Article(id=1226554101824139404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240772, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1740672000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-28, onlineDate=1770362886148, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1751558400000, pubDateStr=2025-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770362886148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770362886148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770362886148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226554095926952065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='7', pageStart='2771', pageEnd='3233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770362884741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363575040, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2920, endPage=2937, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226554104764346645, articleId=1226554101824139404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Bacillus strains from the Yellow River Delta: isolation, identification, and assessment of growth-promoting effect on Sesbania cannabina under salt stress, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To isolate and screen the salt-tolerant strains with good plant growth-promoting effect from the saline-alkali soil of the Yellow River Delta, thus providing strain resources for the efficient cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soil. [Methods] Bacillus strains were isolated by the dilution coating method, and the strains with good plant growth-promoting effects were further selected by the seed soaking test. The growth-promoting characteristics of the selected strains were measured, and the growth-promoting effects of the strains on Sesbania cannabina under salt stress was evaluated by pot experiments. The strain with the strongest plant growth-promoting effect was identified based on morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and molecular biological evidence. Through the whole genome sequence analysis, the genes related to the plant growth-promoting function were discovered. [Results] A total of 60 Bacillus strains were isolated, from which strains M4, M5, B5, L3, and Q17 were screened out by the seed soaking test. These strains showed robust plant growth-promoting properties, being capable of solubilizing inorganic phosphorus, solubilizing potassium, and producing inole-3-acetic acid. The pot experiment results showed that under normal culture conditions and under low salt stress (NaCl concentration of 100 mmol/L), inoculation with Bacillus increased the plant height, maximum leaf area, stem dry weight, and root dry weight of S. cannabina seedlings (P<0.05). Under high salt stress (NaCl concentration of 200 mmol/L), the fresh and dry weights of stem and leaves of S. cannabina seedlings were increased by inoculation with five strains of Bacillus (P<0.05). In addition, inoculation with Bacillus enhanced the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase while reducing the content of malondialdehyde in the leaves of S. cannabina seedlings (P<0.05). Strain M4 with the strongest plant growth-promoting effect was identified as Bacillus thuringiensis. [Conclusion] All the five isolates have various plant growth-promoting properties, being capable of promoting the growth of S. cannabina seedlings under salt stress and alleviating the inhibitory effect of salt on the seedlings. Strain M4 with the robust plant growth-promoting effect is identified as B. thuringiensis, and it has the potential to be developed as plant growth-promoting bacterial fertilizer for saline-alkali soil.

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*E-mail: XUE Jin’ai,
CUI Hongli,
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【目的】 从黄河三角洲盐碱土中分离筛选具有耐盐性且促生效果良好的菌株,为作物在盐碱地高效种植提供菌种资源。 【方法】 采用平板稀释涂布法分离芽孢杆菌,并通过浸种试验筛选出促生效果良好的菌株。对筛选出的菌株进行促生特性测定,并在盐胁迫条件下,利用田菁盆栽试验评估其促生效果。结合形态学特征、生理生化特征以及分子生物学方法,对促生效果最佳的菌株进行鉴定,并通过全基因组序列分析,挖掘与促生功能相关的基因。 【结果】 共分离获得60株芽孢杆菌,通过浸种试验筛选出编号为M4、M5、B5、L3和Q17的菌株,这些菌株表现出优良的促生效果,具备解无机磷、解钾以及产生吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)等功能。田菁盆栽试验结果表明,在正常培养条件以及低浓度盐胁迫(NaCl浓度为100 mmol/L)培养时,接种芽孢杆菌能够显著提高田菁幼苗的株高、最大叶面积、茎秆干重和根干重(P<0.05);高浓度盐胁迫(NaCl浓度为200 mmol/L)培养时,接种5株芽孢杆菌能够显著提高田菁幼苗茎秆和叶片的鲜重与干重(P<0.05);接种芽孢杆菌能显著提高田菁幼苗叶片中的过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)和过氧化物酶(superoxide dismutase, POD)活性,且丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。其中,促生效果最佳的菌株M4经鉴定为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)。 【结论】 分离得到的5株芽孢杆菌均具有多种促生特性,能够促进盐胁迫下田菁幼苗的生长,缓解盐分对幼苗的抑制作用。其中促生效果最好的M4菌株经鉴定为B. thuringiensis,具备较强的开发盐碱地促生菌肥的潜力。

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作者贡献声明

李思铭:设计研究方案、撰写初稿;于潇:数据收集和处理;彭志伟:协助实验操作;景海青:生物学分析;刘珅坤:提供试验材料和技术支持;王寅初:数据分析与文献整理;尹雪斌:提供专业意见;季春丽:协助实验设计;任承钢:协助实验设计;薛金爱:对论文进行审阅和修改;崔红利:协助论文的最终修改。

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CK: No salt stress; N100: Sodium chloride concentration 100 mmol/L; N200: Sodium chloride concentration 200 mmol/L., figureFileSmall=YMsz2NQ84yQbz0ufncT+7g==, figureFileBig=e9FU1y3wtqNjBzcEBnN2FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681736805511588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同盐胁迫下接种5株芽孢杆菌对田菁幼苗生长形态的促生效果分析。CK:无盐胁迫;N100:氯化钠浓度100 mmol/L;N200:氯化钠浓度200 mmol/L。, figureFileSmall=YMsz2NQ84yQbz0ufncT+7g==, figureFileBig=e9FU1y3wtqNjBzcEBnN2FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681736922952109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effect of inoculation of five Bacillus strains under different salt stress on antioxidant oxidase activity in leaves of Sesbania cannabina seedlings. A: MDA content; B: CAT activity; C: SOD activity; D: POD activity. Different letters of the same index indicate significant difference at P<0.05, n=5., figureFileSmall=83YO2XruKreBpuUGFY1W7w==, figureFileBig=HiQ1n5PhkN/T7WBwRTCsEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681737006838190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同盐胁迫下接种5株芽孢杆菌对田菁幼苗叶片中抗氧化酶活性的影响分析。A:MDA含量;B:CAT活性;C:SOD活性;D:POD活性。同一指数的不同字母表示P<0.05,n=5时有显著性差异。, figureFileSmall=83YO2XruKreBpuUGFY1W7w==, figureFileBig=HiQ1n5PhkN/T7WBwRTCsEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681737128473015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Morphological characteristics of spore staining and scanning electron microscopy of strain M4. A: Spore staining photos (purple is the spores, blue is the nutrients); B: Scanning electron microscope image of strain M4., figureFileSmall=K0bFSRejesZYmuA007HioA==, figureFileBig=U8nJOZZYhlDLj2pN9oaTWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681737241719233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株M4芽孢染色及扫描电镜形态分析特征。A:孢子染色照片(紫色的为孢子,蓝色的为营养体);B:菌株M4的扫描电镜图像。, figureFileSmall=K0bFSRejesZYmuA007HioA==, figureFileBig=U8nJOZZYhlDLj2pN9oaTWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681737359159751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Phylogenetic tree of strain M4 was constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and whole genome sequence. A: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence; B: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree constructed based on the whole bacterial genome gene sequence. The GenBank accession number is indicated in parentheses; The bootstrap value on a branch node represents the percentage of 1 000 repetitions., figureFileSmall=Z+/cfJ2SNW7S1c1dYXycbw==, figureFileBig=tJk9sqQoOqyM/qCF+MAySw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681737489183179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株M4基于16S rRNA基因序列及全基因组序列构建的系统发育树。A:基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的最大似然系统发育树;B:基于细菌全基因组基因序列构建的最大似然系统发育树。GenBank登录号标注在括号内;分支节点上的自展值(bootstrap value)表示1 000次重复的百分比。, figureFileSmall=Z+/cfJ2SNW7S1c1dYXycbw==, figureFileBig=tJk9sqQoOqyM/qCF+MAySw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681738743280084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The number of genes of the CAZy family contained in the strain M4 genome. GHs: Glycoside hydrolase; GTs: Glycosyltransferase; PLs: Polysaccharide lyase; CEs: Carbohydrate esterase; AAs: Auxiliary activity; CBMs: Carb binding module., figureFileSmall=FWF/onv/o0SRB8wsaKwrHw==, figureFileBig=w1Nkf4THrWW6yELLug0V3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681738923635164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菌株M4基因组中含有的CAZy家族基因数量。GHs:糖苷水解酶;GTs:糖基转移酶;PLs:多糖裂解酶;CEs:碳水化合物酯酶;AAs:辅助活性;CBMs:碳水化合物结合模块。, figureFileSmall=FWF/onv/o0SRB8wsaKwrHw==, figureFileBig=w1Nkf4THrWW6yELLug0V3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681739053658594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of Bacillus strains on Sesbania cannabina seed germination under salt stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

