Article(id=1226598457352307217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226598456190484999, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736006400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1739894400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-19, onlineDate=1770373461330, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1743696000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770373461330, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770373461330, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770373461330, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226598456190484999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1823', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770373461053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770542963395, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1227309400608653689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226598456190484999, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1227309400608653690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226598456190484999, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1758, endPage=1773, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226598457637519894, articleId=1226598457352307217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Shiraia fruiting body-associated fungi regulate the biosynthesis of hypocrellin A, columnId=1226598457239061007, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Development and application of microbial resources, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The fruiting bodies of fungi of genus Shiraia inhabiting bamboo have a medicinal use in traditional Chinese medicine. Hypocrellin A (HA), the main bioactive perylenequinone pigment from S. bambusicola fruiting bodies is a novel non-porphyrin photosensitizer with antitumor and antimicrobial properties. [Objective] To investigate the effects of Shiraia fruiting body-associated fungi on HA biosynthesis and develop a co-culture method for enhancing HA production. [Methods] Shiraia fruiting body-associated fungi were isolated and the strains influencing HA biosynthesis were screened by a plate confrontation assay. The effects of intracellular and extracellular metabolites of the strains on HA production were evaluated. A co-culture system for Shiraia sp. S9 and associated fungi was established and optimized for enhancing HA production. [Results] There were 34 fungal strains including 6 host Shiraia strains isolated from the fruiting bodies. Among them, Fusarium sp. SF12 and its extracellular polysaccharides significantly promoted HA biosynthesis. Fusarium sp. SF12 did not noticeably affect the growth of Shiraia sp. S9 but regulated HA synthesis by upregulating the transcription levels of key enzyme genes involved in HA biosynthesis. The total HA yield was enhanced to 209.46 mg/L on day 8 after adding spores (100 cell/mL) from Fusarium sp. SF12 to the Shiraia culture at the time point of 24 h, which was 1.93 times that of the control. [Conclusion] There are diverse fungi in Shiraia fruiting bodies. The co-culture of the associated fungus Fusarium sp. SF12 and the host Shiraia sp. S9 is a new technique to improve HA production.

, correspAuthors=Jianwen WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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竹黄是一种传统中药,来源于寄生在竹子上的竹黄属(Shiraia)真菌子实体。竹红菌甲素(hypocrellin A, HA)是竹黄中的活性苝醌成分,是一种具有抗肿瘤、抗菌作用的非卟啉类新型光敏剂。【目的】探讨竹黄菌子实体伴生真菌对宿主竹红菌甲素合成的影响,并构建伴生菌-竹黄菌共培养方法以生产竹红菌甲素。【方法】从竹黄菌子实体中分离得到伴生真菌,采用平板对峙法筛选能够影响竹黄菌竹红菌甲素合成的伴生菌株,比较活性菌株胞内及胞外成分对竹红菌甲素的诱导作用,并建立与优化伴生菌-竹黄菌共培养技术。【结果】从竹黄菌子实体中分离得到34株真菌,包括6株竹黄菌和28株伴生真菌。镰孢菌(Fusarium sp.) SF12及其胞外多糖具有促进竹红菌甲素合成的能力。镰孢菌SF12对竹黄菌(Shiraia sp.) S9的生长无显著影响,但可通过上调竹黄菌中竹红菌甲素合成的关键酶基因转录水平,促进竹红菌甲素的合成。在竹黄菌培养24 h后加入镰孢菌SF12孢子(100个/mL),竹红菌甲素的总产量在第8天达到209.46 mg/L,是对照组的1.93倍。【结论】竹黄菌子实体中存在丰富的伴生真菌,伴生镰孢菌SF12与宿主竹黄菌的共培养是一种提高竹红菌甲素生物技术生产的新型诱导技术。

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作者贡献声明

郑丽屏:研究构思和设计、数据收集和处理、论文撰写和修改;季红瑶:实验操作、数据收集、处理和论文撰写;周建芹:论文讨论、技术支持、论文撰写和修改;王剑文:方案设计、项目指导。

