Article(id=1226554102444896406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736265600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741536000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-10, onlineDate=1770362886295, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1751558400000, pubDateStr=2025-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770362886295, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770362886295, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770362886295, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226554095926952065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='7', pageStart='2771', pageEnd='3233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770362884741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363575040, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3136, endPage=3149, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226554103917097164, articleId=1226554102444896406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Cytopathic effects and replication kinetics of HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain in cell lines derived from different species, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To study the cytopathic effects (CPE) and replication characteristics of HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain in cell lines derived from different species. [Methods] Thirteen cell lines from humans (MRC-5, HRT-18, Huh7, Huh7.5, RD, and HeLa), non-human primates (LLC-MK2 and Vero), and rodents (17Cl-1, Mv.1Lu, BHK-21, BHK-21-APN, and Neuro 2a) were selected and infected with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain. CPE were observed for several consecutive days. Virus-infected cells and supernatants were collected daily. RT-qPCR was conducted to monitor the changes in viral RNA copy number. The load of viruses with infectious ability was determined based on the tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50), and the kinetic curves of viral replication in different cell lines were established. [Results] Following infection with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain, CPE were observed in all the 13 cell lines. CPE primarily manifested as cell aggregation, shrinkage, rounding, and detachment. CPE appeared early in MRC-5, Mv.1Lu, HeLa, and 17Cl-1 cells, being noticeable within 72 h post-infection (hpi). The virus induced CPE in other cell lines after 120 hpi, and CPE were the mildest in HRT-18 and Huh7.5 cells. RT-qPCR results indicated that the viral RNA copy number increased most significantly within 24 hpi, although the time to reach the peak and the peak copy number varied among cell lines. Specifically, the RNA copy number in Huh7.5 cells reached the peak (107 copies/mL) at 24 hpi, and that in 17Cl-1, BHK-21-APN, Mv.1Lu, and BHK-21 cells reached the peaks (107 to 109 copies/mL) at 48 hpi. In MRC-5, LLC-MK2, Neuro 2a, and Vero cells, the replication peaks (106 to 109 copies/mL) occurred at 72 hpi. In HRT-18, HeLa, Huh7, and RD cells, the viral RNA copy number peaked after 96 hpi, reaching 108 to 109 copies/mL. TCID50 assay results demonstrated rapid viral proliferation within 24 hpi, while the time to reach the peak titer and the peak titers varied. The peak titer (2.68× 107 TCID50/mL) in BHK-21-APN cells was observed at 48 hpi. In BHK-21 and Neuro 2a cells, the peak titers (106 to 107 TCID50/mL) were observed at 72 hpi. In MRC-5, 17Cl-1, HeLa, Huh7, Huh7.5, Mv.1Lu, LLC-MK2, and RD cells, the peak titers (106 to 108 TCID50/mL) were observed at 96 hpi. In Vero cells, the virus strain reached the peak titer (105 TCID50/mL) at 120 hpi, while the strain reached the peak titer of 108 TCID50/mL in HRT-18 cells at 144 hpi. [Conclusion] HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain exhibits a wide spectrum of cell tropism, demonstrating rapid replication and proliferation within 24 hpi across 13 cell lines derived from various species. However, the time to reach the replication peak varied among different cell lines. The highest viral titer achieved was 108 TCID50/mL, observed in MRC-5 and HRT-18 cells. This study provides experimental reference for further investigation of the replication characteristics, infection mechanism, and pathogenicity of HCoV-OC43, as well as for the screening and evaluation of antiviral drugs.

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*E-mail: TAN Wenjie,
HUANG Baoying,
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【目的】 探讨HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在不同种属细胞系中的致细胞病变效应与病毒复制增殖特征。 【方法】 选择来自人源(MRC-5、HRT-18、Huh7、Huh7.5、RD、HeLa)、非人灵长动物(LLC-MK2、Vero)和啮齿类动物(17Cl-1、Mv.1Lu、BHK-21、BHK-21-APN、Neuro 2a)的13种细胞系,将HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染上述细胞系,分别于感染后连续观察细胞病变效应(cytopathic effects, CPE),同时每天收集病毒感染的细胞与上清,通过实时定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, RT-qPCR)监测病毒RNA核酸拷贝数变化,通过病毒半数组织培养感染剂量(tissue culture infectious dose 50%, TCID50)测定具有感染能力的活病毒载量,绘制病毒复制动力学曲线。 【结果】 HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染上述不同种属来源的13种细胞系后均能观察到CPE,主要表现为细胞聚集、皱缩、变圆与脱落等特征;其中,MRC-5、Mv.1Lu、HeLa及17Cl-1 4株细胞CPE出现较快,感染后72 h内即可观察到明显的细胞病变,其他细胞直至感染后120 h才能观察到明显的CPE,且HRT-18与Huh7.5的CPE最轻。RT-qPCR结果表明,病毒感染后的24 h内核酸拷贝数上升最为明显,但达到高峰期的时间与核酸拷贝数不同;其中,感染Huh7.5细胞后24 h达到高峰(107 copies/mL);感染17Cl-1、BHK-21-APN、Mv.1Lu、BHK-21细胞后48 h到达高峰(107-109 copies/mL);感染MRC-5、LLC-MK2、Neuro 2a、Vero 细胞后72 h达到复制高峰(106-109 copies/mL);而感染HRT-18、HeLa、Huh7以及RD细胞后的病毒拷贝数在96 h后才达到高峰(108-109 copies/mL)。TCID50检测结果显示,病毒感染24 h内快速增殖,但达到高峰期的时间与滴度不同;感染BHK-21-APN细胞后48 h达高峰(2.68×107 TCID50/mL);BHK-21、Neuro 2a在感染后72 h达峰值(106-107 TCID50/mL),而MRC-5、17Cl-1、HeLa、Huh7、Huh7.5、Mv.1Lu、LLC-MK2及RD细胞于感染后96 h达到滴度峰值(106-108 TCID50/mL),Vero细胞至感染后120 h到达峰值(105 TCID50/mL),而HRT-18细胞则在感染后144 h达到峰值(108 TCID50/mL)。 【结论】 HCoV-OC43 VR1558株具有较广泛的细胞感染谱,病毒感染不同种属来源13株细胞系后均能在24 h内快速复制增殖,但达到高峰期的时间不同。最高感染滴度可达到108 TCID50/mL (在MRC-5和HRT-18 细胞)。该研究为深入开展人冠状病毒OC43的复制特征、感染致病机制研究及抗病毒药物筛选评价提供参考。