NaCl胁迫浓度

NaCl stress concentration (mmol/L)

浸种菌株

Impregnated strain

发芽率

Germination rate (%)

芽长

Bud length (cm)

根长

Root length (cm)

0H2O60.02.85±0.56b2.19±0.38b
M480.05.30±0.94a3.53±0.67a
M583.05.34±0.97a3.46±0.58a
B570.05.10±0.95a3.19±0.48a
L370.05.09±0.67a3.29±0.56a
Q1770.04.94±0.64a3.49±0.58a
200H2O50.01.95±0.36c0.74±0.14d
M470.03.34±0.60a1.18±0.20b
M573.03.19±0.56ab1.12±0.16b
B567.02.94±0.54ab1.43±0.24a
L360.02.78±0.50b0.97±0.18c
Q1767.03.18±0.55ab1.35±0.26a
), ArticleFig(id=1227681739204653548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

芽孢杆菌菌株对盐胁迫下田菁种子萌发的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

NaCl胁迫浓度

NaCl stress concentration (mmol/L)

浸种菌株

Impregnated strain

发芽率

Germination rate (%)

芽长

Bud length (cm)

根长

Root length (cm)

0H2O60.02.85±0.56b2.19±0.38b
M480.05.30±0.94a3.53±0.67a
M583.05.34±0.97a3.46±0.58a
B570.05.10±0.95a3.19±0.48a
L370.05.09±0.67a3.29±0.56a
Q1770.04.94±0.64a3.49±0.58a
200H2O50.01.95±0.36c0.74±0.14d
M470.03.34±0.60a1.18±0.20b
M573.03.19±0.56ab1.12±0.16b
B567.02.94±0.54ab1.43±0.24a
L360.02.78±0.50b0.97±0.18c
Q1767.03.18±0.55ab1.35±0.26a
), ArticleFig(id=1227681739351454191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evaluation of growth promoting function of five strains of Bacillus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strain number

有机磷

Phosphate

solubilizing

无机磷

Phosphorus hydrolysis

解钾

Potassium

固氮能力

Nitrogen

fixation

产IAA能力

IAA production capacity (mg/L)

降解纤维素能力

Cellulose degrading ability

M4-+++7.46±0.34b-
M5-+++6.64±0.16c-
B5-+++4.75±0.21d+
L3-++-1.33±0.21e+
Q17++++12.61±0.56a-
), ArticleFig(id=1227681739460506097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

五株芽孢杆菌菌株的促生功能评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株

Strain number

有机磷

Phosphate

solubilizing

无机磷

Phosphorus hydrolysis

解钾

Potassium

固氮能力

Nitrogen

fixation

产IAA能力

IAA production capacity (mg/L)

降解纤维素能力

Cellulose degrading ability

M4-+++7.46±0.34b-
M5-+++6.64±0.16c-
B5-+++4.75±0.21d+
L3-++-1.33±0.21e+
Q17++++12.61±0.56a-
), ArticleFig(id=1227681739594723835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of inoculation of five strains of Bacillus on morphological parameters of Sesbania cannabina seedlings under different salt stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

处理

Treatment

株高

Plant height (cm)

根长

Root length (cm)

最长枝条长度

Longest shoot length (cm)

最大叶面积

Maximum leaf area (cm2)

H2O-CK14.96±0.84c13.58±1.00c8.64±0.29c0.57±0.08b
H2O-M417.84±0.83a16.40±1.36a10.20±0.72a0.76±0.07a
H2O-M517.12±0.50ab15.16±0.72b9.20±0.58bc0.69±0.10a
H2O-B517.20±0.47ab14.86±0.62b9.54±0.67ab0.68±0.09a
H2O-L316.72±1.13b14.48±0.54bc9.10±0.82bc0.70±0.10a
H2O-Q1716.22±0.59b14.34±0.92bc9.22±0.42bc0.71±0.06a
N100-CK12.04±0.71c11.24±1.11b6.54±0.11c0.47±0.05b
N100-M414.54±0.51a13.52±1.23a7.82±0.63a0.64±0.03a
N100-M513.70±0.33ab13.08±0.73a7.02±0.63bc0.64±0.08a
N100-B513.30±0.96b12.52±1.28ab7.16±0.55ab0.62±0.06a
N100-L313.94±0.36ab12.74±0.84a7.34±0.58bc0.60±0.07a
N100-Q1713.86±0.57ab12.96±0.69a6.98±0.55bc0.62±0.09a
N200-CK11.28±0.79b10.08±0.51b5.88±0.71b0.27±0.04b
N200-M413.86±0.30a12.06±0.66a7.16±0.72a0.55±0.09a
N200-M512.80±1.58ab11.92±1.16a6.24±0.82b0.53±0.07a
N200-B512.26±0.77ab11.82±0.54a6.14±0.29b0.51±0.05a
N200-L313.18±1.29a11.22±0.99ab6.20±0.29b0.52±0.05a
N200-Q1713.40±1.64a11.94±1.24a6.68±0.50ab0.52±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1227681739707970051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同盐胁迫下接种5株芽孢杆菌对田菁幼苗形态参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

处理

Treatment

株高

Plant height (cm)

根长

Root length (cm)

最长枝条长度

Longest shoot length (cm)

最大叶面积

Maximum leaf area (cm2)

H2O-CK14.96±0.84c13.58±1.00c8.64±0.29c0.57±0.08b
H2O-M417.84±0.83a16.40±1.36a10.20±0.72a0.76±0.07a
H2O-M517.12±0.50ab15.16±0.72b9.20±0.58bc0.69±0.10a
H2O-B517.20±0.47ab14.86±0.62b9.54±0.67ab0.68±0.09a
H2O-L316.72±1.13b14.48±0.54bc9.10±0.82bc0.70±0.10a
H2O-Q1716.22±0.59b14.34±0.92bc9.22±0.42bc0.71±0.06a
N100-CK12.04±0.71c11.24±1.11b6.54±0.11c0.47±0.05b
N100-M414.54±0.51a13.52±1.23a7.82±0.63a0.64±0.03a
N100-M513.70±0.33ab13.08±0.73a7.02±0.63bc0.64±0.08a
N100-B513.30±0.96b12.52±1.28ab7.16±0.55ab0.62±0.06a
N100-L313.94±0.36ab12.74±0.84a7.34±0.58bc0.60±0.07a
N100-Q1713.86±0.57ab12.96±0.69a6.98±0.55bc0.62±0.09a
N200-CK11.28±0.79b10.08±0.51b5.88±0.71b0.27±0.04b
N200-M413.86±0.30a12.06±0.66a7.16±0.72a0.55±0.09a
N200-M512.80±1.58ab11.92±1.16a6.24±0.82b0.53±0.07a
N200-B512.26±0.77ab11.82±0.54a6.14±0.29b0.51±0.05a
N200-L313.18±1.29a11.22±0.99ab6.20±0.29b0.52±0.05a
N200-Q1713.40±1.64a11.94±1.24a6.68±0.50ab0.52±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1227681739858964998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of inoculation of five strains of Bacillus on biomass accumulation and growth response of Sesbania cannabina seedlings under different salt stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

