Article(id=1226598457838842683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226598456190484999, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240855, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1739635200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-16, onlineDate=1770373461445, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1743696000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770373461445, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770373461445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770373461445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226598456190484999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1823', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770373461053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770542963395, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227309400608653689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226598456190484999, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227309400608653690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226598456190484999, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1812, endPage=1823, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226598458132443965, articleId=1226598457838842683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Denitrification characteristics and mechanism of a facultative aerobic denitrifying halophilic bacterial strain Marinobacter sp. W-8, columnId=1226598457239061007, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Development and application of microbial resources, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To address the low denitrification efficiency in high-salinity, and high-nitrate nitrogen wastewater, this study aimed to isolate and identify salt-tolerant denitrifying a strain with high efficiency. And elucidate its underlying mechanisms for enhanced nitrogen removal. [Methods] Morphological characterization and the analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence were employed for strain identification. Denitrification performance of bacterial strains was evaluated by measuring different forms of nitrogen. Exploring the mechanism of efficient denitrification of bacterial strains through the RT-qPCR analysis and the measurement of electron transport chain enzyme activity under low oxygen or low oxygen and low C/N ratio conditions. [Results] A halotolerant, facultative aerobic denitrifying bacterium, named W-8, was isolated from saline soil. The strain was identified as Marinobacter sp. This strain can perform denitrification under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, particularly demonstrating a significant denitrifying activity under low-oxygen conditions (dissolved oxygen concentration<1.2 mg/L). After 48 h of culture under static conditions, W-8 achieved the NO3--N (97.85 mg/L) removal efficiency of 95.56% and the total nitrogen removal efficiency of 87.63%. Under low dissolved oxygen, the expression of narG and narI was significantly upregulated, and the activities of electron transport chain complex I and II were enhanced, which promoted the efficient reduction of NO3-. The expression of norB was significantly upregulated, promoting the reduction of NO. Under low-oxygen conditions, W-8 further improved the activity of the complex II under a low C/N ratio, reducing carbon source requirements. Under anaerobic conditions, W-8 mainly metabolized NO3--N through denitrification, with a gaseous nitrogen production ratio of 87.63%. Under aerobic conditions, this strain achieved nitrogen removal through denitrification combined with assimilation. [Conclusion] Marinobacter sp. W-8 demonstrates exceptional salt tolerance and high-efficiency denitrification. It can significantly reduce sludge production without the need for aeration or strict anaerobic conditions and has a lower demand for carbon sources. It shows great application potential and provides a theoretical and practical basis for efficient, low-cost denitrification.

, correspAuthors=Zhenlun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】针对高盐高硝态氮废水脱氮效率低的难题,分离筛选高效脱氮的耐盐菌株,对其进行鉴定,并挖掘其高效脱氮的机制。【方法】利用形态学观察和16S rRNA基因测序进行菌种分类鉴定;通过不同形态氮的测定评价菌株的脱氮性能;通过RT-qPCR检测和电子传递链酶活的测定,探究菌株在低氧或低氧低C/N比条件下高效脱氮的机制。【结果】从高盐土壤中筛选到一株兼性好氧反硝化嗜盐菌,命名为W-8,鉴定为海杆菌属(Marinobacter sp.)。该菌在好氧和厌氧条件下均能进行反硝化,尤其在低氧环境(溶解氧浓度<1.2 mg/L)中展现出优异的反硝化能力。静置培养48 h后,对97.85 mg/L NO3--N的去除率达到95.56%,总氮去除率为87.63%。低氧条件下,narGnarI基因表达显著上调,电子传递链复合体Ⅰ和Ⅱ的活性增强,促进了NO3-的高效还原;norB基因表达显著上调,促进了NO的还原。在低氧条件下,低C/N比进一步增强了复合体Ⅱ的活性,降低了菌株对碳源的需求。W-8在厌氧条件下以反硝化代谢为主,生成气态氮的比例达到87.63%;而在好氧条件下,反硝化与同化作用共同参与脱氮过程。【结论】Marinobacter sp. W-8兼具耐盐和高效反硝化的能力,无需曝气或严格厌氧条件,对碳源需求低,能够显著减少污泥产生,这为高效、低成本脱氮提供了理论和实践依据。

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作者贡献声明

汪恩旭:设计并执行实验,分析数据,撰写及修改论文;曾一帆:执行实验,处理数据,修改论文;李振轮:指导设计实验,修改论文;杨裕然:指导并执行实验,修改论文;李佳冰:执行实验,处理数据。

