Article(id=1226554100972699966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240813, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734192000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1743177600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-29, onlineDate=1770362885945, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1751558400000, pubDateStr=2025-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770362885945, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770362885945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770362885945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226554095926952065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='7', pageStart='2771', pageEnd='3233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770362884741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363575040, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2948, endPage=2964, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226554101627011433, articleId=1226554100972699966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of extracellular polysaccharides from Sphingomonas echinoides on oleic acid-induced glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in IR-HepG2 cells, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To extract and purify extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from Sphingomonas echinoides 1K04342 and investigate the ameliorating effects and mechanisms of the purified EPS on glucose and lipid metabolism disorders induced by oleic acid (OA) in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). [Methods] A response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasound power, ultrasound time, and incubation time for maximizing the EPS yield of S. echinoides 1K04342 from ultrasound-assisted extraction. The crude EPS underwent deproteinization and was further purified through a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow anion exchange column. The effects of the purified EPS on the proliferation, glucose uptake, and α-glucosidase inhibition and pancreatic lipase inhibition rates in HepG2 cells were evaluated. The most effective EPS component for mitigating OA-induced glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in IR-HepG2 cells was selected for in-depth physicochemical and bioactivity analyses. [Results] The optimal EPS extraction parameters were as follows: ultrasound power at 59.39 W, extraction for 42.08 s, and incubation for 9.24 h, under which the estimated yield of EPS reached 2.13 g/L. Under the adjusted parameters (60 W, 42 s, and 9.2 h), the EPS yield was 2.10 g/L, which was statistically consistent with the theoretical value (2.13 g/L). The optimal component for ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in IR-HepG2 cells was EPS-2, which showed the total sugar content of 74.3%, with a monosaccharide profile comprising fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. EPS-2 alleviated OA-induced glucose and lipid metabolic disorders in IR-HepG2 cells. EPS-2 reversed OA-induced decreases in cell viability. EPS-2 may activate the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway, up-regulating the protein levels of GSK3β and FoxO1 and down-regulating the mRNA and protein levels of PEPCK and G6Pase, thereby mitigating glucose metabolism disorders. EPS-2 may regulate OA-induced lipid metabolism disorders by activating the AMPK/ACC1/SREBP-1C pathway, lowering the triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and increasing the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. [Conclusion] EPS-2 derived from S. echinoides 1K04342 could effectively ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in IR-HepG2 cells.

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*E-mail: SUN Jipeng,
MA Mingzhu,
