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[Objective] To study the response relationship of the biological properties of bacterial communities to long-term climate change. [Methods] The loess (YL, PL, and RL) and paleosol (YS, PS, and RS) sequences, which have persisted for approximately 500 000 years at Shimao (Y), Potou (P), and Renjiapo (R), were sampled. The structures and functions of the soil bacterial communities were predicted by bioinformatics approaches, including high-throughput sequencing and FAPROTAX. [Results] The physical and chemical characteristics associated with the loess-paleosol alternation in the three regions reflected the shifts in climatic conditions, including dry, cold, warm, and wet phases during soil development. Over this period, the climate at Renjiapo was characterized by the highest temperatures and precipitation levels, with strong influences from summer winds. Shimao experienced the driest conditions and the lowest temperatures. Potou exhibited the intermediate climatic conditions between Renjiapo and Shimao. The abundance and diversity indices of the bacterial communities in Shimao were higher than those in Potou and Renjiapo. Across all the three regions, the dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria although their relative abundance varied significantly. The bacterial communities in the loess and paleosol layers of Shimao showed greater compositional similarity, forming a network structure driven by synergistic interactions. The ecological functions of the bacterial communities in the loess-paleosol sequences were primarily associated with carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling. Carbon and nitrogen cycling was weakly expressed in Shimao, while nitrogen cycling was more prominent in Potou. Renjiapo exhibited the most pronounced carbon cycling. [Conclusion] Soil bacterial communities in warm and humid climates tend to exhibit more complex network structures and greater functional diversity. In contrast, bacterial communities in dry and cold climates are characterized by similar composition and synergistic patterns, which enable these communities to adapt to harsh conditions by increasing their abundance and diversity, compensating for nutrient limitations associated with reduced carbon and nitrogen cycling.

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*E-mail:
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【目的】 探讨细菌群落生物特征对长期气候变化的响应关系。 【方法】 采用石峁(Y)、坡头(P)和任家坡(R)三地50万年以来的黄土(YL、PL和RL)-古土壤(YS、PS和RS)序列不同类型土壤,运用高通量测序技术及FAPROTAX细菌群落功能预测数据库等生物信息学方法分析土壤细菌群落结构与功能差异。 【结果】 三地在黄土-古土壤交替下的理化因子特征与土壤发育过程中干冷、暖湿的气候变化存在一致性。同一时期,任家坡气候特征最为温暖湿润,受夏季风影响最大,坡头次之,石峁最为干冷。细菌群落丰度与多样性指数均表现为石峁大于坡头和任家坡。三地共有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等优势菌门,但丰度差异显著。石峁细菌群落在黄土和古土壤组成更为相似且通过协同作用构建网络结构。细菌群落在三地黄土-古土壤序列中表达的生态功能主要为碳、氮、硫元素循环,其中石峁的碳、氮循环表达较弱,坡头的氮循环较为突出,任家坡表现出较强的碳循环。 【结论】 暖湿气候下的细菌群落具有更复杂的网络结构,表现出更丰富的功能多样性;干冷气候下的细菌群落组成更相似,并通过增加丰度与多样性来补偿低碳、氮循环带来的营养不足,维持协同共生模式以适应环境。

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作者贡献声明

王天琪:研究构思、数据收集和处理、论文撰写和修改;刘秀花:论文思想、框架指导、论文修改;马延东:论文修改。

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Environmental Forensics, 2011, 12(4): 333-341., articleTitle=The effect of soil texture on richness and diversity of bacterial communities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227681748620870116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=20, issue=2, pageStart=306, pageEnd=321, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=89, authorNames=LIU X, LI YJ, REN XJ, CHEN BH, ZHANG Y, SHEN CW, WANG F, WU F, journalName=Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU X, LI YJ, REN XJ, CHEN BH, ZHANG Y, SHEN CW, WANG F, WU F. Long-term greenhouse cucumber production alters soil bacterial community structure[J]. 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Frontiers in Microbiology, 2017, 8: 187., articleTitle=Bacterial community structure after long-term organic and inorganic fertilization reveals important associations between soil nutrients and specific taxa involved in nutrient transformations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227681748792836582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=91, authorNames=范文强, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=范文强. 苜蓿招募根际微生物响应干旱和盐胁迫的机制研究[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学博士学位论文, 2024., articleTitle=苜蓿招募根际微生物响应干旱和盐胁迫的机制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227681748872528359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=92, authorNames=FAN WQ, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN WQ. Study on the mechanism of alfalfa rhizosphere microbiome in response to drought and salt stress[D]. Hohhot: Doctoral Dissertation of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2024 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227681748931248616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=38, issue=7, pageStart=1861, pageEnd=1871, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=93, authorNames=KOPONEN HT, JAAKKOLA T, KEINÄNEN-TOIVOLA MM, KAIPAINEN S, TUOMAINEN J, SERVOMAA K, MARTIKAINEN PJ, journalName=Soil Biology and Biochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOPONEN HT, JAAKKOLA T, KEINÄNEN-TOIVOLA MM, KAIPAINEN S, TUOMAINEN J, SERVOMAA K, MARTIKAINEN PJ. Microbial communities, biomass, and activities in soils as affected by freeze thaw cycles[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2006, 38(7): 1861-1871., articleTitle=Microbial communities, biomass, and activities in soils as affected by freeze thaw cycles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1227681749019329001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=855, pageEnd=862, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=94, authorNames=SAYER EJ, OLIVER AE, FRIDLEY JD, ASKEW AP, MILLS RTE, PHILIP GRIME J, journalName=Ecology and Evolution, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAYER EJ, OLIVER AE, FRIDLEY JD, ASKEW AP, MILLS RTE, PHILIP GRIME J. Links between soil microbial communities and plant traits in a species-rich grassland under long-term climate change[J]. 