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Keyword(id=1227303253763867088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=竹红菌甲素), Keyword(id=1227303253877113306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=共培养)], refs=[Reference(id=1227303259300348642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=61, issue=6, pageStart=529, pageEnd=539, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=DIWU Z, journalName=Photochemistry and Photobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DIWU Z. 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A: Shiraia strain (No. 9) and other samples of the associated fungi (No. 8, 10, 17, 27, and 34) isolated from the fruiting bodies; B: Scheme of the in vitro confrontation assay between Shiraia host and the associated fungus in the fruiting body., figureFileSmall=JaftZw8ONWq+UQ5DTDOkjg==, figureFileBig=gbQaoJL0LSa+nq4oOPHQYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303254409789978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, label=图2, caption=竹黄菌子实体内伴生真菌及其与宿主真菌共培养图示。A:从子实体中分离得到竹黄菌(No. 9)和部分伴生真菌菌株(No. 8、10、17、27和34);B:宿主竹黄菌和伴生菌平板对峙法筛选图示。, figureFileSmall=JaftZw8ONWq+UQ5DTDOkjg==, figureFileBig=gbQaoJL0LSa+nq4oOPHQYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303254653059615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of the associated fungi on fungal growth and HA production of Shiraia sp. S9. A: Effect on dry biomass; B: Effect on HA content in mycelium; C: Effect on the released HA in cultural broth; D: Effect on total HA production in mycelium culture. Different letters above the bars mean significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=6qWGimJyY9604Wq/AKIkKQ==, figureFileBig=HkdLpXW8hvMmiZtbNT8MFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255022158378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, label=图3, caption=伴生真菌对竹黄菌生长及HA合成的影响。A:生物量;B:菌丝HA浓度;C:外泌HA浓度;D:HA总产量。, figureFileSmall=6qWGimJyY9604Wq/AKIkKQ==, figureFileBig=HkdLpXW8hvMmiZtbNT8MFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255202513460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of different fractions from Fusarium sp. SF12 on growth and HA biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. S9. A: Effect on fungal biomass; B: Effect on mycelial HA contents; C: Effect on the released HA in cultural broth; D: Effect on total HA production in mycelium culture. Values are mean±SD from three independent experiments. Different letters above the bars mean significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=P19LUI6BZBy0oSjo2l8c8Q==, figureFileBig=vh6HmGGyE1rp8WrAAScySg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255336731195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, label=图4, caption=镰孢菌SF12不同成分对竹黄菌生长及HA合成的影响。A:竹黄菌生物量;B:菌丝HA合成浓度;C:HA外泌浓度;D:HA总产量。, figureFileSmall=P19LUI6BZBy0oSjo2l8c8Q==, figureFileBig=vh6HmGGyE1rp8WrAAScySg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255559029317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of the inoculation of Fusarium sp. SF12 on pH value (A) and residue glucose content (B) in the cultural medium of Shiraia sp. S9. Values are mean±SD from triple independent experiments., figureFileSmall=p3GYIknilE+hpsNQZSWjyQ==, figureFileBig=8r3Ann1fhDPkgAQudwr0ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255684858444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, label=图5, caption=镰孢菌SF12共培养对竹黄菌S9培养基pH(A)和残糖浓度(B)的影响, figureFileSmall=p3GYIknilE+hpsNQZSWjyQ==, figureFileBig=8r3Ann1fhDPkgAQudwr0ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255802298966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effect of the inoculation of Fusarium sp. SF12 on the biosynthesis of hypocrellin A of Shiraia sp. S9. A: Schematic representation of Shiraia hypocrellin A biosynthesis (PKS: Polyketide synthase; Omef: O-methyltransferase; FAD: FAD/FMN-dependent oxidoreductase; Mono: Monooxygenase; MCO: Multicopper oxidase); B: The expression levels of key genes for HA biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. S9 with co-culture of Fusarium sp. SF12. Values are mean±SD from triple experiments. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=MjRF/WIBemd/4t2+EwD85A==, figureFileBig=Ahjc/UHB5zfbsoQC4M8iTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303255915545185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, label=图6, caption=镰孢菌SF12共培养对竹黄菌S9竹红菌甲素合成的影响。A:竹红菌甲素合成路径示意图;B:HA合成酶基因表达。, figureFileSmall=MjRF/WIBemd/4t2+EwD85A==, figureFileBig=Ahjc/UHB5zfbsoQC4M8iTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303256049762922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effects of Fusarium sp. SF12 at different inoculation concentrations on growth and HA biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. S9. A: Effect on mycelium dry biomass; B: Effect on HA content in mycelium; C: Effect on released HA in culture broth; D: Effect on total HA production in mycelium culture. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=gAPYS+qgoLmbVvgq+JKl6w==, figureFileBig=2gurWNMDfomXmi+qi10u1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303256200757873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, label=图7, caption=镰孢菌SF12孢子浓度对竹黄菌生长及HA合成的影响。A:竹黄菌生物量;B:HA胞内合成浓度;C:胞外分泌HA浓度;D:HA总产量。, figureFileSmall=gAPYS+qgoLmbVvgq+JKl6w==, figureFileBig=2gurWNMDfomXmi+qi10u1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303257631015546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effects of the addition time of Fusarium sp. SF12 on growth and HA biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. S9. A: Effect on mycelium biomass; B: Effect on HA content in mycelium; C: Effect on released HA in culture broth; D: Effect on total HA production in mycelium culture. Different letters above the bars mean significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=OvXDDbQ6qS7hEpJuBXERKw==, figureFileBig=/uuIcnEvuIb7KMHfxQSH8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303257752650367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, label=图8, caption=镰孢菌SF12接入时间对竹黄菌生长及HA合成的影响。A:竹黄菌生物量;B:HA胞内合成浓度;C:胞外分泌HA浓度;D:HA总产量。, figureFileSmall=OvXDDbQ6qS7hEpJuBXERKw==, figureFileBig=/uuIcnEvuIb7KMHfxQSH8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303257899451017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=The changes of the growth and HA biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. S9 in the co-culture with Fusarium sp. SF12. A: The change of mycelium biomass; B: The change of HA content in mycelium; C: The change of released HA in culture broth; D: The change of total HA production (D). Values are mean±SD from triple experiments. *: P<0.05, **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=p8M1/xZ1P44dapFcyQ8RZA==, figureFileBig=KF37DpXNIdexD5i1tHGSKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303258004308627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, label=图9, caption=镰孢菌SF12与竹黄菌S9共培养时竹黄菌生长及HA合成的变化。A:竹黄菌生物量;B:HA胞内合成浓度;C:胞外分泌HA浓度;D:HA总产量。, figureFileSmall=p8M1/xZ1P44dapFcyQ8RZA==, figureFileBig=KF37DpXNIdexD5i1tHGSKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227303258151109275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The isolates from Shiraia fruiting bodies and the HA production in the plate inoculated with Shiraia host (No. 9) and the associated fungus respectively

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain No.