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【目的】 以鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas echinoides) 1K04342为研究对象,提取、分离纯化其胞外多糖(extracellular polysaccharide, EPS),并探究纯化后的多糖对油酸(oleic acid, OA)诱导人肝癌细胞(HepG2)糖脂代谢紊乱的改善作用及机制。 【方法】 选取超声功率、超声时间和培养时间3个因素进行响应面试验设计,确定超声辅助法提取S. echinoides 1K04342胞外多糖的最佳工艺条件;对提取后的粗EPS进行脱蛋白处理,随后通过DEAE-琼脂糖凝胶FF (DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow)阴离子柱分离,研究分离纯化后的EPS对HepG2细胞增殖活性、葡萄糖消耗率、α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶抑制率的影响,筛选出能减轻OA诱导胰岛素抵抗-HepG2 (insulin resistance-HepG2, IR-HepG2)细胞糖脂代谢紊乱的最佳活性组分,并对所得组分进行理化分析和进一步活性分析。 【结果】 EPS的最佳提取工艺为:超声功率59.39 W;超声时间42.08 s,培养时间9.24 h,该条件下EPS的理论提取量为2.13 g/L。根据实际试验条件,将提取参数调整为超声功率60 W,超声时间42 s,培养时间9.2 h,在此条件下进行试验得到EPS的提取量为2.10 g/L,与理论提取量(2.13 g/L)差异不显著。经过活性筛选得到降低IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱的最佳组分是EPS-2。同时,对EPS-2进行理化分析,EPS-2的总糖含量为74.3%,单糖组成包括岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖。EPS-2减轻了OA诱导的IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱。EPS-2能够逆转OA对HepG2细胞活力所产生的负面作用。EPS-2可能通过激活IR-HepG2中IRS-1/PI3K/AKT信号通路,上调下游GSK3β和FoxO1蛋白表达,下调PEPCK和G6Pase mRNA和蛋白表达,进而缓解糖代谢紊乱。EPS-2可能通过激活IR-HepG2中AMPK/ACC1/SREBP-1C信号通路降低甘油三酯(triacylglycerol, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)和低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein, LDL)水平,提高高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein, HDL)水平,进而缓解OA诱导的脂质代谢紊乱。 【结论】 S. echinoides 1K04342胞外多糖EPS-2在IR-HepG2细胞中能有效改善糖脂代谢紊乱。

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作者贡献声明

宋燕:研究构思和设计,论文撰写和修改;姚凯月:数据收集和处理,论文修改;徐京:数据收集和处理;赵亚东:论文修改;水珊珊:研究设计;王家星:研究设计;胡一鸣:数据收集和处理;孙继鹏:研究构思和设计,论文修改;马明珠:研究构思和设计,论文修改。

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018, 118(Pt A): 886-895., articleTitle=Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) polysaccharides attenuate high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via AMPK activation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227681737359163558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, awardId=202410340025, language=EN, fundingSource=National University Student Innovation & Entrepreneurship Development Program(202410340025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681737476604076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, awardId=202410340025, language=CN, fundingSource=国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202410340025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681738726506675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, awardId=2024C61001, language=EN, fundingSource=Zhoushan Science and Technology Program(2024C61001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681738814587062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, awardId=2024C61001, language=CN, fundingSource=舟山科技计划(2024C61001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227681721664078457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721672467068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, companyId=1227681721664078457, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721685049981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, companyId=1227681721664078457, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.浙江海洋大学 食品与药学学院,浙江 舟山)]), AuthorCompany(id=1227681721802490508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721806684813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, companyId=1227681721802490508, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721815073421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, companyId=1227681721802490508, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江省海洋开发研究院,浙江 舟山)]), AuthorCompany(id=1227681721932513942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721940902552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, companyId=1227681721932513942, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Pisa Marine Graduate School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681721949291161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, companyId=1227681721932513942, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.浙江海洋大学 比萨海洋研究生学院,浙江 舟山)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227681735165542444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Effects of crude polysaccharide and EPS isolate fractions on proliferative activity of HepG2 cells. Results are expressed as the mean±SD (n=3). Values having different letters are significantly different (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=C5YcmrjOMd5epp94yOo5mA==, figureFileBig=MRNjVIB6PAXK/5xsnDEm8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735253622836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=CN, label=图1, caption=粗多糖和EPS分离组分对HepG2细胞增殖活性的影响。结果表示为平均值±标准差(n=3)。