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作者贡献声明

吴依依:方案设计、实验操作、数据管理、方法设计、初稿写作;刘冠雅:提供材料、实验操作;高尚卿:实验操作、数据管理;刘士元:初稿写作,提供材料;孙洁伟:初稿写作,数据管理;王梦微:实验操作、提供材料;黄保英:方案设计、数据管理、提供资源、审查和编辑写作;谭文杰:方案设计、项目管理、提供资源、监督指导、审查和编辑写作。

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Virology, 2002, 302(2): 321-332., articleTitle=Murine coronavirus-induced apoptosis in 17Cl-1 cells involves a mitochondria-mediated pathway and its downstream caspase-8 activation and bid cleavage, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227681734829998105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, awardId=2022YFC2304100, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2304100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681734905495581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, awardId=2022YFC2304100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2304100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681735031324705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, awardId=2021YFA1201003, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1201003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681735127793704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, awardId=2021YFA1201003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227681721005572665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721013961273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, companyId=1227681721005572665, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721018155579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, companyId=1227681721005572665, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1227681721131401791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721143984706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, companyId=1227681721131401791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721156567620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, companyId=1227681721131401791, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.包头医学院 公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227681730312733651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Cytopathic effects (CPE) observed 72 hours post-infection (hpi) with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain in four cell lines. MRC-5, 17Cl-1, HeLa, and Mv.1Lu cells were cultured in 24-well plates at a density of 4×105 cells/well (day 0). Cells were infected with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 and incubated at 33 °C for 144 h. CPE were observed daily under a light microscope (10×). The scale bar represents 100 μm. The right panels show a zoomed view of CPE observed at 72 hpi., figureFileSmall=H8L4Ti+06yspysD12p+jrw==, figureFileBig=VhRBWM12dMUU25rjh2H9iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732342776796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染4株细胞系后72 h可观察到的细胞病变。MRC-5、17Cl-1、HeLa和Mv.1Lu细胞以4×105个细胞/孔的密度铺在24孔板上(第0天)。以0.01 MOI的HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染细胞后,在33 °C培养144 h。每24 h在光学显微镜下观察细胞病变(10×)。比例尺为100 μm。右侧为感染后72 h的CPE局部图。, figureFileSmall=H8L4Ti+06yspysD12p+jrw==, figureFileBig=VhRBWM12dMUU25rjh2H9iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732472800226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Cytopathic effects (CPE) observed 120 hours post-infection (hpi) with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain in four cell lines. BHK-21, RD, LLC-MK2, and BHK-21-APN were cultured in 24-well plates at a density of 4×105 cells/well (day 0). Cells were infected with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 and incubated at 33 °C for 144 h. CPE were observed daily under a light microscope (10×). The scale bar represents 100 μm. The right panels show a zoomed view of CPE observed at 120 hpi., figureFileSmall=Fmcq0ZoqvYgr0+sK+z2gog==, figureFileBig=LaGchxTjgIEEUBl7nX9qLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732594435047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染4株细胞系后120 h可观察到的细胞病变。将BHK-21、RD、LLC-MK2和BHK-21-APN细胞以4×105个细胞/孔的密度铺在24孔板上(第0天)。以0.01 MOI的 HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染细胞后,在33 °C孵育144 h。每24 h在光学显微镜下观察细胞病变(10×)。比例尺为100 μm。右侧图为感染后120 h的CPE局部图。, figureFileSmall=Fmcq0ZoqvYgr0+sK+z2gog==, figureFileBig=LaGchxTjgIEEUBl7nX9qLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732724458477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Mild cytopathic effects (CPE) observed 120 hours post-infection (hpi) with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain in five cell lines. HRT-18, Vero, Neuro 2a, Huh7, and Huh7.5 were cultured in 24-well plates at a density of 4×105 cells/well (day 0). Cells were infected with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 and incubated at 33 °C for 144 h. CPEs were observed daily under a light microscope (10×). The scale bar represents 100 μm. The right panels show a zoomed view of CPE observed at 120 hpi., figureFileSmall=GdWtBN02mfYJdGRaXZAbfA==, figureFileBig=TMTCVkPEvlfKgoCp1Q1GQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732833510388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=CN, label=图3, caption=HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染5株细胞系后120 h可观察到轻微的细胞病变。HRT-18、Vero、Neuro 2a、Huh7和Huh7.5细胞以4×105个细胞/孔的密度培养在24孔板上(第0天)。以0.01 MOI的HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染细胞后,在33 °C孵育144 h。每24 h在光学显微镜下观察CPE,比例尺为100 μm。右侧为感染后120 h的CPE局部图。, figureFileSmall=GdWtBN02mfYJdGRaXZAbfA==, figureFileBig=TMTCVkPEvlfKgoCp1Q1GQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732950950910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Replication kinetics of HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain in 13 cell lines. A-B: Viral RNA copies increasing rapidly within 24 hours in 17Cl-1 (A) and Huh7.5 (B). Sample collection for 17Cl-1 continued until 96 hours post-infection (hpi) as the cells died. C-K: Virus RNA copies increasing significantly in 48 hours. The RNA replication kinetics in BHK-21 (C), Mv.1Lu (D), and BHK-21-APN (E), peaking at 48 hpi. Sample collection for BHK-21-APN infected cells continued until 120 hpi as the cells died. F-I represented the replication kinetics for MRC-5 (F), LLC-MK2 (G), Neuro 2a (H), and Vero (I), respectively. RNA copies peaked at 72 hpi. J-K represented the replication kinetics of HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain infected Huh7 and RD, respectively. RNA copies peaked at 96 hpi. L and M: Replication kinetics of the virus in HRT-18 and HeLa, showing virus RNA copies increasing slowly within 96 hours. Circular symbols represent the RNA copies, while square symbols represent the TCID50 titration results., figureFileSmall=mMkZH4Jf379a97L9GZgGKg==, figureFileBig=2xhK5gbgAvJPj7bEPMKg6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681734326682626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=CN, label=图4, caption=HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在13种细胞系中的复制动力学, figureFileSmall=mMkZH4Jf379a97L9GZgGKg==, figureFileBig=2xhK5gbgAvJPj7bEPMKg6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681734439927813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain infected 13 cell lines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