Fungal species and accession number

of the nearest match

Identity

(%)

Query coverage

(%)

Co-culture with No. 9
HA contents (mg/plate)
1Shiraia sp. Z3 (JN198483.1)9997-
3Shiraia sp. A8 (FJ560594.1)9998-
9Shiraia sp. S9 (MF062656.1)1001000.55±0.04
14Shiraia sp. isolate TY1-2 (MH059549.1)9990-
23Shiraia sp. ML-2004 (AY425966.2)9999-
25Shiraia sp. isolate L34 (MH237669.1)9998-
19Aspergillus niger isolate SOS2 (MK543209.1)98100ND
17Paecilomyces sp. strain BCC84310 (MF780707.1)99100ND
21Nigrospora chinensis strain LC2696 (KX985947.1)99990.20±0.05**
24Colletotrichum sp. JP163 (AB255291.1)98960.21±0.07**
7Pleosporales sp. zzz1429 (HQ696060.1)99990.33±0.05**
10Cladosporium sp. strain AX17 (MH884140.1)99950.33±0.03**
18Arthrinium arundinis isolate B106-17 (MN313263.1)98980.38±0.06*
20Arthrinium sp. strain CS06 (KX015984.1)99970.38±0.03*
31Colletotrichum strain MAFF 241876 (AB738858.1)98950.43±0.05*
27Talaromyces marneffei isolate M7L (MF687277.1)100990.45±0.02*
2Trametes versicolor isolate 5 (KC461299.1)95990.63±0.02**
6Arthrinium sp. LH52 (HQ832803.1)99990.66±0.04*
33Phanerochaete sordida isolate T8 (JN253600.1)991000.71±0.03*
28Pleosporales sp. DX-FOR1 (KC871044.1)99990.72±0.05*
26Xylariales sp. GT2 (KJ636464.1)99980.76±0.02**
22Panus lecomtei strain HHB-9614 (KP135329.1)100990.93±0.07**
34Arthrinium sp. strain 2-1 (KX378907.1)991001.04±0.06**
5Penicillium sp. BAB-5444 (KT355727.1)99991.07±0.33**
8Phanerochaete sordida strain A0595 (KF494816.1)99981.13±0.37**
4Talaromyces marneffei strain LCC17 (KF990134.1)99991.17±0.13**
13Lecanicillium psalliotae (KR866082.1)98981.18±0.16**
29Nigrospora sp. TPL17 (KJ863499.1)99991.28±0.20**
12Fusarium sp. strain AX16 (MH884139.1)98971.39±0.38**
32Coprinellus radians strain DUCC5167 (MH844772.1)99991.96±0.23**
15Trametes versicolor (GQ411515.1)99981.99±0.15**
30Phanerochaete sordida strain ASD (KP986963.1)99962.12±0.82**
16Bjerkandera sp. PTY1 (KF208520.1)99992.52±0.14**
11Polyporus arcularius strain OC31 (KR183787.1)99982.69±0.20**
), ArticleFig(id=1227303258293715625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226598457352307217, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分离自竹黄菌子实体的伴生真菌及其对竹红菌甲素合成的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain No.

Fungal species and accession number

of the nearest match

Identity

(%)

Query coverage

(%)