不同字母表示的数值有显著差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=C5YcmrjOMd5epp94yOo5mA==, figureFileBig=MRNjVIB6PAXK/5xsnDEm8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735392034875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of crude polysaccharides and three EPS components on glucose consumption of IR-HepG2 cells induced by OA. Results are expressed as the mean±SD (n=3). Values having different letters are significantly different (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=B48Xa36IW3jJ4HebSfzx/A==, figureFileBig=g82duXUBFcc0xWNhSMbm9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735509475394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=CN, label=图2, caption=粗多糖和3EPS组分对OA诱导IR-HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗的影响。结果表示为平均值±标准差(n=3)。不同字母表示的数值有显著差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=B48Xa36IW3jJ4HebSfzx/A==, figureFileBig=g82duXUBFcc0xWNhSMbm9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735631110215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of three EPS isolation fractions on the inhibition rate of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. A: Effect of three EPS isolation fractions on the inhibition rate of α-glucosidase; B: Effect of three EPS isolation fractions on the inhibition rate of pancreatic lipase. Results are expressed as the mean±SD (n=3)., figureFileSmall=wnWMhhPCZ8zUkZJEOhu/Nw==, figureFileBig=OAJOrrDBcy/mYpxEVgVn1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735727579211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=CN, label=图3, caption=三种EPS分离组分对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶抑制率的影响。A:三种EPS分离组分对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率的影响;B:三种EPS分离组分对胰脂肪酶抑制率的影响。结果表示为平均值±标准差(n=3)。, figureFileSmall=wnWMhhPCZ8zUkZJEOhu/Nw==, figureFileBig=OAJOrrDBcy/mYpxEVgVn1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735803076689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of EPS-2 on HepG2 cell viability. Results are expressed as the mean±SD (n=3). Values having different letters are significantly different (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=3lgzo2saQUHsutpMdi3QtQ==, figureFileBig=/ImW6sjjf6UAE2K4F6Tvzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735899545688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=CN, label=图4, caption=EPS-2HepG2细胞活力的影响。结果表示为平均值±标准差(n=3)。不同字母表示的数值有显著差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=3lgzo2saQUHsutpMdi3QtQ==, figureFileBig=/ImW6sjjf6UAE2K4F6Tvzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681736000208988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of EPS-2 on glucose metabolism disorder of IR-HepG2 cells induced by OA. A: Effects of EPS-2 on glucose consumption rate; B: Effects of EPS-2 on PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA levels; C, D: Effects of EPS-2 on the relative protein levels of p-IRS-1, IRS-1, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, p-GSK-3β, GSK-3β, p-FoxO1, FoxO1, PEPCK and G6Pase. Results are expressed as the mean±SD (n=3). Values having different lowercase letters are significantly different (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=A8nDTDuWg8nKkxKwJvuiqg==, figureFileBig=BFQF3y23jZMAef9hkWcjJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681736134426722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EPS-2OA诱导的IR-HepG2细胞糖代谢紊乱的影响。A:EPS-2对葡萄糖消耗率的影响;B:EPS-2对PEPCK、G6Pase mRNA水平的影响;C,D:EPS-2对p-IRS-1、IRS-1、p-PI3K、PI3K、p-AKT、AKT、p-GSK-3β、GSK-3β、p-FoxO1、FoxO1、PEPCK、G6Pase的相对蛋白水平的影响。结果表示为平均值±标准差(n=3)。不同小写字母表示的数值有显著差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=A8nDTDuWg8nKkxKwJvuiqg==, figureFileBig=BFQF3y23jZMAef9hkWcjJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681736293810286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effect of EPS-2 on lipid metabolism of IR-HepG2 cells induced by OA. A: Oil red O staining diagram; B: Effects of EPS-2 on TG, TC, LDL and HDL contents; C, D: The effect of EPS-2 on the relative protein levels of p-AMPK, AMPK, p-ACC1, ACC1, SREBP-1C. Results are expressed as the mean±SD (n=3). Values having different lowercase letters are significantly different (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=dTb9w+OyGnzfo+Ka3TdzMA==, figureFileBig=rW8TvNClxZFJcG4wVMfODg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681736415445108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=CN, label=图6, caption=EPS-2OA诱导的IR-HepG2细胞脂质代谢紊乱的影响。A:油红O染色图;B:EPS-2对TG、TC、LDL和HDL含量的影响;C、D:EPS-2对p-AMPK、AMPK、p-ACC1、ACC1和SREBP-1C的相对蛋白水平的影响。结果表示为平均值±标准差(n=3)。不同小写字母表示的数值有显著差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=dTb9w+OyGnzfo+Ka3TdzMA==, figureFileBig=rW8TvNClxZFJcG4wVMfODg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681736532885624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factor and level table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LevelUltrasound power X1 (W)Ultrasound time X2 (s)Incubation time X3 (h)