处理

Treatment

地上部鲜重

Fresh weight on the ground (g)

地上部干重

Dry weight on the ground (g)

地下部鲜重

Fresh weight underground (g)

地下部干重

Dry weight underground

(g)

H2O-CK2.44±0.20c0.35±0.04c0.70±0.07c0.10±0.01c
H2O-M43.20±0.22a0.68±0.04a1.24±0.10a0.23±0.02a
H2O-M52.79±0.14bc0.51±0.03b0.91±0.11b0.20±0.02b
H2O-B52.91±0.15ab0.52±0.02b1.00±0.08b0.18±0.03b
H2O-L32.80±0.27b0.45±0.04b0.95±0.12b0.17±0.02b
H2O-Q172.73±0.13bc0.50±0.07b0.95±0.13b0.19±0.02b
N100-CK1.86±0.13c0.26±0.03d0.64±0.03c0.09±0.01c
N100-M42.37±0.09a0.56±0.05a0.97±0.04a0.18±0.02a
N100-M52.11±0.11b0.48±0.05b0.89±0.05ab0.16±0.03ab
N100-B52.10±0.19b0.39±0.03c0.86±0.07b0.14±0.02b
N100-L32.07±0.04bc0.42±0.04bc0.80±0.04b0.15±0.01ab
N100-Q172.03±0.08bc0.42±0.05bc0.87±0.08ab0.14±0.02b
N200-CK1.34±0.04c0.19±0.03c0.51±0.03c0.07±0.01c
N200-M41.90±0.14a0.37±0.02a0.74±0.07a0.13±0.02a
N200-M51.73±0.13b0.28±0.01b0.68±0.03ab0.10±0.02b
N200-B51.84±0.06ab0.25±0.03b0.61±0.05b0.11±0.02ab
N200-L31.76±0.06ab0.27±0.04b0.66±0.06ab0.10±0.01b
N200-Q171.70±0.05b0.30±0.01b0.63±0.06b0.11±0.01ab
), ArticleFig(id=1227681739972211213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同盐胁迫下接种5株芽孢杆菌对田菁幼苗生物量积累及生长响应的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

处理

Treatment

地上部鲜重

Fresh weight on the ground (g)

地上部干重

Dry weight on the ground (g)

地下部鲜重

Fresh weight underground (g)

地下部干重

Dry weight underground

(g)

H2O-CK2.44±0.20c0.35±0.04c0.70±0.07c0.10±0.01c
H2O-M43.20±0.22a0.68±0.04a1.24±0.10a0.23±0.02a
H2O-M52.79±0.14bc0.51±0.03b0.91±0.11b0.20±0.02b
H2O-B52.91±0.15ab0.52±0.02b1.00±0.08b0.18±0.03b
H2O-L32.80±0.27b0.45±0.04b0.95±0.12b0.17±0.02b
H2O-Q172.73±0.13bc0.50±0.07b0.95±0.13b0.19±0.02b
N100-CK1.86±0.13c0.26±0.03d0.64±0.03c0.09±0.01c
N100-M42.37±0.09a0.56±0.05a0.97±0.04a0.18±0.02a
N100-M52.11±0.11b0.48±0.05b0.89±0.05ab0.16±0.03ab
N100-B52.10±0.19b0.39±0.03c0.86±0.07b0.14±0.02b
N100-L32.07±0.04bc0.42±0.04bc0.80±0.04b0.15±0.01ab
N100-Q172.03±0.08bc0.42±0.05bc0.87±0.08ab0.14±0.02b
N200-CK1.34±0.04c0.19±0.03c0.51±0.03c0.07±0.01c
N200-M41.90±0.14a0.37±0.02a0.74±0.07a0.13±0.02a
N200-M51.73±0.13b0.28±0.01b0.68±0.03ab0.10±0.02b
N200-B51.84±0.06ab0.25±0.03b0.61±0.05b0.11±0.02ab
N200-L31.76±0.06ab0.27±0.04b0.66±0.06ab0.10±0.01b
N200-Q171.70±0.05b0.30±0.01b0.63±0.06b0.11±0.01ab
), ArticleFig(id=1227681740089651729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

ANI and dDDH genomic similarity analysis of M4 and its related strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsANI (%)dDDH (%)
Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 10792T96.4972.8
Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T91.8543.9
Bacillus paranthracis Mn5T91.6642.0
Bacillus paramycoides NH24A2T89.5734.1
Bacillus tropicus N24T91.8543.6
Bacillus luti TD41T91.4641.4
Bacillus sanguinis BML-BC004T91.7442.3
Bacillus wiedmannii FSL W8-0169T91.7943.8
Bacillus fungorum 17-SMS-01T91.9241.9
Bacillus hominis BML-BC059T91.1535.8
Bacillus mycoides DSM 2048T90.0036.7
Bacillus gaemokensis KCTC 13318T85.8524.7
Mangrovibacillus cuniculi R1DC41T83.8620.2
), ArticleFig(id=1227681740186120730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

M4及其近缘菌株的ANIdDDH基因组相似性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsANI (%)dDDH (%)
Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 10792T96.4972.8
Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T91.8543.9
Bacillus paranthracis Mn5T91.6642.0
Bacillus paramycoides NH24A2T89.5734.1
Bacillus tropicus N24T91.8543.6
Bacillus luti TD41T91.4641.4
Bacillus sanguinis BML-BC004T91.7442.3
Bacillus wiedmannii FSL W8-0169T91.7943.8
Bacillus fungorum 17-SMS-01T91.9241.9
Bacillus hominis BML-BC059T91.1535.8
Bacillus mycoides DSM 2048T90.0036.7
Bacillus gaemokensis KCTC 13318T85.8524.7
Mangrovibacillus cuniculi R1DC41T83.8620.2
), ArticleFig(id=1227681740286784031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The genome features of strain M4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Genomic featuresResults
Accession numberPRJNA1216383
Size (Mb)6.3
Number of contigs141
G+C content (%)34.6
Number of genes6 516
N50 (bp)172 712
N90 (bp)27 395
), ArticleFig(id=1227681740429390375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

菌株M4全基因组基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Genomic featuresResults
Accession numberPRJNA1216383
Size (Mb)6.3
Number of contigs141
G+C content (%)34.6
Number of genes6 516
N50 (bp)172 712
N90 (bp)27 395
), ArticleFig(id=1227681740555219501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101824139404, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Prediction and functional analysis of secondary metabolite gene clusters in the whole genome of strain M4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundSynthetase typeSize (kb)
BacillibactinNRPS46.1
Molybdenum cofactorTerpene21.9
Zwittermicin ALanthipeptide-class-ii, NRPS, T1PKS107.2
FengycinBetalactone25.2
PetrobactinSiderophore13.7
Thurincin HLadderane, sactipeptide35.5
Bacillicn CER074RiPP-like8.6
Anabaenopeptin NZ857/nostamide ANRPS1.7
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菌株M4全基因组中次级代谢产物基因簇的预测与功能分析