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articleId=1226554101111112012, companyId=1227681721794101898, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.陕西省林业科学研究院,国家林业局黄土高原水土保持与生态恢复重点实验室,陕西 西安)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227681727766791052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Characteristics of physicochemical properties of loess-paleosol soil., figureFileSmall=+F9fA5ra9JuQIMpqw5Wp4Q==, figureFileBig=XUOPMtf+5Q0CMwwWeI2JRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681727913591701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄土-古土壤的理化性质, figureFileSmall=+F9fA5ra9JuQIMpqw5Wp4Q==, figureFileBig=XUOPMtf+5Q0CMwwWeI2JRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681728035226524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Analysis of bacterial gene abundance (A) and dominant phylum differences (B). YL: Loess in Shimao; YS: Paleosol in Shimao; PL: Loess in Potou; PS: Paleosol in Potou; RL: Loess in Renjiapo; RS: Paleosol in Renjiapo. The figure displays the overall inter-group differences obtained from the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, along with markers indicating the levels of significance for pairwise comparisons among the groups (*: 0.01<P≤0.05; **: 0.001<P≤0.01)., figureFileSmall=1hMNh7U0K55IveM2ygWV/A==, figureFileBig=UhKnvhiA5xbONbzOV2/GiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681728135889824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=CN, label=图2, caption=细菌基因丰度(A)和优势菌门差异分析(B)。YL:石峁黄土;YS:石峁古土壤;PL:坡头黄土;PS:坡头古土壤;RL:任家坡黄土;RS:任家坡古土壤。图中展示了Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验获得的组间 总体差异的P值,以及各组之间两两比较获得的差异显著性水平的标记(*:0.01<P≤0.05;**:0.001< P≤0.01)。, figureFileSmall=1hMNh7U0K55IveM2ygWV/A==, figureFileBig=UhKnvhiA5xbONbzOV2/GiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681728265913256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Characteristics of alpha diversity in bacterial communities (A) and NMDS analysis (B). YL: Loess in Shimao; YS: Paleosol in Shimao; PL: Loess in Potou; PS: Paleosol in Potou; RL: Loess in Renjiapo; RS: Paleosol in Renjiapo., figureFileSmall=fdOOHWyPAJMo0IPRZQhuCg==, figureFileBig=H5/bRthNdBjVk1XBoMFUZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681728387548079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=CN, label=图3, caption=细菌群落的α多样性特征(A)NMDS分析(B)。YL:石峁黄土;YS:石峁古土壤;PL:坡头黄土;PS:坡头古土壤;RL:任家坡黄土;RS:任家坡古土壤。, figureFileSmall=fdOOHWyPAJMo0IPRZQhuCg==, figureFileBig=H5/bRthNdBjVk1XBoMFUZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681729788445620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Bacterial community network structure. A: Shimao; B: Potou; C: Renjiapo. Each node represents an operational taxonomic unit (OTU), with distinct colors assigned to modules identified through network topology analysis. Edges between nodes denote statistically significant correlations (P≤0.05), while node size scales proportionally to their degree centrality. Blue edges indicate positive associations, whereas red edges signify negative associations. Edge width is linearly correlated with the absolute value of the correlation coefficient reflecting interaction strength., figureFileSmall=boHcbV+LNez5XPB7LfjdZw==, figureFileBig=lJizPvnMWcO8HOBFxZG3BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681729914274750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=CN, label=图4, caption=细菌群落网络结构。A:石峁;B:坡头;C:任家坡。每个节点代表一个OTU,不同颜色的节点对应不同的模块,两个节点之间的连线表示两点之间有显著的相关关系(P≤0.05)。节点的大小表示节点之间连接线的数量,蓝色线条表示正相关,红色线条表示负相关,线的粗细表示相关程度的大小。, figureFileSmall=boHcbV+LNez5XPB7LfjdZw==, figureFileBig=lJizPvnMWcO8HOBFxZG3BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681730111407045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Heatmap of bacterial community functions in loess (A) and palaeosoil (B), Pearson correlation analysis between dominant functions and phyla (C), and redundancy analysis between dominant phyla and soil physicochemical factors (D). YL: Loess in Shimao; YS: Paleosol in Shimao; PL: Loess in Potou; PS: Paleosol in Potou; RL: Loess in Renjiapo; RS: Paleosol in Renjiapo. *: 0.01<P≤0.05; **: 0.001<P≤0.01; ***: P≤0.001., figureFileSmall=elUzkyvmJpwtdKYnmqqwAQ==, figureFileBig=Bo6LLbBBIem7NCQI+IocPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681730274984908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=CN, label=图5, caption=黄土(A)和古土壤(B)细菌群落功能热图、优势功能与菌门的Spearman相关性分析(C)以及优势菌门与土壤理化因子的冗余分析(D)。YL:石峁黄土;YS:石峁古土壤;PL:坡头黄土;PS:坡头古土壤;RL:任家坡黄土;RS:任家坡古土壤。, figureFileSmall=elUzkyvmJpwtdKYnmqqwAQ==, figureFileBig=Bo6LLbBBIem7NCQI+IocPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732284056534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Mantel test for functional abundance and physicochemical factors of bacterial communities. A: Loess in Shimao; B: Paleosol in Shimao; C: Loess in Potou; D: Paleosol in Potou; E: Loess in Renjiapo; F: Paleosol in Renjiapo., figureFileSmall=ZncMScKn+J+Z7QqE/Zx//g==, figureFileBig=WpUS0kDp+7R3/jnOawLhIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732464411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=CN, label=图6, caption=细菌群落功能与理化因子的Mantel检验。A:石峁黄土;B:石峁古土壤;C:坡头黄土;D:坡头古土壤;E:任家坡黄土;F:任家坡古土壤。, figureFileSmall=ZncMScKn+J+Z7QqE/Zx//g==, figureFileBig=WpUS0kDp+7R3/jnOawLhIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732594435048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Two factor ANOVA of bacterial community alpha diversity index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Soil sequenceACE indexChao1 indexShannon indexSimpson index