Co-culture with No. 9
HA contents (mg/plate)
1Shiraia sp. Z3 (JN198483.1)9997-
3Shiraia sp. A8 (FJ560594.1)9998-
9Shiraia sp. S9 (MF062656.1)1001000.55±0.04
14Shiraia sp. isolate TY1-2 (MH059549.1)9990-
23Shiraia sp. ML-2004 (AY425966.2)9999-
25Shiraia sp. isolate L34 (MH237669.1)9998-
19Aspergillus niger isolate SOS2 (MK543209.1)98100ND
17Paecilomyces sp. strain BCC84310 (MF780707.1)99100ND
21Nigrospora chinensis strain LC2696 (KX985947.1)99990.20±0.05**
24Colletotrichum sp. JP163 (AB255291.1)98960.21±0.07**
7Pleosporales sp. zzz1429 (HQ696060.1)99990.33±0.05**
10Cladosporium sp. strain AX17 (MH884140.1)99950.33±0.03**
18Arthrinium arundinis isolate B106-17 (MN313263.1)98980.38±0.06*
20Arthrinium sp. strain CS06 (KX015984.1)99970.38±0.03*
31Colletotrichum strain MAFF 241876 (AB738858.1)98950.43±0.05*
27Talaromyces marneffei isolate M7L (MF687277.1)100990.45±0.02*
2Trametes versicolor isolate 5 (KC461299.1)95990.63±0.02**
6Arthrinium sp. LH52 (HQ832803.1)99990.66±0.04*
33Phanerochaete sordida isolate T8 (JN253600.1)991000.71±0.03*
28Pleosporales sp. DX-FOR1 (KC871044.1)99990.72±0.05*
26Xylariales sp. GT2 (KJ636464.1)99980.76±0.02**
22Panus lecomtei strain HHB-9614 (KP135329.1)100990.93±0.07**
34Arthrinium sp. strain 2-1 (KX378907.1)991001.04±0.06**
5Penicillium sp. BAB-5444 (KT355727.1)99991.07±0.33**
8Phanerochaete sordida strain A0595 (KF494816.1)99981.13±0.37**
4Talaromyces marneffei strain LCC17 (KF990134.1)99991.17±0.13**
13Lecanicillium psalliotae (KR866082.1)98981.18±0.16**
29Nigrospora sp. TPL17 (KJ863499.1)99991.28±0.20**
12Fusarium sp. strain AX16 (MH884139.1)98971.39±0.38**
32Coprinellus radians strain DUCC5167 (MH844772.1)99991.96±0.23**
15Trametes versicolor (GQ411515.1)99981.99±0.15**
30Phanerochaete sordida strain ASD (KP986963.1)99962.12±0.82**
16Bjerkandera sp. PTY1 (KF208520.1)99992.52±0.14**
11Polyporus arcularius strain OC31 (KR183787.1)99982.69±0.20**
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竹黄伴生真菌对竹红菌甲素合成的调控作用
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郑丽屏 1 , 季红瑶 2 , 周建芹 2 , 王剑文 2, *
微生物学报 | 微生物资源开发与应用 2025,65(4): 1758-1773
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微生物学报 | 微生物资源开发与应用 2025, 65(4): 1758-1773
竹黄伴生真菌对竹红菌甲素合成的调控作用
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郑丽屏1, 季红瑶2, 周建芹2, 王剑文2, *
作者信息
  • 1.苏州大学 金螳螂建筑学院,江苏 苏州
  • 2.苏州大学 药学院,江苏 苏州
Shiraia fruiting body-associated fungi regulate the biosynthesis of hypocrellin A
Liping ZHENG1, Hongyao JI2, Jianqin ZHOU2, Jianwen WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2025-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250009
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竹黄是一种传统中药,来源于寄生在竹子上的竹黄属(Shiraia)真菌子实体。竹红菌甲素(hypocrellin A, HA)是竹黄中的活性苝醌成分,是一种具有抗肿瘤、抗菌作用的非卟啉类新型光敏剂。【目的】探讨竹黄菌子实体伴生真菌对宿主竹红菌甲素合成的影响,并构建伴生菌-竹黄菌共培养方法以生产竹红菌甲素。【方法】从竹黄菌子实体中分离得到伴生真菌,采用平板对峙法筛选能够影响竹黄菌竹红菌甲素合成的伴生菌株,比较活性菌株胞内及胞外成分对竹红菌甲素的诱导作用,并建立与优化伴生菌-竹黄菌共培养技术。【结果】从竹黄菌子实体中分离得到34株真菌,包括6株竹黄菌和28株伴生真菌。镰孢菌(Fusarium sp.) SF12及其胞外多糖具有促进竹红菌甲素合成的能力。镰孢菌SF12对竹黄菌(Shiraia sp.) S9的生长无显著影响,但可通过上调竹黄菌中竹红菌甲素合成的关键酶基因转录水平,促进竹红菌甲素的合成。在竹黄菌培养24 h后加入镰孢菌SF12孢子(100个/mL),竹红菌甲素的总产量在第8天达到209.46 mg/L,是对照组的1.93倍。【结论】竹黄菌子实体中存在丰富的伴生真菌,伴生镰孢菌SF12与宿主竹黄菌的共培养是一种提高竹红菌甲素生物技术生产的新型诱导技术。

竹黄菌  /  子实体  /  伴生真菌  /  竹红菌甲素  /  共培养

The fruiting bodies of fungi of genus Shiraia inhabiting bamboo have a medicinal use in traditional Chinese medicine. Hypocrellin A (HA), the main bioactive perylenequinone pigment from S. bambusicola fruiting bodies is a novel non-porphyrin photosensitizer with antitumor and antimicrobial properties. [Objective] To investigate the effects of Shiraia fruiting body-associated fungi on HA biosynthesis and develop a co-culture method for enhancing HA production. [Methods] Shiraia fruiting body-associated fungi were isolated and the strains influencing HA biosynthesis were screened by a plate confrontation assay. The effects of intracellular and extracellular metabolites of the strains on HA production were evaluated. A co-culture system for Shiraia sp. S9 and associated fungi was established and optimized for enhancing HA production. [Results] There were 34 fungal strains including 6 host Shiraia strains isolated from the fruiting bodies. Among them, Fusarium sp. SF12 and its extracellular polysaccharides significantly promoted HA biosynthesis. Fusarium sp. SF12 did not noticeably affect the growth of Shiraia sp. S9 but regulated HA synthesis by upregulating the transcription levels of key enzyme genes involved in HA biosynthesis. The total HA yield was enhanced to 209.46 mg/L on day 8 after adding spores (100 cell/mL) from Fusarium sp. SF12 to the Shiraia culture at the time point of 24 h, which was 1.93 times that of the control. [Conclusion] There are diverse fungi in Shiraia fruiting bodies. The co-culture of the associated fungus Fusarium sp. SF12 and the host Shiraia sp. S9 is a new technique to improve HA production.

