Article(id=1226855191933268782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240846, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735315200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741708800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-12, onlineDate=1770434671623, onlineDateStr=2026-02-07, pubDate=1748966400000, pubDateStr=2025-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770434671623, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770434671623, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770434671623, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226855188863038235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='6', pageStart='2321', pageEnd='2769', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1770434670891, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770435273893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226857718103851267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226857718103851268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226855188863038235, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2514, endPage=2528, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226855192172344118, articleId=1226855191933268782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Optimization of simulated biogenic gas production conditions and study of gas production mechanism of shale, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the influencing factors and mechanism of biogenic gas production in shale. [Methods] The shale in Yulin was chosen as the object of this study, and methanogens specifically enriched by our research team in the preliminary stage were used as functional microbiota. An orthogonal design was adopted to optimize the biogenic gas production conditions. The simulated biogenic gas production characteristics and changes in physical and chemical properties of the shale before and after gas production were comprehensively analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (Ram), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). [Results] The optimal conditions for gas production from shale were as follows: 15% inoculum, a shale particle size of less than 0.125 mm, and an incubation temperature of 35 ℃, under which a cumulative methane yield of 81.22 μmol/g shale was achieved within 50 days. Industrial and elemental analyses conducted before and after gas production revealed that methanogens consumed the organic components of shale to produce methane. XRD results indicated that the inorganic mineral components in shale also contributed to the anaerobic degradation process associated with gas production. FT-IR and Ram results showed that the organic matter in shale was mostly long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons. During gas production, the carbonyl and ether bonds in some compounds reacted to form intermediate metabolites containing carboxyl groups. After gas production, the D and G peaks in the shale samples were not obvious, indicating that the graphitization degree and maturity of kerogen in the shale increased. In addition, NMR results confirmed that fatty alcohols or fatty amines were utilized by microorganisms in gas production. [Conclusion] Microorganisms can utilize the organic components of the shale to produce gas, while also consuming the inorganic mineral components. This leads to chemical structure organic components, leading to formation of smaller compounds after gas production.

, correspAuthors=Huan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Mengzhen WANG, Yue CAO, Huan HE, Qiang SUN, Zaixing HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1226855193850065807, articleId=1226855191933268782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=榆林页岩生物模拟产气条件优化和产气机理, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 研究页岩生物产气的影响因素和产气机理。【方法】 以榆林页岩为研究对象,利用实验室前期富集的产甲烷微生物作为功能菌群,通过正交试验优化页岩的生物产气条件。采用气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)、拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy, Ram)以及核磁共振波谱(nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR)分析了页岩的生物模拟产气特征,并对产气前后页岩的理化性质变化进行了分析。【结果】 页岩最优产气条件为:接种量15%、页岩粒度小于0.125 mm、培养温度35 ℃,50 d累计净产甲烷量为81.22 μmol/g页岩。产气前后工业和元素分析结果表明,产甲烷菌通过消耗页岩中的有机组分来产气。XRD分析结果显示,页岩中无机矿物组分也参与了厌氧降解产气过程。FT-IR与拉曼光谱显示,页岩有机物多为长链脂肪烃。产气时,部分化合物的羰基、醚键反应生成含羧基的中间产物。产气后,页岩样品的D、G峰不明显,表明干酪根的石墨化程度与成熟度增加。NMR结果表明,脂肪醇或脂肪胺在产气过程中被微生物利用。【结论】 榆林页岩中的有机组分可以被微生物利用产生甲烷,同时无机矿物组分也被消耗。产气过程中,有机组分的化学结构发生变化,生成较小的化合物。

, correspAuthors=何环, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tPCyAV86ZpaY+G9HbzJClg==, magXml=BY1XrjxUW4acjeZqfYmnxg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=uP+wFTIbD6gkhfxkbq7G6A==, pdfFileSize=2427181, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7x8rbN9t8ZqDclUC3nrmnw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4qQrqP81UA/5pfM/rbkKJQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

