持在较低水平,约为0.05。从20 h开始,OD600值迅速上升,菌株进入快速生长期。在28 h左右,OD600值达到约0.5,此时菌株处于对数生长期,随后继续上升。在40 h左右,OD600值达到约1.0,增速放缓,这可能是由于SMX代谢产物毒性增强所致[25]OD600值继续上升,最高达到约1.4,随后略有下降。
从SMX的降解曲线来看,在0 h到约10 h之间,SMX降解率出现短暂下降,可能是由于培养基pH变化导致SMX吸光度发生改变[26]。从20 h开始,SMX降解率迅速上升,表明菌株开始降解SMX。在40 h左右,SMX降解率达到约50%,之后略有下降,这可能是由于菌株消耗营养物质导致代谢速率减慢以及菌体死亡,从而导致降解率下降[27]
菌株LS-1在以SMX为唯一碳源的培养基中无法生长,推测其对SMX的降解为共代谢作用。因此,设置实验探究LS-1在不同碳源(胰蛋白胨、醋酸钠、葡萄糖、蔗糖)条件下的SMX降解率及生长情况,以确定菌株生长和降解的最佳碳源。如图4A所示,不同碳源对菌株LS-1降解SMX的影响较大。以胰蛋白胨为碳源时,48 h内SMX的降解率最高,达到55.4%;其他碳源的降解率依次为醋酸钠(51.4%)、葡萄糖(50.5%)和蔗糖(47.6%)。微生物的共代谢过程涉及复杂的酶促反应,需要额外的碳源作为供能物质。某些碳源可能与目标污染物的代谢形成竞争,从而抑制降解[28],而合适的碳源则会极大地提高菌株的降解效率[29]。Vo等[30]发现,不同碳源会影响细菌胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance, EPS)和酶的产生,进而影响细菌对抗生素的去除效率。
研究了不同盐度(15‰、25‰、30‰、35‰)条件下菌株LS-1对SMX降解的影响。结果表明,菌株在不同盐度条件下表现出较强的适应能力(图4B),较低的盐度有利于SMX的降解,而高盐度(35‰)则对降解产生限制作用。菌株在25‰盐度下降解效果最佳,降解率达到62.0%。不同盐度下,SMX的降解率依次为25‰>30‰>15‰>35‰。微生物在合适的盐度环境中会改变自身的生化特性,适宜的盐度还会促进酶的产生[31]。Xiong等[32]研究了栅列藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)对左氧氟沙星的降解,发现在一定限度内,随着盐度的升高,抗生素去除率可从4.5%上升到93.4%。
初始SMX浓度对菌株LS-1的降解能力有显著影响。如图4C所示,当SMX浓度为20 mg/L时,降解率最高,达到50.12%。进一步分析降解率随时间的变化发现,当SMX浓度为20 mg/L和50 mg/L时,降解率随时间迅速增加。这表明在这些浓度下,抗生素对菌株的毒害和抑制作用较弱,菌株能够有效降解SMX,生成毒性较低的代谢产物,从而减少SMX对其生长和繁殖的负面影响。然而,当SMX浓度为100 mg/L时,高浓度抗生素显著抑制了菌株的降解能力。值得注意的是,SMX的降解率并非随着浓度的降低而增加,这可能是由于一定浓度的抗生素可以促进微生物的生长,但超过一定阈值则会抑制微生物的代谢,而且不同类型的抗生素对微生物的作用程度也各不相同[33-34]
温度是影响微生物生长和代谢的重要因素,通过影响细胞内酶的活性、细胞质的流动性以及污染物的性质来调节微生物的生长速率[35]。如图4D所示,菌株LS-1在25-30 ℃之间的温度范围内对SMX的降解效果最佳,降解率为49%-52%。高于或低于此温度范围降解率均有所下降。随着温度的升高,降解率先升高后降低。
从动力学角度来看,不同接种量条件下菌株LS-1对SMX的降解趋势基本一致(图4E)。随着接种量的增加,降解率也随之增加。1%-7%接种量对应的降解率分别为45.22%、50.30%、52.23%和55.21%。数据分析表明,1%、3%和7%接种量下的降解率之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),说明接种量的增加对降解率的提升有显著影响。较高的接种量可以加速菌体生物膜的形成,提供更多的活性位点,同时提高酶(如氧化酶、水解酶)的分泌量。然而,当接种量过高时,菌体分泌的酸性代谢物(如乙酸)可能会抑制自身的生长[36]