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CompoundSynthetase typeSize (kb)
BacillibactinNRPS46.1
Molybdenum cofactorTerpene21.9
Zwittermicin ALanthipeptide-class-ii, NRPS, T1PKS107.2
FengycinBetalactone25.2
PetrobactinSiderophore13.7
Thurincin HLadderane, sactipeptide35.5
Bacillicn CER074RiPP-like8.6
Anabaenopeptin NZ857/nostamide ANRPS1.7
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黄河三角洲芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其盐胁迫下对田菁的促生作用
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李思铭 1 , 于潇 1 , 彭志伟 1 , 景海青 1 , 刘珅坤 2 , 王寅初 3 , 尹雪斌 1 , 季春丽 1 , 任承钢 3 , 薛金爱 1 , 崔红利 1, 3, 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(7): 2920-2937
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(7): 2920-2937
黄河三角洲芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其盐胁迫下对田菁的促生作用
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李思铭1, 于潇1, 彭志伟1, 景海青1, 刘珅坤2, 王寅初3, 尹雪斌1, 季春丽1, 任承钢3, 薛金爱1 , 崔红利1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.山西农业大学 农学院,山西 太谷
  • 2.烟台市农业技术推广中心,山东 烟台
  • 3.中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,海岸带生物学与生物资源利用重点实验室,山东 烟台
  • 4.国家盐碱地综合利用技术创新中心,黄河三角洲农业高新技术产业区院士工作站,山东 东营
Bacillus strains from the Yellow River Delta: isolation, identification, and assessment of growth-promoting effect on Sesbania cannabina under salt stress
Siming LI1, Xiao YU1, Zhiwei PENG1, Haiqing JING1, Shenkun LIU2, Yinchu WANG3, Xuebin YIN1, Chunli JI1, Chenggang REN3, Jin’ai XUE1 , Hongli CUI1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
  • 2.Yantai Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Yantai, Shandong, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
  • 4.Academician Workstation of Agricultural High-tech Industrial Area of the Yellow River Delta, National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-alkali Land, Dongying, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240772
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【目的】 从黄河三角洲盐碱土中分离筛选具有耐盐性且促生效果良好的菌株,为作物在盐碱地高效种植提供菌种资源。 【方法】 采用平板稀释涂布法分离芽孢杆菌,并通过浸种试验筛选出促生效果良好的菌株。对筛选出的菌株进行促生特性测定,并在盐胁迫条件下,利用田菁盆栽试验评估其促生效果。结合形态学特征、生理生化特征以及分子生物学方法,对促生效果最佳的菌株进行鉴定,并通过全基因组序列分析,挖掘与促生功能相关的基因。 【结果】 共分离获得60株芽孢杆菌,通过浸种试验筛选出编号为M4、M5、B5、L3和Q17的菌株,这些菌株表现出优良的促生效果,具备解无机磷、解钾以及产生吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)等功能。田菁盆栽试验结果表明,在正常培养条件以及低浓度盐胁迫(NaCl浓度为100 mmol/L)培养时,接种芽孢杆菌能够显著提高田菁幼苗的株高、最大叶面积、茎秆干重和根干重(P<0.05);高浓度盐胁迫(NaCl浓度为200 mmol/L)培养时,接种5株芽孢杆菌能够显著提高田菁幼苗茎秆和叶片的鲜重与干重(P<0.05);接种芽孢杆菌能显著提高田菁幼苗叶片中的过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)和过氧化物酶(superoxide dismutase, POD)活性,且丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。其中,促生效果最佳的菌株M4经鉴定为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)。 【结论】 分离得到的5株芽孢杆菌均具有多种促生特性,能够促进盐胁迫下田菁幼苗的生长,缓解盐分对幼苗的抑制作用。其中促生效果最好的M4菌株经鉴定为B. thuringiensis,具备较强的开发盐碱地促生菌肥的潜力。

植物促生菌  /  芽孢杆菌  /  田菁  /  耐盐能力  /  促生效果

[Objective] To isolate and screen the salt-tolerant strains with good plant growth-promoting effect from the saline-alkali soil of the Yellow River Delta, thus providing strain resources for the efficient cultivation of crops in saline-alkali soil. [Methods] Bacillus strains were isolated by the dilution coating method, and the strains with good plant growth-promoting effects were further selected by the seed soaking test. The growth-promoting characteristics of the selected strains were measured, and the growth-promoting effects of the strains on Sesbania cannabina under salt stress was evaluated by pot experiments. The strain with the strongest plant growth-promoting effect was identified based on morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and molecular biological evidence. Through the whole genome sequence analysis, the genes related to the plant growth-promoting function were discovered. [Results] A total of 60 Bacillus strains were isolated, from which strains M4, M5, B5, L3, and Q17 were screened out by the seed soaking test. These strains showed robust plant growth-promoting properties, being capable of solubilizing inorganic phosphorus, solubilizing potassium, and producing inole-3-acetic acid. The pot experiment results showed that under normal culture conditions and under low salt stress (NaCl concentration of 100 mmol/L), inoculation with Bacillus increased the plant height, maximum leaf area, stem dry weight, and root dry weight of S. cannabina seedlings (P<0.05). Under high salt stress (NaCl concentration of 200 mmol/L), the fresh and dry weights of stem and leaves of S. cannabina seedlings were increased by inoculation with five strains of Bacillus (P<0.05). In addition, inoculation with Bacillus enhanced the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase while reducing the content of malondialdehyde in the leaves of S. cannabina seedlings (P<0.05). Strain M4 with the strongest plant growth-promoting effect was identified as Bacillus thuringiensis. [Conclusion] All the five isolates have various plant growth-promoting properties, being capable of promoting the growth of S. cannabina seedlings under salt stress and alleviating the inhibitory effect of salt on the seedlings. Strain M4 with the robust plant growth-promoting effect is identified as B. thuringiensis, and it has the potential to be developed as plant growth-promoting bacterial fertilizer for saline-alkali soil.