王梦真:数据分析、图片绘制、撰写初稿;曹玥:样品采集、实验设计、实验测试、论文修改;何环:论文思想、框架指导、撰写与修改;孙强:数据处理;黄再兴:论文修改。

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A, B: Peak fitting in 950-1 800 cm-1 range (before and after gas production); C, D: 2 800-2 980 cm-1 range; E, F: 2 980-3 730 cm-1 range., figureFileSmall=tUwlZ5g0oQmoMrikwrrPAA==, figureFileBig=XAFhkDRQyyFzqaJfYYkk/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680960360149812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=CN, label=图4, caption=页岩生物产气前后红外光谱分峰拟合结果。A、B:950-1 800 cm-1范围内产气前、后分峰拟合谱图;C、D:2 800-2 980 cm-1范围;E、F:2 980-3 730 cm-1范围。, figureFileSmall=tUwlZ5g0oQmoMrikwrrPAA==, figureFileBig=XAFhkDRQyyFzqaJfYYkk/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680960473396024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Raman spectra and peak fitting results of shale before and after biogas production. A, B: Raw Raman spectra before and after gas production; C, D: Corresponding peak fitting results., figureFileSmall=F9fFhgweSd3ufFZM4OlWFA==, figureFileBig=6iJpgbtFJ/O9qqKRblTecw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680960569865024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=CN, label=图5, caption=页岩产气前后拉曼光谱与分峰拟合结果。A、B分别为页岩产气前、后原始拉曼光谱;C、D为对应分峰拟合结果。, figureFileSmall=F9fFhgweSd3ufFZM4OlWFA==, figureFileBig=6iJpgbtFJ/O9qqKRblTecw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680960674722631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=13C and 1H NMR spectra of shale before and after biogas production. A, B: 13C NMR spectra before and after gas production; C, D: Corresponding 1H NMR spectra. Black curves represent raw spectra and gray lines indicate characteristic peaks., figureFileSmall=cSIsrnwjBtIOSr89UbBSVQ==, figureFileBig=9kHZzxMht3b0eGdeFEWQuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680960808940365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=CN, label=图6, caption=页岩生物产气前后核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)与氢谱(1H NMR)。A、B为产气前、后碳谱;C、D为对应氢谱。黑色曲线为原始谱图,灰色直线标记特征峰位。, figureFileSmall=cSIsrnwjBtIOSr89UbBSVQ==, figureFileBig=9kHZzxMht3b0eGdeFEWQuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227680960943158101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factor and level of orthogonal experiment design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FactorsA: Inoculum (%)B: T/℃C: Particle size (mm)
Level 1525>1.000 (large)
Level 215350.500-1.000 (middle)
Level 31045<0.125 (small)
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961068987232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FactorsA: Inoculum (%)B: T/℃C: Particle size (mm)
Level 1525>1.000 (large)
Level 215350.500-1.000 (middle)
Level 31045<0.125 (small)
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961173844840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Result of orthogonal experiment and visual analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test numberA: Inoculum (%)B: T/℃C: Particle size (mm)

Methane production

(μmol/g shale)

Average valueRange
1525>1.0009.109.82912.843
25350.500-1.00011.6716.295
3545<0.1258.7120.056
41025<0.12527.8718.6103.755
51035>1.00013.9518.851
610450.500-1.00018.3515.096
715250.500-1.00018.8613.7618.740
81535<0.12530.9322.672
91545>1.00018.2322.501
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961261925231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验结果及直观分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test numberA: Inoculum (%)B: T/℃C: Particle size (mm)

Methane production

(μmol/g shale)

Average valueRange
1525>1.0009.109.82912.843
25350.500-1.00011.6716.295
3545<0.1258.7120.056
41025<0.12527.8718.6103.755
51035>1.00013.9518.851
610450.500-1.00018.3515.096
715250.500-1.00018.8613.7618.740
81535<0.12530.9322.672
91545>1.00018.2322.501
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961337422714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANOVA results of characteristic variables during shale biogas production

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableInter-class varianceVariance between groupsF valueP valueSignificance
CH4851.2616 749.6737.9290.018*
pH0.1310.0130.1030.903ns
EC0.4360.2360.5420.593ns
Eh41 888.6222 278.2070.0540.947ns
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961421308799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

页岩生物产气过程特征变量的方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableInter-class varianceVariance between groupsF valueP valueSignificance
CH4851.2616 749.6737.9290.018*
pH0.1310.0130.1030.903ns
EC0.4360.2360.5420.593ns
Eh41 888.6222 278.2070.0540.947ns
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961501000582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Proximate and ultimate analysis of shale before and after biogas production

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Shale samplesProximate analysis (%)Ultimate analysis (%)
MadAdVdafFCdOdafCdafHdafNdafSt,d
Raw0.7396.292.940.0472.1514.0912.750.670.01
Residual0.8596.222.890.0474.4011.8711.602.050.09
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961614246794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