-130205
0604010
1906015
), ArticleFig(id=1227681736675491970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

因子和水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LevelUltrasound power X1 (W)Ultrasound time X2 (s)Incubation time X3 (h)
-130205
0604010
1906015
), ArticleFig(id=1227681736797126794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design program and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupUltrasound power (W)Ultrasound time (s)Incubation time (h)

EPS

(g/L)

1904051.617 42
23060101.415 92
3602051.302 32
4606051.494 77
56040102.146 11
6304051.485 46
76020151.241 03
89020101.197 45
99060101.384 37
106040102.173 46
116040102.070 45
126040102.074 44
133040151.360 68
146040102.117 64
156060151.380 14
169040151.062 83
173020101.266 29
), ArticleFig(id=1227681736910373007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验设计方案和结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupUltrasound power (W)Ultrasound time (s)Incubation time (h)

EPS

(g/L)

1904051.617 42
23060101.415 92
3602051.302 32
4606051.494 77
56040102.146 11
6304051.485 46
76020151.241 03
89020101.197 45
99060101.384 37
106040102.173 46
116040102.070 45
126040102.074 44
133040151.360 68
146040102.117 64
156060151.380 14
169040151.062 83
173020101.266 29
), ArticleFig(id=1227681737036202134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source of varianceSum of squaresDegree of freedomMean squareF valueP valueSignificance
Model2.28092.28044.09<0.000 1***
A-ultrasound power0.00910.0091.540.255 0
B-ultrasound time0.05610.0569.720.016 9*
C-incubation time0.09110.09115.910.005 3**
AB0.00010.0000.060.810 9
AC0.00510.0048.030.025 2*
BC0.00110.0000.120.735 4
A20.63010.630109.50<0.000 1***
B20.72010.720125.34<0.000 1***
C20.51010.51088.70<0.000 1***
Residual0.04070.005
Lack of fit0.03230.0115.360.069 2Not significant
Pure error0.00840.002
Cor Total2.38016
R2=0.982 7R2adj=0.960 4CV=4.81%
), ArticleFig(id=1227681737166225565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100972699966, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source of varianceSum of squaresDegree of freedomMean squareF valueP valueSignificance
Model2.28092.28044.09<0.000 1***
A-ultrasound power0.00910.0091.540.255 0
B-ultrasound time0.05610.0569.720.016 9*
C-incubation time0.09110.09115.910.005 3**
AB0.00010.0000.060.810 9
AC0.00510.0048.030.025 2*
BC0.00110.0000.120.735 4
A20.63010.630109.50<0.000 1***
B20.72010.720125.34<0.000 1***
C20.51010.51088.70<0.000 1***
Residual0.04070.005
Lack of fit0.03230.0115.360.069 2Not significant
Pure error0.00840.002
Cor Total2.38016
R2=0.982 7R2adj=0.960 4CV=4.81%
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鞘氨醇单胞菌胞外多糖对油酸诱导的IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱的影响
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宋燕 1 , 姚凯月 1, 2, 3 , 徐京 1, 2 , 赵亚东 1 , 水珊珊 1 , 王家星 2 , 胡一鸣 1 , 孙继鹏 2 , 马明珠 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(7): 2948-2964
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(7): 2948-2964
鞘氨醇单胞菌胞外多糖对油酸诱导的IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱的影响
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宋燕1, 姚凯月1, 2, 3, 徐京1, 2, 赵亚东1, 水珊珊1, 王家星2, 胡一鸣1, 孙继鹏2 , 马明珠2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江海洋大学 食品与药学学院,浙江 舟山
  • 2.浙江省海洋开发研究院,浙江 舟山
  • 3.浙江海洋大学 比萨海洋研究生学院,浙江 舟山
Effects of extracellular polysaccharides from Sphingomonas echinoides on oleic acid-induced glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in IR-HepG2 cells
Yan SONG1, Kaiyue YAO1, 2, 3, Jing XU1, 2, Yadong ZHAO1, Shanshan SHUI1, Jiaxing WANG2, Yiming HU1, Jipeng SUN2 , Mingzhu MA2
Affiliations
  • 1.Food and Pharmacy College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
  • 3.Pisa Marine Graduate School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2025-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240813