细胞系

Cell lines

来源

Source

形态

Morphology

RNATCID50CPE

Peak

(copies/mL)

t/h

Peak

(TCID50/mL)

t/h
MRC-5

人胚肺细胞

Human embryo lung cell

成纤维细胞样

Fibroblast like

3.17×109722.99×10896

变圆,聚集

Rounding, sloughing

HRT-18

人直肠癌细胞

Human rectal cancer cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

1.71×109962.30×108144

皱缩,堆积

Shrinking, stacking

17Cl-1

小鼠脾脏细胞

Mouse spleen cells

纤维母细胞样

Fibroblast like

6.52×109483.90×10796

变圆,皱缩,聚集

Rounding,

shrinking, stacking

HeLa

人宫颈癌细胞

Human cervical cancer cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

2.03×108963.67×10796

变圆,皱缩,聚集

Rounding, shrinking,

stacking

Huh7

人肝癌细胞

Human hepatoma cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

7.89×108963.03×10796

聚集,堆积

Shrinking, clumping

Huh7.5

人肝癌细胞

Human hepatoma cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

1.78×107242.80×10796

不明显

Not obvious

BHK-21-APN

幼年叙利亚地鼠肾细胞

Baby hamster Syrian kidney

成纤维细胞样

Fibroblast like

1.97×107482.68×10748

聚集,脱落

Shrinking, sloughing

Mv.1Lu

貂肺上皮细胞

Mink lung epithelial cells

成纤维细胞样

Epithelial like

1.36×109481.78×10796

聚集,脱落

Shrinking, sloughing

BHK-21

幼年叙利亚地鼠肾细胞

Baby hamster Syrian kidney

成纤维细胞样

Fibroblast like

2.14×109481.25×10772

变圆

Rounding

LLC-MK2

恒河猴肾细胞

Rhesus monkey kidney cells

成纤维细胞样

Epithelial like

1.28×109721.05×10796

空泡,堆积

Vacuolization, clumping

Neuro 2a

小鼠神经元细胞

Mouse neuroma cells

神经元细胞

Neural cell like

6.91×108726.50×10672

堆积,脱落

Clumping,

sloughing

RD

人横纹肌肉瘤细胞

Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

6.80×108963.90×10696

变圆,皱缩,脱落

Rounding, shrinking, sloughing

Vero

非洲绿猴肾细胞

Africa monkey kidney cell

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

2.42×106729.00×105120

皱缩,聚集

Shrinking, stacking

), ArticleFig(id=1227681734557368333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554102444896406, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在13株细胞系中的感染特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

细胞系

Cell lines

来源

Source

形态

Morphology

RNATCID50CPE

Peak

(copies/mL)

t/h

Peak

(TCID50/mL)