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A: 0 r/min; B: 150 r/min., figureFileSmall=ji1IQmNlpn+m46mP+JvK7A==, figureFileBig=cIgFFYG6Qah2SH1zG6wpoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303259770106437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457838842683, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株W-8的反硝化脱氮性能, figureFileSmall=ji1IQmNlpn+m46mP+JvK7A==, figureFileBig=cIgFFYG6Qah2SH1zG6wpoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303259841409612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457838842683, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Denitrification functional genes. 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RT-qPCR primer sequences list

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因名称

Gene symbol

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

narG

F-GCCCTGATTGTACTGTTTGTCG

R-ATCACCAGTACACCGACGTG

narI

F-TTATACAAGCGCGCCGAAAC

R-TAGCGAGGTAGCGGTACATTTC

nirS

F-AAGCGCGTTCTGTTGAAACC

R-CGATGATTTTCTTCGGCTCCAG

norB

F-GCATTCTTCGTCCTGTTGTTCC

R-GTTGTTCTCCCACAGGTGTTTG

norC1

F-TTTCTGGTGGCTGAACATCG

R-TGCAGTATGTCGCTTTGCAG

norC2

F-TGGTTTGTGGTTCACCTGTG

R-TGGCAATGATCACGTACAGC

nosZ

F-TTGCCGATGCCATCAAACAC

R-AAGAACCACCAGCCATTTGC

16S rRNA

F-TCTCGCTTACCAAACCACCTAC

R-TACCCATGAGGCTTGACGTTAC

), ArticleFig(id=1227303260315366000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457838842683, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因名称

Gene symbol

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

narG

F-GCCCTGATTGTACTGTTTGTCG

R-ATCACCAGTACACCGACGTG

narI

F-TTATACAAGCGCGCCGAAAC

R-TAGCGAGGTAGCGGTACATTTC

nirS

F-AAGCGCGTTCTGTTGAAACC

R-CGATGATTTTCTTCGGCTCCAG

norB

F-GCATTCTTCGTCCTGTTGTTCC

R-GTTGTTCTCCCACAGGTGTTTG

norC1

F-TTTCTGGTGGCTGAACATCG

R-TGCAGTATGTCGCTTTGCAG

norC2

F-TGGTTTGTGGTTCACCTGTG

R-TGGCAATGATCACGTACAGC

nosZ

F-TTGCCGATGCCATCAAACAC

R-AAGAACCACCAGCCATTTGC

16S rRNA

F-TCTCGCTTACCAAACCACCTAC

R-TACCCATGAGGCTTGACGTTAC

), ArticleFig(id=1227303260411834996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457838842683, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Nitrogen balance analysis of strain W-8 with different nitrogen sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

溶解氧条件

Dissolved oxygen conditions

氮源

Nitrogen source

浓度

Concentration (mg/L)

反硝化率

Denitrification removal efficiency (%)

同化效率

Assimilation efficiency(%)

离心总氮去除率

Centrifugal total nitrogenremoval rate (%)

离心总氮

Centrifugal total nitrogen

气态氮

Gaseous nitrogen

细胞氮

Cell nitrogen

好氧

Aerobic

NO3--N11.97±1.8151.63±8.9940.65±7.1349.5338.9988.52

厌氧

Anaerobic

NO3--N4.18±1.7589.14±2.798.40±3.0687.638.2695.89
), ArticleFig(id=1227303260541858428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457838842683, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株W-8反硝化的氮平衡分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

溶解氧条件

Dissolved oxygen conditions

氮源

Nitrogen source

浓度

Concentration (mg/L)

反硝化率

Denitrification removal efficiency (%)

同化效率

Assimilation efficiency(%)

离心总氮去除率

Centrifugal total nitrogenremoval rate (%)