产气前后页岩的工业分析与元素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Shale samplesProximate analysis (%)Ultimate analysis (%)
MadAdVdafFCdOdafCdafHdafNdafSt,d
Raw0.7396.292.940.0472.1514.0912.750.670.01
Residual0.8596.222.890.0474.4011.8711.602.050.09
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961714910098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

XRD analysis of shale before and after gas production

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Shale samplesQuartzPotassium feldsparPlagioclaseClay minerals
Raw (%)26.214.229.130.5
Residual (%)31.610.729.828.0
), ArticleFig(id=1227680961807184793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226855191933268782, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

产气前后页岩的XRD全岩分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Shale samplesQuartzPotassium feldsparPlagioclaseClay minerals
Raw (%)26.214.229.130.5
Residual (%)31.610.729.828.0
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榆林页岩生物模拟产气条件优化和产气机理
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王梦真 1 , 曹玥 1 , 何环 1, * , 孙强 2 , 黄再兴 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(6): 2514-2528
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(6): 2514-2528
榆林页岩生物模拟产气条件优化和产气机理
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王梦真1, 曹玥1, 何环1, * , 孙强2, 黄再兴3
作者信息
  • 1.中国矿业大学 化工学院,江苏 徐州
  • 2.西安科技大学 地质与环境学院,陕西 西安
  • 3.中国矿业大学,炼焦煤资源绿色开发全国重点实验室,江苏 徐州
Optimization of simulated biogenic gas production conditions and study of gas production mechanism of shale
Mengzhen WANG1, Yue CAO1, Huan HE1, * , Qiang SUN2, Zaixing HUANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.College of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2025-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240846
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【目的】 研究页岩生物产气的影响因素和产气机理。【方法】 以榆林页岩为研究对象,利用实验室前期富集的产甲烷微生物作为功能菌群,通过正交试验优化页岩的生物产气条件。采用气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)、拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy, Ram)以及核磁共振波谱(nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR)分析了页岩的生物模拟产气特征,并对产气前后页岩的理化性质变化进行了分析。【结果】 页岩最优产气条件为:接种量15%、页岩粒度小于0.125 mm、培养温度35 ℃,50 d累计净产甲烷量为81.22 μmol/g页岩。产气前后工业和元素分析结果表明,产甲烷菌通过消耗页岩中的有机组分来产气。XRD分析结果显示,页岩中无机矿物组分也参与了厌氧降解产气过程。FT-IR与拉曼光谱显示,页岩有机物多为长链脂肪烃。产气时,部分化合物的羰基、醚键反应生成含羧基的中间产物。产气后,页岩样品的D、G峰不明显,表明干酪根的石墨化程度与成熟度增加。NMR结果表明,脂肪醇或脂肪胺在产气过程中被微生物利用。【结论】 榆林页岩中的有机组分可以被微生物利用产生甲烷,同时无机矿物组分也被消耗。产气过程中,有机组分的化学结构发生变化,生成较小的化合物。

页岩  /  生物产气  /  产甲烷菌  /  产气优化  /  有机组分

[Objective] To study the influencing factors and mechanism of biogenic gas production in shale. [Methods] The shale in Yulin was chosen as the object of this study, and methanogens specifically enriched by our research team in the preliminary stage were used as functional microbiota. An orthogonal design was adopted to optimize the biogenic gas production conditions. The simulated biogenic gas production characteristics and changes in physical and chemical properties of the shale before and after gas production were comprehensively analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (Ram), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). [Results] The optimal conditions for gas production from shale were as follows: 15% inoculum, a shale particle size of less than 0.125 mm, and an incubation temperature of 35 ℃, under which a cumulative methane yield of 81.22 μmol/g shale was achieved within 50 days. Industrial and elemental analyses conducted before and after gas production revealed that methanogens consumed the organic components of shale to produce methane. XRD results indicated that the inorganic mineral components in shale also contributed to the anaerobic degradation process associated with gas production. FT-IR and Ram results showed that the organic matter in shale was mostly long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons. During gas production, the carbonyl and ether bonds in some compounds reacted to form intermediate metabolites containing carboxyl groups. After gas production, the D and G peaks in the shale samples were not obvious, indicating that the graphitization degree and maturity of kerogen in the shale increased. In addition, NMR results confirmed that fatty alcohols or fatty amines were utilized by microorganisms in gas production. [Conclusion] Microorganisms can utilize the organic components of the shale to produce gas, while also consuming the inorganic mineral components. This leads to chemical structure organic components, leading to formation of smaller compounds after gas production.