t/h
MRC-5

人胚肺细胞

Human embryo lung cell

成纤维细胞样

Fibroblast like

3.17×109722.99×10896

变圆,聚集

Rounding, sloughing

HRT-18

人直肠癌细胞

Human rectal cancer cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

1.71×109962.30×108144

皱缩,堆积

Shrinking, stacking

17Cl-1

小鼠脾脏细胞

Mouse spleen cells

纤维母细胞样

Fibroblast like

6.52×109483.90×10796

变圆,皱缩,聚集

Rounding,

shrinking, stacking

HeLa

人宫颈癌细胞

Human cervical cancer cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

2.03×108963.67×10796

变圆,皱缩,聚集

Rounding, shrinking,

stacking

Huh7

人肝癌细胞

Human hepatoma cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

7.89×108963.03×10796

聚集,堆积

Shrinking, clumping

Huh7.5

人肝癌细胞

Human hepatoma cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

1.78×107242.80×10796

不明显

Not obvious

BHK-21-APN

幼年叙利亚地鼠肾细胞

Baby hamster Syrian kidney

成纤维细胞样

Fibroblast like

1.97×107482.68×10748

聚集,脱落

Shrinking, sloughing

Mv.1Lu

貂肺上皮细胞

Mink lung epithelial cells

成纤维细胞样

Epithelial like

1.36×109481.78×10796

聚集,脱落

Shrinking, sloughing

BHK-21

幼年叙利亚地鼠肾细胞

Baby hamster Syrian kidney

成纤维细胞样

Fibroblast like

2.14×109481.25×10772

变圆

Rounding

LLC-MK2

恒河猴肾细胞

Rhesus monkey kidney cells

成纤维细胞样

Epithelial like

1.28×109721.05×10796

空泡,堆积

Vacuolization, clumping

Neuro 2a

小鼠神经元细胞

Mouse neuroma cells

神经元细胞

Neural cell like

6.91×108726.50×10672

堆积,脱落

Clumping,

sloughing

RD

人横纹肌肉瘤细胞

Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

6.80×108963.90×10696

变圆,皱缩,脱落

Rounding, shrinking, sloughing

Vero

非洲绿猴肾细胞

Africa monkey kidney cell

上皮细胞样

Epithelial like

2.42×106729.00×105120

皱缩,聚集

Shrinking, stacking

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不同种属细胞系感染HCoV-OC43 VR1558株的病变效应与复制动力学
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吴依依 1 , 刘冠雅 2 , 高尚卿 1 , 刘士元 2 , 孙洁伟 1 , 王梦微 1 , 黄保英 1 , 谭文杰 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(7): 3136-3149
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(7): 3136-3149
不同种属细胞系感染HCoV-OC43 VR1558株的病变效应与复制动力学
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吴依依1, 刘冠雅2, 高尚卿1, 刘士元2, 孙洁伟1, 王梦微1, 黄保英1 , 谭文杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,北京
  • 2.包头医学院 公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头
Cytopathic effects and replication kinetics of HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain in cell lines derived from different species
Yiyi WU1, Guanya LIU2, Shangqing GAO1, Shiyuan LIU2, Jiewei SUN1, Mengwei WANG1, Baoying HUANG1 , Wenjie TAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  • 2.School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2025-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250020
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【目的】 探讨HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在不同种属细胞系中的致细胞病变效应与病毒复制增殖特征。 【方法】 选择来自人源(MRC-5、HRT-18、Huh7、Huh7.5、RD、HeLa)、非人灵长动物(LLC-MK2、Vero)和啮齿类动物(17Cl-1、Mv.1Lu、BHK-21、BHK-21-APN、Neuro 2a)的13种细胞系,将HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染上述细胞系,分别于感染后连续观察细胞病变效应(cytopathic effects, CPE),同时每天收集病毒感染的细胞与上清,通过实时定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, RT-qPCR)监测病毒RNA核酸拷贝数变化,通过病毒半数组织培养感染剂量(tissue culture infectious dose 50%, TCID50)测定具有感染能力的活病毒载量,绘制病毒复制动力学曲线。 【结果】 HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染上述不同种属来源的13种细胞系后均能观察到CPE,主要表现为细胞聚集、皱缩、变圆与脱落等特征;其中,MRC-5、Mv.1Lu、HeLa及17Cl-1 4株细胞CPE出现较快,感染后72 h内即可观察到明显的细胞病变,其他细胞直至感染后120 h才能观察到明显的CPE,且HRT-18与Huh7.5的CPE最轻。RT-qPCR结果表明,病毒感染后的24 h内核酸拷贝数上升最为明显,但达到高峰期的时间与核酸拷贝数不同;其中,感染Huh7.5细胞后24 h达到高峰(107 copies/mL);感染17Cl-1、BHK-21-APN、Mv.1Lu、BHK-21细胞后48 h到达高峰(107-109 copies/mL);感染MRC-5、LLC-MK2、Neuro 2a、Vero 细胞后72 h达到复制高峰(106-109 copies/mL);而感染HRT-18、HeLa、Huh7以及RD细胞后的病毒拷贝数在96 h后才达到高峰(108-109 copies/mL)。TCID50检测结果显示,病毒感染24 h内快速增殖,但达到高峰期的时间与滴度不同;感染BHK-21-APN细胞后48 h达高峰(2.68×107 TCID50/mL);BHK-21、Neuro 2a在感染后72 h达峰值(106-107 TCID50/mL),而MRC-5、17Cl-1、HeLa、Huh7、Huh7.5、Mv.1Lu、LLC-MK2及RD细胞于感染后96 h达到滴度峰值(106-108 TCID50/mL),Vero细胞至感染后120 h到达峰值(105 TCID50/mL),而HRT-18细胞则在感染后144 h达到峰值(108 TCID50/mL)。 【结论】 HCoV-OC43 VR1558株具有较广泛的细胞感染谱,病毒感染不同种属来源13株细胞系后均能在24 h内快速复制增殖,但达到高峰期的时间不同。最高感染滴度可达到108 TCID50/mL (在MRC-5和HRT-18 细胞)。该研究为深入开展人冠状病毒OC43的复制特征、感染致病机制研究及抗病毒药物筛选评价提供参考。

