Article(id=1226598458778366785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226598456190484999, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240706, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730995200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1738684800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-05, onlineDate=1770373461669, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1743696000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770373461669, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770373461669, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770373461669, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226598456190484999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1823', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770373461053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770542963395, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227309400608653689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226598456190484999, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227309400608653690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226598456190484999, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1482, endPage=1497, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226598459155854152, articleId=1226598458778366785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening of a halotolerant desulfurizing and denitrifying bacterium Stutzerimonas stuzeri with control effect on sulfide and nitrate pollution, columnId=1226598459067773767, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Microbial resources isolation, classification and evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To better control the pollution of nitrate and sulfide in mariculture tailwater and reduce the ecological risks caused by the discharge of the tailwater, this study screened a halotolerant desulfurizing and denitrifying bacterial strain and studied its growth characteristics. [Methods] A dilution coating-repeat dish sandwish culture method was used to isolate and screen halotolerant desulfurizing and denitrifying bacterial strains, which were identified by morphological observation and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. Based on single factor experiments, the key factors affecting desulfurizing and denitrifying effects, including carbon source, temperature, salinity, pH, and inoculation amount, were optimized, and the strain tolerance threshold to sulfide (S2-) was explored. [Results] A strain Stutzerimonas stutzeri D1-2 was isolated from sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrifying sludge. This strain was able to simultaneously remove sulfide and nitrate from the environment with organic carbon sources. With sodium lactate as the optimal carbon source, strain D1-2 showed the best performance at an inoculation amount of 1.5%. The strain showed the removal rates of S2O32- and NO3--N both greater than 80% at 15-35 ℃, salinities of 10‰-50‰, and initial pH 6.0-8.0. It demonstrated significant tolerance at an initial S2- concentration of 50 mg/L, with the removal rates of S2- and NO3--N reaching 97.91% and 94.67%, respectively. [Conclusion] This study reports the heterotrophic sulfur-oxidizing capacity of S. stutzeri. The halotolerant strain S. stutzeri D1-2 capable of simultaneously desulfurizing and denitrifying has a potential application value in the control of sulfide and nitrate pollution in mariculture tailwater.

, correspAuthors=Yangguo ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】为更好地控制海水养殖尾水中的硝酸盐和硫化物污染,降低其排放对生态环境造成的风险,本研究旨在筛选出能够进行同步脱硫脱氮的耐盐菌株,并研究其生长特性。【方法】采用稀释涂布-叠皿夹法分离筛选耐盐脱硫脱氮菌株,并通过观察形态和16S rRNA基因序列对比加以鉴定。以单因素试验为基础,分析影响脱硫脱氮效果的关键因子(碳源、温度、盐度、pH值和接种比例),并探究菌株对硫化物(S2-)的耐受阈值。【结果】从硫基混养反硝化污泥中筛选出一株施氏假单胞菌(Stutzerimonas stutzeri) D1-2,该菌株能够在有机碳源条件下,同步去除环境中的硫化物和硝酸盐。菌株D1-2以乳酸钠为最优碳源,最佳接种比例为1.5%,在温度15-35 ℃、盐度10‰-50‰、初始pH值6.0-8.0的条件下,对硫代硫酸盐和硝态氮的去除率均大于80%。当S2-初始浓度为50 mg/L时,菌株D1-2表现出显著的耐受性,对S2-和NO3--N的去除率分别达到97.91%和94.67%。【结论】本研究关于S. stutzeri能够进行异养硫氧化的相关报道,表明耐盐菌株S. stutzeri D1-2具有高效的同步脱硫脱氮效果,在海水养殖尾水的氮硫污染控制中具有潜在的应用价值。

, correspAuthors=赵阳国, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=fBgxGYiElRLBGRLmjIUTLA==, magXml=31pYAm/l/s8fA1/97oYVyQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZgjFDw8cQOl9vFBsDLTWjQ==, pdfFileSize=7090455, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=yhTWps8zTSgpOiSEl9qjOg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=17qMphhKXKoNq0HNqrGyoA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

刘磊:实验及论文撰写;赵阳国:论文修改和润色;张彦超:协助实验操作、论文讨论与润色;王荣晓:协助实验操作、论文讨论;刘剑楠:论文讨论与修改。