shale  /  biogas  /  methanogens  /  optimization of gas production conditions  /  organic components
王梦真, 曹玥, 何环, 孙强, 黄再兴. 榆林页岩生物模拟产气条件优化和产气机理. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (6) : 2514 -2528 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240846
Mengzhen WANG, Yue CAO, Huan HE, Qiang SUN, Zaixing HUANG. Optimization of simulated biogenic gas production conditions and study of gas production mechanism of shale[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (6) : 2514 -2528 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240846
页岩气是赋存于暗色泥页岩或高碳泥页岩层系中的非常规天然气,其商业化开发已深刻影响全球能源格局[1]。自北美页岩气革命成功推动区域经济转型以来[2-3],全球页岩气产量持续攀升,预计2040年将达到1.1×1012 m3,其中中国将发展成为仅次于北美的第二大页岩气产区[4]。基于成因分类,页岩气可分为生物成因、热成因及混合成因三类[5],其中生物成因气源于微生物对页岩中有机质的降解[6],主要赋存于低成熟度、高孔隙度盆地体系[7]。依据形成阶段差异,生物成因气又可进一步区分为原生型与次生型,前者形成于早期成岩环境,依赖多种微生物的协同代谢作用[8]。其生物地球化学过程遵循4个阶段的连续反应机制:水解发酵阶段由水解细菌分泌胞外酶将大分子有机物(如碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类)降解为单糖、氨基酸及脂肪酸等小分子物质;酸化阶段通过发酵菌群将水解产物转化为短链脂肪酸和醇类,并伴随CO2/H2生成;产氢产乙酸阶段由产乙酸菌主导,实现脂肪酸/醇类氧化生成乙酸;最终产甲烷阶段由古菌通过乙酸裂解或CO2还原等途径完成甲烷合成[9]
我国页岩气开发取得了显著进展,已在四川盆地涪陵区块实现工业化开采。然而生物成因气生成体系具有显著环境敏感性:微生物酶系统的稳定性较低,其代谢活性容易受物化条件波动影响,导致产气条件不稳定。研究表明,温度、基质粒度、氧化还原电位、pH值及营养元素配比等参数均显著影响生物甲烷生成[10]。尽管微生物强化技术在煤层气开发中已展开较多研究,但针对页岩生物产气的研究仍显不足[11-12],特别是产气微生物作用下页岩基质物化属性演变规律仍有待解析[13]。阐明该生物地球化学过程不仅可为工艺参数的定向优化提供参考,也能为评估页岩生物强化产气提供理论依据[14-15]
中国页岩气资源主要分布于南方、中东部、西北及青藏四大区域[16],其中四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地等富有机质页岩层系展现出较好的生物产气潜力[17]。陕西榆林地区广泛发育暗色页岩层,局部纯黑色层段有机碳含量高,其独特的地球化学特征为生物成因气研究提供了理想载体。本研究基于实验室富集的产甲烷功能菌群,采用L9(34)正交试验设计系统解析接种量(5%-15%)、页岩粒度(0.125-1.000 mm)、培养温度(25-45 ℃)等关键参数对产气效率的耦合影响。结合气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)、拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy, Ram)及核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR)等多种表征手段,优化微生物强化页岩产气的条件,解析页岩基质在生物降解过程中的物化性质演变规律,以期为页岩气资源生物增效开发提供理论支撑。