Shiraia  /  fruiting bodies  /  associated fungi  /  hypocrellin A  /  co-culture
郑丽屏, 季红瑶, 周建芹, 王剑文. 竹黄伴生真菌对竹红菌甲素合成的调控作用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (4) : 1758 -1773 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250009
Liping ZHENG, Hongyao JI, Jianqin ZHOU, Jianwen WANG. Shiraia fruiting body-associated fungi regulate the biosynthesis of hypocrellin A[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (4) : 1758 -1773 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250009
竹黄属(Shiraia)真菌是侵染短穗竹属(Brachystachyum)植物的子囊菌,竹黄菌发育形成的粉红色、瘤状龟裂的子实体(图1A)又名竹黄、竹花[1-2],具活血化瘀、通经活络的功效,民间常将其用于治疗虚寒胃痛、风湿性关节炎、气管炎等症,是重要的中药资源。竹红菌甲素(hypocrellin A, HA) (图1B)是竹黄菌的主要苝醌类成分[3],是我国科学工作者发现的一种新型非卟啉类天然光敏剂,已成功研制为临床上使用的竹红菌素软膏,治疗外阴白色病损等皮肤病[4-5]。HA吸收光谱广,光照下单线态活性氧产率高,暗毒性低、代谢速率高。在致病真菌、病毒及肿瘤的光化学疗法以及光敏性生物农药的研发中具有重要的应用潜力[6]。然而,竹黄仅分布于我国云南、浙江、安徽等地,其生长季节为每年的春夏季(3-6月),且竹黄的人工栽培尚未见成功报道。另一方面,竹红菌甲素在竹黄中含量较低,其结构复杂导致化学合成步骤长、催化困难[7]。目前,采摘收集的野生竹黄仍是竹红菌甲素的主要来源,其产量无法满足医药行业的需求。
与植物内生菌的研究相比,目前关于子实体内微生物菌群的报道还较为少见。野生竹黄菌子实体中存在着丰富多样的非宿主微生物,Ma等[8]分离得到芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)等31株伴生细菌。李强等[9]从翘鳞肉齿菌子实体中分离得到属于14个属的26株真菌,其中假单胞菌属真菌约占分离总数的26.9%。毛霉(Mucor)、赤霉(Gibberellins)、交链孢霉(Alternaria)、双足囊菌(Dipodascus)分离自干巴菌(Thelephoar ganbajun)子实体[10]。王冉等[11]从昆明市嵩明县和楚雄彝族自治州禄丰县采集的8个干巴菌子实体中共分离得到114株真菌,其中62%的真菌属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。Yurkov等[12]从2种牛肝菌子实体中分离出17株酵母菌,这些伴生酵母菌会影响子实体的发育。灵芝菌丝可以与伴生真菌菌丝交织、扭结生长,表现出较为亲密的共生关系,且并无显著的排斥作用[13]。猪苓菌[Grifola umbellata (Pers.) Pilat]与伴生真菌在共培养第20天后,相互接触形成拮抗线,阻止对方菌丝的侵入。然而,在蜜环菌(Armillariella mellea)侵染猪苓菌的过程中,伴生菌起到了一定的促进作用[14]。此外,Ma等[15]将从竹黄子实体中分离得到3株假单胞菌加入到竹黄菌菌丝培养体系中,均能显著促进竹红菌素的产量。目前,关于竹黄菌子实体内伴生真菌的研究尚未见报道,且子实体内伴生菌与宿主真菌在次生代谢上的关系研究也较为少见。本研究从野生竹黄中分离获得伴生真菌,并通过拮抗实验和共培养方法考察了伴生真菌与宿主竹黄菌在生长和竹红菌甲素合成上的关系,筛选获得能够诱导、刺激宿主竹红菌甲素合成的共培养方法以期为子实体伴生真菌调控宿主真菌次生代谢能力提供线索,也为苝醌类光敏药物——竹红菌甲素的生物技术生产提供新的诱导技术。
2016年6-7月,于浙江省杭州市临安区天目山短穗竹(B. densiflorum)林地(3个100 m2)上随机采集竹黄子实体样本(30个),并将其密封于冰袋中。在实验室中,对竹黄子实体进行表面灭菌,参照Cheng等[16]的方法分离竹黄菌子实体内的真菌,并进行纯化培养,直至获得性状稳定的单一菌落(图2A)。宿主竹黄菌菌株(Shiraia sp.) S9的中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心编号为CGMCC 16369。
使用马铃薯-葡萄糖-琼脂(PDA)培养基进行平板培养,平板放置在黑暗条件下28 ℃培养6 d。
使用装有50 mL液体发酵培养基[16]的150 mL锥形培养瓶,28 ℃、150 r/min振荡培养8-10 d。
菌株在PDA平板上28 ℃培养6-8 d后,拍照记录菌落形态。使用真菌特异性引物ITS-1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′)和ITS-4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′)扩增ITS区,采用邻接法(neighbor-joining method)构建系统发育树[17]
参考Qian等的平板对峙法[18]构建共培养筛选平板(图2)。将竹黄菌S9菌株与无菌琼脂块分别接种于PDA平板,作为空白对照。
在竹黄菌培养3 d时,将伴生真菌的孢子(60个/mL)加入,待竹黄菌培养8 d后,检测生物量及HA产量。以加入等体积无菌双蒸水作为对照组。