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Aquaculture Research, 2020, 51(6): 2389-2399., articleTitle=Effect of sulphide in Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei under varying oxygen and pH levels, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227303258511815147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, awardId=41977315, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977315), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227303258620867058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, awardId=41977315, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41977315), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227303258755084797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, awardId=201964004, language=EN, fundingSource=Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(201964004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227303258901885455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, awardId=201964004, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费(201964004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227303249926074426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227303249934463035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, companyId=1227303249926074426, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227303249938657340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, companyId=1227303249926074426, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国海洋大学 环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛)]), AuthorCompany(id=1227303250035126333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227303250043514942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, companyId=1227303250035126333, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227303250051903551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, companyId=1227303250035126333, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国海洋大学,海洋环境与生态教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227303255223480620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Growth and pollutant removal efficiency of two strains under different sulfur source conditions. Under the condition of Na2S2O3 as sulfur source: A: The growth curves; B: Removal efficiency of S2O32- and NO3--N; C: Nitrite accumulation. Under the condition of Na2S as sulfur source: D: The growth curves; E: Removal efficiency of S2- and NO3--N; F: Nitrite accumulation. Error bars in figure represent standard deviation., figureFileSmall=hfE1PgXyDMJ1Pszwtwp+hg==, figureFileBig=CRnlMQD5tTIgkNiksV94dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255349309751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=CN, label=图1, caption=两株菌在Na2S2O3 (A-C)Na2S (D-F)中的生长情况及污染物去除效率, figureFileSmall=hfE1PgXyDMJ1Pszwtwp+hg==, figureFileBig=CRnlMQD5tTIgkNiksV94dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255626133832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Identification of strain D1-2. A: Colony morphology; B: SEM micrograph of strain D1-2 (Red circles show extracellular products secreted by bacteria; Arrows show mature cells and dividing cells); C: Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence (*: Labeled the strain screened. Bootstrap values were expressed as a percentage of 1 000 replications. Numbers in brackets represent the sequences of accession numbers in GenBank; Bar 0.005 represents sequence divergence)., figureFileSmall=UnWk0dig2EyE/D88EwGvxw==, figureFileBig=BAobEvfgQR20A/J+4VF6QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255747768661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株D1-2的鉴定。A:菌落形态;B:单菌落SEM图;C:基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树。, figureFileSmall=UnWk0dig2EyE/D88EwGvxw==, figureFileBig=BAobEvfgQR20A/J+4VF6QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255886180708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The growth of strain D1-2. A: Growth curves and the trend of pH value of strain D1-2 (Error bars in figure represent standard deviation); B: Growth of strain D1-2 in serum vial., figureFileSmall=NKnsldZQWMzAGi11mGOiBw==, figureFileBig=imuEHyQYaq3zAMFCNCjCDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255978455408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株D1-2的生长情况, figureFileSmall=NKnsldZQWMzAGi11mGOiBw==, figureFileBig=imuEHyQYaq3zAMFCNCjCDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303256079118718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of different carbon sources on the growth and pollutant removal efficiency of strain D1-2. A: Growth curves; B: Removal efficiencies of S2O32- and NO3--N; C: Concentration of NO2--N. Error bars in figure represent standard deviation., figureFileSmall=ifTb62z9Qf0rTU29tPIkuQ==, figureFileBig=GJBAcghdcerOD7voAWJoFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303256192364935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同碳源对菌株D1-2的生长和污染物去除效率的影响, figureFileSmall=ifTb62z9Qf0rTU29tPIkuQ==, figureFileBig=GJBAcghdcerOD7voAWJoFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303257618428305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of different factors on the growth curves (Group Ⅰ) and pollutant removal efficiencies (Group Ⅱ) by strain D1-2. A, B: The effects of different temperature; C, D: The effects of different salinity; E, F: The effects of different pH; G, H: The effects of different inoculation ratio. Error bars in figure represent standard