试验所用页岩样品取自陕西省榆林市延长组新鲜露头,经机械破碎后依次通过标准筛网分级,获得3种特征粒径样品(<0.125 mm、0.500-1.000 mm、>1.000 mm)。产甲烷菌群来源于煤层水富集培养物,优势菌属包含梭菌属(Clostridium spp.)、地杆菌属(Geobacter spp.)、嗜蛋白菌属(Proteiniphilum spp.)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio spp.)、脱硫杆菌属(Desulfobacter spp.)、甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium spp.)及甲烷微菌属(Methanomicrobium spp.)[18],具体培养基配方见参考文献[19]。
基于单因素预实验结果,采用L9(34)正交试验筛选关键参数(接种量、温度、粒径)的优化组合。各因素水平设置如下:接种量(A)的体积分数为5%、10%、15%,温度(B)为25、35、45 ℃,页岩粒度(C)为>1.000 mm (大颗粒)、0.500-1.000 mm (中颗粒)、<0.125 mm (小颗粒) (表1)。
试验流程:向250 mL厌氧瓶注入100 mL灭菌培养基,添加20 g不同粒径页岩样品,经121 ℃灭菌20 min后,通过0.22 μm无菌滤膜补充维生素、Na2S·9H2O及NaHCO3[19],最后按预设接种量接入产甲烷菌群培养液。将厌氧瓶置于恒温培养箱培养40 d,利用气相色谱仪(安捷伦科技有限公司)定量分析甲烷产量。
在正交优化确定的最佳条件下,于500 mL厌氧瓶中进行放大实验test group (TG,300 mL培养基,50 d产气周期)。设置2组对照:bacterial group (BG,仅含菌群无页岩基质)与substrate group (SG,含页岩基质未接种菌群),每组设3个生物学重复。每10 d通过气相色谱检测甲烷累积量,并采用无菌注射器采集15 mL培养液,使用多参数分析仪(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司)测定pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)及电导率(electrical conductivity, EC),以解析产气过程的化学微环境变化。
产气结束后,通过真空抽滤回收页岩残渣,用无菌水洗涤3次后于80 ℃烘干至恒重。依据国标GB/T212—2021[20]和GB/T 476—2023[21]、GB/T 19227—2008[22]进行样品的工业分析(水分、灰分、挥发分、固定碳)和元素分析(C、H、O、N、S)。采用X射线衍射仪(Bruker D8 Advance,Cu-Kα辐射,扫描速率4°/min,2θ=5-55°)分析其中的矿物组成,通过MDI Jade 6 (v6.5)软件计算石英、长石、黏土矿物等相对含量。
利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Bruker VERTEX 80V,KBr压片法,分辨率4 cm-1,扫描范围400-4 000 cm⁻¹)分析样品中的有机官能团,结合Peakfit 4.12软件对特征峰(如950-1 800、2 800-2 980、2 980-3 730 cm-1)进行分峰拟合。通过激光共焦拉曼光谱仪(Bruker SENTERRA II,532 nm激光源,功率10 mW,积分时间30 s)获取D峰(约1 350 cm-1)与G峰(约1 580 cm-1)的强度比(ID/IG),比较分析产气前后碳结构有序度变化。采用600 MHz核磁共振仪(Bruker ADVANCE III HD,13C CP/MAS模式,转速12 kHz)分析样品中的烷基碳、芳香碳及含氧官能团分布。
页岩生物产气正交试验结果如表2所示,甲烷产量范围为8.71-30.93 μmol/g页岩,表明不同参数组合对产气效率具有明显调控作用。极差分析结果表明,各因素对甲烷产量的影响权重排序为:接种量(A)方差(range A,RA)=12.843>粒度方差(range C,RC)=8.740>温度方差(range B, RB)=3.755,这与煤生物产气体系中温度[23]主导的研究结论形成对比,可能源于页岩有机质赋存形态与矿物组成的特异性[17]