离心总氮

Centrifugal total nitrogen

气态氮

Gaseous nitrogen

细胞氮

Cell nitrogen

好氧

Aerobic

NO3--N11.97±1.8151.63±8.9940.65±7.1349.5338.9988.52

厌氧

Anaerobic

NO3--N4.18±1.7589.14±2.798.40±3.0687.638.2695.89
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兼性好氧反硝化嗜盐菌海杆菌属W-8的脱氮性能及其机制
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汪恩旭 1 , 曾一帆 2 , 李振轮 1, * , 杨裕然 1 , 李佳冰 1
微生物学报 | 微生物资源开发与应用 2025,65(4): 1812-1823
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微生物学报 | 微生物资源开发与应用 2025, 65(4): 1812-1823
兼性好氧反硝化嗜盐菌海杆菌属W-8的脱氮性能及其机制
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汪恩旭1, 曾一帆2, 李振轮1, * , 杨裕然1, 李佳冰1
作者信息
  • 1.西南大学 资源环境学院,界面过程与土壤健康重庆市重点实验室,重庆
  • 2.西南大学 含弘学院,重庆
Denitrification characteristics and mechanism of a facultative aerobic denitrifying halophilic bacterial strain Marinobacter sp. W-8
Enxu WANG1, Yifan ZENG2, Zhenlun LI1, * , Yuran YANG1, Jiabing LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Interface Process and Soil Health, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
  • 2.Hanhong College, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2025-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240855
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【目的】针对高盐高硝态氮废水脱氮效率低的难题,分离筛选高效脱氮的耐盐菌株,对其进行鉴定,并挖掘其高效脱氮的机制。【方法】利用形态学观察和16S rRNA基因测序进行菌种分类鉴定;通过不同形态氮的测定评价菌株的脱氮性能;通过RT-qPCR检测和电子传递链酶活的测定,探究菌株在低氧或低氧低C/N比条件下高效脱氮的机制。【结果】从高盐土壤中筛选到一株兼性好氧反硝化嗜盐菌,命名为W-8,鉴定为海杆菌属(Marinobacter sp.)。该菌在好氧和厌氧条件下均能进行反硝化,尤其在低氧环境(溶解氧浓度<1.2 mg/L)中展现出优异的反硝化能力。静置培养48 h后,对97.85 mg/L NO3--N的去除率达到95.56%,总氮去除率为87.63%。低氧条件下,narGnarI基因表达显著上调,电子传递链复合体Ⅰ和Ⅱ的活性增强,促进了NO3-的高效还原;norB基因表达显著上调,促进了NO的还原。在低氧条件下,低C/N比进一步增强了复合体Ⅱ的活性,降低了菌株对碳源的需求。W-8在厌氧条件下以反硝化代谢为主,生成气态氮的比例达到87.63%;而在好氧条件下,反硝化与同化作用共同参与脱氮过程。【结论】Marinobacter sp. W-8兼具耐盐和高效反硝化的能力,无需曝气或严格厌氧条件,对碳源需求低,能够显著减少污泥产生,这为高效、低成本脱氮提供了理论和实践依据。

兼性好氧反硝化  /  脱氮性能  /  基因表达  /  电子传递链

[Objective] To address the low denitrification efficiency in high-salinity, and high-nitrate nitrogen wastewater, this study aimed to isolate and identify salt-tolerant denitrifying a strain with high efficiency. And elucidate its underlying mechanisms for enhanced nitrogen removal. [Methods] Morphological characterization and the analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence were employed for strain identification. Denitrification performance of bacterial strains was evaluated by measuring different forms of nitrogen. Exploring the mechanism of efficient denitrification of bacterial strains through the RT-qPCR analysis and the measurement of electron transport chain enzyme activity under low oxygen or low oxygen and low C/N ratio conditions. [Results] A halotolerant, facultative aerobic denitrifying bacterium, named W-8, was isolated from saline soil. The strain was identified as Marinobacter sp. This strain can perform denitrification under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, particularly demonstrating a significant denitrifying activity under low-oxygen conditions (dissolved oxygen concentration<1.2 mg/L). After 48 h of culture under static conditions, W-8 achieved the NO3--N (97.85 mg/L) removal efficiency of 95.56% and the total nitrogen removal efficiency of 87.63%. Under low dissolved oxygen, the expression of narG and narI was significantly upregulated, and the activities of electron transport chain complex I and II were enhanced, which promoted the efficient reduction of NO3-. The expression of norB was significantly upregulated, promoting the reduction of NO. Under low-oxygen conditions, W-8 further improved the activity of the complex II under a low C/N ratio, reducing carbon source requirements. Under anaerobic conditions, W-8 mainly metabolized NO3--N through denitrification, with a gaseous nitrogen production ratio of 87.63%. Under aerobic conditions, this strain achieved nitrogen removal through denitrification combined with assimilation. [Conclusion] Marinobacter sp. W-8 demonstrates exceptional salt tolerance and high-efficiency denitrification. It can significantly reduce sludge production without the need for aeration or strict anaerobic conditions and has a lower demand for carbon sources. It shows great application potential and provides a theoretical and practical basis for efficient, low-cost denitrification.