deviation., figureFileSmall=HsYpm0D/bydC6zH4XIa4yA==, figureFileBig=WbnW/T9wvkw9hBM9T0fjQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303257773617568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同条件下菌株D1-2的生长曲线(Ⅰ)以及对污染物的去除效能(Ⅱ), figureFileSmall=HsYpm0D/bydC6zH4XIa4yA==, figureFileBig=WbnW/T9wvkw9hBM9T0fjQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303257949778352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of different concentrations of Na2S on the growth and pollutant removal efficiency of strain D1-2. A: Growth curves; B: Removal efficiency of S2-; C: Removal efficiency of NO3--N; D: Concentration of NO2--N. Error bars in figure represent standard deviation., figureFileSmall=NPtlfwTVdOFfoXPhnd+CIQ==, figureFileBig=6GcZU6Iioi4wqsDd07PXEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303258063024575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同Na2S浓度对菌株D1-2的生长及污染物去除效率的影响, figureFileSmall=NPtlfwTVdOFfoXPhnd+CIQ==, figureFileBig=6GcZU6Iioi4wqsDd07PXEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303258172076494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Components in three types of medium (mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComponentsEnriched mediumS1S2
Na2S·9H2O0.000.000.75
Na2S2O3·5H2O5.001.000.00
NaHCO32.002.002.00
NH4Cl1.001.001.00
KNO31.000.720.72
K2HPO41.201.201.20
KH2PO41.201.201.20
MgCl2·6H2O1.201.201.20
CaCl20.080.080.08
NaCl30.0030.0030.00
Trace element (mL/L)5.005.005.00
), ArticleFig(id=1227303258264351186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598458778366785, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三种培养基的成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComponentsEnriched mediumS1S2
Na2S·9H2O0.000.000.75
Na2S2O3·5H2O5.001.000.00
NaHCO32.002.002.00
NH4Cl1.001.001.00
KNO31.000.720.72
K2HPO41.201.201.20
KH2PO41.201.201.20
MgCl2·6H2O1.201.201.20
CaCl20.080.080.08
NaCl30.0030.0030.00
Trace element (mL/L)5.005.005.00
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一株耐盐脱硫脱氮施氏假单胞菌的筛选及其对硫氮污染的控制
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刘磊 1 , 赵阳国 1, 2, * , 张彦超 1 , 王荣晓 1 , 刘剑楠 1
微生物学报 | 微生物资源分离鉴定与评价 2025,65(4): 1482-1497
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微生物学报 | 微生物资源分离鉴定与评价 2025, 65(4): 1482-1497
一株耐盐脱硫脱氮施氏假单胞菌的筛选及其对硫氮污染的控制
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刘磊1, 赵阳国1, 2, * , 张彦超1, 王荣晓1, 刘剑楠1
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛
  • 2.中国海洋大学,海洋环境与生态教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛
Screening of a halotolerant desulfurizing and denitrifying bacterium Stutzerimonas stuzeri with control effect on sulfide and nitrate pollution
Lei LIU1, Yangguo ZHAO1, 2, * , Yanchao ZHANG1, Rongxiao WANG1, Jiannan LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
  • 2.Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240706
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【目的】为更好地控制海水养殖尾水中的硝酸盐和硫化物污染,降低其排放对生态环境造成的风险,本研究旨在筛选出能够进行同步脱硫脱氮的耐盐菌株,并研究其生长特性。【方法】采用稀释涂布-叠皿夹法分离筛选耐盐脱硫脱氮菌株,并通过观察形态和16S rRNA基因序列对比加以鉴定。以单因素试验为基础,分析影响脱硫脱氮效果的关键因子(碳源、温度、盐度、pH值和接种比例),并探究菌株对硫化物(S2-)的耐受阈值。【结果】从硫基混养反硝化污泥中筛选出一株施氏假单胞菌(Stutzerimonas stutzeri) D1-2,该菌株能够在有机碳源条件下,同步去除环境中的硫化物和硝酸盐。菌株D1-2以乳酸钠为最优碳源,最佳接种比例为1.5%,在温度15-35 ℃、盐度10‰-50‰、初始pH值6.0-8.0的条件下,对硫代硫酸盐和硝态氮的去除率均大于80%。当S2-初始浓度为50 mg/L时,菌株D1-2表现出显著的耐受性,对S2-和NO3--N的去除率分别达到97.91%和94.67%。【结论】本研究关于S. stutzeri能够进行异养硫氧化的相关报道,表明耐盐菌株S. stutzeri D1-2具有高效的同步脱硫脱氮效果,在海水养殖尾水的氮硫污染控制中具有潜在的应用价值。

施氏假单胞菌  /  海水养殖尾水  /  硫化物  /  硝酸盐  /  生物修复

[Objective] To better control the pollution of nitrate and sulfide in mariculture tailwater and reduce the ecological risks caused by the discharge of the tailwater, this study screened a halotolerant desulfurizing and denitrifying bacterial strain and studied its growth characteristics. [Methods] A dilution coating-repeat dish sandwish culture method was used to isolate and screen halotolerant desulfurizing and denitrifying bacterial strains, which were identified by morphological observation and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. Based on single factor experiments, the key factors affecting desulfurizing and denitrifying effects, including carbon source, temperature, salinity, pH, and inoculation amount, were optimized, and the strain tolerance threshold to sulfide (S2-) was explored. [Results] A strain Stutzerimonas stutzeri D1-2 was isolated from sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrifying sludge. This strain was able to simultaneously remove sulfide and nitrate from the environment with organic carbon sources. With sodium lactate as the optimal carbon source, strain D1-2 showed the best performance at an inoculation amount of 1.5%. The strain showed the removal rates of S2O32- and NO3--N both greater than 80% at 15-35 ℃, salinities of 10‰-50‰, and initial pH 6.0-8.0. It demonstrated significant tolerance at an initial S2- concentration of 50 mg/L, with the removal rates of S2- and NO3--N reaching 97.91% and 94.67%, respectively. [Conclusion] This study reports the heterotrophic sulfur-oxidizing capacity of S. stutzeri. The halotolerant strain S. stutzeri D1-2 capable of simultaneously desulfurizing and denitrifying has a potential application value in the control of sulfide and nitrate pollution in mariculture tailwater.