参考王剑文等[19]报道的内生菌诱导子制备方法提取伴生真菌诱导活性成分。分别收集胞内多糖(intracellular polysaccharides, IPS)和胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)。用3倍体积的乙酸乙酯对真菌发酵液进行萃取,得到胞外乙酸乙酯提取物(extracellular ethyl acetate extracts, EEa)。用10倍体积的乙酸乙酯、石油醚和乙醇对烘干菌丝进行超声提取(1 h),分别得到菌丝石油醚提取物(petroleum ether extracts, IPe)、氯仿提取物(chloroform extracts, ICh)和乙醇提取物(ethanol extracts, EtOH)。竹黄菌液体摇瓶培养3 d后,分别加入真菌SF12孢子(SP,50个/mL)及各提取物。竹黄菌培养8 d后,收获菌丝。竹黄菌单培对照组中加入等体积乙醇水溶液。
竹黄菌液体培养的第3天,将镰孢菌SF12孢子按浓度(6-140)×104个/L加入到竹黄菌丝培养中,竹黄菌培养8 d后,收获菌丝。竹黄菌单培养中加入等体积无菌双蒸水作为对照组。
在竹黄菌液体培养过程中,分别在每天相同时间向竹黄菌单培养摇瓶中加入镰孢菌SF12孢子(100个/mL),竹黄菌培养8 d后,收获菌丝。对照组为未加入镰孢菌SF12孢子的竹黄菌培养组。
在竹黄菌菌丝液体培养过程中测定培养液的pH值,并根据硫酸-蒽酮法[20]测定培养液中的残糖浓度。
采用高效液相色谱系统(安捷伦科技有限公司),根据Sun等[21]报道的HA提取及高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测方法测定菌丝及培养液中的HA含量。
将竹黄菌菌丝用液氮研磨成粉末,提取竹黄菌的总RNA。根据Lei等[22]的研究选择竹红菌甲素合成关键酶基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR仪(Bio-Rad公司)进行测定,采用2 -ΔΔCt方法计算基因表达相对量。
实验对照组和处理组均为3次重复(每次重复至少3个平行组实验,n≥3)。实验数据以平均数±标准差表示,采用Student’s t-test检验分析实验结果,*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01。采用one-way ANOVA分析实验结果,小写字母表示不同处理组之间的差异显著性(P<0.05)。
从竹黄菌新鲜子实体中共分离出34株真菌菌株。通过ITS序列鉴定和显微形态观察发现,这些真菌分属2门7纲9目9科和9属(表1),其中子囊菌门为主要类群,约占73.5%。主要的真菌属为竹黄属,约占26.5%。表2中的1、3、9、14、24和25号为分离得到的6株竹黄属真菌。其中,产竹红菌素的竹黄菌(Shiraia sp.) S9的分子鉴定及其竹红菌甲素合成能力已在本课题组Ma等[15]的研究中进行了报道。本研究以该菌株为宿主菌,探讨子实体伴生菌对宿主竹红菌甲素合成的影响。其余28株为伴生真菌,其中隶属于子囊菌纲炭角菌目的节菱孢属(Arthrinium)约占11.8%。此外,本研究还分离出9株担子菌,包括3株平革菌属(Phanerochaete)、2株栓菌属(Trametes)和4株其他属的真菌(表1)[23]
将28株伴生真菌分别与竹黄菌S9进行平板对峙筛选(表1图3)。结果显示,伴生菌对竹红菌甲素合成的影响存在显著差异。其中,10株伴生真菌(7、10、17、18、19、20、21、24、27和31号)显著抑制了HA的合成。竹黄菌S9在与17号或19号真菌共培养时,HA合成则完全被抑制。其他伴生菌在平板上与竹黄菌S9共培养时,均显著促进了HA的积累。进一步选取具有诱导作用的11、12、15、16和30号伴生真菌进行液体发酵共培养实验,将伴生菌孢子(6×104个/L)加入到已培养3 d的竹黄菌菌丝液体培养中,继续培养5 d。结果如图3所示,伴生真菌(11、12和15号)对竹黄菌生长无显著影响,而16号和30号真菌则显著抑制了竹黄菌的生长(图3A)。同时,12号和15号真菌显著促进了胞内HA的合成(图3B),而11号和12号真菌显著提高了竹黄菌S9外排HA到培养基的能力(图3C)。综合考虑对竹黄菌生长及竹红菌甲素合成和分泌的影响,12号真菌对HA总产量的促进效果最好,可使HA产量提高至对照组的1.56倍。12号真菌为镰孢菌(Fusarium sp.) SF12,后续研究针对该菌进行诱导活性成分的研究和液体菌丝共培养技术的优化。
为了进一步探讨镰孢菌(Fusarium sp.) SF12对宿主竹黄菌竹红菌甲素合成的诱导成分及机制,提取了镰孢菌SF12的菌丝多糖以及小极性溶液(乙酸乙酯、石油醚提取物及氯仿)提取物,比较这些提取物成分和活菌共培养(SP)对竹黄菌HA产量的影响。结果显示,各处理对竹黄菌的生物量无显著影响(图4A)。EPS处理、镰孢菌SF12活菌共培养(SP)和菌丝乙酸乙酯提取物(IEa)能显著促进竹黄菌胞内HA的产量,而培养液乙酸乙酯提取物(EEa)则抑制了HA的合成(图4B)。同时,镰孢菌SF12共培养(SP)、EPS和菌丝氯仿提取物(ICh)促进了HA向胞外的分泌,而EtOH、EEa和IPe则显著抑制了HA的分泌(图4C)。结合生物量、胞内合成和外泌的变化,镰孢菌SF12活菌共培养和胞外多糖对HA总产量具有显著的促进作用(图4D),镰孢菌SF12活菌共培养可使HA的总产量提高至157.23 mg/L,比竹黄菌单培养对照提高了45.95%。
在培养过程中,培养液pH值维持在6.0-8.0,竹黄菌菌丝培养液的pH值未有显著变化(图5A)。同时,共培养也未影响竹黄菌培养基中糖的利用,镰孢菌SF12共培养后的残糖浓度与单培养对照无显著差异(图5B)。