plant growth-promoting bacteria  /  Bacillus  /  Sesbania cannabina  /  salt tolerance  /  plant growth-promoting effect
李思铭, 于潇, 彭志伟, 景海青, 刘珅坤, 王寅初, 尹雪斌, 季春丽, 任承钢, 薛金爱, 崔红利. 黄河三角洲芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其盐胁迫下对田菁的促生作用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (7) : 2920 -2937 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240772
Siming LI, Xiao YU, Zhiwei PENG, Haiqing JING, Shenkun LIU, Yinchu WANG, Xuebin YIN, Chunli JI, Chenggang REN, Jin’ai XUE, Hongli CUI. Bacillus strains from the Yellow River Delta: isolation, identification, and assessment of growth-promoting effect on Sesbania cannabina under salt stress[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (7) : 2920 -2937 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240772
土壤盐碱化对农业生产构成了严峻的挑战。由于黄河三角洲地处黄河入海口,地下水位普遍较浅,在海水浸润顶托的作用下,导致该地区土壤含盐量高且极易出现季节性返盐,促使土壤发生次生盐渍化[1]。土壤中盐分过高会导致植物细胞内外的渗透压失衡,使得细胞难以从土壤中吸收必要的水分和矿物质,从而抑制植物的生长[2]。高盐环境会引起离子毒性和渗透胁迫,限制植物对水分的吸收,降低发芽率,并延缓植物的发育[3]。此外,土壤中较高的盐分会导致植株叶片的生长速度减慢,叶片大小也会受到影响,最终导致植物死亡[4]。因此,迫切需要开发提高植物耐盐性的策略,以改善植物的生长提高产量。
田菁(Sesbania cannabina)作为一种耐盐的绿肥作物,在盐碱地上种植能够改善土壤生态功能并带来较好的经济效益,由于其根系发达且固氮能力强,常被作为先锋植物用于滩涂盐碱地的土壤修复改造,但在实际应用过程中仍需进一步提升其对高浓度盐碱胁迫的耐受性[5]。微生物菌剂已被广泛应用于农业,尤其是盐碱地的修复改良[6-7]。研究表明,芽孢杆菌菌剂能够有效缓解盐分对植物造成的伤害[8-9]。例如,用芽孢杆菌菌剂浸种处理可以显著提高田菁种子的发芽率[10]。芽孢杆菌能够在恶劣的环境下形成芽孢以保证存活,待环境改善后萌发。萌发后的芽孢杆菌能够定殖在植物根部,并表现出促生长能力[11]。李娅娣等[7]研究表明,芽孢杆菌可通过固氮、解磷、解钾、分泌植物激素等方式促进植物在盐胁迫下的生长。芽孢杆菌通过固氮作用增加土壤中的氮含量,帮助田菁在盐胁迫条件下维持正常的氮代谢;此外,芽孢杆菌还可通过分泌磷酸酶和有机酸(如葡萄糖酸、柠檬酸和草酸)溶解磷酸盐,这些化合物降低了根际pH值,形成酸性微环境,有助于土壤中磷酸盐的溶解;部分有机酸能够将土壤中的难溶性磷酸盐转化为可溶性磷酸盐,使其更易被植物吸收和利用,从而促进根系发育、开花和结果[12]。在这些机制的共同作用下,接种芽孢杆菌菌剂能够促进作物幼苗在盐渍环境中的正常生长,提高作物的产量和品质,同时减轻合成肥料对环境的危害。此外,研究发现芽孢杆菌菌剂对提高多种作物的耐盐性有显著效果,如大豆、藜麦、玉米、水稻等[8,13-14]。因此,进一步挖掘和鉴定芽孢杆菌资源,可更好地服务于作物种植。
研究表明,从原生境土壤中分离得到的菌株具有适应性强、生物多样性高、遗传稳定性好等优点,与模式菌株相比,从原生境分离菌株可能对植物的促生效果更好,并能够更好地适应土壤中的微生物群落形成共生菌落,从而提高土壤定殖率[15-16]。因此,从黄河三角洲的盐渍土壤中分离并筛选出兼具耐盐和促生特性的芽孢杆菌菌株,不仅能够丰富现有的菌种资源库,还能最大限度地发挥这些菌株在植物促生方面的潜力[17],这将为开发适应黄河三角洲地区盐碱环境的生物肥料提供重要的菌种资源,并为改良盐碱土壤和提升作物产量开辟新的途径。
本研究采用稀释涂布法从黄河三角洲盐碱地分离芽孢杆菌,并通过浸种法筛选出5株具有显著促生效果的芽孢杆菌菌株。为进一步验证这些菌株在盐胁迫条件下对田菁幼苗的促生作用,本研究对其耐盐性、生理生化特性以及促生功能进行了评估。以田菁种子为实验材料,探究了盐胁迫下接种芽孢杆菌对田菁幼苗形态学参数及抗氧化酶活性的影响。此外,对促生效果最佳的菌株进行了形态特征分析、系统发育分析及生理生化特征鉴定,完成了菌种分类学鉴定。本研究旨在获取耐盐促生菌资源,为微生物改良盐渍地提供新的菌种资源,并为耐盐促生微生物菌剂的研制提供理论依据。
用于菌株分离的土壤样本采集自黄河三角洲地区山东省东营市(118°20′E,37°33′N)的盐碱地。选取高盐地区田菁植株附近的根际土壤,收集到无菌袋中,放入低温采样箱运回实验室,于4 ℃冰箱保存,用于后续芽孢杆菌的分离和筛选。经测定,采集到的土壤水土比为1:5,pH值为7.73,电导率为1 990 μS/cm,盐分含量为7.85‰。
浸种实验和盆栽试验使用田菁S. cannabina,田菁种子由中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所海岸带生物学与生物资源利用重点实验室提供。
称取10 g植物根际土壤样品,溶解于装有90 mL纯净水的锥形瓶中,30 ℃、180 r/min振荡15 min后,置于90 ℃水浴锅孵育10 min。冷却至室温后,取土壤溶液按梯度稀释到试管中,分别取10-2、10-3、10-4的稀释液各100 μL,涂布于LB固体培养基上,倒置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养48 h。根据菌落形态、颜色以及大小挑取不同的单菌落,经3次划线培养后获得纯化菌株,接种于斜面后培养2-3 d,置于4 ℃冰箱中备用。同时,纯化后的菌株用25%的甘油长期储存于-80 ℃冰箱。
在LB琼脂培养基中分别添加2%、4%、6%和8%的NaCl,于121 ℃灭菌20 min,分别将不同NaCl浓度的琼脂培养基倒入平板,用接种环蘸取菌液划线,30 ℃培养48 h后观察菌落生长情况,确定菌株对NaCl的耐受范围[16]。用1 mol/L NaOH调节LB液体培养基的pH至8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0、12.0,在121 ℃灭菌20 min后,分别将不同pH的琼脂培养基倒入平板,用接种环蘸取菌液划线培养,30 ℃培养48 h后观察菌落生长情况,确定菌株对碱度的耐受范围[15]
通过测定菌株的解磷能力、解钾能力、固氮能力、产吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)能力和降解纤维素能力,综合评估其促生性能,具体测定方法如下:解磷能力测定采用蒙金娜有机磷培养基[18]和无机磷培养基检测法[19],若菌落能产生透明圈则具有该能力;解钾能力测定采用硅酸盐细菌培养基检测法[20],能够在硅酸盐细菌培养基上生长视为具有解钾功能;固氮能力测定采用Ashby培养基法[21],能够在培养基上生长则具有固氮能力;产吲 哚-3-乙酸能力测定采用Salkowski比色法[22]。在LB液体培养基中添加l-色氨酸(100 mg/L),经121 ℃灭菌20 min,待冷却后在超净工作台中按2%的菌液浓度接种到锥形瓶中。在30 ℃、 180 r/min条件下振荡培养3 d后,吸取100 μL菌液至96孔板中,同时吸取稀释为1、2、4、5、10 mg/L的100 μL IAA溶液至96孔板中,分别加入100 μL Salkowski显色液混合均匀,避光反应20-30 min后观察颜色是否变化。若菌株具有产IAA能力,则会与Salkowski试剂反应产生粉红色或红色,颜色越深表示产IAA能力越强。通过测定OD530处的吸光值,得到IAA浓度和OD530的线性关系(y=0.012 5x+0.078 7,其中x为IAA浓度,yOD530的吸光值),计算各菌株的IAA产量。降解纤维素能力测定采用刚果红染色法[23],染色后菌落的周围出现透明圈证明其具有纤维素降解能力。
将筛选到的芽孢杆菌菌株以2%的浓度接种到LB液体培养基中,在30 °C、180 r/min的恒温振荡器中培养24 h,8 000 r/min离心10 min收集菌体并用无菌水洗涤2次,重悬于无菌水中,调整各菌悬液的OD600值为1.0 (菌液浓度约为8×108 CFU/mL)。