facultative aerobic denitrification  /  denitrification performance  /  gene expression  /  electronic transport chain
汪恩旭, 曾一帆, 李振轮, 杨裕然, 李佳冰. 兼性好氧反硝化嗜盐菌海杆菌属W-8的脱氮性能及其机制. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (4) : 1812 -1823 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240855
Enxu WANG, Yifan ZENG, Zhenlun LI, Yuran YANG, Jiabing LI. Denitrification characteristics and mechanism of a facultative aerobic denitrifying halophilic bacterial strain Marinobacter sp. W-8[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (4) : 1812 -1823 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240855
反硝化脱氮工艺是目前生物法处理污水的主要技术之一,具有效率高、工艺流程简单、节能环保、无须投加化学药剂、成本低等显著优势[1-3]。然而,随着新兴行业的发展,废水成分日趋复杂。例如,海水循环水养殖系统产生的养殖废水不仅盐度高(3%),还伴随着硝酸盐的累积(NO3--N浓度高达400-500 mg/L)[4];石油和天然气的开采与精炼产生的废水含有多种无机盐离子,其盐度是海水的3倍或更高,同时富含大量硝态氮[5-6]。在高盐高硝态氮废水中,高浓度的无机盐离子会破坏微生物细胞内外的渗透压平衡、降低酶活性,从而抑制微生物的脱氮功能,甚至导致微生物脱水死亡,完全丧失脱氮能力[7]。如何有效处理这些复杂废水已成为当前污水处理面临的难题。已有研究表明,通过引入耐盐或嗜盐微生物,或逐步增加盐度驯化微生物以增强其耐盐能力,可以显著改善盐分对微生物活性的抑制作用[8-9]。例如,中度嗜盐异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.) DN3在好氧条件下72 h内可完全去除氨态氮、硝态氮,或去除96.61%-100%的亚硝态氮[10]。然而,其氮代谢途径主要以氮同化为主,通过硝化和反硝化排放的气体氮较少,占总氮(total nitrogen, TN)的14.23%-25.02%。耐盐好氧反硝化菌Marinobacter sp. strain B108表现出高效的好氧反硝化能力,在最适条件下,24 h内对102.86 mg/L的NO3--N去除率为100%,TN去除率为98.89%[11]。然而,该菌株未表现出在厌氧条件下进行反硝化的能力,其硝酸盐还原途径主要为同化还原途径和好氧反硝化异化还原途径。耐盐反硝化菌栖植物潘隆尼亚碱湖杆菌(Pannonibacter phragmitetus) F1可耐受高达7%的NaCl浓度,在最适条件下对NO2--N和NO3--N的去除率分别达到99%和95%,但其培养周期较长,需耗时5 d,处理效率较低[12]。在污水反硝化处理中,碳源的添加成本占比较大,因此筛选能够在低碳氮比条件下高效反硝化的耐盐菌,对有效处理高盐高硝氮复杂废水具有重要价值。
本研究从高盐浓度土壤中分离获得一株兼性好氧反硝化嗜盐菌株W-8,分析其生理生化特性及反硝化特性,并探讨其氮循环途径;利用RT-qPCR技术探究其在好氧和厌氧条件下的反硝化基因转录变化,同时研究其在低氧低C/N条件下的电子传递链相关酶活性变化,以期为W-8菌株在实际污水处理中的应用提供理论参考。
样品采自中国山东省邹平市某榨菜厂附近的土壤。
富集培养基(enrichment medium, EM,g/L):葡萄糖5.0,NaCl 60.0,KNO3 2.0,MgSO4 0.2,KH2PO4 4.0,K2HPO4 6.0,调pH至7.2。
LB培养基(g/L):酵母膏5.0,胰蛋白胨10.0,NaCl 60.0,调pH至7.2。
溴百里酚蓝选择性培养基(bromothymol blue medium, BTB,g/L)[13]:KNO3 1.00,KH2PO4 1.00,FeCl2·6H2O 0.05,CaCl2·7H2O 0.20,MgSO4·7H2O 1.00,琥珀酸钠8.50,NaCl 60.00,BTB (1.5%溴百里酚蓝溶于无水乙醇) 1 mL,调pH至7.0。