LoessLocation************
Layer************
Location×Layer************
PaleosolLocation************
Layer*********
Location×Layer**********
), ArticleFig(id=1227681732720264172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

细菌群落α多样性指标的双因素方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Soil sequenceACE indexChao1 indexShannon indexSimpson index
LoessLocation************
Layer************
Location×Layer************
PaleosolLocation************
Layer*********
Location×Layer**********
), ArticleFig(id=1227681732829316082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Topological characteristics and attributes of bacterial networks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面节点模块化平均聚类系数平均路径长度平均度阈值
SampleNodesEdgesModularityAverage clustering coefficientAverage path lengthAverage degreeThreshold
Shimou832290.6130.5183.8225.5180.7
Potou824150.3140.6042.61510.1220.7
Renjiapo815150.3520.5112.33012.7160.7
), ArticleFig(id=1227681732938367995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554101111112012, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

细菌网络拓扑特征属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面节点模块化平均聚类系数平均路径长度平均度阈值
SampleNodesEdgesModularityAverage clustering coefficientAverage path lengthAverage degreeThreshold
Shimou832290.6130.5183.8225.5180.7
Potou824150.3140.6042.61510.1220.7
Renjiapo815150.3520.5112.33012.7160.7
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细菌群落通过增加丰度、多样性与构建协同共生模式适应干旱气候环境
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王天琪 1, 2, 3 , 刘秀花 1, 2, 3 , 马延东 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(7): 3023-3040
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(7): 3023-3040
细菌群落通过增加丰度、多样性与构建协同共生模式适应干旱气候环境
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王天琪1, 2, 3, 刘秀花1, 2, 3 , 马延东4
作者信息
  • 1.长安大学 水利与环境学院,陕西 西安
  • 2.旱区地下水文与生态效应教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安
  • 3.水利部旱区生态水文与水安全重点实验室,陕西 西安
  • 4.陕西省林业科学研究院,国家林业局黄土高原水土保持与生态恢复重点实验室,陕西 西安
Bacterial communities adapt to arid climatic environments by increasing abundance and diversity and constructing synergistic patterns
Tianqi WANG1, 2, 3, Xiuhua LIU1, 2, 3 , Yandong MA4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of Ministry of Water Resources, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2025-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240830
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【目的】 探讨细菌群落生物特征对长期气候变化的响应关系。 【方法】 采用石峁(Y)、坡头(P)和任家坡(R)三地50万年以来的黄土(YL、PL和RL)-古土壤(YS、PS和RS)序列不同类型土壤,运用高通量测序技术及FAPROTAX细菌群落功能预测数据库等生物信息学方法分析土壤细菌群落结构与功能差异。 【结果】 三地在黄土-古土壤交替下的理化因子特征与土壤发育过程中干冷、暖湿的气候变化存在一致性。同一时期,任家坡气候特征最为温暖湿润,受夏季风影响最大,坡头次之,石峁最为干冷。细菌群落丰度与多样性指数均表现为石峁大于坡头和任家坡。三地共有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等优势菌门,但丰度差异显著。石峁细菌群落在黄土和古土壤组成更为相似且通过协同作用构建网络结构。细菌群落在三地黄土-古土壤序列中表达的生态功能主要为碳、氮、硫元素循环,其中石峁的碳、氮循环表达较弱,坡头的氮循环较为突出,任家坡表现出较强的碳循环。 【结论】 暖湿气候下的细菌群落具有更复杂的网络结构,表现出更丰富的功能多样性;干冷气候下的细菌群落组成更相似,并通过增加丰度与多样性来补偿低碳、氮循环带来的营养不足,维持协同共生模式以适应环境。

黄土-古土壤序列  /  细菌群落  /  共线网络  /  结构与功能  /  气候变化

[Objective] To study the response relationship of the biological properties of bacterial communities to long-term climate change. [Methods] The loess (YL, PL, and RL) and paleosol (YS, PS, and RS) sequences, which have persisted for approximately 500 000 years at Shimao (Y), Potou (P), and Renjiapo (R), were sampled. The structures and functions of the soil bacterial communities were predicted by bioinformatics approaches, including high-throughput sequencing and FAPROTAX. [Results] The physical and chemical characteristics associated with the loess-paleosol alternation in the three regions reflected the shifts in climatic conditions, including dry, cold, warm, and wet phases during soil development. Over this period, the climate at Renjiapo was characterized by the highest temperatures and precipitation levels, with strong influences from summer winds. Shimao experienced the driest conditions and the lowest temperatures. Potou exhibited the intermediate climatic conditions between Renjiapo and Shimao. The abundance and diversity indices of the bacterial communities in Shimao were higher than those in Potou and Renjiapo. Across all the three regions, the dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria although their relative abundance varied significantly. The bacterial communities in the loess and paleosol layers of Shimao showed greater compositional similarity, forming a network structure driven by synergistic interactions. The ecological functions of the bacterial communities in the loess-paleosol sequences were primarily associated with carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling. Carbon and nitrogen cycling was weakly expressed in Shimao, while nitrogen cycling was more prominent in Potou. Renjiapo exhibited the most pronounced carbon cycling. [Conclusion] Soil bacterial communities in warm and humid climates tend to exhibit more complex network structures and greater functional diversity. In contrast, bacterial communities in dry and cold climates are characterized by similar composition and synergistic patterns, which enable these communities to adapt to harsh conditions by increasing their abundance and diversity, compensating for nutrient limitations associated with reduced carbon and nitrogen cycling.