Stutzerimonas stutzeri  /  mariculture tailwater  /  sulfide  /  nitrate  /  bioremediation
刘磊, 赵阳国, 张彦超, 王荣晓, 刘剑楠. 一株耐盐脱硫脱氮施氏假单胞菌的筛选及其对硫氮污染的控制. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (4) : 1482 -1497 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240706
Lei LIU, Yangguo ZHAO, Yanchao ZHANG, Rongxiao WANG, Jiannan LIU. Screening of a halotolerant desulfurizing and denitrifying bacterium Stutzerimonas stuzeri with control effect on sulfide and nitrate pollution[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (4) : 1482 -1497 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240706
近年来,随着集约化养殖规模和密度的不断扩大,海水养殖尾水所引起的环境问题日益受到广泛关注[1-3]。尤其是未被消耗的饲料及鱼类排泄物,导致养殖尾水中硫(硫化物和S2-)、氮(硝酸盐和NO3--N)污染物含量显著增加,对水生生态系统和人类健康构成重大威胁[4-5]。未经处理的海水养殖尾水直接排放到沿海水域,很容易导致接收水体的富营养化以及其他潜在生态风险[6]
与物理化学处理技术相比,生物法去除S2-和NO3--N的成本更低廉,对环境更为友好,因此常采用生物法去除海水养殖尾水中的S2-和NO3--N[7]。生物法脱硫脱氮通常通过自养/异养反硝化系统,将S2-氧化为单质硫(S0)或多硫化合物,将硝酸盐还原为氮气(N2),从而实现氮、硫污染物的同步去除,同时减少二次污染的产生[7-9]。在众多具有硫氧化及硝酸盐还原功能的微生物中,异养硫氧化-硝酸盐还原细菌(heterotrophic sulfur-oxidizing nitrate-reducing bacteria, h-soNRB)因其独特的生理功能而受到关注[10-11]。一方面,h-soNRB能够以有机碳为电子供体,将硝酸盐转化为N2进行脱除[12],另一方面,h-soNRB利用S2-氧化成S0或多硫化合物产生的电子进行自养反硝化过程,从而实现对碳、氮、硫的同步去除[13]。与自养硫氧化细菌(sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, SOB)相比,h-soNRB的异养繁殖使其具有更快的生长速率和更高的代谢效率[10]。现有报道中,盐单胞菌属(Halomonas sp.) AEB2[14]在有机碳源条件下,培养4 h后进入对数生长期,12 h可去除100 mg/L的S2-;h-soNRB菌株固氮弯曲菌属(Azoarcus sp.) A2[12]在7.5 h内即可去除100 mg/L的S2-,同时可去除50 mg/L的NO3--N。相比之下,SOB菌株海杆菌属(Marinobacter sp.) SDSWS8[15]、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) GHWS3[16]分别在培养8 h、12 h后才进入对数生长期,去除100 mg/L的S2-则分别需要16 h、52 h。相比之下,h-soNRB更有利于在复杂环境中占据生态位,对S2-和NO3--N的去除效率更高。目前,已有研究报道了多个属的h-soNRB,包括Pseudomonas[10]、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)[17]、贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)[18]Halomonas[14]等,它们在不同环境条件下展现出优异的脱硫和脱氮性能。然而,当前筛选出的h-soNRB多源自淡水生态系统[19]。针对海水养殖尾水高盐度的特性,筛选出能够耐高盐的h-soNRB菌株具有重要意义。
基于此,本研究筛选并鉴定了一株具有同步脱硫脱氮功能的菌株D1-2,探讨了菌株D1-2对S2-和NO3--N的去除特性,以及不同条件(碳源、温度、盐度、pH和接种比例)对菌株D1-2的影响,并评估了不同条件下该菌株对硫化物和硝酸盐的去除效率,以期为海水养殖尾水中同步脱氮除硫的研究提供理论和数据支持。
从本课题组硫基混养反硝化(sulfur-based mixotrophic denitrification, SMD)反应器[20]中采集5.0 g污泥样品,用于分离耐盐脱硫脱氮菌。
本研究使用的培养基成分如表1所示[7,21],其中微量元素使用0.22 μm的无菌滤膜进行过滤除菌。将配制好的液体培养基分装至密闭的血清瓶中,通入高纯N2进行吹脱,随后于121 ℃灭菌20 min。待培养基冷却后,立即使用灭菌后的橡胶塞进行封口,以确保培养环境的密闭性。同时测定培养基内的溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)浓度,结果显示DO的初始浓度维持在0.39-0.50 mg/L,满足实验所需的缺氧条件。