人冠状病毒OC43  /  VR1558株  /  细胞病变效应  /  核酸拷贝数  /  半数组织培养感染剂

[Objective] To study the cytopathic effects (CPE) and replication characteristics of HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain in cell lines derived from different species. [Methods] Thirteen cell lines from humans (MRC-5, HRT-18, Huh7, Huh7.5, RD, and HeLa), non-human primates (LLC-MK2 and Vero), and rodents (17Cl-1, Mv.1Lu, BHK-21, BHK-21-APN, and Neuro 2a) were selected and infected with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain. CPE were observed for several consecutive days. Virus-infected cells and supernatants were collected daily. RT-qPCR was conducted to monitor the changes in viral RNA copy number. The load of viruses with infectious ability was determined based on the tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50), and the kinetic curves of viral replication in different cell lines were established. [Results] Following infection with HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain, CPE were observed in all the 13 cell lines. CPE primarily manifested as cell aggregation, shrinkage, rounding, and detachment. CPE appeared early in MRC-5, Mv.1Lu, HeLa, and 17Cl-1 cells, being noticeable within 72 h post-infection (hpi). The virus induced CPE in other cell lines after 120 hpi, and CPE were the mildest in HRT-18 and Huh7.5 cells. RT-qPCR results indicated that the viral RNA copy number increased most significantly within 24 hpi, although the time to reach the peak and the peak copy number varied among cell lines. Specifically, the RNA copy number in Huh7.5 cells reached the peak (107 copies/mL) at 24 hpi, and that in 17Cl-1, BHK-21-APN, Mv.1Lu, and BHK-21 cells reached the peaks (107 to 109 copies/mL) at 48 hpi. In MRC-5, LLC-MK2, Neuro 2a, and Vero cells, the replication peaks (106 to 109 copies/mL) occurred at 72 hpi. In HRT-18, HeLa, Huh7, and RD cells, the viral RNA copy number peaked after 96 hpi, reaching 108 to 109 copies/mL. TCID50 assay results demonstrated rapid viral proliferation within 24 hpi, while the time to reach the peak titer and the peak titers varied. The peak titer (2.68× 107 TCID50/mL) in BHK-21-APN cells was observed at 48 hpi. In BHK-21 and Neuro 2a cells, the peak titers (106 to 107 TCID50/mL) were observed at 72 hpi. In MRC-5, 17Cl-1, HeLa, Huh7, Huh7.5, Mv.1Lu, LLC-MK2, and RD cells, the peak titers (106 to 108 TCID50/mL) were observed at 96 hpi. In Vero cells, the virus strain reached the peak titer (105 TCID50/mL) at 120 hpi, while the strain reached the peak titer of 108 TCID50/mL in HRT-18 cells at 144 hpi. [Conclusion] HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain exhibits a wide spectrum of cell tropism, demonstrating rapid replication and proliferation within 24 hpi across 13 cell lines derived from various species. However, the time to reach the replication peak varied among different cell lines. The highest viral titer achieved was 108 TCID50/mL, observed in MRC-5 and HRT-18 cells. This study provides experimental reference for further investigation of the replication characteristics, infection mechanism, and pathogenicity of HCoV-OC43, as well as for the screening and evaluation of antiviral drugs.