loess-paleosol sequence  /  bacterial community  /  collinearity network  /  structure and function  /  climate change
王天琪, 刘秀花, 马延东. 细菌群落通过增加丰度、多样性与构建协同共生模式适应干旱气候环境. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3023 -3040 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240830
Tianqi WANG, Xiuhua LIU, Yandong MA. Bacterial communities adapt to arid climatic environments by increasing abundance and diversity and constructing synergistic patterns[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3023 -3040 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240830
中国的黄土-古土壤沉积序列是东亚古季风的直接产物,完整记录了260万年以来的气候变化和生态演化历史,体现了全球气候变化在东亚地区的区域性响应[1-2]。黄土-古土壤地层已经成为公认的全球第四纪气候变化研究的三大支柱之一。古土壤发育时期,夏季风相对强盛,气候暖湿,雨量相对较大,黄土堆积较少,生物繁衍较多;黄土发育时期,冬季风相对强盛,气候冷干,雨量相对较少,黄土堆积较多,生物繁衍较少[3]。土壤磁化率(magnetic susceptibility, MS)、粒度(Φ)、碳酸钙(CaCO3)和铷锶比(Rb/Sr)等物理和化学因子已经成为成熟的气候代用指标,为重建第四纪古气候和古环境提供了丰富的信息[4]。磁化率高值和Rb/Sr的高值一般指示夏季风强的相对暖湿的气候环境[5-6];粒度值越高和CaCO3含量较高则指示冬季风强的相对干冷的气候环境[7-8]
土壤微生物群落在土壤地球化学循环的调控中起着关键作用,是土壤养分循环的重要驱动者,直接参与碳、氮、硫、磷等养分的物质循环和能量代谢[9]。土壤微生物中,以细菌的种类和数量最多[10],在气候湿润-干旱变化的环境下,细菌比真菌对干旱环境更加敏感[11]。气候和土壤环境被认为是微生物多样性地理异质性的驱动因素,土壤细菌群落受到土壤pH值和土壤养分的强烈影响,其影响因子可以反映历史气候特征[12]。近年来,通过黄土-古土壤序列理化性质的分布特征来反映或重建东亚季风的演变作了广泛而深入的研究,但就该序列中微生物群落的结构、功能特征和驱动因素以及对气候变化的响应研究十分缺乏,这极大地限制了对气候长期变化对生态环境带来的影响的认识,此外,由于长期气候变化对微生物的影响案例极为有限,而黄土、古土壤由于物源相似[13],为气候变化的影响研究提供了最佳的场所。基于此,本研究以榆林石峁、洛川坡头和西安任家坡的50万年黄土-古土壤序列为研究对象,通过三地土壤类型差异,石峁村为砂性黄土,坡头村为黄土,任家坡为黏性黄土[14],运用高通量测序技术和FAPROTAX细菌群落功能预测数据库等生物信息学方法分析三地黄土-古土壤中的细菌群落组成和结构特征,预测细菌群落功能以及元素循环驱动因素,明确气候变化的影响差异,探究细菌群落结构和功能对气候变化的响应,以期为识别细菌群落对气候变化的反馈能力提供重要依据。
黄土高原位于我国中部偏北的腹地,是世界上黄土分布最广泛且集中的地区,发育着厚度不等的黄土-古土壤序列,是晚新生代以来保留最完整的陆相地层剖面。研究区属于温带大陆性气候,冬寒夏热,干旱少雨,年降水量 150-800 mm,降水多集中在夏季,降水量由东南向西北逐渐减少,年平均气温在3.6-14.3 ℃。黄土高原广泛发育的黄土-古土壤序列被认为是东亚冬夏季风交替作用的产物,黄土层代表了冬季风强盛而夏季风较为减弱的时期,气候干冷;夏季风强盛而冬季风减弱的时期,气候温暖潮湿,形成了褐红色的古土壤[15]
本研究选取了已经取得一定研究成果的不同经纬度的黄土-古土壤序列,分别是位于陕西省榆林市的石峁(109°59′E,39°56′N)、洛川县的坡头(109°25′E,35°42′N)和西安市白鹿原的任家坡(109°23′E,34°10′N)。以坡头剖面为例,从上到下依次为:马兰黄土(L1)、离石黄土上部(S1-L5)和下部(S5),地层之间对应清晰[16]
本研究分别在石峁、坡头与任家坡于2019年5-10月采集了黄土-古土壤序列土壤样品,剖面自上而下分别为L1、S1、L2、S2、L3、S3、L4、S4、L5、S5,其中L1、L2、L3、L4、L5代表黄土层,S1、S2、S3、S4、S5代表古土壤层。土壤取样过程自剖面顶部至底部采样,在开始取样前,清洁土壤表面,去除表面植物、石块和其他杂质,以避免污染。在每一层位使用土钻从表面横着进入剖面,使用钻孔器深入50 cm的深度再进行取样,挖掘的深度尽量深入土壤层,避免直接采集地表层的样品,以减少自然条件、动物和人类活动带来的污染。将采集后的土壤样品放入清洁、干燥、密封的容器中,减少样品暴露在空气中的时间,每层分为上、中、下3个部位采集土壤样品,三地共采集90个样品。所有土壤样品均在采集后的2周内进行分析。土壤样品首先冷藏再运回实验室,在去除石块和植物根系后对所有土壤样品过2 mm筛子,过筛后的土壤被分为3份,分别用于测定土壤理化性质、储存在-80 ℃冰箱中用于提取土壤DNA和磁化率等古气候替代指标的测定。
在土:水为1:1.25时,使用pH计(北京金洋万达科技有限公司)测定土壤pH值;105 ℃烘干称重法测定土壤含水率(soil water content, SWC);总氮(total nitrogen, TN)采用半微量凯氏定氮法测定;铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)采用2 mol/L氯化钾浸提,使用Skalar SAN++连续流动分析仪测定;土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)采用重铬酸钾氧化法测定;δ13C和δ15N采用元素分析-同位素比值质谱仪测定;磁化率(MS)采用MS-2B磁化率仪测定;CaCO3含量采用气量法测定;土壤中的铷(Rb)、锶(Sr)采用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定;土壤粒径(Φ)特征采用LS 13 320 XR激光衍射粒度分析仪测定[17]