为了探讨共培养促进HA合成的机制,选择了前期通过转录组分析[22]和基因组分析[24-25]挖掘出的HA合成关键酶基因:FAD氧化还原酶(FAD)、聚酮合酶(PKS)、MFS转运蛋白(MFS)、单加氧酶(Mono)、氧甲基转移酶(Omef)、多铜氧化酶(MCO)和锌指转录因子(ZFTF)基因(图6A),并考察了共培养对其表达的影响。结果显示,镰孢菌SF12处理(48 h)上调了HA合成相关酶基因的表达水平(2.25-3.34倍) (图6B),表明镰孢菌SF12可通过基因转录水平调控竹黄菌HA的合成。
为了优化镰孢菌SF12与竹黄菌S9共培养促进HA合成的条件,首先筛选了接入镰孢菌SF12的孢子数量。第3天加入镰孢菌SF12的孢子,对竹黄菌的生长无显著影响(图7A)。镰孢菌SF12孢子数量达到20-100个/mL时,显著促进了竹黄菌菌丝HA的合成(图7B),同时,竹黄菌增加了HA向菌丝外分泌(图7C)。当接入的孢子数量为100个/mL时,HA的总产量达到156.12 mg/mL,是对照组的1.43倍(图7D)。
当接入镰孢菌SF12孢子浓度为100个/mL时,探讨了不同接入时间点对竹黄菌S9合成HA的影响。在竹黄菌培养开始时加入镰孢菌SF12孢子(图8A,第0天),竹黄菌的初始生长被显著抑制了;而从培养24 h后开始加入镰孢菌SF12孢子(图8A,第1-7天),竹黄菌的生长并未受到镰孢菌SF12的影响。然而,竹黄菌胞内HA的合成则受到镰孢菌SF12孢子加入(第1-3天)的显著促进(图8B)。同时,镰孢菌SF12孢子的加入还能促进HA的菌丝外分泌 (图8C)。综合生物量、HA合成和外泌情况,选择在竹黄菌培养1 d后加入SF12孢子,此时HA的总产量可达191.62 mg/mL (图8D)。因此,镰孢菌SF12与竹黄菌S9共培养时孢子接入的优化条件为:在竹黄菌培养24 h后加入镰孢菌SF12孢子(100个/mL)。在10 d的培养过程中(图9),镰孢菌SF12孢子的加入显著促进了HA的产量(包括胞内产量和胞外产量),竹黄菌S9与镰孢菌SF12的共培使HA的总产量在第8天达到209.46 mg/L,是竹黄菌S9单培养对照组的1.93倍。
内生真菌在植物寄主的生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用,能够促进植物生长、提高植物抗逆、抗病性[26]。由于与植物长期共存并协同进化,许多内生真菌还具备产生与宿主植物相同或相似次生代谢物的能力[27-28]。目前,对大型真菌子实体内部菌群的生理功能的研究鲜有报道。许多食用和药用真菌的生活史复杂,在其生长过程,有特定的环境或伴生、寄生的生物种类要求。掌握它们的伴生菌群落多样性及分布,可为野生真菌的人工栽培提供重要线索。近年来,许多大型食用和药用真菌子实体中的伴生真菌陆续被发现并报道,例如影响宿主生长的干巴菌和牛肝菌中的伴生真菌[11-12]。冬虫夏草的伴生菌——皮落青霉(Penicillium crustosum)能够合成具有抗菌活性的苯二氮卓类、吲哚二萜类和喹诺酮类生物碱[29]。Splivallo等[30]从松露(Tuber borchii)子实体中分离出的α-和β-变形菌可以将一些非挥发性前体物质转化为松露子实体香气中的噻吩衍生物。本研究从竹黄菌子实体中分离得到的34株伴生真菌主要属于节菱孢属(约占11.8%)和平革菌属(约占8.8%) (表2)。Shen等[31]从毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)种子中分离出350株真菌,其中分布较多的属为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、竹黄菌属(Shiraia)、弯孢霉属(Curvularia)、镰孢菌属(Fusarium)和节菱孢属(Arthrinium)。相比之下,从水竹(P. heteroclada)的枝叶中分离出属于14个属的127个真菌菌株,优势菌为节菱孢属和拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis) [32]。由此可见,竹黄菌子实体的伴生菌与竹子内生真菌之间存在一定相关性。尽管部分子实体伴生菌对竹红菌甲素合成具有抑制作用,但在本研究分离的伴生菌中,有18株伴生菌在平板对峙实验中表现出对竹黄菌竹红菌甲素合成的促进作用(表2),结合伴生菌对竹黄菌生长和竹红菌甲素菌丝外泌的影响(图3),筛选出对竹红菌甲素产量具有显著诱导作用的伴生菌——镰孢菌(Fusarium sp.) SF12。本研究报道了竹黄菌子实体中伴生真菌的多样性和对竹红菌甲素合成的调控作用。
本研究提取了活性镰孢菌SF12的胞内及胞外几种不同极性的提取物,发现对HA合成诱导效果显著的是镰孢菌SF12活菌共培养及其胞外多糖(图4),真菌菌丝及胞外多糖作为诱导子调控植物次生代谢物已有报道[33]。Du等[34]发现黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)菌丝寡糖(50 μg/mL)可以促进竹黄菌(S. bambusicola)竹红菌素的生产。苎麻疫霉(Phytophthora boehmeriae)胞外蛋白PB90 (5 nmol/L)可以将竹黄菌(S. bambusicola)竹红菌素的产量提高2.5-4.5倍[35]。在本课题组Zhou等[36]和Li等[37]的研究中,竹黄伴生细菌黄褐假单胞菌(P. fulva) SB1可以通过胞外多糖(EPS)和细胞壁脂多糖(LPS)促进竹黄菌S9竹红菌甲素的生物合成。具有诱导活性的黄褐假单胞菌胞外多糖EPS-1的分子量为92.1 kDa,其主链由→2)-α-D-Manp-(1→组成,支链包含α-D-Manp-(1→和α-D-Manp-(1→6)-β-D-Glcp -(1→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→,含有37个重复单元,与其他假单胞菌分离的胞外多糖结构不同[36]。