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【目的】 以鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas echinoides) 1K04342为研究对象,提取、分离纯化其胞外多糖(extracellular polysaccharide, EPS),并探究纯化后的多糖对油酸(oleic acid, OA)诱导人肝癌细胞(HepG2)糖脂代谢紊乱的改善作用及机制。 【方法】 选取超声功率、超声时间和培养时间3个因素进行响应面试验设计,确定超声辅助法提取S. echinoides 1K04342胞外多糖的最佳工艺条件;对提取后的粗EPS进行脱蛋白处理,随后通过DEAE-琼脂糖凝胶FF (DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow)阴离子柱分离,研究分离纯化后的EPS对HepG2细胞增殖活性、葡萄糖消耗率、α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶抑制率的影响,筛选出能减轻OA诱导胰岛素抵抗-HepG2 (insulin resistance-HepG2, IR-HepG2)细胞糖脂代谢紊乱的最佳活性组分,并对所得组分进行理化分析和进一步活性分析。 【结果】 EPS的最佳提取工艺为:超声功率59.39 W;超声时间42.08 s,培养时间9.24 h,该条件下EPS的理论提取量为2.13 g/L。根据实际试验条件,将提取参数调整为超声功率60 W,超声时间42 s,培养时间9.2 h,在此条件下进行试验得到EPS的提取量为2.10 g/L,与理论提取量(2.13 g/L)差异不显著。经过活性筛选得到降低IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱的最佳组分是EPS-2。同时,对EPS-2进行理化分析,EPS-2的总糖含量为74.3%,单糖组成包括岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖。EPS-2减轻了OA诱导的IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱。EPS-2能够逆转OA对HepG2细胞活力所产生的负面作用。EPS-2可能通过激活IR-HepG2中IRS-1/PI3K/AKT信号通路,上调下游GSK3β和FoxO1蛋白表达,下调PEPCK和G6Pase mRNA和蛋白表达,进而缓解糖代谢紊乱。EPS-2可能通过激活IR-HepG2中AMPK/ACC1/SREBP-1C信号通路降低甘油三酯(triacylglycerol, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)和低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein, LDL)水平,提高高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein, HDL)水平,进而缓解OA诱导的脂质代谢紊乱。 【结论】 S. echinoides 1K04342胞外多糖EPS-2在IR-HepG2细胞中能有效改善糖脂代谢紊乱。

鞘氨醇单胞菌  /  胞外多糖  /  提取  /  分离纯化  /  糖脂代谢紊乱  /  HepG2细胞

[Objective] To extract and purify extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from Sphingomonas echinoides 1K04342 and investigate the ameliorating effects and mechanisms of the purified EPS on glucose and lipid metabolism disorders induced by oleic acid (OA) in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). [Methods] A response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasound power, ultrasound time, and incubation time for maximizing the EPS yield of S. echinoides 1K04342 from ultrasound-assisted extraction. The crude EPS underwent deproteinization and was further purified through a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow anion exchange column. The effects of the purified EPS on the proliferation, glucose uptake, and α-glucosidase inhibition and pancreatic lipase inhibition rates in HepG2 cells were evaluated. The most effective EPS component for mitigating OA-induced glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in IR-HepG2 cells was selected for in-depth physicochemical and bioactivity analyses. [Results] The optimal EPS extraction parameters were as follows: ultrasound power at 59.39 W, extraction for 42.08 s, and incubation for 9.24 h, under which the estimated yield of EPS reached 2.13 g/L. Under the adjusted parameters (60 W, 42 s, and 9.2 h), the EPS yield was 2.10 g/L, which was statistically consistent with the theoretical value (2.13 g/L). The optimal component for ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in IR-HepG2 cells was EPS-2, which showed the total sugar content of 74.3%, with a monosaccharide profile comprising fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. EPS-2 alleviated OA-induced glucose and lipid metabolic disorders in IR-HepG2 cells. EPS-2 reversed OA-induced decreases in cell viability. EPS-2 may activate the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway, up-regulating the protein levels of GSK3β and FoxO1 and down-regulating the mRNA and protein levels of PEPCK and G6Pase, thereby mitigating glucose metabolism disorders. EPS-2 may regulate OA-induced lipid metabolism disorders by activating the AMPK/ACC1/SREBP-1C pathway, lowering the triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and increasing the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. [Conclusion] EPS-2 derived from S. echinoides 1K04342 could effectively ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in IR-HepG2 cells.

Sphingomonas echinoides  /  extracellular polysaccharide  /  extraction  /  separation and purification  /  glucose and lipid metabolism disorders  /  HepG2 cells
宋燕, 姚凯月, 徐京, 赵亚东, 水珊珊, 王家星, 胡一鸣, 孙继鹏, 马明珠. 鞘氨醇单胞菌胞外多糖对油酸诱导的IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱的影响. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (7) : 2948 -2964 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240813