反硝化培养基(denitrification medium, DM)(g/L)[14]:乙酸钠3.420,KNO3 0.722,KH2PO4 1.500,Na2HPO4·12H2O 1.059,MgSO4·7H2O 0.100,NaCl 60.000,调pH至7.0。
以上培养基均在121 ℃下灭菌30 min,冷却后备用;固体培养基中加入2%琼脂。
取5 g土壤样品放入100 mL EM培养基中,30 ℃、150 r/min培养3 d后,取培养液5 mL接种至100 mL新的EM培养基中,继续培养3 d,重复3次。将富集后的培养液进行梯度稀释(10-4-10-7),并涂布于BTB平板上,30 ℃培养2-3 d。挑取使培养基变蓝的单菌落,转接至新的BTB平板上进行划线纯化培养。筛选出NO3--N去除率最高的菌株W-8作为本研究对象,并将其保存于30%甘油溶液中(-80 ℃、-20 ℃)。使用扫描电子显微镜(株式会社日立制作所)和光学显微镜(重庆奥特光学仪器有限责任公司)进行形态观察。利用PCR扩增单菌落的16S rRNA基因序列,引物为细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG- 3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)。PCR由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司完成。测序结果通过BLAST同源性检索比对,并上传至NCBI数据库。
经单因素试验确定,菌株W-8的最适好氧反硝化条件为:以乙酸钠为碳源,盐度6%,pH 7.0-8.0,温度30 ℃。在此基础上,探究溶解氧和C/N比对菌株W-8反硝化的影响。将接种于LB培养基中培养36 h的菌悬液按体积分数1%的接种量接种于DM培养基中,在不同溶解氧条件下(厌氧、0、50、100、150 r/min),30 ℃连续培养48 h,每12 h测定培养液的OD600、pH、溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)、TN、离心总氮(centrifugal total nitrogen, CTN)、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N、NH2OH浓度。
将体积分数1%的菌悬液接种于不同C/N比的DM培养基中,分别在0 r/min (C/N比为0、2、4、6、8、10)或150 r/min (C/N比为5、10、15、20、25)条件下,30 ℃恒温连续培养,测定0 h和48 h培养液的OD600、TN、CTN、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N浓度。
将体积分数1%的菌悬液接种于DM培养基中,分别在0 r/min和150 r/min条件下,30 ℃恒温连续培养48 h,每12 h测定培养液的OD600、pH、TN、CTN、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N、NH2OH浓度。计算菌株W-8的反硝化性能,并推测其氮代谢途径。细胞氮、气态氮和脱氮效率计算方法参考文献[15]。在12、24、36 h时取适量菌液进行细胞破碎,采用G084F24试剂盒(苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司)测定复合体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ的活性。
将体积分数1%的菌悬液接种至DM培养基中,分别以0 r/min和150 r/min条件下培养至对数生长期(OD600约为0.60),采用B518655试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]提取菌株W-8的RNA,用9PIA280试剂盒(Promega公司)进行反转录得到菌株的cDNA。对硝酸盐还原酶(nitrate reductase, NAR)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(nitrite reductase, NIR)、一氧化氮还原酶(nitric oxide reductase, NOR)、氧化亚氮还原酶(nitrous oxide reductase, NOS)的编码基因narG、narInirSnorBCnosZ分别进行RT-qPCR扩增。使用2-△△Ct方法进行数据处理[16],以16S rRNA基因为内参基因。引物序列见表1