human coronavirus OC43  /  VR1558 strain  /  cytopathic effects  /  nucleic acid copy number  /  tissue culture infectious dose 50%
吴依依, 刘冠雅, 高尚卿, 刘士元, 孙洁伟, 王梦微, 黄保英, 谭文杰. 不同种属细胞系感染HCoV-OC43 VR1558株的病变效应与复制动力学. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3136 -3149 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250020
Yiyi WU, Guanya LIU, Shangqing GAO, Shiyuan LIU, Jiewei SUN, Mengwei WANG, Baoying HUANG, Wenjie TAN. Cytopathic effects and replication kinetics of HCoV-OC43 VR1558 strain in cell lines derived from different species[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3136 -3149 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250020
人冠状病毒(human coronavirus, HCoV)作为一种重要的人兽共患病病原,20世纪以来已引发3次全球大流行,是近年来备受关注的病原体[1]。其中,人冠状病毒OC43 (human coronavirus OC43, HCoV-OC43)的人群检出率高,是儿童呼吸道感染中最常见的冠状病毒,甚至可引发免疫缺陷患者及婴幼儿重症感染,并引发致死性脑炎,具有重要的临床意义[2-3]。鉴于HCoV-OC43与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV)与中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV)均为β属冠状病毒[4],但由于其低致病性,可在生物安全二级实验室(biosafety level-2 laboratory, BSL-2)中操作,已成为高致病性冠状病毒的重要模式病毒[5-7]
目前应用最为广泛的HCoV-OC43主要包括ATCC来源的VR759株与VR1558株,推荐的培养细胞系为人直肠癌细胞(HRT-18或HCT-8)。VR759株是HCoV-OC43的原型株,在小鼠体内具有较高的致病力,但在感染细胞中生长速度较慢且细胞病变不明显。申梁采用携带报告基因的HCoV-OC43 VR759重组病毒株进行了初步的敏感细胞系筛选,发现幼年叙利亚地鼠肾细胞(BHK-21)、人直肠癌细胞(HRT-18)与人横纹肌肉瘤细胞(RD)均为VR759株敏感细胞系[8],小鼠神经细胞(Neuro 2a)也可感染HCoV-OC43 VR759株[8-10]。与此相比,HCoV-OC43 VR1558株是VR759株的组织细胞培养传代适应株,两者在基因序列上存在差异[11],但由于其感染细胞后的病变效应较为明显,已成为研究中常用的毒株[12-13]
细胞病变效应(cytopathic effects, CPE)是病毒感染后在宿主细胞中产生的形态学变化,是病毒感染和复制的重要指标[14];病毒的复制动力学是病毒在宿主细胞内感染和复制的过程,可以通过病毒核酸的增殖和活病毒的复制情况进行测定,能够反映病毒在特定宿主中的致病力等特性[15]。已有多项研究报道了HCoV-OC43在不同细胞中的感染复制特性[16-20]。例如,Schirtzinger等采用人直肠癌细胞(HRT-18)、人胚肺细胞(MRC-5)与非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero E6) 3种细胞系探讨了HCoV-OC43作为SARS-CoV-2模式病毒在细胞病变及复制动力学方面的异同[16];Savoie等采用人肝癌细胞(Huh7.5)、人直肠癌细胞(HRT-18)、MRC-5与Vero细胞系研究了病毒的感染复制特性,并优化了病毒培养条件,确认了33 ℃为最佳培养温度,采用MRC-5和HRT-18可获得高滴度HCoV-OC43[17];Bracci等[18]采用人横纹肌肉瘤细胞(RD)、人胚肺细胞(MRC-5)、貂肺上皮细胞(Mv.1Lu)及恒河猴肾细胞(LLC-MK2)分析了HCoV-OC43感染细胞的病变特点,优化了病毒的空斑形成方法。然而,上述研究均来自不同的实验室,毒株传代次数存在差异、细胞来源各不相同、检测方法也不一致,难以直接用于平行比较。因此,HCoV-OC43感染不同细胞的复制增殖速度、细胞病变程度以及在何种细胞中能获得较高病毒产量等问题尚不明确,仍需在同一研究体系中对HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在不同细胞中的感染特性进行系统的比较。
本研究选择13种不同种属与组织来源的细胞系,分别来源于人(MRC-5、HRT-18、Huh7、Huh7.5、RD、HeLa)、非人灵长类动物(LLC-MK2、Vero)、和啮齿类动物(17Cl-1、Mv.1Lu、BHK-21、BHK-21-APN、Neuro 2a),分别代表了来自肺、肾、肝、肠、脾、脑组织的多种类型细胞。本研究系统分析了HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在不同细胞中的细胞病变效应与病毒感染复制特性,以期为深入开展HCoV的复制特征、感染致病机制研究及抗病毒药物筛选评价提供实验依据。
本研究所用的细胞均由中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所应急技术中心保存,使用含有10%胎牛血清(Omega公司)的DMEM培养基(Gibco公司)于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养。其中,人恶性胚胎横纹肌肉瘤细胞(RD)、人宫颈癌细胞(HeLa)、幼年叙利亚地鼠肾细胞(BHK-21)、恒河猴肾细胞(LLC-MK2)均购自美国典型培养物保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection, ATCC);人肝癌细胞(Huh7.5)购自Apath公司,人肝癌细胞(Huh7)购自日本JCRB细胞保藏中心,貂肺上皮细胞(Mv.1Lu)购自中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会细胞库,小鼠脑神经瘤细胞(Neuro 2a)购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;小鼠脾脏成纤维细胞(17Cl-1)、人回盲肠癌细胞(HRT-18)、携带APN受体的仓鼠肾成纤维细胞(BHK-21-APN)均由广州医科大学赵金存教授惠赠;人胚肺细胞(MRC-5)与非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)均来自ATCC,北京民海生物科技有限公司。HCoV-OC43 VR1558株购自ATCC,由中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所应急技术中心保存。
将13种细胞以4×105细胞/孔接种于24孔板,500 μL/孔,于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱培中养。待细胞培养至80%-90%汇合度后,吸弃培养基,将病毒按MOI为0.01的剂量接种至单层细胞中,33 ℃吸附2 h。2 h后,吸弃病毒液,换液为500 μL含2% FBS的培养基,33 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养。将病毒吸附2 h后定义为0 h,分别收获24、48、72、96、120、144 h的细胞与上清样本,冻存于-80 ℃。
HCoV-OC43 VR1558株病毒感染后每隔24 h将细胞置于倒置显微镜(Olympus公司)下观察。与未感染病毒的细胞对照组相比,若细胞出现皱缩、变圆、堆积、脱落等现象则判定为发生了细胞病变效应。