取5.0 g污泥于10 mL基础培养基中,充分振荡30 min后静置。待污泥与上清液分层后,取上清液1 mL接种于含100 mL富集培养基的血清瓶中,在30 ℃、120 r/min的条件下富集培养14 d。待培养基浑浊后,使用无菌注射器按照菌液的体积分数为1%的接种比例将菌液转接到S1液体培养基中,继续富集培养5 d。之后,采用稀释涂布-叠皿夹法进行纯菌的筛选[21]。待长出单菌落后,用无菌手术刀将其切下接种到S1液体培养基中进行扩增培养。重复3个周期,直至分离出单一菌落。选择对S2-、S2O32-和NO3--N去除效果最优的1株细菌开展进一步实验研究。
对纯化后的菌种进行平板划线,30 ℃静置培养48 h后观察菌落形态。进行革兰氏染色,并在光学显微镜下观察。通过扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)观察菌株的形态并测定菌体大小。
挑取单菌落于S1液体培养基中培养至对数期(OD600值为0.50)后,取2 mL菌液送至青岛派森诺基因生物技术有限公司进行16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定。将测序序列输入NCBI数据库(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi),通过BLAST与GenBank基因序列进行同源性对比,并在MEGA 11.0中使用邻接(neighbor-joining)法构建系统发育树[7]
将活化后的菌液OD600值调整至0.5后,以1%的比例接种到新的S1液体培养基中,于30 ℃、120 r/min振荡培养72 h,每12 h取样,测定菌液的OD600值,以此表征菌株的生长情况。
为了评估菌株对不同环境条件的适应性,在不同碳源、温度、盐度、初始pH值和接种比例下测定了菌株的生长状况和脱硫脱氮能力。通过固定碳氮比(C/N)为9.28和NO3--N浓度(100 mg/L)来确定每种碳源的添加量,有机碳源分别设置为乙酸钠、乳酸钠、柠檬酸钠和葡萄糖;温度分别设置为5、15、20、25、30、35 ℃;盐度分别设置为10‰、20‰、30‰、40‰、50‰;初始pH值分别设置为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0;接种比例分别设置为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、3.0%。除变量外,所有条件均设置为30 ℃、30‰盐度、初始pH 7.0、1.0%接种比例、初始OD600值为0.05、120 r/min振荡培养72 h。实验所用菌液均为培养24 h时的新鲜菌液,以不含菌株的培养基为对照组(CK组)。定期测定菌液的OD600值,以及S2O32-、NO3--N和NO2--N的含量。使用无菌注射器进行接种和取样,以减少实验过程中的气体交换。
将过量Na2S·9H2O溶解于灭菌的去离子水中,使用1 mol/L NaOH溶液将其pH值调至9.0,利用亚甲基蓝分光光度法测量溶液中S2-浓度,以此制成S2-母液。通过添加S2-母液使S2培养基的初始S2-浓度分别为0、25、50、100、150、300、500 mg/L,以不含菌株的培养基为CK组。于30 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养96 h,定期测定培养基中的OD600值,以及S2-、NO3--N和NO2--N的含量。
Na2S·9H2O溶液添加方法:用无菌注射器吸取稍过量的S2-母液,以减少操作过程中硫化物挥发造成的损失,随后通过0.22 μm的无菌滤膜缓慢加入到冷却后的无菌培养基中。采用上下颠倒的方式使S2-母液与培养基充分混匀,随后抽取样品进行S2-浓度检测,以作为该实验的初始S2-浓度。
采用分光光度法测定OD600值。采用便携式多参数仪(HACH公司)测定培养基中的pH和DO。参考文献[20]的方法,使用离子色谱测定S2O32-的浓度。S2-、NO3--N与NO2--N的测定参考文献[21]的方法,S2-采用亚甲基蓝分光光度法,NO3--N采用紫外分光光度法,NO2--N采用N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺光度法。
实验均设置3组重复,采用SPSS 21.0进行单因素方差分析以及Tukey’s HSD检验,P<0.05为有统计学意义的显著水平,采用OriginPro 2021对数据作图。
对SMD污泥样品进行富集培养后,经分离纯化得到2株菌落形态各异的细菌,分别命名为D1-2和D2-2。以Na2S2O3或Na2S作为硫源,通过分析比较OD600值以及S2-、S2O32-、NO3--N的去除率和NO2--N的浓度变化趋势,筛选出1株高效脱硫脱氮菌株,结果如图1所示。