采用OD600测定菌浓度;使用pHS-3E (上海欧史拓尔实业有限公司)测定菌液pH。使用便携溶解氧仪(上海欧史拓尔实业有限公司)测定DO。不同氮形态的含量测定参照《水和废水监测分析方法》第4版[17]:TN和CTN、NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N分别采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法、紫外分光光度法、N-(1-萘基)-乙二胺光度法、靛酚蓝比色法测定。NH₂OH含量采用硫酸铁铵-邻菲罗啉分光光度计间接法测定[18]。采用SPSS 25.0软件对数据进行分析。
从土壤样本中分离出19株能够在高盐含氮环境中生长的菌株,其中脱氮效果最佳的菌株为W-8。W-8在LB平板上呈乳白色、圆形、半透明;革兰氏染色阴性;细菌形态为杆状,直径0.2-0.3 μm,长度2.0-3.0 μm。菌株W-8的16S rRNA基因序列的GenBank登录号为PQ386400。菌株W-8与海洋杆菌属(Marinobacter sp.)的相似性最高(99.86%),因此鉴定W-8菌株属于Marinobacter属,命名为Marinobacter sp. W-8。通过探究不同盐度对W-8反硝化的影响,明确W-8不能在无NaCl的DM中生长,是嗜盐细菌,且在盐度12%时可以生长,其反硝化适宜盐度为3%-9% (数据未展示)。
利用厌氧瓶和摇床转速创造厌氧-好氧培养条件,探究不同溶解氧对菌株W-8反硝化性能的影响,结果如图1所示。在厌氧条件下,W-8表现出优异的反硝化效能,48 h内NO3--N的去除率高达97.00%,TN和CTN的去除率分别为91.44%和96.52%。未检测到NO2--N和NH4+-N的积累,但检测到微量羟胺(0.03 mg/L)。在溶解氧浓度较低(0.1-1.2 mg/L,转速0-50 r/min)时,尽管W-8生长缓慢,但反硝化效果显著优于好氧条件,TN和CTN的去除率均高于80%。反硝化过程中检测到NO2--N (0.01 mg/L和3.49 mg/L)和微量羟胺(0.04 mg/L和0.05 mg/L)。在溶解氧浓度较高(1.8-2.5 mg/L,转速100-150 r/min)时,尽管菌株生长速率快,OD600能达到0.80,但其反硝化作用被明显抑制,TN的去除率分别为27.19%和43.48% (NH4+-N和羟胺数据未展示)。溶解氧的增加增强了W-8的同化作用,但减弱了反硝化作用。然而,溶解氧对W-8反硝化的影响并非线性,W-8在150 r/min转速下的反硝化能力优于100 r/min。推测在更高转速时,W-8的生长能力增强,较快进入对数生长期后,同化作用减弱,进而减轻了对反硝化作用的抑制。
W-8在厌氧或低氧条件下能高效进行反硝化脱氮,区别于传统的厌氧反硝化菌,W-8不需要在严格的厌氧环境中进行反硝化,也不同于现有研究中好氧反硝化菌在缺氧环境中的低效反硝化。例如,同属菌株Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus RAD-2在静置培养下NO3--N去除效率为54.41%,而在转速100 r/min和150 r/min时NO3--N去除效率分别达到92.02%和97.70%[19]。此外,W-8在低氧条件下进行反硝化后生成的生物量较少。例如,厌氧反硝化菌株Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus NY-4厌氧培养48 h,NO3--N被快速消耗,且生长迅速,生物量达到约4×108个/mL (OD600约0.50)[20]。W-8厌氧培养48 h后,OD600仅为0.09,静置培养48 h之后OD600为0.19,远低于NY-4。因此,菌株W-8在实际污水处理中不需要曝气或严格的厌氧处理,且污泥生成量较少,能够显著节约处理成本与时间。
C/N比是影响生物脱氮的关键因素,不同C/N比对W-8的生长状况和反硝化过程的影响如图2所示。在低溶解氧条件下,缺乏碳源时,W-8无法正常生长脱氮,表明W-8为非自养菌。当C/N比为2时,W-8生长速率极慢,48 h后OD600为0.12。然而,此时W-8表现出极强的反硝化能力,NO3--N去除率为91.76%,TN去除率达82.42%,有2.66 mg/L的NO2--N积累。当C/N比增高到4时,W-8的氮去除率略有提高,48 h后NO3--N几乎完全去除(剩余浓度1.80 mg/L),TN去除率为88.97%,且无NO2--N和NH4+-N的积累。随着有机碳浓度继续增加,W-8的脱氮效率趋于稳定,且无NO2--N和NH4+-N的积累。