采用全自动核酸提取仪(西安天隆科技有限公司)提取病毒RNA。按照HCoV-OC43荧光定量RT-qPCR方法测定病毒核酸含量[21],检测靶标为N基因,引物序列为F (5′-GCTCAGGAAGG TCTGCTCC-3′)和R (5′-TCCTGCACTAGAGG CTCTGC-3′),探针序列为FAM TTCCAGATCT ACTTCGCGCACATCC-TAMRA。按照AgPath-IDTM One-Step RT-PCR Reagents试剂盒(Thermo Fisher公司)说明书配制反应体系。PCR反应条件:45 ℃ 10 min;95 ℃ 15 min,95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 45 s,共40个循环。每个样本设3个复孔,通过标准曲线CT=33.616-3.404 lg copies/μL计算核酸拷贝数,每组实验重复3次。
将BHK-21细胞以2×104个/100 μL接种于 96孔板中,在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下孵育至80%-90%汇合度。病毒样本冻融1次后,使用无血清DMEM以1:10作为起始稀释度进行10倍比梯度稀释,共设置8个稀释度。将稀释好的病毒液以每孔100 μL接种至96孔板中,每个稀释度设6个复孔,并设置100 μL无血清DMEM作为阴性对照。将细胞培养板置于33 ℃培养。每天观察细胞病变效应,于接种病毒后的第6天记录各稀释度出现细胞病变效应的孔数,根据Reed-Muench法计算TCID50。每组实验重复3次。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件进行分析与作图。结果以mean±SD的形式展示。多组比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),两组比较采用t检验(Student’s t-test)。以P<0.05作为统计学上具有显著性差异的标准。
为了探讨HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在13种细胞系中导致的细胞病变效应,本研究以MOI为0.01感染13种细胞系(17Cl-1、MRC-5、HRT-18、HeLa、Huh7、Huh7.5、BHK-21-APN、Mv.1Lu、BHK-21、LLC-MK2、RD、Vero、Neuro-2a),在33 ℃条件下培养后,于不同时间点观察了细胞病变效应。
HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染MRC-5、HeLa、17Cl-1以及Mv.1Lu细胞系后,48 h便可观察到明显的细胞病变,并于72 h后出现细胞变圆脱落等现象(图1)。其中,HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染MRC-5后,24 h便可观察到细胞表面出现聚集变圆现象,48 h后细胞由细长纺锤形进一步肿胀变圆,72 h后细胞变圆明显且伴随大量细胞脱落。HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染17Cl-1后,24 h细胞病变不明显,48 h后细胞出现轻微的肿胀变圆,72 h后细胞出现明显的聚集、皱缩且发生脱落。HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染HeLa后,24 h即出现较明显的细胞聚集与变圆现象,48 h后聚集变圆的细胞数增加,72 h后细胞皱缩现象加剧。HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染Mv.1Lu后,24 h局部出现轻微的细胞聚集现象,48 h后细胞聚集皱缩现象加剧,72 h后细胞进一步聚集、变圆且发生脱落。
HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染BHK-21与RD细胞系后,72 h可观察到轻微的细胞病变,且在120 h后进一步加剧;而LLC-MK2与BHK-21-APN在感染后120 h才观察到明显的细胞病变现象(图2)。其中,BHK-21细胞感染后出现肿胀、变亮,聚集在一起并呈葡萄串状浮于正常细胞之上,120 h后病变加剧,且病变全过程未见细胞皱缩现象。RD细胞在感染后72 h出现细胞变圆、变亮的现象,并伴随部分细胞脱落,120 h后病变细胞皱缩脱落加剧,并出现局部病灶脱落现象。LLC-MK2细胞在感染后120 h观察到明显病变,表现为细胞空泡化和轻微结块,但未观察到细胞脱落现象。BHK-21-APN细胞在感染72 h后出现皱缩,并伴随部分死亡细胞堆叠,直至120 h病变进一步加剧,可见死亡细胞堆叠和大面积细胞脱落。
HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染HRT-18、Vero、Neuro 2a、Huh7、Huh7.5细胞后,病变较为缓慢,120 h后才出现轻微的细胞病变(图3)。HRT-18细胞在感染后72 h仅观察到部分细胞皱缩,直至120 h可观察到皱缩的细胞聚集并浮于单层细胞表面;Vero细胞在病毒感染后72 h细胞形态表现为体积变小,120 h时病变加剧,被感染的细胞皱缩堆积并形成局部病灶;Neuro 2a细胞在病毒感染后72 h时可见病变细胞不规则皱缩并形成团,120 h时细胞团块数量进一步增加,此外,还能观察到相邻的细胞皱缩且有病变细胞脱落;Huh7细胞在病毒感染后死亡细胞皱缩并形成细胞团块;Huh7.5细胞感染后的病变情况并不明显,镜下难以与正常细胞衰老相区分。
为探讨HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在13株细胞系中的复制动力学,本研究以MOI为0.01的HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染了13株细胞系,通过基于N基因的RT-qPCR测定了核酸拷贝数的动态变化以了解基于病毒核酸水平的复制动力学;通过病毒感染细胞后的TCID50滴度测定,探讨了基于病毒感染活性的复制动力学,并对病毒的快速增殖时间、达到复制高峰的时间与病毒载量进行了分析与比较(表1)。
RT-qPCR结果显示,HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在感染13种细胞系后,24-48 h内均可观察到病毒核酸的快速增长,之后逐渐稳定进入平台期。其中,17Cl-1、Huh7.5在病毒感染后 24 h核酸拷贝数快速增长并进入平台期,17Cl-1在感染后48 h达到峰值(6.52×109 copies/mL) (图4A表1);而Huh7.5细胞感染后24 h达到核酸复制高峰(1.78×107 copies/mL) (图4B表1)。此外,HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在感染9株细胞系(BHK-21、Mv.1Lu、BHK-21-APN、MRC-5、LLC-MK2、Neuro 2a、Vero、Huh7、RD)后48 h内核酸拷贝数快速增长。其中,病毒感染Mv.1Lu、BHK-21和BHK-21-APN后均于48 h达到峰值,在BHK-21和Mv.1Lu中峰值核酸拷贝数均可达到109 copies/mL (图4C4D),在BHK-21-APN中核酸拷贝数峰值仅为1.97×107 copies/mL (图4E表1)。在MRC-5、LLC-MK2、Neuro 2a和Vero中72 h达到峰值,核酸拷贝数分别为3.17×109、1.28×109、6.91×108与2.42×106 copies/mL (图4F4G)。感染Huh7、RD、HRT-18和HeLa后96 h达到复制峰值,核酸拷贝数分别为7.89×108、6.80×108、1.71×109和2.03×108 copies/mL (图 4J-4M),且在感染HRT-18后的拷贝数峰值显著高于HeLa细胞。
TCID50测定结果显示,HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在感染17Cl-1和Huh7.5后24 h病毒迅速增殖,96 h达到峰值,滴度分别为 3.90×107 TCID50/mL与2.80×107 TCID50/mL (图4A4B)。此外,感染BHK-21、BHK-21-APN、MRC-5、LLC-MK2、Vero、Huh7及RD细胞后48 h快速增长,感染BHK-21细胞于72 h达到病毒滴度峰值(1.25×107 TCID50/mL) (图4C表1),而感染BHK-21-APN细胞后48 h达到滴度高峰(2.68×107 TCID50/mL) (图4E表1)。感染MRC-5、LLC-MK2、Huh7及RD后于96 h达到高峰,其中,感染MRC-5后的病毒滴度最高(2.99×108 TCID50/mL) (图4F),比LLC-MK2 (图4G)、Huh7 (图4J)的峰值高约10倍,比RD (图4K)的峰值高约100倍。病毒感染Vero后48 h进入稳定增长期,至120 h达到平台 (9.00×105 TCID50/mL) (图4I)。TCID50结果显示,感染Mv.1Lu、Neuro 2a的增殖趋势与核酸拷贝数趋势略有不同,Mv.1Lu在病毒感染72 h后进入增殖平台期,于96 h达到滴度峰值(1.78×107 TCID50/mL);病毒感染Neuro 2a后快速增长至72 h后滴度不再明显变化,始终保持在6.50×106 TCID50/mL左右(图4D4H)。HCoV-OC43 VR1558株病毒感染HRT-18、HeLa后与核酸拷贝数复制趋势一致,感染HRT-18后144 h到达峰值(2.30×108 TCID50/mL),在HeLa中于96 h到达峰值(3.67×107TCID50/mL) (图4L4M)。