环境pH对微生物的生长代谢、表面吸附作用以及抗生素的水解等过程具有重要影响。如图4F所示,当初始pH为7.0时,菌株对SMX的降解效率最高,且随着时间的推移,降解率显著提高(P<0.05)。在酸性和碱性环境中,SMX的降解率随时间变化不大,表明极端pH值对菌株的生长产生了不利影响,从而降低了SMX的降解效率。在同一时间点(48 h)横向比较,LS-1菌株对SMX的降解率从酸性环境的14.16%上升到中性环境的52.18%,然后在更高碱性环境中降低至26.64%。统计分析表明,pH对LS-1菌株降解SMX的影响显著(P<0.05),且该菌株适宜在中性到偏碱性的pH范围内生长。这一结果与大多数细菌在中性偏碱环境中生长的普遍规律一致[37]。此外,海水养殖废水的进水pH通常在6.5-9.0之间[38],LS-1菌的降解条件处于此pH区间内。
根据上述单因素试验结果设计了PB试验,以A-浓度(mg/L)、B-接种量(%)、C-盐度(‰)、D-pH、E-温度(℃)为影响因素,通过Design-Expert 13生成了具包含12条试验设计的正交矩阵,见表1。按照该方案检测菌株LS-1在48 h内对SMX的降解情况。
通过回归分析得到多元一次回归方程(以编码值表示),如公式(2)所示。
Y48 h降解率=38.77+5.75A+1.42B–1.38C+3.81D+2.26E
回归方程拟合分析结果表明,Fisher检验(F值)为21.65,对应的概率检验(P值)为0.000 9,远小于系统所给的参考值0.001,表明模型整体在统计上极显著。通过R2 (决定系数)评估模型的拟合度[39]R2=0.947 5接近1,表明模型对预测响应值的置信度高。Adj R2为0.903 7,接近1,表明模型的有效性。R2=0.947 5和Adj R2=0.903 7之间的差值为0.043 8<0.1,表明模型的解释能力在统计上具有显著性[40]。通过PB试验,筛选出对响应值影响较大的因素。其中,因素A (SMX浓度) P值为0.000 2 (P<0.001),表现为极显著;D (pH)和E (温度) P值分别为0.001 9和0.020 3,表现为显著(P<0.05);C (盐度)、D (pH) P值>0.05,差异不显著。因此,对响应值影响作用排名前3的因素为A>D>E
筛选出A-浓度、D-pH、E-温度作为48 h降解率条件中的关键影响因素。分别取3个因素的高(+1)、中(0)、低(‒1) 3个水平,设计Box-Behnken响应面试验,见表2。3因素3水平的正交组合设计及降解率试验结果如表2所示。
48 h降解率模型建立与分析得到二次多项回归模型,如公式(3)所示。
Y48 h降解率=59.49+4.43A+2.15B+1.65C+5.56AB–3.24AC+0.51BC–14.27A28.15B2–7.75C2
方程中的ABC分别代表浓度(mg/L)、pH和温度(℃)的编码值。回归方程中系数的正负符号表示变量的协同效应和拮抗效应。由表2可知,第15条实验在浓度为30 mg/L、pH 7.0、温度为30 ℃时,菌株LS-1对SMX的降解率最高,达到60.78%。当条件设置为浓度为10 mg/L、pH 7.0、温度为25 ℃时,降解率最低,仅为28.36%。
经过实验数据与二次多项式回归模型的统计检验可知,响应值F值为71.10,概率值(P值)<0.000 1,这表明由于噪声引起模型误差的可能性仅为0.01%[41]R2=0.989 2接近1,证明了拟合的质量。R2=0.989 2和Adj R2=0.975 3几乎一致,表明模型拟合效果良好[42]。就回归方程的系数而言,除线性系数C (温度)和BC (温度和pH的交互系数)外,其他系数的P值检验均小于0.01,表现为极显著;系数CP值<0.05,表现为显著;BC项的P值检验大于0.05,结果失拟。以上检测值综合表明模型拟合效果良好。