以Na2S2O3为代谢能源时生长良好的微生物往往具有较好的硫氧化能力[22-23],因此研究了以Na2S2O3为硫源时菌株的生长及脱硫脱氮效能。如图1A所示,菌株D1-2在6 h首先进入对数生长期,且培养至24 h时D1-2和D2-2的OD600值存在显著性差异(P<0.05),分别为0.47、0.16。S2O32-和NO3--N的去除率如图1B所示,菌株D1-2在第6-48 h对硫氮污染物进行同步去除,随后达到稳定;相比之下,菌株D2-2对S2O32-的快速去除延滞到第24 h。NO2--N作为反硝化过程的中间产物,其毒性远高于NO3--N[24]。许多研究表明,循环水养殖系统中亚硝酸盐的积累对鱼类以及其他水生生物具有一定的毒害作用[25-26]。因此本研究对不同培养时间的NO2--N浓度进行了测定。如图1C所示,菌株D2-2在24 h时积累了75 mg/L的NO2--N,相比之下菌株D1-2仅有16 mg/L的NO2--N,随后NO2--N被完全去除。本研究得到的2株菌在含有机碳的培养条件下均可以对S2O32-和NO3--N进行同步去除,因此都属于h-soNRB[27]
尽管Na2S2O3的代谢途径与Na2S较为相近,但其生物毒性相对于Na2S来说更低[28],因此并不能准确评价菌株对毒性H2S的耐受能力。如图1D1E所示,在硫化物胁迫下,研究了2株菌的脱硫脱氮效能。
图1D所示,初始浓度为100 mg/L的S2-对菌株D2-2产生明显的毒害作用,其生长代谢被显著抑制,整个培养过程中菌株D2-2的OD600值几乎为0。菌株D1-2的生长未受到明显影响,其OD600值最高可达0.60。然而,菌株D1-2存在48 h的生长停滞期,可能归因于硫化物胁迫诱导其代谢途径调整,从而影响细胞的正常增殖过程[29]。对于菌株D1-2而言,反应体系中S2-的去除率呈现先升高后降低的趋势(图1E),可能是由于菌株D1-2培养过程中产生的大量絮状物将部分S2-包裹在其中,而后衰亡期细胞死亡并裂解,将未利用的S2-再次释放到反应体系中[30]。与CK组相比,菌株D1-2对S2-的去除率显著提高了40%。Guo等[31]研究发现,硫化物促进Pseudomonas sp. C27氮代谢的相关蛋白进行上调,进而提高其脱氮效能。本研究同样发现,相较于Na2S2O3 (图1B),在Na2S胁迫下,菌株D1-2能够在生长停滞期结束后的24 h内将90%的NO3--N去除,且无NO2--N的积累。综上所述,结合菌株对硝酸盐的去除效能以及对毒性硫化物的耐受能力,确定菌株D1-2作为后续实验的研究对象。
革兰氏染色结果表明,菌株D1-2为革兰氏阴性菌。D1-2的菌落形态如图2A所示,菌落呈圆形,淡黄色半透明状,表面平整、湿润,中间凸起,边缘不规则,直径约1-2 mm。SEM的观察结果如图2B所示,该菌株的细胞呈短杆状,而在细胞分裂过程中呈球形,表面有大量分泌物,大小为(0.5-1.2) μm×(0.4-0.5) μm。
对菌株D1-2进行扩增测序后得到长度为1 440 bp的16S rRNA基因序列,提交至NCBI GenBank后获得登录号为PQ481976。通过BLAST的同源性检索表明菌株D1-2与S. stutzeri ROD048具有较高的序列同源性(99.86%)。基于邻接法构建系统发育树(图2C),进一步证实菌株D1-2为施氏假单胞菌(Stutzerimonasstutzeri)。施蒂泽氏单胞菌属(Stutzerimonas sp.)细菌以前被认为是假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)的一种,近几年被重新归类为一个独立的属[32],是一类在好氧条件下具有反硝化、固氮等特性的微生物[32-34]。近年来,很多关于S. stutzeri进行好氧反硝化[35-36]以及生物固氮[37]的研究被报道,但S. stutzeri在缺氧条件下进行同步脱硫脱氮的功能尚未见报道。
菌株D1-2在30 ℃、30‰盐度及120 r/min条件下的生长曲线和pH值变化趋势如图3A所示。菌株D1-2在第6 h进入对数生长期,并在培养36 h后进入稳定期。细菌进入对数生长期后,培养体系的pH值显著下降。培养60 h后pH值由7.2降至6.2,这可能是由于硫化物氧化过程产生的副产物质子(H+)的积累,最终导致培养液的pH值降低[38]
图3B所示,培养过程中观察到菌液由无色逐渐变为乳白色,顶部有明显气体产生,并且底部产生大量淡黄色絮状物。Fan等[39]研究表明可能是由于硫化物刺激菌株产生大量絮状物,从而增强对环境的适应能力[30]。Wang等[40]研究表明,化学硫的颜色为黄色,而生物硫通常呈现乳白色。因此,“黄色”絮状物中可能包裹着硫氧化过程中产生的S0以及多硫化物[18,39]。当硫化物被消耗后,化学硫转化为生物硫溶于培养液中。同时观察到气泡的产生,这可能是菌株D1-2在氧化硫化物的过程中,同时去除水体中的碳和氮,将COD转化为CO2、硝酸盐转化为N2等气体[13,41]。综上所述,本研究所获得的菌株D1-2是一株能以有机碳源为电子供体,同步进行硫化物氧化以及硝酸盐还原的细菌。根据菌株D1-2的生长曲线,并结合其对S2O32-和NO3--N的去除效果,确定生长条件优化实验的培养时间为72 h。
硫氧化微生物在S2-和S2O32-条件下具有相似的硫代谢途径[42-43],因此,为避免Na2S自身的氧化和挥发对实验条件的影响,使用Na2S2O3作为还原性硫化物对菌株D1-2生长条件的优化进行研究。
异养细菌通过利用有机碳以获得细胞活动所需的能量,不同碳源能够显著影响细菌的脱硫脱氮效果[44-45]。碳源对菌株D1-2的生长以及S2O32-和NO3--N去除率的影响如图4所示。