微生物接种量(A)作为主导因素,其极差值(RA=12.843)表明初始菌群浓度对有机质生物转化效率具有决定性作用。当接种量从5%增至15%时,产甲烷量提升240%,这与功能菌群丰度增加缓解底物竞争抑制的机制相关[18]。页岩粒度(RC=8.740)可通过调控基质传质效率影响产气量,<0.125 mm的细颗粒因比表面积增大(-15.8 m2/g)更利于微生物-矿物界面反应[24-26]。温度对产气效率的弱相关性(RB=3.755)表明中温条件(35-45 ℃)可能接近产甲烷菌群的最适代谢区间[27],与Rathi等[28]在60 ℃下的高活性表现不同,这可能与本研究菌群的嗜中温特性有关[18]。其中,实验组8 (A3B2C3:接种量15%、35 ℃、<0.125 mm)获得最大甲烷产量(30.93 μmol/g页岩),其参数组合与赵星程等[24]在褐煤体系中的优化结果(35 ℃、0.125-0.109 mm)较一致,但却优于Guo等[26]在不同粒径煤颗粒(<0.075,0.106-0.150, 0.180-0.250, 0.500-0.600) mm中的产气表现,这可能归因于页岩中矿物对微生物的界面催化作用[29]。最近也有研究人员提出微量元素[30]及石墨添加剂[31]可强化页岩产气,这也为后续工艺优化提供了潜在方向。
页岩生物产气过程中甲烷产量及体系参数动态变化如图1所示。实验组(TG)甲烷产量呈现典型两阶段特征(图1A):10-20 d为指数增长期(日均产气量4.38 μmol/g),30 d达峰值87.67 μmol/g;30-50 d进入稳定期(累计增长<5%),表明可降解有机质已接近耗尽。通过扣除背景值(BG组6.45 μmol/g),实验组净甲烷产量为81.22 μmol/g页岩,显著高于SG组(未检出甲烷数据未呈现),证实页岩生物降解是甲烷生成的唯一有效途径。
实验组(TG) pH值呈先升后降趋势(图1B):0-40 d从7.12升至7.71 (ΔpH=0.59),与产甲烷菌消耗H+合成CH4的代谢特征较一致[32];40-50 d回落至7.48 (ΔpH=0.23),表明酸化阶段挥发性脂肪酸的累积[33]。尽管TG组pH波动幅度(0.59)小于BG组(ΔpH=1.75),但组间差异未达统计学显著性(P=0.903),这可能来源于页岩中碳酸盐矿物的缓冲作用[34] (表3)。
电导率(EC)数据变化显示(图1C),三组EC值均维持在6.92-9.20 μS/cm区间波动,组间差异不显著(P=0.593) (表3)。这表明体系离子浓度主要受培养基组分调控,而微生物-页岩相互作用对离子迁移的贡献可能不明显。整体来看,TG组EC值(7.15±0.77) μS/cm始终高于SG组(7.58±0.66) μS/cm,表明微生物活动可促进页岩中可溶盐类的浸出。
氧化还原电位(Eh)动态显示(图1D),TG组0-20 d维持强还原环境(Eh<-300 mV),与产甲烷菌最适代谢区间(-225 mV)[35]相符;20 d后Eh跃升至正电位(0-140 mV),标志着产甲烷主导阶段向氧化还原平衡态过渡。尽管Eh演变与甲烷产量呈现时间同步性(20 d转折点),但组间差异未达显著水平(P=0.947) (表3),这可能与金属矿物(如黄铁矿)的氧化还原缓冲效应有关[36]
产气前后页岩的工业分析与元素组成变化如表4所示。从表4中结果可以看出,挥发分含量下降0.05% (Vdaf),印证了有机质的生物消耗(与甲烷产量81.22 μmol/g页岩形成定量对应)[34],而灰分微降0.07%表明矿物相的局部溶解[37]。C/H比值降低,表明除甲烷外,部分碳可能以CO2形式释放或参与胞外多糖合成[38],试验中通过气相色谱检测到的CO2累积(未显示数据)也支持该结果。氮元素的生物富集现象较为突出,与产气前相比其含量增长超过2倍,这与产甲烷菌群增殖的氮源需求直接相关[39]。正交试验中高接种量(15%)的优化条件与此结果相互印证,表明氮代谢是维持菌群活性的关键限制因素。硫元素的剧烈变化则与体系氧化还原状态演变密切相关:Eh从-349 mV跃升至正电位(图1D),驱动含硫矿物(如黄铁矿)发生氧化反应,释放的硫酸盐可能通过硫酸盐还原菌与产甲烷菌的电子竞争机制影响产气路径[36-40]。另一方面,挥发分含量下降,这可能是由于页岩中轻质有机组分降解所致[38]。该现象在煤生物气化体系中也曾被观测到[40],表明页岩与煤在有机质降解行为上具有共性规律。