使用DNeasy® PowerSoil试剂盒(MO BIO Laboratories公司)提取土壤DNA样本,提取的DNA浓度和质量分别用NanoDrop ND-2000分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测量和1.2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。以质量合格的DNA为模板进行PCR扩增。细菌16S rRNA基因V4区进行PCR扩增选用相应引物515F (5′-GTGY CAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3′)和806R (5′-GGAC TACNVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′),再利用Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen,Carlsbad公司)对PCR产物在Microplate Reader (BioTek公司)上进行定量。PCR反应体系:缓冲液5 µL (5×),快速Pfu DNA聚合酶(5 U/µL) 0.25 µL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 µL,正、反向引物(10 μmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 14.75 µL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性2 min;98 ℃变性15 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共25-30个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。纯化后的扩增产物在Illumina MiSeq平台上进行测序。
首先对细菌原始序列进行过滤、去除嵌合体等处理,使用VSEARCH在97%的阈值下聚类获得操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs),然后对在97%相似水平下的OTU进行生物信息统计分析。
通过FAPROTAX数据库(http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/louca/FAPROTAX/)进行细菌群落功能预测;土壤理化因子和α多样性指标的变化趋势应用Origin绘图;SPSS 27软件进行双因子方差分析;利用差异检验箱线图分析细菌优势菌门在三地之间的显著性差异;基于Bray_Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析三地样本间的聚类关系;构建细菌群落网络结构分析细菌群落相互作用关系;利用Heatmap方法探究三地黄土和古土壤不同层位细菌群落功能差异;Spearman相关性分析方法探究优势功能与菌门的关系;冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)和Mantel test探究土壤理化性质与细菌群落优势菌门、功能之间的关系。
通过分析石峁、坡头与任家坡黄土-古土壤气候代用指标(图1),发现同一地点的磁化率(MS)和Rb/Sr值表现为古土壤层高于相邻黄土层,CaCO3含量和粒度(Φ)表现为黄土层高于相邻古土壤层,表现出三地在古土壤发育时期,夏季风更强,气候温暖湿润;黄土发育时期,冬季风更强,气候更加干冷的特征[18]。三地土壤含水率(SWC)、总氮(TN)、δ15N、δ13C波动明显,整体表现为古土壤层高于相邻黄土层,而pH值则相反。土壤pH值是反映水分条件变化的最直接敏感的指标,古土壤发育时期,气候温暖潮湿,地表植被生长旺盛,土壤含水率较高,pH值较低,黄土则与之相反[19]。土壤有机碳(SOC)含量和δ13C的特征可反映有机质的分解程度高低[20],坡头有机碳(SOC)的含量随着剖面深度的增加呈逐渐下降的趋势,可说明浅层土壤易受到农业活动中养分的补给,而深层土壤随着时间的推移,有机碳逐渐被分解[21]。任家坡和坡头分别在其L4、L5层位的NH4+-N含量远高于其他层位,可能是源于上层古土壤时期的淋滤作用,使得深层层位的NH4+-N含量大幅上升[22]
三地同一层位相比,粒度(Φ)整体表现为石峁>坡头>任家坡,石峁土壤粒度(Φ>32 μm)占比最高,磁化率(MS)和Rb/Sr相反,整体表现为任家坡>坡头>石峁。任家坡和坡头的CaCO3含量在黄土的数值远高于古土壤,CaCO3含量本质上指示了夏季风强度,降雨量越大,CaCO3受淋滤作用影响越大,其含量越低[23-24],因此任家坡和坡头中黄土与古土壤的CaCO3含量差异比石峁的差异更大。其他因子中,含水率(SWC)表现为任家坡>坡头>石峁,pH值表现为石峁>坡头>任家坡。土壤理化性质均表现出任家坡的气候特征最为湿润,坡头次之,石峁更为干冷,与已有的研究结果一致。
黄土-古土壤序列中土壤细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数如图2A所示,细菌的平均丰度在黄土与古土壤中均表现为:石峁>坡头>任家坡,石峁细菌丰度最高,在黄土与古土壤中的变化范围分别是5.80×107-6.17×109 copies/g和4.65×107- 4.51×109 copies/g,任家坡最低。
三地90个土壤样本共获得9 695个操作类单元(OTU),主要划分为50门142纲324目506科886属。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)、出芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、GAL15、己科河菌门(Rokubacteria)、浮霉状菌门(Planctomycetes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)均为三地共有优势菌门(图2B)。值得注意的是,变形菌门在坡头的PL3、PL4和PL5层位和任家坡的RS4、RS5层位的相对丰度大于95%,表明在这些层位中变形菌门是细菌主导菌门。