菌株D1-2对碳源的利用情况及其生长代谢存在显著性差异。以乳酸钠、柠檬酸钠和葡萄糖为碳源时,菌株D1-2的生长无显著性差异(P>0.05),OD600值均可达到0.45。其中以乳酸钠为碳源时,S2O32-、NO3--N的去除率最高,分别达到82.55%、91.57%,并且过程中积累的NO2--N可被快速去除。当乙酸钠为碳源时,菌株D1-2的生长及硫化物氧化效果最差,最大OD600值仅为0.23,仅有29.10%的S2O32-被去除;NO3--N的去除虽无显著性差异,但存在52.7 mg/L的NO2--N积累(图4C),对环境造成不利影响[28]。这可能与不同碳源的氧化还原电位有关,乙酸钠通常表现出氧化性,而葡萄糖、乳酸钠和柠檬酸钠可被用作还原剂,因此在反硝化过程中更容易被菌株氧化[46-47]。结合硫、氮的去除率分析,本研究确定乳酸钠为菌株D1-2脱硫脱氮的最佳碳源。
研究不同温度对菌株D1-2的生长和脱硫脱氮效能的影响,结果如图5A5B所示。菌株D1-2的生长在不同温度下表现出显著性差异(P<0.05)。菌株在30 ℃下生长最快,12 h的OD600值可达到0.21;在30-35 ℃下,最大OD600值均可达到0.53。在较低温度(15-25 ℃)下,菌株的生长缓慢,0-48 h内对环境存在明显的适应期;而在5 ℃时,菌株可能进入休眠状态,无明显生长。本研究结果与Dou等[15]和Xi等[16]的结论一致,低温对微生物的生长代谢有显著的抑制作用,甚至会迫使菌株改变代谢途径以适应环境。温度过低时,细菌的胞内酶活性受到抑制,几乎无法生长;温度过高时,细菌体内的蛋白质失活导致特异性酶系统遭到破坏,难以发挥作用[40]。Wang等[40]在研究温度对微生物脱硫的影响时发现,反应器温度从30 ℃降至20 ℃后,硫化物氧化相关微生物群落的丰度降低,硫化物的去除效率也明显下降。在本研究中,30-35 ℃时菌株D1-2对S2O32-和NO3--N的去除率均能达到85%。在较低温度(15-25 ℃)下,36 h内对S2O32-和NO3--N的去除性能虽被显著抑制(P<0.05),但在培养72 h后,对硫、氮的去除率仍可达75%,且无NO2--N积累。
在以往的报道中,几乎所有主要养殖物种的最适生长温度均在15-40 ℃范围内,而海水养殖尾水处理反应器的水温通常低于20 ℃[48-49]。与嗜热水弧菌(Hydrogenovibrio thermophilus) TT[7]Pseudomonas sp. C27[10]相比,后者的最适生长温度分别为30-40 ℃和25-30 ℃,而菌株D1-2即使在15 ℃时仍表现出优异的生长和脱硫脱氮性能,显示出一定的抗低温胁迫能力。综上所述,菌株D1-2最适脱硫脱氮温度为35 ℃,且在15-35 ℃范围内表现出良好的生长及代谢活性,其广泛的耐温性使其在海水养殖尾水处理领域具有广阔的应用前景。
盐度也是影响菌株硫氧化功能的一个重要因子。Van Den Bosch等[50]研究表明,即使嗜盐菌在高盐度环境中,部分菌株的生长代谢也会受到抑制。考虑到海水养殖尾水中不同盐度可能对菌株的生长和脱硫脱氮性能造成影响,研究了菌株D1-2对不同盐度的适应性,结果如图5C5D所示。
当体系盐度为10‰-40‰时,菌株D1-2的OD600值、S2O32-和NO3--N的去除率分别大于0.50、80%和85%,且无NO2--N积累。当体系盐度为50‰时,对菌株的OD600值有显著影响(P<0.05),OD600的最大值仅为0.43;虽然S2O32-和NO3--N的去除速率略有下降,但72 h后各盐度下菌株对硫、氮的去除率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。这与Xi等[16]的研究结果一致,可能是由于细胞在高盐环境中活性下降,需要一定的适应期,使得菌株的脱硫脱氮存在延滞期。研究表明,高盐度会显著降低SOB的硫化物去除效率[50],但也有研究筛选出嗜盐或耐盐的硫氧化菌。例如,李向园等[51]筛选出一株嗜盐硫氧化菌BDL05,其最适钠盐浓度可达47‰。本研究分离的菌株D1-2在50‰盐度时对硫、氮的去除率均可达到80%,说明D1-2具有一定程度的耐盐性,可在高盐环境下进行脱硫脱氮。综上所述,菌株D1-2对盐度具有广泛的适应性,在10‰-50‰盐度范围的废水处理领域具有很大的应用潜力。
pH通过影响微生物体内的各种关键酶活性以及水体中H2S的毒性,从而对微生物的生长及代谢活性造成影响[2]。H2S在水体中以未解离形式(H2S)和解离形式(HS-)存在,而低pH值会使未解离形式的硫化物比例增高,加剧其生物毒性[52]。因此,研究菌株D1-2在不同pH值条件下的生长和脱硫脱氮效能尤为重要。
图5E所示,最大OD600值随初始pH值的增大呈现先升后降的趋势。当初始pH值为7.0时OD600值最高,可达到0.54;而初始pH值为9.0时,最大OD600值仅为0.40。当初始pH值为5.0时,几乎检测不到菌体的生长。这可能是由于生长环境酸化,菌体无法进行生长及代谢活动[50]。在不同初始pH值条件下,菌株D1-2对S2O32-和NO3--N的去除率分别如图5F所示,在初始pH值为7.0时,S2O32-和NO3--N的去除率最高,分别为85.79%和90.01%。初始pH值为9.0时,菌株对S2O32-和NO3--N的去除率分别降至54.30%和63.60%。此外,随着初始pH值的升高,D1-2对NO2--N的积累量升高,72 h后初始pH值为9.0的条件下仍有23.2 mg/L的NO2--N积累。这可能是由于pH>9.0时影响了亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性,进而使得反硝化过程减弱,NO2--N无法向N2或其他含氮气体转化[53]。林栋青等[54]分离出一株硫代硫酸盐氧化菌,该菌最适生长的初始pH值为3.0-5.0;于淑豪等[14]筛选出SOB菌株Halomonas sp. AEB2的最适pH值为8.2;李向园等[51]分离出一株嗜碱硫氧化菌,S2O32-去除率最高时pH值为9.3,由此可知不同的硫氧化菌最适pH值范围有较大差异。在本研究中,菌株D1-2最适生长的pH值范围为6.0-8.0,说明菌株在中性环境中脱氮脱硫能力较强。