Yan SONG, Kaiyue YAO, Jing XU, Yadong ZHAO, Shanshan SHUI, Jiaxing WANG, Yiming HU, Jipeng SUN, Mingzhu MA. Effects of extracellular polysaccharides from Sphingomonas echinoides on oleic acid-induced glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in IR-HepG2 cells[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (7) : 2948 -2964 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240813
2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)是内分泌系统的常见疾病,其主要特征是胰岛素敏感性下降或胰岛素分泌不足,进而出现高血糖、高血脂等糖脂代谢紊乱症状[1]。近年来,T2DM的发病率呈明显上升趋势,在中国其患病人数已超过1亿,成为影响公众健康的重大公共卫生问题[2]。尽管有许多抗糖尿病药物可用于T2DM治疗,如二甲双胍、格列本脲和噻唑烷二酮类药物,但这些药物的持续使用会导致细胞毒性和体内毒副作用,如心力衰竭、体重增加和低血糖等[3]。因此,寻找安全有效的生物活性物质对预防和减缓T2DM的发生具有重要意义。T2DM的非药物干预方法具有安全性高、疗效持久等优势,备受关注。研究表明,天然活性多糖具有降血糖、降血脂的作用。从植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) RJF4提取的胞外多糖能抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,具有潜在的降血糖功能[4]。Hao等[5]研究发现,从瓦宁桑黄(Sanghuangporus vaninii)中提取纯化出的多糖有效降低了高脂血症小鼠的血脂水平。Gong等[6]研究表明,海参中分离出的中性多糖有一定降血糖活性。Bai等[7]对6种豆科植物粗多糖的化学组成进行研究,发现多糖结构的不同及分子量大小影响其降血糖活性。鞘氨醇单胞菌在自然界中分布非常广泛,包括一些极端环境,如深海和极地等,其可分泌高分子量的细胞外聚合物,且大部分是水溶性胞外杂多糖[8]。目前,关于鞘氨醇单胞菌的研究大多集中在环境保护方面,而关于鞘氨醇单胞菌胞外多糖的研究尚未见报道,有必要进行研究。
糖脂代谢紊乱是2型糖尿病的主要特征,以高血糖、高血脂等症状单一或合并出现为主要临床表现特点[9]。高血糖症是指血液中葡萄糖浓度高于正常范围的一种病理状态[10]。Sun等[11]研究发现,蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)产生的胞外多糖(extracellular polysaccharide, EPS)-III可有效抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,降低链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠血浆葡萄糖浓度,提高糖耐量,修复血糖异常。Ye等[12]研究表明,来自浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)的胞外多糖改善了T2DM小鼠的糖耐量,缓解了胰岛素抵抗。Zhao等[13]研究发现,鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.) RW的胞外多糖具有良好的羟自由基清除能力。Folli等[14]报道降低自由基含量会减轻体内氧化应激,从而降低血糖水平。高脂血症指血浆中脂肪或脂质过量,特征是甘油三酯(triacylglycerol, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)和低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein, LDL)水平升高以及HDL水平降低[15]。鼠李糖乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus) LGG来源的胞外多糖已被证明具有减少动物脂肪生成,改善脂代谢的作用[16]。Huang等[17]发现云芝(Trametes versicolor)的胞外多糖能降低高脂血症小鼠血清中TC、TG和LDL水平并升高HDL水平。以上研究表明,鞘氨醇单胞菌胞外多糖可能具有潜在改善糖脂代谢紊乱的作用,有必要进一步研究。
本研究建立了鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas echinoides) 1K04342胞外多糖的超声辅助提取工艺并对其进行分离纯化。以HepG2细胞为研究对象,构建糖脂代谢紊乱模型,探讨了S. echinoides 1K04342胞外多糖对糖脂代谢的影响及作用机制。本研究为鞘氨醇单胞菌的开发利用提供了理论依据。
菌株为分离自深层海水的S. echinoides 1K04342 (简称1K04342),购自中国海洋微生物菌种保藏管理中心;HepG2细胞购自中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会细胞库。
2216E培养基,青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;DEAE-琼脂糖凝胶FF,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;CCK-8试剂盒,武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技股份有限公司;葡萄糖测试盒、甘油三酯(TG)测定试剂盒、总胆固醇测定试剂盒、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)测定试剂盒和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)测定试剂盒,南京建成生物工程研究所;油酸,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;PrimeScriptTM RT试剂盒和PrimeScript RT试剂盒,TaKaRa公司;p-IRS-1抗体、IRS-1抗体、p-PI3K抗体、PI3K抗体、p-AKT抗体、AKT抗体、p-GSK-3β抗体、GSK-3β抗体、p-FoxO1抗体、FoxO1抗体、PEPCK抗体、G6Pase抗体、p-AMPK抗体、AMPK抗体、p-ACC1抗体、ACC1抗体、SREBP-1C抗体、β-actin抗体和HRP羊抗兔IgG二抗,武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
超声波细胞粉碎机,宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;离心机,长沙湘智离心机仪器有限公司;酶标仪,北京伯腾仪器有限公司;高效液相色谱仪和实时荧光定量PCR仪,赛默飞世尔科技公司;倒置荧光显微镜,奥林巴斯公司;紫外-可见分光光度计,安捷伦科技有限公司。
将-80 ℃甘油管保藏的菌株1K04342接种于2216E固体培养基活化2次后,接种到100 mL 2216E液体培养基中,20 ℃、120 r/min振荡培养12 h获得种子发酵液。将种子发酵液按体积分数为2%接种到500 mL 2216E液体培养基中,20 ℃、160 r/min振荡培养48 h,得到菌株1K04342发酵液。
根据Li等[18]的方法对菌株1K04342发酵液进行超声处理。将发酵液转移到离心管中,超声探针浸入液面下1 cm处进行处理,处理过程中离心管始终处于冰浴。频率(25 kHz)和占空比(1.0 s ON和1.0 s OFF)保持不变。超声处理完成后继续培养至30 h。
胞外多糖的提取工艺参照王芸[19]的方法。菌株1K04342发酵液抽滤后4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心15 min得发酵液上清液。上清液50 ℃旋转蒸发浓缩至原体积1/5。用Sevage试剂与浓缩液1:4混合振荡,4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心20 min去除沉淀,重复3次。将除去变性蛋白的发酵液用无水乙醇沉淀,4 ℃过夜,8 000 r/min离心15 min收集沉淀,沉淀真空冷冻干燥得粗品胞外多糖(EPS)。
采用苯酚-硫酸法[20]测定总糖含量。
根据前期单因素试验筛选出对EPS提取量影响较大的3个因素为超声功率、超声时间和菌株1K04342培养时间。因此,响应面设计采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,对影响EPS提取量的以上3个因素进行考察。试验因素和水平见表1
实验数据拟合为二次多项式模型方程,如方程式(1)所示。
Y=β0+i=13βiXi+i=13βiiXi2+i=13j=i+13βijXiXj
式中:Y为预测响应值,β0βiβiiβij 分别表示常数、线性、二次式和交互作用的回归系数;XiXj 是自变量。