石峁中,除了浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、GAL15、奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)和广古菌门(Euryarchaeota),其余菌门的相对丰度表现为古土壤>黄土;坡头中,除了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其余菌门的相对丰度表现为古土壤>黄土;任家坡中,除了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其余菌门的相对丰度表现为古土壤>黄土。同一地点的优势菌门丰度差异不显著,三地之间的细菌优势菌门种类相似但存在丰度差异显著的现象,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)丰度在石峁黄土、古土壤均与坡头黄土差异显著(P≤0.01);奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)丰度在坡头黄土和任家坡黄土中差异显著(P≤0.05);GAL15丰度在石峁古土壤和任家坡黄土中差异显著(P≤0.05);厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)在石峁黄土和任家坡古土壤中差异显著(P≤0.05)。放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)这些适合在干旱环境下生存的菌门在气候更干冷的石峁丰度更高[25]
Chao1指数和ACE指数表示细菌群落丰富度,Shannon指数和Simpson指数表示细菌群落物种的多样性。如图3A所示,石峁和任家坡的黄土各层位的α多样性指标均大于相邻的古土壤层位,坡头则相反,造成这一现象的原因可能是坡头受到冬季风和夏季风共同作用的特定环境,以及植物种类造成了土壤环境的差异,促进了适应温湿环境下的细菌类群繁殖与发展。此外,由于受现代农业活动的影响,任家坡和坡头中浅层层位的细菌群落丰度和多样性均高于下部层位,浅层土壤中有机碳(SOC)、TN和NH4+-N的含量高于深层土壤(图1),高营养物质给微生物的生存提供更丰富的条件从而增加了微生物丰度及多样性。整体来看,除了坡头表层以外,石峁的α多样性指标明显大于坡头和任家坡。
表1可知,三地黄土-古土壤序列细菌群落中,地点、层位以及两者交互作用均对细菌群落丰度和多样性具有不同程度的显著影响,说明了不同地点和层位的气候干湿程度对黄土-古土壤序列细菌群落具有较大影响,土壤细菌群落对气候变化的响应也极其敏感。
Bray_Curtis距离非度量多维尺度(NMDS)分析的stress值(0.11),可描述三地黄土-古土壤不同层位之间细菌群落差异。如图3B所示,同一地点的细菌群落组成具有高度相似性,任家坡与石峁细菌群落组成的各个层位距离最远,差异最大。坡头的PS1层位和石峁的YS2层位距离较近,坡头的PS2层位和石峁的YL4层位距离较近。由图4A可知,石峁的YL4、YS2和坡头的PS1、PS2是各自序列中丰度和多样性最高的层位,所以表现出样本距离更相近、细菌群落组成更相似的特征。石峁各层位的细菌群落比坡头、任家坡更为聚集,且聚集度整体表现为石峁-坡头-任家坡逐步降低,可能是偏干冷气候下,为抵抗恶劣环境,细菌群落组成更相似,群落的聚集反映了群落适应干旱的策略。
为认识三地黄土-古土壤序列中细菌群落之间的复杂交互作用,挑选丰度排名前100的菌门构建网络结构(图4)。节点主要来源于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)、出芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、GAL15等。网络结构中,节点的大小表示了节点之间连接线的数量,被称为点中心性,介数中心性值越大的节点被认为是关键物种[26]。挑选每个网络介数中心性最高的3个节点作为关键物种,石峁的关键物种分别为OTU208放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、OTU396己科河菌门(Rokubacteria)和OTU4370酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria);坡头的关键物种为OTU1变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、OTU103和OTU317来自放线菌门(Actinobacteria);任家坡的关键物种为OTU2 GAL15、OTU240己科河菌门(Rokubacteria)和OTU77奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)。
表2所示,石峁网络节点之间的连接数最少,网络相对来说比较简单。任家坡网络的边数和平均度明显高于另外两地,且平均聚类系数和平均路径长度较低,表明任家坡网络各节点之间的关联程度更强,有更复杂的网络结构[27]。正向交互作用反映了物种间的共生或寄生关系,负向表征了物种间的竞争、拮抗作用[28],石峁节点之间均呈正向交互作用,说明该地细菌群落主要通过各物种间的协同作用来构建网络结构,其功能上也会表现出协助[29]。由此可知,气候湿润下的细菌群落网络复杂程度增加,关键物种增多,并且表现出更多的竞争作用。
由FAPROTAX的预测结果可知,三地黄土-古土壤序列细菌群落生态功能主要为碳、氮、硫元素循环,且碳、氮循环功能表达量及丰度显著高于硫循环。石峁和坡头表达出元素循环功能49种,而任家坡表达出53种,并且三地黄土中的功能表达量均小于古土壤。为探究功能多样性的差异,选取相对丰度高于0.01%的优势功能,并对黄土(图5A)和古土壤(图5B)细菌群落优势功能丰度进行Heatmap分析,优势功能和细菌菌门的丰度数据均属于非正态分布数据,因此将优势功能和细菌菌门进行Spearman相关性分析(图5C)。
碳循环(C-cycle)功能中,酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门等负责碳循环功能。研究表明,酸杆菌门和拟杆菌能有效利用土壤中有机碳营养[30-31],绿屈挠菌门和出芽单胞菌门属于固碳微生物[32-33]。光合营养、光合自养等光合作用功能和蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria)呈极显著正相关(P≤0.001),蓝藻菌门可以影响参与土壤碳循环的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性从而影响土壤有机质的周转和其他养分含量[34]。任家坡细菌群落中RL1和RS1层位的甲基营养(methylotrophy)、氢气还原二氧化碳产甲烷作用(methanogenesis_by_reduction_of_methyl_compounds_with_H2)、耗氢产甲烷作用(hydrogenotrophic_methanogenesis)、甲烷生成(methanogenesis)功能菌群和RL2层位的几丁质分解(chitinolysis)功能菌群相对丰度明显较高;石峁YL4层位和坡头PS2层位的光合营养(phototrophy)、光合自养(photoautotrophy)、光合蓝细菌(photosynthetic_cyanobacteria)、产氧光自养(oxygenic_photoautotrophy)功能菌群相对丰度明显较高。