接种比例关系到菌株在培养液中的生长密度和速度[55],因此,不同接种比例会对菌株D1-2的生长以及脱硫脱氮性能产生影响。将菌株D1-2活化3代后,分别按照0.5%-3.0%的接种比例将其接入S1液体培养基中进行培养。
图5G5H所示,当接种比例为0.5%-1.0%时,菌株D1-2的最大OD600值可达0.55左右,相较于接种比例为1.5%-3.0%时显著降低(P<0.05)。赵栩宁等[21]研究发现,菌株Desulfovibrio sp. NH-1的生长量与接种比例呈正相关关系,与本研究结果一致。然而,不同接种比例下,菌株D1-2对S2O32-和NO3--N的去除率无显著差异(P>0.05),均高于80%和85%。此外,随着接种比例的升高,NO2--N的积累量在24 h内呈现先降后升的趋势,而后无NO2--N积累。综上所述,最佳接种比例为1.5%。
高浓度的硫化物可以抑制关键酶的活性,甚至整个细菌的生长代谢[52]。因此,以Na2S作为硫源,研究了不同初始浓度硫化物对菌株D1-2的生长及脱硫脱氮性能的影响。
图6所示,菌株D1-2的生长及代谢活性随着硫化物浓度的增加而降低,这一现象与Dou等[15]的研究结果一致。在水产养殖环境中,硫化物浓度通常在1-10 mg/L之间,但在一些高密度养殖系统中,硫化物浓度可超过100 mg/L[56]。此外,在胶州湾部分站位的表层沉积物中,溶解性硫化物的浓度最高可达740 mg/kg[2]。本研究发现,高浓度硫化物(100-500 mg/L)显著抑制了菌株D1-2的生长活性,OD600值在0.06-0.17之间(P<0.05),其硫氧化和硝酸盐还原活性也受到显著抑制。如图6B所示,当硫化物浓度为25-50 mg/L时,菌株D1-2的硫化物去除率超过95%。结合NO3--N的去除率可知,在50 mg/L的硫化物浓度下,菌株D1-2对NO3--N的去除率也超过95%。这些结果表明,菌株D1-2能够耐受高达50 mg/L的硫化物毒性,并表现出高效的脱硫脱氮效率。在此条件下,菌株D1-2能够满足海水养殖环境中氮、硫污染物的去除需求,并实现稳定高效的效果。
本研究从SMD反应器的污泥中筛选出一株具有高效硫氧化和硝酸盐去除能力的菌株D1-2,并对其生长特性进行了研究。
(1) 菌株D1-2为兼性厌氧菌,能够以有机碳为电子供体,同步去除硫化物和硝酸盐。通过菌落形态及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定,该菌株为施氏假单胞菌(Stutzerimonas stutzeri),命名为Stutzerimonas stutzeri D1-2。
(2) 通过单因素试验分析了碳源、温度、盐度、初始pH值及接种比例对菌株D1-2生长和脱硫脱氮性能的影响。确定其最优碳源为乳酸钠,最佳接种比例为1.5%。在温度为30-35 ℃、初始pH值为6.0-8.0、盐度为10‰-50‰的条件下,菌株D1-2表现出良好的脱硫脱氮性能,培养72 h后对S2O32-和NO3--N的去除率分别可超过80%和85%。
(3) 该菌株最高可耐受50 mg/L的硫化物毒性胁迫,在此条件下仍能高效进行硫氧化和反硝化作用,从而去除S2-和NO3--N。因此,菌株D1-2在海水养殖尾水的氮硫污染控制中具有潜在的应用价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41977315)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(201964004)
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2025年第65卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240706
  • 接收时间:2024-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-08
  • 录用日期:2025-02-05
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977315)
国家自然科学基金(41977315)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(201964004)
中央高校基本科研业务费(201964004)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学 环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛
    2.中国海洋大学,海洋环境与生态教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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