在好氧条件下,当C/N比低于5时,W-8的脱氮效果较差。随着有机碳浓度的增加,反硝化菌W-8的氮去除率显著提高。当C/N比为10时,W-8的NO3--N、TN和CTN去除率分别达到90.11%、64.66%和87.23%。当C/N比大于10后,W-8的脱氮效果未进一步提升,且当C/N比达到25时,W-8的OD600值大幅下降(0.42),反硝化效率也随之下降。C/N比通过影响电子传递和酶活性进而影响脱氮效率。在低C/N比条件下,细胞无法获得足够能量,相关氮代谢酶活性较低[21-22]。适宜的C/N比可以提高NADH和ATP水平,增强电子传递系统的活性。然而,持续提高C/N比时,尽管NADH和ATP浓度增加,反硝化相关酶和电子传递链相关酶的活性并不会持续增强,反而可能导致电子传递链“过载”[23];或者多余的有机碳源嵌入Nar、Nir等还原酶结构,影响酶的活性,抑制反硝化作用的进行[24]。与厌氧反硝化菌株Marinobacter sp. B3相比[25],在C/N比为5时,B3不仅生长受到抑制,脱氮效率较低(TN去除率约30%),还产生了NO2--N和NH4+-N的积累;而当C/N比为10或15时,B3快速生长,脱氮效率提高。相比之下,W-8在低氧条件下,只要存在碳源,在极低的C/N比条件下也能实现高效脱氮,在实际污水处理中无须添加大量外加碳源,从而节约成本。
以NO3--N为唯一氮源时,W-8的脱氮性能如图3所示。在0 r/min转速下,W-8生长缓慢(48 h后OD600为0.19),但对NO3--N的去除能力极强,NO3--N、TN和CTN的去除率分别为96.55%、87.64%和95.95%。NO2--N在24 h时达到最大累积量4.22 mg/L,随后被完全去除。同时,24 h后检测到微量羟胺,48 h后浓度达0.04 mg/L。在好氧条件下,W-8能够正常生长,12 h后进入对数生长期,36 h后OD600达到最大值0.87,随后细菌开始死亡。此时,NO3--N、TN和CTN的去除率分别为96.12%、49.52%和88.47%。NO2--N从24 h开始积累,48 h后仍能检测到。这可能是由于好氧环境影响了亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性[26],而NO2--N的存在对细菌具有毒害作用,若不能及时去除,可能抑制菌株的反硝化效率[27]。同样地,24 h后出现微量羟胺的积累,至48 h后浓度达0.09 mg/L。最终检测到1.59 mg/L的NH4+-N,推测为菌株死亡释放的。推测在厌氧条件下,W-8主要通过反硝化作用去除水体中的NO3--N,同化作用较弱;而在好氧条件下,W-8通过反硝化和同化共同作用来去除NO3--N。
采用氮平衡法分析以NO3--N为唯一氮源条件下菌株W-8的反硝化途径。如表2所示,在好氧条件下,38.99%的NO3--N转化为细胞氮,49.53%转化为气态氮。在厌氧条件下,87.63%的NO3--N转化为气态氮,仅有8.26%转化为细胞氮,反硝化率显著高于好氧条件。结果表明,在好氧条件下菌株W-8通过反硝化和同化共同作用来代谢NO3--N;而在厌氧条件下,菌株W-8主要通过反硝化作用去除水体中的NO3--N,同化作用较弱。这与之前的推测一致。W-8在实际高盐废水处理中能够有效去除无机氮,尤其在厌氧环境下可显著减少污泥产量,具备较好的应用前景。
菌株W-8已完成全基因组测序,完整基因组已上传至NCBI,登录号为CP172297。全基因组分析发现,菌株W-8具有7个与反硝化相关的基因,其KEGG氮代谢途径如图4A所示。进一步通过RT-qPCR探究了这些基因在低溶解氧条件下的表达情况(图4B)。结果显示,narGnarInorB基因分别上调了(3.62±0.52)倍、(1.38±0.44)倍和(2.17±0.78)倍。通过上调narGnarInorB基因,W-8在低氧条件下表现出更强的反硝化能力,促进了NO3-和NO的高效还原。nirS基因的表达在两处理间不显著,nirS的正常表达使生成的NO2-可迅速转化为NO,避免了NO2-积累对反硝化过程的抑制。
膜内nar基因的主要功能是在厌氧或低氧条件下通过硝酸盐呼吸作用完成脱氮,对O2敏感,通常在厌氧反硝化菌中发挥主要作用[28]。本研究结果表明,低氧条件促进了菌株W-8 nar基因的表达,与上述功能一致。将NO2--N转化为NO的过程是反硝化过程中的限速步骤[29],有研究表明O2的存在会抑制NO2--N的转化速率[26]。然而,W-8的nirS基因在好氧和厌氧条件下的表达差异较小,表明该基因在好氧、厌氧条件下均能发挥重要作用。功能基因nosZ负责将N2O转化为N2,虽然部分研究表明O2的存在会抑制nos的活性,但也有研究表明nos对O2不敏感,甚至在好氧条件下的表达丰度高于厌氧条件[26]。本研究的结果支持这一结论。