氮循环(N-cycle)功能中,参与的优势菌门主要有硝化螺旋菌门、酸杆菌门、浮霉状菌门和奇古菌门。本研究中,硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)与硝化作用、好氧氨氧化作用等氮循环功能呈显著正相关,与前人研究相符[35-36]。坡头的PL3、PL4、PL5层位与任家坡的RS4、RS5层位的硝酸盐还原(nitrate_reduction)功能菌群相对丰度明显较高,石峁YL2层位、坡头PS1层位和任家坡RS2层位的好氧亚硝酸盐氧化(aerobic_nitrite_oxidation)功能菌群相对丰度明显较高,坡头PS1层位和石峁YL2、YS3、YS4层位中硝化作用(nitrification)功能菌群相对丰度明显较高。
硫循环(S-cycle)功能中,研究表明变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门是参与土壤硫循环的优势菌门[37]。石峁和坡头古土壤中的细菌群落比黄土表达出更多的硫循环功能,说明温湿气候更适合细菌群落进行硫元素生化反应。
将细菌群落优势菌门丰度与土壤环境因子进行冗余分析(图5D),RDA1轴和RDA2轴总共对细菌群落变化的解释率为76.70%。其中,有机碳(SOC)和δ15N与广古菌门、奇古菌门呈显著正相关;绿弯菌门、浮霉菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门和芽单胞菌门与粒度(Φ)和pH呈显著正相关;厚壁菌门与土壤含水率(SWC)、粒度(Φ)、Rb/Sr和TN呈正相关。在这些环境因子中,对群落解释度最高的为粒度(63.66%),其次是TN (40.84%)和磁化率(37.41%),粒度(Φ)、磁化率(MS)和Rb/Sr均是反映气候变化的成熟代用指标,这指示了气候变化与土壤养分(SOC、TN)对细菌群落组成的强烈影响。
细菌群落元素循环功能与土壤环境因子进行Mantel 检验分析(图6)可知,在石峁黄土中,碳、氮循环均与pH值呈显著正相关(Mantel’s P≤0.05),硫循环与CaCO3呈显著正相关(Mantel’s P≤0.05),表明pH与气候代用指标CaCO3为主导石峁黄土细菌群落功能多样性的关键环境因子。在坡头黄土中,碳、氮循环和δ15N、NO3--N呈显著正相关(Mantel’s P<0.05)且碳循环与TN也呈显著正相关(Mantel’s P≤0.05);而古土壤中,碳、氮循环和pH值呈显著正相关(Mantel’s P≤0.01),pH、δ15N、TN和NO3--N是坡头细菌群落功能稳定的关键环境因子,pH值会影响细菌群落结构,TN和NO3--N可以为细菌群落提供氮源。据图6A6B可知,坡头比其他两地表现出氮循环高丰度功能的层位最多。在任家坡古土壤中,碳、氮循环均与δ13C呈显著正相关(Mantel’s P≤0.01),而且据图6A可知,相较于其他地点,任家坡黄土L1、L2层位中表现出碳循环高丰度功能的数量最多。δ13C含量在土壤中的差异可以反映黄土高原植被C3型和C4型植物固碳方式的不同,δ15N可以用来示踪氮循环[38-39]。由此可知,同一气候时期的季风影响程度差异,也会主导细菌驱动不同的元素循环,石峁的碳、氮循环表达弱,坡头的氮循环较为突出,任家坡表现出较强的碳循环。
本研究着重分析了不同气候背景下的黄土和古土壤细菌群落特征。尽管历史上的气候条件经历了干冷和湿润的显著变迁,但在研究微生物群落时,需充分考虑多层因素。首先,虽然黄土高原的降雨量相对较少,但部分黄土古土壤沉积层位仍会表现出良好的渗透性和尚未固结的状态,在这些条件下,微生物沿土壤剖面发生垂向迁移具有较大的概率,这一现象可能导致不同层位的细菌群落结构与原始沉积阶段之间存在错位[40]。其次,微生物群落在初始沉积阶段形成,不仅受气候变化的影响,还与沉积层位的沉积速率、物源和地表植被有着密切的关系,这均会影响微生物的生长代谢和演替,目前所采集样品中的细菌群落实际上可能是初始群落结构与后续环境变化(如气候变化、地表植被变化等)共同作用的结果[41]。然而,Cole等[42]指出,虽然土壤中的微生物群落会随着环境变化而变化,但其基本结构往往保留了初始环境下的群落结构特征。潘雪莲等[43]研究黄土高原不同土壤样品所对应地质年代下的微生物种群,发现西峰剖面黄土层和古土壤层的土壤细菌存在着2种完全不同的群落结构,并推测其主要原因与季风气候所引起的温湿环境变化有关;彭先芝[44]通过研究西峰剖面和段家坡剖面,表明趋磁细菌(magnetotactic bacterium, MB)在黄土层以弧形菌为主,MB较少;古土壤层MB较多,拟杆菌占优势,认为趋磁细菌在剖面中分布的差异是黄土地区古气候环境演化的结果。综上所述,目前所观察到的微生物群落的演替过程受到气候变化和其他因素的共同影响,但气候变化所塑造的干冷和温湿土壤环境仍然是造成细菌群落差异的主要影响因素。
干旱气候对土壤环境的影响主要分为土壤养分和土壤结构2个方面。首先,干旱气候可以制约植物多样性及其生长情况,当因干旱而引起水分亏缺时,会导致植物胁迫,其光合作用、根系分泌物和凋落物的产生都对干旱敏感,这会改变土壤中碳、氮养分输入,进而影响到细菌群落营养物质来源[45-46]。土壤性质的变化与同期的气候干湿程度密切相关,三地黄土-古土壤序列中的土壤含水率(SWC)、δ13C、δ15N和TN均表现为古土壤层高于相邻黄土层,温暖湿润气候环境促进了土壤的良好发育和水分蓄积,干冷气候则相反,这种现象与Li等[47]对祁连山区域研究相一致,表明气候干湿变化对土壤养分的积累有显著影响。此外,气候变化下的不同植被类型和生长状态也会通过影响微生物功能而改变土壤质量和养分平衡[48]。干旱气候下,植物根系分泌物的减少能够使微生物演化出更高效的养分吸收能力,或发展出新的代谢途径进而增强其固氮及有机质分解等功能[49],这种适应性变化可能促使细菌群落之间的协同作用增强,从而提高土壤中养分的矿化作用以应对养分缺失的问题[50]
土壤结构作为影响和调控微生物生境的重要因素,为细菌群落提供栖息场所和养分迁移通道[51]。由图1可知,石峁受冬季风影响最为强烈,冬季风搬运风尘颗粒距离最短,土壤颗粒较大,其土壤质地为砂质壤土和粉壤土;任家坡受夏季风影响最为强烈,冬季风搬运砂粒最少,黄土和古土壤并未明显分离,土壤质地为粉土;坡头受到冬季风和夏季风的共同作用,黄土质地偏为粉壤土,古土壤质地和任家坡接近为粉土[52]。土壤结构中,黏粒含量调控团聚体的形成,团聚体又影响土壤孔隙的分布[53]。此外,较大的土壤团聚体通常具有更高的pH值和孔隙度,这有利于氧气和养分的扩散[54]。孔隙是土壤微生物获取基质的物理通道,并直接影响土壤中的氧气水平,较小的孔隙会限制微生物对碳源的获取[55]。由此可知,干旱气候环境导致土壤质地较粗,土壤孔隙大且减少孔隙连接性,从而有利于微生物对于养分的获取。