图5A所示,pH值和SMX浓度对SMX降解率存在交互作用影响。其中,三维立体图呈现出明显的拱形结构,其曲面弧度在3个图中最为显著。当pH值固定为7.0时,改变SMX的初始浓度会导致48 h降解率迅速变化,从较低值上升至最大值60.78%,降解率变化趋势为先升高后降低。相反,当温度固定在某值时,降解率随污染物浓度的变化较为缓慢。三维图表明,在中性pH条件下,改变污染物的初始浓度会导致降解率变化最为显著。二维等高线图呈现为长轴与短轴差异较大的椭圆形,表明pH值与浓度之间的交互作用较强。此外,等值线之间的差距较大(40%-60%),说明在两因素共同作用下响应值的变化范围较大。温度与SMX初始浓度之间的相互作用特征见图5B。三维立体图呈现拱形,二维等值线图呈椭圆形,表明两者之间存在显著的交互作用。当温度固定在约30 ℃时,SMX初始浓度对降解率的影响表现为:从10 mg/L增加到50 mg/L时,降解率先上升后下降,这一结果与单因素试验的观察结果一致。温度与pH值的交互作用如图5C所示,两者作用下响应值的三维立体图颜色变化较其他两因素作用变化较小,二维等值线图的圆形形状表明,两者并不存在明显的交互作用。Chen等[43]通过响应面法和Box-Behnken试验设计,对芽孢杆菌菌株DLY-11降解磺胺喹恶啉(sulfaquinoxalin, SQ)的效率提升进行了优化。研究发现,pH值与温度之间的交互作用对降解效率的影响并不显著,在固定温度条件下,SQ的降解速率随pH值的升高呈现先增加后降低的趋势;而在恒定pH值条件下,温度的升高则显著促进了SQ的降解速率[43]。Tian等[44]的研究表明,与食氢产水菌属(Hydrogenophaga)相关的菌株能够高效降解SMX,并通过响应面法优化了该菌株对SMX的降解效率。结果表明,该菌株对SMX的降解过程与准一级动力学模型具有高度一致性[44]。优化降解细菌的效率对于揭示降解机制以及推动其实际应用具有关键性意义。这一过程不仅有助于深入理解不同菌株在多变环境条件下的适应性特征,还能有效阐释降解率随多种条件变化的动态趋势,从而为相关研究提供更为全面的理论依据[45]
为了验证拟合模型对SMX降解率最大值的可信度,按照预测的最大降解率条件(浓度34 mg/L、pH 7.4、温度30 ℃),进行了3个平行实验。3个重复实验的最大降解率为(59.26±2.00)%。预测结果与实验结果之间具有良好的一致性。
SMX的分子结构中,五元环与磺胺基团相连,较小的角张力赋予其相对稳定的分子构型[46]。本研究对LS-1菌株在不同降解时间处理的SMX样品进行了质谱分析,结果如图6所示。其中,N-乙酰基-SMX (m/z=295)及其衍生物被检出,这些产物可能是由SMX发生氨基氧化(m/z=283)及氨基乙酰化反应生成的。在相关研究中,SMX的乙酰化产物N4-乙酰氨基-SMX常有报道,它是人和动物体内常见的SMX代谢产物[47-48],其代谢过程与细菌中的N-乙酰转移酶(NAT)密切相关,是SMX解毒的关键途径之一[49]。质谱检测还发现了3-氨基-5-甲基异恶唑(3A5MI,m/z=98),这是一种常见的SMX代谢产物。有研究指出,3A5MI的生成受到2个单加氧酶基因(sanAsadB)和1个NADH+还原酶基因(sadC)编码酶的共同作用[50-51]。与其共存的还有3-羟基-5-氨基-SMX (m/z=188),这是SMX发生C-N键断裂后羟基化反应的产物,在3A5MI生成前,可能存在4-氨基-N-氢苯磺酰胺(4ANSH),但4ANSH可能不稳定,迅速脱水至磺胺[16]。此外,有研究指出,与3A5MI一同产生的中间产物P4是一种发育性无毒剂[52]。Qi等[53]指出,SMX可以被活性污泥微生物组完全代谢,并将其转化为3A5MI和对氨基苯酚,在降解过程中,3A5MI呈现稳定积累的状态,而氨基苯酚则被迅速消耗。本研究还检测到了磺胺甲恶唑羟胺(m/z=269),它是由五元环上N-O键断裂后形成的羟基化产物。该产物的生成可能与微生物体内单加氧酶及活性氧的协同作用密切相关。具体而言,异恶唑环中N-O键的裂解可能引发这一转变,进而生成不稳定的自由基阴离子中间体,并最终转化为多种稳定的终末产物[54]