将分离得到的60个芽孢杆菌菌株分别制备为菌悬液备用。选取颗粒饱满、种皮完整的田菁种子,用75%的乙醇浸泡10 min,并用无菌水冲洗5-6次进行消毒处理。以纯净水浸种作为对照组,将消毒后的种子分别使用纯净水和芽孢杆菌菌悬液浸泡3 h,在无菌培养皿中放入2张滤纸,将用不同溶液浸种的种子分散摆放至培养皿中,每个培养皿中放置15粒种子,分别用纯净水和胁迫液(NaCl浓度为200 mmol/L,约为1.2%的NaCl溶液)浸润,每隔2 d补1次纯净水保持滤纸湿润。每组处理3次重复。将其置于30 ℃培养箱中恒温暗培养,第7天测定田菁幼苗的芽长、根长及发芽率。
盆栽采用育苗基质土种植(花盆直径为7.8 cm,高为9 cm,每盆装基质土300 mL,盆外包裹锡箔纸避光处理),模拟盐渍土壤。试验采用双因素设计,因素一为芽孢杆菌菌剂,纯净水处理作为对照,菌剂包含编号为M4、M5、B5、L3、Q17的5个菌株制备的菌悬液。因素二为盐胁迫程度,包括CK、N100 (NaCl浓度为100 mmol/L)和N200 (NaCl浓度为200 mmol/L) 3组处理。共设置6个处理(CK-H2O、N100-H2O、N200-H2O、CK-菌、N100-菌、N200-菌),每个处理重复3次。田菁种子消毒处理后,每盆播种10粒田菁种子,出苗后将其置于25 ℃、光暗周期为14 h/10 h的恒温温室培养;待幼苗长出第1片真叶后挑选长势一致的盆栽作为实验组,分别取编号为M4、M5、B5、L3、Q17的菌株菌悬液50 mL均匀浇灌至根系周围,H2O组加50 mL纯净水;定殖2 d后取盐胁迫液50 mL均匀浇灌至根系周围,其间维持土壤湿度50%-70%,继续培养15 d后收获,测定田菁幼苗的株高、根长、地上部及地下部的鲜重和干重、最长枝条长度以及最大叶面积。其中最大叶面积采用叶面积系数法计算,叶面积计算如公式(1)所示。
s=klw
式中:s为面积,l为叶片的长度,w为叶片的宽度,k为系数,本研究中k取1/3[24]
田菁幼苗叶片中丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量采用硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid, TBA)法测定;超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)采用氮蓝四唑(nitroblue tetrazolium test, NBT)法测定;过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)采用愈创木酚法测定;过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)采用钼酸铵比色法测定[25]
将菌株M4接种到LB液体培养基中,30 ℃、180 r/min培养24 h后观察菌体形态特征;此外,采用扫描电子显微镜(Hitachi公司)观察菌株个体形态特征。芽孢染色步骤为:将菌株M4接种到LB液体培养基中,30 ℃、180 r/min培养48 h后,将芽孢杆菌菌液制成涂片,干燥后加热固定,滴加石炭酸复红染液,酒精灯加热温染5 min,用95%乙醇脱色,再滴加碱性美蓝染液复染2 min,水洗吸干后用显微镜镜检。显微镜视野中,菌体呈蓝色,芽孢呈紫色。
菌株的形态学观察和生理生化鉴定均参考《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[26],采用革兰氏染色法对细菌进行初步分类,并通过V-P、柠檬酸盐利用、丙酸盐利用、d-木糖发酵、l-阿拉伯糖发酵、d-甘露醇发酵、明胶液化、7% NaCl耐受性、pH 5.7生长实验、硝酸盐还原实验以及淀粉水解等一系列生理生化实验对目标菌株进行鉴定。
分子生物学鉴定委托青岛睿博尔生物有科技限公司进行。利用16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×PCR Master Mix 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 9.5 µL。PCR反应条件:95 °C预变性5 min;94 °C变性30 s,57 °C退火30 s,72 °C延伸90 s,30个循环;72 °C终延伸10 min。测序所得16S rRNA基因序列上传到EzBioCloud数据库进行序列比对,使用MEGA 11.0软件,利用Kimura 2-parameter model+Gamma distribution模型,1 000次自展值构建16S rRNA基因的最大似然法(maximum likelihood method)系统发育树,初步确定其分类地位。获得的16S rRNA基因序列上传到NCBI数据库中,获得GenBank登录号为PQ113765。
将菌株M4接种到LB液体培养基中,30 ℃、180 r/min培养48 h后,8 000 r/min离心10 min收集菌体,液氮冷冻后干冰送至武汉贝纳科技有限公司进行全基因组测序。测得的草图基因组序列使用SPAdes v3.11.1软件组装成contigs和scaffolds,并将基因序列上传到NCBI数据库,获得BioProject登录号为PRJNA1216383,GenBank登录号为JBLFEW000000000。
基因组平均核苷酸相似性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)通过JSpeciesWS (https://jspecies.ribohost.com/jspeciesws/)进行计算。基因组数字DNA杂交值(digital DNA-DNA hybridization, dDDH)通过在线工具Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (GGDC) (http://ggdc.dsmz.de/home.php)进行计算。使用单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)数据构建全基因组系统发育树。
采用Microsoft Excel 2010软件对数据进行处理,SPSS 26.0软件进行差异显著性分析,Origin 2021软件绘图,显著性水平为P<0.05。
本研究采用浸种法,评价从盐碱土中分离得到的各菌株在盐胁迫条件下对田菁种子萌发的影响,以筛选出促生效果最佳的菌株并进行后续试验。结果见表1,经编号为M4、M5、B5、L3和Q17的菌悬液浸种后,幼苗的芽长和根长均显著高于对照组的田菁幼苗(P<0.05)。其中,在无盐胁迫时,M5菌株处理的幼苗芽长较对照组提高了87.37%,M4菌株处理的幼苗芽长和根长较对照组分别提高了85.96%和61.19%;在200 mmol/L盐胁迫浓度下,M4菌株处理的幼苗芽长和根长较对照组分别提高了71.28%和59.46%。
通过上述田菁种子的浸种发芽试验,初步筛选出5株促生效果最显著的芽孢杆菌菌株。对其部分促生功能进行测定后,结果见表2。其中,5个菌株均具有溶解无机磷和解钾的能力,只有Q17菌株具有解有机磷的功能。编号为M4、M5、B5和Q17的4个菌株能够在Ashby无氮培养基上生长,表明其具有固氮能力。在CMC固体培养基上生长的菌落经刚果红染色后,编号为B5和L3的菌落周围出现透明圈,说明这2个菌株具有降解纤维素的能力。此外,测定结果显示,5个菌株均具有产IAA的能力,其中能力最强的菌株Q17 IAA产量可达12.61 mg/L (初始色氨酸浓度为100 mg/L)。
为验证菌株对田菁幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效果,接种芽孢杆菌菌悬液15 d后幼苗的长势如图1所示。在未接种芽孢杆菌的情况下,随着NaCl浓度的增加,植株高度逐渐降低;而加入菌悬液后,田菁幼苗的高度显著增加。
各试验处理下田菁幼苗的生长形态参数如表3所示。与对照组相比,加入各菌株后对田菁幼苗的株高、根长、最长枝条长度和最大叶面积均有不同程度的促生效果。在无胁迫条件下,加入M4、M5、B5、L3、Q17这5个菌株的菌悬液后,株高最高增加了19.25%,根长最高增加了20.77%,表明菌株M4对田菁幼苗的株高和根长具有显著的促生效果(P<0.05)。加入M4和B5菌株后,最长枝条长度分别增加了18.06%和10.42%,最大叶面积分别增加了33.34%和21.05%,表明这2个菌株显著增加了枝条长度和叶面积,使幼苗更加茂盛(P<0.05)。
当NaCl胁迫浓度达到100 mmol/L时,与对照组相比,加入5个芽孢杆菌的菌悬液后,株高最高增加了20.76%,根长最高增加了20.28%,表明在盐胁迫下能显著提高植物的株高和根长(P<0.05)。同时,结果发现加入编号为M4的菌悬液后,其株高与无胁迫下的对照组幼苗株高无显著差异,说明加入M4菌株能够完全消除盐分对植物的抑制效果。此外,加入这5株芽孢杆菌的菌悬液后,幼苗的最大叶面积较对照组显著增加(P<0.05),最高增加36.29%。当NaCl胁迫浓度达到200 mmol/L时,田菁幼苗植株高度较无胁迫条件时降低了24.60%。加入编号为M4和Q17的菌悬液后,幼苗的株高分别增加了22.87%和18.79%,根长分别增加了19.64%和18.45%,显著缓解了盐胁迫对植物的影响(P<0.05)。加入M4菌株的菌悬液后,显著增加了幼苗的最长枝条长度和最大叶面积(P<0.05),分别增加了21.77%和103.70%。
综上所述,编号为M4、M5、B5、L3、Q17的菌株均能在不同程度上提高田菁幼苗在盐胁迫下的形态学参数,其中M4菌株的促生效果最为显著。