细菌群落在干旱气候环境中能够生存和繁衍,主要依赖于其适应策略,帮助细菌在水分不足和其他逆境条件下增强生存能力。在干旱气候环境下会增加浮霉菌门、放线菌门等耐旱细菌丰度。冗余分析结果表明(图5D),浮霉菌门、放线菌门等与粒度(Φ)呈正相关,浮霉菌门等属好气性细菌,偏好于水分含量低、孔隙度高和通气良好的环境[56],并且其相对丰度在石峁更高。
本研究进一步发现,细菌群落丰度和α多样性指数表现为石峁大于任家坡和坡头,β多样性分析表明石峁细菌群落组成更相似,群落更为聚集,其细菌群落共现网络均是正向交互作用,发生竞争或拮抗作用较少,这可能揭示出在干旱气候环境下,细菌群落使其组成更相似,呈现出更为紧密的关联且增加丰度和多样性的特殊适应策略。尽管大多数研究表明,与较粗质地土壤相比,较细质地土壤中微生物的多样性与丰度普遍较高,可能归因于其颗粒结构具有更高的比表面积,通常能够更有效地保持水分和养分,土壤微环境更加多样化,为土壤微生物营造更加稳定的生存环境[57-58]。然而本研究结果与此不一致,推断可能与生物活动通道的连续性有关,即土壤越干燥,水分连通性被进一步削弱,土壤中微生物捕食者能力下降,从而降低微生物死亡率,这使得细菌在相对干燥的土壤中受到一定程度的保护[59],提高微生物的生存率,有利于适生微生物的生存繁殖[60]。这一现象也与Chau等[61]的研究结果相一致,即较粗组分土壤会降低微生物之间的直接接触和资源竞争压力,有利于微生物群落的发展。石峁的细菌群落组成更相似且更聚集,表明细菌群落可以在干冷气候下协调群体行为,形成更强的群体结构,提高整体生存率[62]。相比之下,湿润的气候环境可促进各类微生物间的相互作用和生态网络的形成,细菌群落网络结构更复杂。
此外,三地不同的气候干湿程度在细菌生态功能的表现上也有明显的差异。从三地黄土-古土壤序列细菌群落优势功能来看,碳、氮为主要的元素循环。坡头多个层位中,氮循环功能的丰度最高,推断在TN、δ15N、NO3--N等氮源物质的支持下,硝化螺旋菌门、酸杆菌门等氮循环优势菌门可能得以繁殖和发展[63],使得坡头中氮循环更突出。任家坡展现出最丰富的碳循环功能多样性,气候变化下,植物类型影响土壤有机碳的来源进而改变细菌群落碳代谢特征,δ13C值的变化反映了细菌碳代谢过程的差异,其中低值意味着细菌群落对土壤中富含12C的有机物的有效利用,进而增强了碳代谢能力[64],使任家坡表现出较强的碳循环。气候更干冷的石峁碳、氮循环表达弱,可能源于其受到冬季风的影响更大,干冷气候会减缓生物的代谢速率,影响土壤中微生物的代谢活性,导致碳、氮的固定和转化率下降,从而弱化其循环表达[65]。在此环境下,适应极端条件的物种丰度增大,可以通过细菌群落之间的协助共生来补偿低碳、氮循环带来的营养不足,共同提高对干旱的耐受性[66]
综上所述,细菌群落在适应干旱气候环境中展现出较强的灵活性与适应性,通过多种生态策略来维持生存与繁殖,这一过程不仅反映了细菌在极端环境下的适应机制,也为理解未来气候变化对土壤生态系统的影响提供了重要见解。
同一地点中黄土发育时期,气候干冷;古土壤发育时期,气候湿润。同一时期,任家坡气候特征最为温暖湿润,受到夏季风的影响最大,坡头次之,石峁气候最为干冷。不同地点的气候干湿程度对土壤环境、细菌丰度及多样性、网络结构和功能都有影响,以任家坡为代表的温湿气候下的细菌群落具有更复杂的网络结构,物种之间具有更强的相关性并且表现出更丰富的功能多样性;而以石峁为代表的干冷气候下的细菌群落之间的资源竞争压力更小,细菌丰度与多样性更高,群落组成更相似,网络结构更简单,碳、氮循环表达弱。表明偏暖湿气候可以促进细菌群落间的相互作用和生态网络形成,更有利于生态功能的发挥;而偏干冷气候时期,细菌群落可以通过增加丰度及多样性补偿低碳、氮循环带来的营养不足,并维持协同共生模式来适应干旱气候环境胁迫。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42372288)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42202279)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102294903)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-YB-280)
  • 陕西省林业科技创新专项(SXLK2022-06-3)
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2025年第65卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240830
  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
  • 录用日期:2025-01-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372288)
国家自然科学基金(42372288)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42202279)
国家自然科学基金(42202279)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(300102294903)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(300102294903)
Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(2023-JC-YB-280)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-YB-280)
Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shaanxi Province(SXLK2022-06-3)
陕西省林业科技创新专项(SXLK2022-06-3)
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    1.长安大学 水利与环境学院,陕西 西安
    2.旱区地下水文与生态效应教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安
    3.水利部旱区生态水文与水安全重点实验室,陕西 西安
    4.陕西省林业科学研究院,国家林业局黄土高原水土保持与生态恢复重点实验室,陕西 西安
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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