胞外多糖采用DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow纯化。在已处理好的DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子柱中加入粗多糖溶液(0.5 g/mL),用蒸馏水和NaCl溶液(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mol/L)洗脱,采用苯酚-硫酸法检测多糖的含量。收集相同的组分,后浓缩、透析,冷冻干燥后得到纯化多糖EPS-1、EPS-2和EPS-3。
采用10%的胎牛血清和DMEM培养基,在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养。
CCK-8的处理方法参照蓝兆[21]的方法。
参照朱水兰等[22]方法,利用OA诱导建立胰岛素抵抗-HepG2 (insulin resistance-HepG2, IR-HepG2)细胞模型。试验分为Control组、OA组(模型组)、Metformin组(400 μg/mL二甲双胍处理IR-HepG2细胞24 h,阳性对照组)以及EPS、EPS-1、EPS-2和EPS-3组,其中后4组分别用200 μg/mL EPS、EPS-1、EPS-2和EPS-3处理IR-HepG2细胞24 h。使用葡萄糖测定试剂盒测定培养基中的葡萄糖消耗率。
α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率和胰脂肪酶抑制率的测定分别参照潘章超等[23]和Cai等[24]的方法。
测定方法同1.3.4节。
将EPS-2溶解于含NaN3的质量分数为0.02%的0.1 mol/L NaNO3水溶液,终浓度为1 mg/mL,经过0.45 μm孔径滤膜过滤后上机检测[25]。用高效凝胶渗透色谱分析其分子量分布。采用Ohpak SB-805 HQ和Ohpak SB-803 HQ (300 mm×8 mm)串联。柱温45 ℃,进样量100 μL,流动相A (0.02% NaN3, 0.1 mol/L NaNO3),流速0.6 mL/min,等度洗脱75 min。标准品为分子量分别为9 750、13 050、36 800、64 650、135 350、300 600 Da的右旋糖酐。根据马克·霍温克方程计算各组分分子量[26]
检测EPS-2单糖组成的方法参照Wang等[27]。称取适量EPS-2,加入1 mL 2 mol/L TFA酸溶液,121 ℃加热2 h,氮气吹干。加入99.99%甲醇清洗,再吹干,重复清洗2-3次。加水溶解后转入色谱瓶待测。采用DionexTM CarboPacTM PA20 (150 mm×3.0 mm, 10 μm)液相色谱柱;进样量为5 μL。流动相A (H2O),流动相B (0.1 mol/L NaOH),流动相C (0.1 mol/L NaOH,0.2 mol/L NaAc),流速0.5 mL/min;柱温为30 ℃;洗脱梯度:0 min,95% A、5% B;26 min,85% A、5% B、10% C;42 min,85% A、5% B、10% C;42.1 min,60% A、40% C;52 min,60% A、40% B;52.1 min,95% A、5% B;60 min,95% A、5% B。
HepG2细胞培养及其活力和葡萄糖消耗率的测定方法同1.5.1-1.5.3节。
将HepG2细胞经OA (1 mmol/L)处理24 h后,用EPS-2处理24 h。利用油红O染色法[28]测定IR-HepG2细胞脂质分泌,根据试剂盒说明书测定IR-HepG2细胞TG、TC、LDL和HDL含量。
将HepG2细胞经OA (1 mmol/L)处理24 h后,用EPS-2处理24 h。提取总RNA后,使用PrimeScriptTM RT试剂盒将RNA反转录成cDNA。以cDNA为模板,在PCR仪上进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×BeyoFastTM SYBR Green qPCR Mix 10 µL,上、下游引物(3 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板2 µL,ddH2O 6 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性15 s,60 ℃退火20 s,72 ℃延伸60 s,40个循环。结果以GAPDH为内参,以2-∆∆Ct表示目的基因mRNA的相对表达量。引物序列为PEPCK-F (5′-CAATG CCGACCTCCCCTGTG-3′)和PEPCK-R (5′-CTG CTCCCGGTGTGGTGATG-3′),G6Pase-F (5′-TC ATCTTGGTGTCCGTGATCG-3′)和G6Pase-R (5′-TTTATCAGGGGCACGGAAGTG-3′),GAPDH-R (5′-TGGCATGGTCTGTGGTCATGAGT-3′)和GAPDH-F (5′-CAACAGCCTCAAGATCATCAGCA-3′)。
Western blotting的方法如Xu等[29]所述。提取总蛋白后,等量蛋白样品经SDS-PAGE,然后转移到PVDF膜并在室温下用5%脱脂牛奶封闭2 h。用相应的一抗(p-IRS-1、IRS-1、p-PI3K、PI3K、p-AKT、AKT、p-GSK-3β、GSK-3β、p-FoxO1、FoxO1、PEPCK、G6Pase、p-AMPK、AMPK、p-ACC1、ACC1、SREBP-1C、β-actin)于4 ℃孵育过夜后加入二抗孵育2 h。最后,使用ECL发光剂进行显影,用化学发光成像系统进行成像,用ImageJ软件对蛋白条带进行定量分析。选择β-actin蛋白作为内参蛋白,目的蛋白信号强度表示为相对β-actin的信号强度,结果表示为处理组相对于对照组相对表达。
本研究均设置3组重复试验,试验结果以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。使用SPSS 23.0对所有结果进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),检验处理组之间的差异显著性。P<0.05表示差异具有显著性。
根据Design Expert 13.0中的Box-Behnken试验设计原理,选取超声功率、超声时间和菌株1K04342培养时间3个因素设计17组试验,优化EPS提取条件,试验设计和结果见表2。对实验数据进行方差分析,结果见表3。以EPS提取量结果(Y)作为响应值进行回归分析,得回归方程为:Y=2.12-0.033×A+0.084×B-0.11×C+0.009 42×AB-0.11×AC-0.013×BC-0.39×A2-0.41×B2-0.38×C2。由回归方程系数可知,3个因素对EPS提取量(Y)的影响大小为:C (培养时间)>B (超声时间)>A (超声功率)。
对回归方程进行方差和显著性分析,可以检验响应面的拟合程度,对模型以及回归数据的显著性检验结果如表3所示。该方程模型及因素A2B2C2F检验结果均达到极显著水平(P<0.000 1),CF检验结果也达到了较显著水平(P<0.01),ACBF检验结果均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。该模型的决定系数R2=0.982 7,失拟项P=0.069 2不显著,表明该方程与实际拟合很好,正确反映了超声功率、超声时间、菌株1K04342培养时间和EPS提取量之间的关系。
基于上述所建模型,通过软件分析预测超声辅助提取EPS的最佳工艺条件为:超声功率59.39 W,超声时间42.08 s,培养时间9.24 h,在此条件下预测EPS提取量为2.13 g/L。考虑实际操作方便,将最佳工艺参数调整为超声功率60 W,超声时间42 s,培养时间9.2 h,进行重复试验以验证模型可靠性,得EPS实际提取量为2.10 g/L,证明了所建模型及所得工艺条件的可行性,为鞘氨醇单胞菌EPS的工业化生产提供一定的依据。
将菌株1K04342发酵上清液经过醇沉后获得的粗多糖样品脱蛋白后上样到DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换层析柱上,通过梯度洗脱收集多糖。粗多糖EPS经阴离子柱分离后得3个组分,分别命名为EPS-1、EPS-2和EPS-3。
进行生物活性评价之前,首先测定了粗多糖和3种EPS分离组分在100-300 μg/mL浓度范围内对HepG2细胞增殖活性的影响。如图1所示,当粗多糖和3种EPS分离组分处理浓度为200 μg/mL时,细胞增殖活性最佳(P<0.05)。因此,选用200 μg/mL为后续各试验浓度。
检测粗多糖和3种EPS (200 μg/mL)对OA诱导IR-HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗率的影响,以筛选最佳EPS组分。如图2所示,与对照组相比,OA处理显著降低了葡萄糖消耗率(P<0.05)。与OA单独处理组相比,Metformin、EPS、EPS-1、EPS-2和EPS-3均能显著逆转OA引起的葡萄糖消耗率降低(P<0.05);EPS-2处理后的葡萄糖消耗率显著高于EPS、EPS-1和EPS-3处理组(P<0.05),但显著低于Metformin组(P<0.05)。
检测3种EPS分离组分在0.25-2.0 mg/mL浓度范围内对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶抑制率的影响,以筛选活性多糖。如图3A所示,EPS-1、EPS-2和EPS-3浓度在0.25-1.5 mg/mL时可剂量依赖性抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活力,1.5 mg/mL之后抑制率变化不大,同浓度下EPS-2抑制作用强于EPS-1和EPS-3。如图3B所示,0.25-0.5 mg/mL浓度范围内除EPS-1外其余组别对胰脂肪酶抑制作用提升;在0.5-1.5 mg/mL浓度范围内EPS各组分抑制作用渐升;3种多糖浓度从1.5 mg/mL提至2.0 mg/mL时,EPS-1对胰脂肪酶抑制率基本不变,其余2种组分抑制率下降,且各浓度的EPS-2对胰脂肪酶抑制效果优于其余2个组分。