活性脂多糖中O多糖的分子量为282.8 kDa,其主链由→3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→、→2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→、→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→和→3,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→组成,具有1个支链结构,支链连接在→3,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→的O-4位置,含有→2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→和→3)-β-D-GalpNAc-(1→[37]。脂多糖类脂A的脂肪酸组成主要为十六烷酸、3-羟基癸酸、顺式-9-十八碳烯酸、十五烯酸、十八烷酸和十四烷酸[37]。镰孢菌SF12胞外多糖的结构值得进一步解析,并与上述报道的具有诱导活性的细菌多糖进行构效比较。除了具有诱导活性的胞外多糖,镰孢菌SF12菌丝乙酸乙酯提取物(IEa)和氯仿提取物(ICh)也能促进竹黄菌HA的产量(图4D),表明镰孢菌SF12还可以合成一些极性较小的代谢物来调节HA的合成。镰孢菌SF12共培养处理促进了HA生物合成过程相关的关键酶基因的表达(图6)。已有的报道表明,竹红菌素合成基因簇受到非生物(如超声[21]和表面活性剂[22])及生物诱导(如伴生细菌[8]、胞外多糖[36]和脂多糖[37])的调控,构成基因簇的这些关键酶基因对诱导因子响应各不相同,镰孢菌SF12可能通过胞外多糖诱导竹红菌甲素合成关键酶基因的表达,从而促进HA的合成产量。多铜氧化酶(MCO)可能通过催化蒽醌类前体的聚合参与竹红菌甲素的合成。Deng等[38]在竹黄菌(Shiraia sp.) SUPER-H168中过表达MCO,提高了该菌株的HA产量。尽管镰孢菌SF12共培养处理抑制了MCO的表达量,但竹红菌甲素代谢基因簇中其他关键酶基因的转录水平均受到诱导促进,有关MCO与其他基因的协同作用机制尚需进一步探讨。
微生物共培养是一种将2种或多种微生物放在一起共同培养的方法。该方法试图模拟微生物在群落中共存的生态环境,通过微生物间的互作关系来刺激、促进或沉默生物合成基因的表达,从而提高活性次生代谢产物的产量或产生新的代谢物,属于通过改变微生物生长条件或培养基以实现单菌株多产物的策略之一[39]。青霉菌Penicillium commune GHAIE86与白腐真菌Funalia floccosa LPSC 232共培养可以提高漆酶的产量[40];黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)与米曲霉(A. oryzae)共培养可以提高胞外酶(β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-半乳糖苷酶和α-纤维素二糖水解酶)的产量[41]。Yan等[42]比较了分离自苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)的17株内生真菌对竹黄菌菌丝发酵培养中竹红菌素产量的影响,筛选出具有显著活性的菌株——节菱孢霉属真菌Arthrinium sp. AF-5。本研究筛选并优化了竹黄子实体伴生镰孢菌(Fusarium sp.) SF12与竹黄菌(Shiraia sp.) S9的共培养方法(图7图8),HA的总产量达到209.46 mg/L(图9)。与已报道的提高竹黄菌菌丝培养中竹红菌素产量的方法(如光照、表面活性剂处理、超声诱导等)相比[43],真菌共培养方法无须增加任何物理或化学处理设备,是一种简单易行且高效的诱导方法,能够显著促进竹红菌甲素的生物技术生产。本研究通过筛选竹黄子实体伴生真菌,不仅为了解子实体伴生菌与宿主在次生代谢上的相互调节提供了线索,而且以伴生菌作为新型生物诱导子,显著提高了蒽醌类光敏药物HA的产量。后续研究中,我们将结合生物反应器技术,探索伴生菌——竹黄菌的大规模共培养生产方法,为新型真菌类光敏药物的开发提供丰富的药物资源。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82073955)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81773696)
  • 江苏省高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)
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2025年第65卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250009
  • 接收时间:2025-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-05
  • 录用日期:2025-02-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82073955)
国家自然科学基金(82073955)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81773696)
国家自然科学基金(81773696)
Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
江苏省高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)
作者信息
    1.苏州大学 金螳螂建筑学院,江苏 苏州
    2.苏州大学 药学院,江苏 苏州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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