细菌电子传递呼吸链包含多个氧化还原酶,其中复合物I (NADH脱氢酶)、Ⅱ (琥珀酸脱氢酶)和Ⅲ (细胞色素bc1)负责将电子从内质网膜的NADH或细胞膜的FADH2运输到末端氧化酶。有氧呼吸和反硝化作用分别依赖复合物IV (末端氧化酶)、细胞色素c、辅酶Q等反硝化酶构建完整的电子传递链[30]。因此,电子传递的效率直接影响反硝化性能,是微生物反硝化中的关键因素[31]图5显示了菌株W-8在不同培养条件下电子传递链的酶活性变化情况。实验检测到复合物I、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的活性,但未检测到复合物Ⅳ的活性。
在整个培养过程中,0 r/min转速下复合物I的活性显著高于150 r/min,且在培养12 h时达到最大值[45.77 nmol/(min·mg prot)和41.98 nmol/(min·mg prot)]。随着培养时间延长,复合物Ⅰ的活性均降低。推测是由于碳源充足时产生大量NADH和ATP,后期碳源消耗导致复合物Ⅰ活性下降。该推测与Lu等[32]的研究结果一致。12 h时,复合物II的活性在0 r/min、C/N比为2的条件下显著高于其他条件[792.49 nmol/(min·mg prot)]。此时0 r/min、C/N比为10的条件下活性也显著高于150 r/min。在培养24 h时,各条件下复合物II的活性均有降低,但0 r/min条件下的酶活性依旧显著高于150 r/min。36 h时,C/N比为2的条件下复合物Ⅱ的酶活性再次达到较高值[461.0 nmol/(min·mg prot)]。结果表明,低氧和低C/N条件可能促进复合物II的活性。复合物Ⅲ在培养初期未检测到活性,后期活性较低且差异不显著。36 h时0 r/min、C/N比为10的条件下复合物Ⅲ的活性显著高于其他条件[0.87 nmol/(min·mg prot)]。复合物IV是好氧反硝化过程中接受来自细胞色素c或醌池的电子的关键酶[33]。然而,本研究未检测到其活性,可能是电子传递链受到某些因素抑制,导致W-8在好氧条件下的反硝化能力低于静置培养条件。
Xi等[34]研究表明,缓解复合物I的抑制可以间接增强硝酸盐还原酶活性,从而加速反硝化过程。在缺氧条件下,电子通过复合物I和泛醌/泛醇从NADH高效转移至硝酸盐还原酶,解释了0 r/min时复合物I活性显著较高的现象,同时伴随着硝酸盐还原酶基因表达的上调,提高了反硝化效率。
(1) 从高盐土壤中筛选出一株兼性好氧反硝化嗜盐菌,鉴定为海洋杆菌属(Marinobacter sp.),命名为Marinobacter sp. strain W-8,为耐盐反硝化微生物菌种库提供了新的菌株资源。
(2) 菌株W-8在好氧和厌氧条件下均能进行反硝化,尤其在低氧环境中展现出优异的反硝化能力。静置培养48 h后,对97.85 mg/L的NO3--N去除率为95.56%,总氮去除率为87.63%。无NO2--N和NH4+-N积累,OD600值较低,能够显著减少污泥产生。在兼性厌氧条件下,即使C/N比为2时,W-8也能高效脱氮。其对碳源需求低,在处理污水时无须添加大量外加碳源,有助于降低污水处理成本。
(3) 在厌氧条件下,W-8主要通过反硝化代谢将NO3--N转化为气态氮,生成气态氮的比例达到87.63%;而在好氧条件下,反硝化与同化作用共同参与脱氮。
(4) 低溶解氧条件下,菌株W-8的narGnarInorB基因表达显著上调,促进了NO3--N和NO的高效还原。同时,菌株W-8增强了电子传递链复合体Ⅰ和Ⅱ的活性,低C/N比条件进一步促进了复合体Ⅱ的活性。菌株W-8在污水处理中无需曝气或严格厌氧条件,能够显著减少污泥产生,有望在高盐废水中实现高效、低成本的脱氮。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42077217)
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2025年第65卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240855
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
  • 录用日期:2025-02-16
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077217)
国家自然科学基金(42077217)
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    1.西南大学 资源环境学院,界面过程与土壤健康重庆市重点实验室,重庆
    2.西南大学 含弘学院,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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