在完成各处理组的形态学参数评估后,对不同菌株在不同盐胁迫处理下田菁幼苗的生物量进行了测定,如表4所示。在无胁迫条件下,向盆栽中加入5个菌株的菌悬液均能显著提高幼苗的茎秆鲜重、根鲜重、茎秆干重和根干重(P<0.05),其中茎秆鲜重最高增加了31.28%。当NaCl胁迫浓度达到100 mmol/L时,加入M4、M5、B5菌株的菌悬液能够显著增加幼苗的茎秆鲜重和根鲜重(P<0.05)。将叶片烘干后发现,加入这5株芽孢杆菌的菌悬液后,也显著增加了田菁幼苗的茎秆干重和根干重(P<0.05)。当NaCl胁迫浓度为200 mmol/L,加入芽孢杆菌菌悬液能够显著提高幼苗的茎秆鲜重、根鲜重、茎秆干重和根干重(P<0.05),其中茎秆干重较对照组增长率最高为92.13%,根干重增长率最高为90.57%,表明加入各芽孢杆菌的菌悬液均能有效缓解盐分对植物积累生物量的胁迫作用,其中M4菌株的效果尤为突出。
本研究测定了不同盐胁迫浓度下,接种与未接种芽孢杆菌的田菁叶片中3种抗氧化酶活性(CAT活性、SOD活性、POD活性)以及MDA含量(图2)。在不同处理条件下,接种5株芽孢杆菌均能提高3种抗氧化酶的活性。如图2A所示,MDA含量是细胞膜脂质过氧化的生物标志物,随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,MDA含量也随之增加,但接种菌株后较对照组均有所下降。在无胁迫及100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,接种M4、M5、L3、Q17菌株后,田菁叶片中MDA含量显著下降(P<0.05)。在200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,接种芽孢杆菌菌悬液后叶片中MDA含量最多下降22.06%,且均显著低于无胁迫下的对照组。
图2B所示,CAT活性代表细胞内催化过氧化氢(H2O2)分解的速度。在无盐胁迫处理下,叶片的CAT活性随盐胁迫浓度的增加而升高。与较对照组相比,100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫和200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理下,CAT活性分别增加了32.64%和64.81%。接种5株芽孢杆菌后,叶片CAT活性均显著提高(P<0.05)。如图2C所示,SOD能够清除超氧自由基,盐胁迫时植物体内SOD活性会升高。结果显示,100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫和200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理组较无胁迫处理的田菁叶片中SOD活性分别增加了16.27%和33.58%。无盐胁迫时,接种5株芽孢杆菌均显著提高了田菁叶片中SOD活性(P<0.05)。在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫和200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,接种芽孢杆菌后叶片中SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05)。POD能保护植物缓解盐胁迫下的氧化应激损害,其活性与植物的抗性密切相关。如图2D所示,接种5株芽孢杆菌后,叶片中POD活性均显著提高(P<0.05)。在200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,接种不同芽孢杆菌菌悬液后叶片POD活性最高增加56.22%。
将菌株M4在LB固体培养基上培养24 h后进行形态学观察,菌落表面平滑、扁平、不透明、边缘规则,呈乳白色。扫描电镜结果显示,M4菌株呈短杆状,大小约为(2.5-3.5) μm×(0.7-0.8) μm。菌液培养48 h后,芽孢从菌体上脱离,经染色后芽孢呈现紫色,菌体呈现蓝色(图3)。
菌株M4与苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis) ATCC 10792T和东洋芽孢杆菌(Bacillus toyonensis) BCT-7112T的序列相似性最高,均高于99%。基于16S rRNA基因构建的最大似然系统发育树(ML)显示,菌株M4与B. thuringiensis ATCC 10792T聚在一个分支上(图4A)。进一步的全基因组系统发育树也显示M4与B. thuringiensis ATCC 10792T聚在一个分支上(图4B),表明菌株M4可能为B. thuringiensis,属于Bacillus cereus
菌株M4与B. thuringiensis ATCC 10792T的ANI值为96.49%,dDDH值为72.8%,均高于区分物种的界限值(ANI:95.00%-96.00%;dDDH:70.0%)。与其他菌株的ANI比值在83.86%-91.92%之间,dDDH比值在20.2%-43.9%之间(表5),表明菌株M4属于苏云金芽孢杆菌。
菌株M4的生理生化鉴定结果显示其为革兰氏阳性菌,具有明胶液化、硝酸盐还原和淀粉水解能力,V-P试验为阴性,无法利用d-木糖、l-阿拉伯糖和d-甘露醇作为碳源。菌株M4能够在4% NaCl平板上生长,远高于田菁幼苗的盐分致死浓度,因此可初步确定菌株M4为具有耐盐特性的植物促生菌。
菌株M4的全基因组基本特征见表6,基因组大小为6.3 Mb,G+C含量为34.6%,草图基因组包含141个contigs,共6 516个基因。采用antiSMASH程序预测菌株M4全基因组中含有8个次级代谢产物基因簇(表7)。此外,CAZy家族基因的表达有助于植物应对逆境胁迫。菌株M4全基因组中共含有124个CAZy家族基因,其中糖基转移酶(glycosytransferases, GTs)数量最多,为47个;糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolases, GHs)基因数为37个,其他基因数量如图5所示。
黄河三角洲盐碱地位于山东省黄河入海口处,近些年由于自然因素和人类活动的影响,加剧了土壤盐渍化程度,导致土壤肥力下降、作物生长受阻[27]。田菁是一种多年生草本植物,由于其具有固氮能力,常被用作绿肥作物以改善土壤氮含量,增加土壤中的有机质,提高土壤的保水性和透气性,从而有助于改善土壤的盐碱状况[28]。Patani等[29]研究发现接种芽孢杆菌菌株能通过消除盐胁迫对植物生长的负面影响来提高番茄的产量和耐盐性。因此,接种芽孢杆菌在提高植物耐盐性和促进生长方面具有重要的应用潜力。
众所周知,根际微生物被认为是植物的“第二基因组”,在农业绿色发展中具有重要作用[30]。本研究从黄河三角洲盐碱土壤中共分离得到60株芽孢杆菌,通过田菁种子的浸种试验筛选出5株具有显著促生效果的菌株,其编号分别为M4、M5、B5、L3和Q17。对这些菌株的促生能力进行测定,发现这些芽孢杆菌菌株具备解无机磷、解钾和分泌IAA的能力,部分菌株还具有解有机磷、固氮和降解纤维素的能力。这些功能对于促进植物的耐盐性至关重要,能够直接提高幼苗的生长。Ali等[31]研究表明,接种苏云金芽孢杆菌B. thuringiensis PM25能够分泌植物激素IAA,从而改善玉米在盐胁迫下的生长。
Patani等[29]研究发现,接种植物促生菌后幼苗的形态学参数和生物量均发生了显著变化,包括发芽率、株高、根长、叶面积、植株鲜重和干重。Masmoudi等[32]的研究发现,无论有无盐胁迫,接种贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) FMH2都能促进番茄幼苗的生长,这与本研究的结果一致。随着盐胁迫的增加,植株的生长明显受到抑制,而在接种这5个菌株后田菁幼苗在株高、根长、最长枝条长度、最大叶面积、茎秆鲜重、茎秆干重、根鲜重和根干重等生长指标上均有显著提升。在NaCl胁迫浓度为100 mmol/L时,与无胁迫处理组相比,分别提高了10.47%、11.39%、6.73%、27.71%、8.90%、50.00%、24.48%和53.01%以上;在NaCl胁迫浓度为200 mmol/L时,与无胁迫处理组相比,分别提高了86.9%、11.31%、4.42%、87.39%、26.62%、33.33%、20.26%和43.73%。这表明这5株芽孢杆菌不仅能促进植物在非胁迫条件下的生长,更能在盐胁迫环境下提高植物的耐盐性和生长潜力。
MDA是植物体内脂质过氧化的产物,其含量的增加通常与细胞膜的损伤相关,盐分胁迫下细胞内渗透压的增加会导致MDA含量升高,因此MDA的含量通常反映了植物在逆境条件下的生理状态[33]。已有研究表明,在盐胁迫下,接种海水芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aquimaris) DY-3后,玉米幼苗MDA含量降低了9.55%[34];与单独盐胁迫的植物相比,接种蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus) KP120能够使拟南芥幼苗的MDA含量降低,氧化损伤减轻[35]。本研究结果表明,与对照组相比,接种芽孢杆菌菌株的田菁幼苗叶片中MDA含量显著降低,在CK、N100、N200处理条件下,其含量分别降低了8.20%、12.92%和11.71%以上。MDA含量的降低说明接种植物促生菌的幼苗对氧化胁迫的耐受性更强,这与上述接种植物促生菌能够有效缓解盐胁迫下植物幼苗生长抑制的结果一致。