采用发光细菌法对不同浓度的样品进行水质急性毒性检测,评估样品对发光细菌的毒性效应。设置了5、10、20、50、100 mg/L 5个SMX浓度梯度,并在0、24、48 h 3个关键时间点进行取样检测。结果如图7所示,图A和图B分别为发光细菌在15 min和30 min时的相对发光率。结果表明,在未经LS-1处理的不同浓度SMX样品中,细菌相对发光率随SMX浓度的提高而显著降低,且发光率普遍处于较低水平(<50%),表明不同浓度的SMX具有较强的水质毒性。进一步对比图A与图B可见,经LS-1作用后,在低浓度(5、10和20 mg/L)条件下,细菌相对发光率显著提升(P<0.05),说明在24 h和48 h时,SMX的水质毒性经LS-1处理后已大幅减弱。已有报道表明,SMX转化为N4-乙酰磺胺甲恶唑后,相比母体有较低的毒性[55],同时,SMX上氨基的氧化有利于解毒[56]。然而,在50 mg/L浓度下(图C),细菌相对发光率从0 h的24%上升至24 h的53%,随后在48 h回落至20%,图D也呈现出相同趋势,且数值变化相对稳定。在更高浓度(100 mg/L)时,LS-1菌株对SMX的水质毒性影响较小(P>0.05),甚至随着时间推移,毒性呈现上升趋势(图D)。推测这可能是因为高浓度的SMX对LS-1的生长产生了抑制作用,同时可能促使毒性更高的中间产物生成。研究发现,3A5MI为已检测出的毒性高于母体的中间产物[57],其积累可能影响了LS-1对SMX毒性处理的效果。
从海水养殖池底泥中筛选出了一株具有耐盐性能的SMX降解菌LS-1。通过16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育树分析,鉴定该菌株为产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes sp.)。菌株的对数生长期在28 h左右,在48 h内对SMX的降解率达到52.13%。单因素试验表明,菌株在不同盐度(15‰-35‰)、污染物浓度(10-100 mg/L)、温度(20-35 ℃)和初始pH (5.0-9.0)条件下表现出良好的适应性。对SMX降解率影响显著的因素从强到弱排序为:SMX浓度、pH和温度。响应面分析显示,SMX浓度与pH、浓度和温度之间的交互作用显著。SMX降解的最优条件为:SMX浓度 34 mg/L、初始pH 7.4、温度30 ℃,在此条件下,降解率可达59.26%,经验证实际值与预测值具有良好的一致性。经质谱分析,LS-1菌对SMX的降解产物为N-乙酰基-SMX (m/z=295)、3A5MI和磺胺甲恶唑羟胺(m/z=269)等,主要降解途径为氨基乙酰化,羟基化和五元环N-O键断裂。在SMX低浓度时,经过LS-1菌的处理,水质毒性迅速减弱。该菌株能够有效控制海水养殖环境中的SMX,对抗生素污染的防治具有很好的应用前景。
作者声明绝无任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41977315)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(201964004)
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2025年第65卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250081
  • 接收时间:2025-02-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-07
  • 出版时间:2025-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-05
  • 录用日期:2025-03-15
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977315)
国家自然科学基金(41977315)
Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities of China(201964004)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(201964004)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学 环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛
    2.中国海洋大学,海洋环境与生态教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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