XRD分析结果如图2表5所示,从结果可以看出,产气后页岩矿物组成的变化主要表现在石英、钾长石和黏土矿物的相对含量变化上,而斜长石则呈现微弱增长趋势。产气后,石英的相对含量明显增加,表明其在微生物作用下的稳定性。石英作为硅酸盐矿物的主要成分,化学性质稳定,在微生物代谢过程中不易被溶解或转化,其含量的增加可能与产气过程中其他矿物的选择性消耗有关,例如黏土矿物和钾长石的溶解或蚀变[41]。黏土矿物和钾长石的相对含量在产气后均呈现下降趋势。黏土矿物的减少可能与微生物代谢产物的化学作用密切相关。例如,产甲烷菌群中的产氢产乙酸菌在代谢过程中释放的氢离子,可能与黏土矿物(如高岭石)表面的羟基发生反应,破坏其晶体结构,进而加速黏土矿物的溶解[42]。这一过程不仅改变了矿物组成,还可能释放对产甲烷菌具有抑制作用的金属离子(如Al3+),但本研究中黏土矿物含量降幅有限,其抑制作用未对产气效率产生显著影响[42]。钾长石的减少则可能与微生物代谢产生的有机酸对矿物的酸性蚀变作用有关[43]。斜长石含量的微弱增长可能与体系酸碱环境的动态平衡相关。微生物产气初期,pH的上升(图1B)可能抑制斜长石的酸性溶解,而后期pH回落则可能促进其部分溶解,但整体表现为相对稳定性。这与张生等[41]的研究结果较一致,即石英在碱性条件下更稳定,而斜长石的稳定性受pH波动影响较小。页岩中碳酸盐矿物的缺失降低了其pH缓冲能力,引起实验组pH波动幅度(ΔpH=0.59)明显高于含碳酸盐的煤体系[37]。这种弱缓冲环境可能加剧硅酸盐矿物(如钾长石)的酸性蚀变,释放的Na+、Ca2+等离子通过离子交换作用促进有机质解吸,间接增强微生物对页岩有机质的利用效率。该结果与产甲烷量在20 d达峰(图1A)较为一致,表明矿物成分演变与产气之间存在一定的协同作用。
页岩生物产气前(raw)、后(residual)有机质转化的FT-IR光谱如图3图4所示。整体上看,产气前后出峰位置基本一致,从分峰结果来看页岩生物产气前后有机官能团发生了选择性的变化,具体表现为脂肪族含氧官能团(羰基和醚键)的减少,芳香骨架结构的相对稳定和羟基官能团多样的增加。产气后,在950-1 800 cm-1范围内(图4A4B),羰基(C=O,1 707-1 799 cm-1)的特征峰降低,尤其是1 752 cm-1处脂肪醛C=O峰的消失最为明显[44],微生物通过代谢途径将脂肪醛转化为短链脂肪酸,这一过程可能涉及β-氧化等经典生物化学路径,其中长链脂肪族组分被逐步裂解为乙酸、H2/CO2等甲烷前体[45]。醚键(C-O,1 029-1 162 cm-1)的强度下降,与Guo等[46]的研究一致,其证实甲氧基(C-O-C)的断裂是微生物产气过程中的关键步骤。芳香骨架振动峰(1 598-1 638 cm-1)在产气前后保持稳定(图4A4B),表明微生物对稠环芳烃(如苯环、萘环)的降解能力有限。尽管拉曼光谱显示芳香环边缘缺陷位点被部分活化(ID/IG值下降) (图5),但FT-IR数据表明整体芳环骨架未发生明显变化。张昊鹏等[47]在褐煤生物产气体系中发现类似规律,其FT-IR数据显示芳环缩合度(R/C值)在生物降解后增加,表明芳香结构的化学惰性同样是限制页岩生物气潜力的主要因素。在2 800-2 980 cm-1区间(图4C4D)是脂肪链上的碳氢键的振动吸收,当前结果表明样品中以长链脂肪烃为主而支链较少,这可能也是导致其产甲烷较少的原因。
在2 980-3 730 cm-1范围主要是羟基的振动吸收,产气前页岩主要对应烷烃C-H伸缩振动(2 982.61 cm-1)、烯烃C=C伸缩振动(3 080.29 cm-1)及不同类型的-OH伸缩振动(图4E)。产气后振动谱图较为相似,且-OH伸缩振动类型更加多样(图4F)。由此可见,陕西榆林页岩中含有丰富的羟基,产甲烷菌混合菌群的产气过程中使页岩中-OH进一步增多,页岩更亲水,许多生物酶与羟基结合并发挥作用,产气过程中页岩表面官能团的改变向着更有利于微生物与页岩结合的方向发展。
页岩产气前后的拉曼光谱如图5所示。产气前ID/IG值为1.03 (图5A),说明页岩干酪根具有中等石墨化程度(Raman半定量参数R1=0.58),其芳香环以4-6环稠合结构为主。产气后ID/IG值为0.42 (图5B),ID/IG值减小,同时G峰从1 591.18 cm-1位移至1 606.52 cm-1,说明产气过程中页岩干酪根石墨化程度有所增加。微生物通过氧化裂解破坏芳香环边缘的C-C键,将大环结构(>4环)解聚为小环(2-3环)或直链烃[48-49]。产气前后分峰拟合结果(图5C5D)进一步显示,代表半焦炭交联结构的1 386 cm-1峰(峰2)强度降低,而代表小芳香环的1 452 cm-1峰(峰4)的相对贡献增强。这种结构转变释放的脂肪族侧链(如-CH2-CH2-)可能成为产气阶段的重要碳源。此外,羰基峰(1 735 cm-1,峰5)在产气后增强,表明芳香环边缘的氧化修饰产生大量酮基/羧酸基团,这些官能团的增加也为微生物提供了更多的作用位点,利于生物产气[49]。与FT-IR结果对比发现,拉曼光谱对芳香结构变化的敏感性更高,这与其纳米级空间分辨率(-1 μm2)密切相关。结合页岩产气结果,前期(10-30 d)产气较快,后期趋缓(>30 d),这种差异表明,页岩有机质的降解具有显著的空间异质性:微生物会优先攻击颗粒表面和裂隙处的活性位点(表面支链或活性官能团),而体相结构(芳香结构)的降解程度有限[50]。这一发现为优化页岩预处理工艺(如粉碎、化学氧化)提供了理论依据,通过增加表面活性位点暴露可提升生物气产量。