在盐胁迫条件下,植物体内的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平升高,这会导致氧化应激并对植物造成损伤。抗氧化酶如过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)在保护植物免受氧化应激和缓解植物生长抑制方面发挥重要作用[36]。赵龙飞等[37]研究发现,在盐胁迫下,大豆幼苗接种枯草芽孢杆菌127和解蛋白芽孢杆菌133后,叶片中SOD和POD活性均有所提升,说明接种植物促生菌有助于减轻盐分对植物造成的损害,并增强植物的抗逆性。CAT能催化植物细胞中的过氧化氢转化为氧气和水,从而缓解过氧化氢造成的伤害,在植物抗氧化系统中是非常重要的一部分。Khan等[38]发现,通过接种植物促生菌幼苗中的SOD和CAT活性分别比盐处理过的植物增加了58.40%和25.65%。这与本研究中接种芽孢杆菌后田菁叶片中CAT、SOD和POD等抗氧化酶活性增强的结果相符。在无盐胁迫条件下,CAT、SOD、POD的活性分别增加了50.30%、23.38%和30.45%以上;在NaCl胁迫浓度为100 mmol/L时CAT、SOD、POD活性分别增加了29.50%、15.99%和22.66%;当NaCl胁迫浓度达到200 mmol/L时CAT、SOD、POD活性分别增加20.10%、12.88%和23.31%以上。这表明接种芽孢杆菌菌株可能通过增强植物的抗氧化系统来减轻氧化损伤,保护植物细胞免受盐胁迫的伤害。
芽孢杆菌属是土壤中发现的主要细菌属之一,具有巨大的遗传和代谢多样性,在土壤生态系统中发挥着多种生态功能,从养分循环到赋予植物抗逆性[39]。芽孢杆菌种类的高潜力在于它们能够产生许多有益成分,包括IAA、氢氰酸、铁载体、水解酶、具有抗菌活性的化合物,以及它们的磷酸盐增溶和固氮能力[39]。另一个优势是它们是孢子形成细菌。与营养形式相比,孢子更强壮、更耐药,这使得它们在生产过程中更方便操作[40]。Zou等[41]报道指出,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在盐碱条件下具有促进月季生长和提高抗逆性的潜力,并能影响根系微生物群落的调控。相比之下,高盐胁迫下接种贫瘠水芽孢杆菌(Bacillus inaquosorum)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(B. thuringiensis)和解蛋白芽孢杆菌(Bacillus proteolyticus)对藜麦的生物量、根长、次生根数、脯氨酸含量和光合活性等生长和生理指标都有显著的促进作用,从而提高了藜麦的耐盐性[42]
盆栽试验筛选到的促生效果最佳的菌株为M4,经系统发育分析、基因组ANI和dDDH比较分析以及生理生化特征鉴定,确认其为苏云金芽孢杆菌(B. thuringiensis)。菌株M4的全基因组中共含有124个CAZy家族基因,其中糖基转移酶(glycosytransferases, GTs)数量最多,达47个。GTs是以活化糖基供体为底物,催化蛋白质、脂质、激素及苯丙烷类化合物发生糖基化反应的酶[43]。它能够调节物质的生化特性和亚细胞定位。在植物细胞的生长发育及代谢平衡中,GTs催化的糖基化反应是一种必需的修饰反应,可维持小分子化合物的多样性,并对植物种子萌发、生长、开花和结实等生命活动至关重要[44]。此外,Gharabli等[45]研究表明GTs可以修饰植物分泌的次生代谢物,影响植物与微生物的共生关系,从而促进植物生长。在本研究中,菌株M4的基因组预测包含8个次级代谢产物基因簇,其中bacillibactin和petrobactin能够帮助芽孢杆菌获取铁元素。通过改善植物的铁营养和诱导植物系统抗性等机制,这些基因簇间接促进了植物的生长[46]
本研究从黄河三角洲盐碱土中筛选到60株芽孢杆菌菌株,其中编号为M4、M5、B5、L3和Q17的芽孢杆菌菌株能够显著提高盐胁迫下田菁种子的萌发率和幼苗生长。这5株芽孢杆菌菌株部分具备解无机磷和有机磷、解钾、固氮、产IAA及降解纤维素等促生特性。无论有无盐胁迫,接种这5株芽孢杆菌后,田菁幼苗的株高、根长、最长枝条长度、最大叶面积、茎鲜重和干重、根鲜重和干重均显著提高。同时,接种芽孢杆菌菌株能够显著降低叶片中MDA含量,并显著提高CAT、SOD和POD活性。其中,M4菌株的效果最为显著,有效缓解了NaCl胁迫对田菁幼苗生长的抑制作用,显著提高了田菁幼苗的耐盐性。经鉴定,菌株M4为B. thuringiensis。其全基因组分析显示,菌株M4基因组大小为6.3 Mb,antiSMASH预测表明基因组中含有8个次级代谢产物基因簇,并包含124个CAZy家族基因。因此,深入研究芽孢杆菌与植物互作的分子机制,将有助于开发新型微生物肥料和土壤改良剂,推动黄河三角洲盐碱地的生态修复和农业生产的可持续发展。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1901105)
  • 国家自然科学基金-山东省联合基金(U23A20146)
  • 山西省科技重大专项(202101140601026-7)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MC106)
  • 山东省绿色产业与环境安全创新创业共同体项目(2023-LSGTT-CX-004)
  • 国家盐碱地综合利用技术创新中心黄河三角洲农业高新技术产业区院士工作站
  • 黄河三角洲农业高新技术产业示范区科技专项(2022SZX12)
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2025年第65卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240772
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02
  • 录用日期:2025-02-28
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901105)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1901105)
Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shandong Province(U23A20146)
国家自然科学基金-山东省联合基金(U23A20146)
Science and Technology Major Project of Shanxi Province(202101140601026-7)
山西省科技重大专项(202101140601026-7)
Shandong Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021MC106)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MC106)
Innovation/Entrepreneurship Project of Shandong Green Industry and Environmental Security Innovation and Entrepreneurship Community(2023-LSGTT-CX-004)
山东省绿色产业与环境安全创新创业共同体项目(2023-LSGTT-CX-004)
Academician Workstation of Agricultural High-tech Industrial Area of the Yellow River Delta, National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-alkali Land of China
国家盐碱地综合利用技术创新中心黄河三角洲农业高新技术产业区院士工作站
Science & Technology Specific Project in Agricultural High-tech Industrial Demonstration Area of the Yellow River Delta(2022SZX12)
黄河三角洲农业高新技术产业示范区科技专项(2022SZX12)
作者信息
    1.山西农业大学 农学院,山西 太谷
    2.烟台市农业技术推广中心,山东 烟台
    3.中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,海岸带生物学与生物资源利用重点实验室,山东 烟台
    4.国家盐碱地综合利用技术创新中心,黄河三角洲农业高新技术产业区院士工作站,山东 东营
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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