冠状病毒是一类具有重要公共卫生意义的人类传染病病原,HCoV-OC43与高致病性的冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2、SARS-CoV及MERS-CoV同为β冠状病毒属。自1967年被发现以来,HCoV-OC43在全球范围内广泛存在,是常见的季节性冠状病毒。由于HCoV-OC43在已知的人冠状病毒中的检出率高但致病力较弱,常作为高致病性冠状病毒研究的模式病毒。然而,随着HCoV-OC43感染引发致死性肺炎和脑炎相关病例的出现,以及新的临床分离株的鉴定[22-23],其潜在威胁不容忽视。系统开展HCoV-OC43不同毒株在多种类型细胞模型中的感染复制特性研究,将为深入了解该病毒的致病力提供重要依据。本研究初步探讨了HCoV-OC43 VR1558株对13种细胞系的感染特性,并系统描述了病毒感染上述细胞导致的细胞病变效应、病毒核酸拷贝数变化及感染性病毒载量变化,为深入开展HCoV-OC43感染致病特性研究提供了参考。
在细胞系的选择方面,本研究对HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在3种不同种属(人、猴、鼠)来源的13种细胞中的感染特点与复制特性进行了研究。研究结果发现,HCoV-OC43 VR1558株均可感染上述13种细胞系,虽然在不同细胞系中表现出的细胞病变效应不同、病毒达到复制高峰期的病毒载量不同,但均能出现病毒核酸拷贝数的增加和感染性病毒颗粒的增殖,说明该病毒的组织细胞感染谱较宽泛,为进一步开展该病毒多组织与多物种的感染致病特性提供了依据。值得一提的是,HCoV-OC43虽然在人群中主要引发呼吸道感染,但其具有一定的嗜神经性,可导致人或小鼠神经元的损伤和死亡[24]。虽然有研究报道了HCoV-OC43 VR759株对小鼠神经细胞Neuro 2a的感染[8-10],但尚未见HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染神经细胞后的系统报道。本研究对HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染Neuro 2a细胞后的感染特性与复制动力学的数据,为深入开展HCoV-OC43的神经感染特性研究及抗神经系统感染药物筛选评价提供了参考。
HCoV-OC43 VR1558株以MOI为0.01剂量感染13种细胞后,细胞病变出现的时间与形态与已有研究基本一致,主要表现为:MRC-5、HeLa、17Cl-1以及Mv.1Lu 4株细胞可在感染早期观察到较为明显的细胞病变(72 h),而BHK-21与RD细胞虽然72 h能观察到CPE,但120 h时才更为明显,LLC-MK2与BHK-21-APN细胞则需更长时间(120 h)才能观察到细胞病变,且HRT-18、Vero、Neuro 2a、Huh7、Huh7.5细胞感染的病变最慢且最轻(120 h)。然而,研究报道病毒感染Huh7.5后会导致细胞脱落[17],而本研究中Huh7.5在HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染后120 h仍未观察到细胞病变,可能与不同研究体系的细胞来源、感染剂量及毒株不同有关。值得注意的是,HCoV-OC43 VR1558株虽然在大多数细胞中能引起一定程度的细胞病变效应,但病变的程度各异,出现的时间较长,提示研究者在进行HCoV-OC43感染致病特性研究时应同时采用多种指标,且还应探索更加高效快捷的病毒滴度测定方法,以进一步提高研究的通量与效率。
本研究对HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染13种细胞后的感染活性进行了分析。病毒感染后平台期的TCID50结果表明,HCoV-OC43 VR1558株感染MRC-5与HRT-18细胞后的病毒滴度较高(108 TCID50/mL),所需时间分别为4 d (96 h)与6 d (144 h),而在Neuro 2a、RD与Vero细胞中的病毒滴度最低(105-106 TCID50/mL);在其他10种细胞系中的病毒滴度均能达到107 TCID50/mL,所需时间分别为3-4 d。该结果提示,选择MRC-5与HRT-18细胞更有助于获得更高感染活性的病毒,这与前期研究结果一致。此外,本研究证明了HCoV-OC43 VR1558株也能感染17Cl-1细胞系,感染后48 h便可形成明显的细胞病变,且4 d (96 h)后即可达到增殖高峰(3.90×107 TCID50/mL),表现出了较快的复制能力、明显的细胞病变和较高的病毒滴度。考虑到17Cl-1是一种来源于小鼠胸腺的纤维母细胞系,在病毒学研究中被广泛用于培养小鼠肝炎病毒(mouse hepatitis virus, MHV)等鼠冠状病毒[25],本研究不仅为HCoV-OC43的生物学特性研究提供了一个新的候选细胞系,也为在同一体系中开展抗HCoV-OC43与MHV等冠状病毒的广谱抗病毒药物筛选评价研究提供了又一平台。
本研究仍存在一定的局限性。例如,不同毒株与不同感染剂量对病毒的复制动力学有一定的影响,本研究采用MOI为0.01感染剂量开展了HCoV-OC43 VR1558株的感染复制特征的研究,尚需更多毒株与不同剂量感染条件下的细胞病变与复制动力学研究与比较;同时,虽然有研究发现33 ℃是HCoV-OC43的最佳培养温度[17],但也有研究发现部分细胞中37 ℃更有利于病毒空斑形成[20],因此仍有待分析37 ℃条件下病毒在不同细胞系中的感染特点;此外,虽然本研究选用了来源人与动物的13种细胞系,涵盖了肺、肾、肝、肠、脾、脑组织等多种组织来源,但仍需采用更多物种与组织来源的细胞探讨HCoV-OC43的感染谱。
综上所述,本文在同一体系中对HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在13种细胞系中引起的细胞病变特征与复制动力学开展了系统研究,明确了HCoV-OC43 VR1558株在上述细胞中的感染复制特性、证实了其具有较广的细胞感染谱,为后续研究HCoV-OC43的生物学特性、抗病毒药物筛选及感染致病机制提供了参考。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2304100)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250020
  • 接收时间:2025-01-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-08
  • 录用日期:2025-03-10
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National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2304100)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2304100)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1201003)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003)
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    1.中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,北京
    2.包头医学院 公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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