页岩产气前后的碳谱和氢谱如图6所示。碳谱(图6A6B)在45-50 ppm区域的放大分析显示,产气后该区间峰形展宽(图6B)且呈现精细位移变化,处于46.95 ppm和47.17 ppm的2处小尖峰向高场轻微位移到46.92 ppm和47.14 ppm,表明脂肪链末端(如-CH3)的电子云密度增加,可能与邻近含氧基团(如羧酸)的诱导效应相关;而47.38 ppm和47.59 ppm的2处峰向低场位移到47.33 ppm和47.54 ppm处,反映了脂肪链中间段(-CH2-)的氧化修饰(如羟基化),导致局部电子云密度降低[51]。这些变化表明脂肪链末端(如-CH2-CH3)的化学环境异质性增加。这一现象可能源于微生物代谢过程中对长链烷烃的逐步截短,生成不同链长的中间产物(如C10-C14片段),导致碳信号分布范围扩大,印证了微生物通过β-氧化途径将长链烷烃裂解为短链片段(如乙酰辅酶A)的代谢机制[49]。相比之下,芳香碳区(100-160 ppm)信号较稳定,进一步表明缩合芳烃的芳香核未被降解,微生物代谢主要集中在脂肪链及边缘取代基[48-49]。从图6C中可以看出,产气前氢谱的主要出峰位置在4.84、3.28、1.25 ppm处,说明存在3种不同的H结构。1H NMR谱图(图6C6D)的变化表明微生物代谢对页岩有机质氢分布产生影响。产气前,1.25 ppm处尖锐的共振峰对应长链烷烃末端甲基(-CH3)的氢原子,其信号强度表明此类结构在原始页岩中广泛存在。产气后该峰完全消失,直接证明微生物通过β-氧化途径选择性裂解脂肪链末端甲基,将其转化为甲烷前体(如乙酸、H2/CO2)[45-49]。这一过程与元素分析中H含量下降1.15% (表4)的结果相互验证,共同证明长链烷烃作为产气初期关键碳源的作用。3.29 ppm处-OH峰的减弱反映羧酸类代谢产物的极性氢(-COOH)比例上升,该类产物的积累可能通过改善页岩-微生物界面润湿性优化传质效率[51-53]
(1) 页岩生物产气的正交试验结果表明,影响页岩产气的3个因素主次顺序为接种量>页岩粒度>培养温度,产甲烷菌利用页岩产气的最优条件为:接种量15%,页岩粒度小于0.125 mm,培养温度35 ℃。在此条件下培养50 d后,累计净产甲烷量为81.22 μmol/g页岩。
(2) 页岩生物产气的工业分析和元素分析结果表明,页岩相对挥发分含量由2.94%变为2.89%,碳元素相对含量从14.09%变为11.87%,说明产甲烷菌可以利用页岩中的有机质进行生物产气。XRD结果表明,页岩生物产气前后物相组成相对含量发生变化,表明无机矿物组分参与了页岩的生物产气过程。
(3) 产甲烷混合菌群未利用页岩中的芳香类有机物产气,部分有机化合物中的羰基和醚键参与反应生成含羧基的中间产物。产气后页岩结构发生改变:大的芳香环分解为小芳香环,干酪根石墨化程度和成熟度降低,羟基含量减少。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42172187)
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2025年第65卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240846
  • 接收时间:2024-12-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-07
  • 出版时间:2025-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-28
  • 录用日期:2025-03-12
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172187)
国家自然科学基金(42172187)
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    1.中国矿业大学 化工学院,江苏 徐州
    2.西安科技大学 地质与环境学院,陕西 西安
    3.中国矿业大学,炼焦煤资源绿色开发全国重点实验室,江苏 徐州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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