经苯酚硫酸法测得EPS-2的总糖含量占比高达74.3%。EPS-2重均分子质量为15 684 Da,由6种单糖组成,包括岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖,物质的量比为:2:9.35:0.7:14.71:33.57:39.66。葡萄糖和甘露糖是EPS-2的主要单糖组分,分别占总体的33.57%和39.66%。
图4所示,与对照组相比,单独OA处理显著降低了HepG2细胞的活力(P<0.05);与单独OA处理组相比,OA+EPS-2组的HepG2细胞的活力明显提高(P<0.05),说明EPS-2有助于逆转OA对HepG2细胞活力的负面影响。
EPS-2对OA诱导的IR-HepG2细胞糖代谢紊乱相关参数的影响如图5所示。如图5A所示,与对照组相比,OA处理显著降低了葡萄糖消耗率(P<0.05);与OA单独处理组相比,OA+EPS-2组显著逆转了葡萄糖消耗率的降低(P<0.05)。
图5B所示,与对照组相比,OA处理HepG2细胞后PEPCK和G6Pase mRNA水平显著提高(P<0.05);与OA单独处理组相比,OA+EPS-2组HepG2细胞中PEPCK和G6Pase mRNA水平显著降低(P<0.05)。
图5C5D所示,与对照组相比,OA处理显著降低p-IRS-1、p-PI3K、p-AKT、p-GSK-3β和p-FoxO1蛋白水平,显著提高PEPCK和G6Pase蛋白水平(P<0.05);与OA单独处理组相比,OA+EPS-2组p-IRS-1、p-PI3K、p-AKT、p-GSK-3β和p-FoxO1蛋白水平显著提高,而PEPCK和G6Pase蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05)。各组间IRS-1、PI3K、AKT、GSK-3β和FoxO1蛋白水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
EPS-2对OA诱导的IR-HepG2细胞脂质代谢紊乱相关参数的影响如图6所示。如图6A所示,与对照组相比,单独OA处理后HepG2细胞脂质分泌增加;与OA单独处理组相比,OA+EPS-2组中的HepG2细胞脂质分泌降低。
图6B所示,与对照组相比,OA处理显著增加HepG2细胞中TG、TC和LDL含量,显著降低了HDL含量(P<0.05);与OA单独处理组相比,OA+EPS-2组HepG2细胞中TG、TC和LDL含量显著减少,HDL含量显著增加(P<0.05)。
图6C6D所示,与对照组相比,OA处理显著降低p-AMPK和p-ACC1蛋白水平(P<0.05),显著提高了SREBP-1C蛋白水平(P<0.05);与OA单独处理组相比,OA+EPS-2组的p-AMPK和p-ACC1蛋白水平显著升高,SREBP-1C蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05)。各组间AMPK和ACC1蛋白水平均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
超声波辅助法可破坏细菌细胞结构,增加提取率,缩短提取时间,常用于细菌胞外多糖的提取[30]。响应面分析法是优化提取工艺条件的理想方法,能通过多项拟合以响应面模型方式更直观地观察考察因素与考察指标之间的交互作用关系[31]。本研究采用超声波辅助法,以超声功率、超声时间和菌株1K04342培养时间为考察因素,EPS提取量为响应值,优化得到EPS的最佳提取工艺条件为超声功率59.39 W,超声时间42.08 s,培养时间9.24 h,在此条件下预测得到EPS的提取量为2.13 g/L。根据实际操作调整最佳工艺参数并验证模型的准确度,得出EPS的提取量为2.10 g/L,与预测值基本相符,表明试验结果准确度较高,通过该响应面法优化后的提取方法可行。
多糖因其功能多样性和细胞低毒性等特点,受到越来越多研究者的关注,关于多糖活性和结构的研究也越来越多。研究表明,多糖的生物活性与其结构特征(如分子量、单糖组成等)紧密相关。本研究初步筛选出菌株1K04342 EPS中减轻OA诱导IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱的最佳活性组分,并对其理化性质进行分析,为后续系统深入地探究多糖生物活性奠定基础。
本研究对该多糖进行分离纯化,并初步筛选活性组分。DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow是一种弱阴离子交换柱,随着洗脱液NaCl浓度的提高,多糖组分会根据结合能力强弱被分开,洗脱后得到3种多糖EPS-1、EPS-2和EPS-3。通过测定3个分离组分对HepG2细胞活性、葡萄糖消耗率、α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶抑制率的影响,初步筛选活性最佳的组分。α-葡萄糖苷酶是一种附着于小肠上皮细胞的酶,可催化葡萄糖从二糖中裂解,抑制该酶活性是降低血清葡萄糖含量,缓解糖代谢紊乱的有效方法[32]。胰脂肪酶是甘油三酯在胃肠道水解的关键酶,抑制其活性可减少食物中摄入脂肪的水解与吸收,从而减轻脂代谢紊乱,有效改善肥胖、心血管疾病等各类慢性病[33]。本研究表明,3种多糖组分相比,EPS-2对OA诱导的IR-HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗率的恢复作用优于另2个组分,且各个浓度对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶的抑制率都优于另2个组分,表明3种EPS组分中EPS-2对IR-HepG2细胞的降糖降脂效果最佳。多糖的生物活性跟其理化性质和结构特征密切相关。EPS-2理化分析结果显示,EPS-2的总糖含量大于70.0%,重均分子量为1.568 4×104 Da,单糖组成包括岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖,摩尔比为:2:9.35:0.7:14.71:33.57:39.66,这与Wang等[34]分离出的c-EPS单糖组成类似。
糖脂代谢紊乱在糖尿病的发病机制中至关重要[35]。本研究利用OA处理HepG2细胞构建糖脂代谢紊乱模型,研究菌株1K04342 EPS调节IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱的作用及相关机制。
糖代谢异常与胰岛素抵抗(IR)密切相关,其特点是胰岛素分泌异常或机体对胰岛素利用率降低,导致机体的糖代谢无法正常进行,从而诱发糖尿病[36]。IR的发生主要与胰岛素信号阻断和糖原合成失调有关,导致细胞对葡萄糖消耗减少,糖异生过度增加[37]。α-葡萄糖苷酶在糖代谢中直接参与糖原的代谢途径,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率越高,葡萄糖消耗率越高[32]。在本研究中发现,EPS-2处理提高了葡萄糖消耗率和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率,表明EPS-2可以通过提高α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率从而增加葡萄糖消耗量。这与Bajpai等[38]的研究结果类似,从清酒乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sakei) Probio 65中分离的EPS能通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性增加葡萄糖消耗量。在糖异生过程,PEPCK和G6Pase是肝脏调节非糖物质转化为葡萄糖的关键酶,它们表达的提高与增强糖异生密切相关[39]。本研究发现,EPS-2处理逆转了OA引起的PEPCK和G6Pase表达(mRNA和蛋白水平)升高,与Qi等[40]的研究结果类似。胰岛素引起IR受体磷酸化,进而活化胰岛素受体底物(insulin receptor substrate, IRS)家族蛋白,然后这些蛋白激活下游蛋白PI3K和Akt[41],该途径通过激活糖原合酶激酶3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β)和叉头盒蛋白O1 (forkhead box protein O1, FoxO1)之间的复杂相互作用来调节葡萄糖消耗和糖异生[42]。在肝脏中,可以通过调节GSK-3β蛋白表达来提高α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率,从而增加葡萄糖消耗[43];FoxO1可抑制PEPCK和G6Pase的表达[44]。本研究发现,EPS-2逆转了OA引起的p-IRS-1、p-AKT、p-PI3K、p-GSK-3β和p-FoxO1蛋白表达水平的降低,表明EPS-2可能通过激活IR-HepG2中IRS-1/PI3K/AKT信号通路,上调下游GSK-3β和FoxO1蛋白表达,促进葡萄糖消耗、抑制糖原生成,进而减轻IR-HepG2细胞的糖代谢紊乱。Qi等[40]发现植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) JLAU103胞外多糖可以通过上调IRS-1、PI3K和Akt磷酸化水平以及GSK-3β的磷酸化增加葡萄糖消耗率,同时下调PEPCK和G6Pase的蛋白表达,减少糖异生,减轻小鼠的糖代谢紊乱,从而缓解小鼠的2型糖尿病。Alaaeldin等[45]发现孟加拉榕树叶中提取的天然活性物质carpachromene可能通过激活IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/FoxO1信号通路改善IR-HepG2细胞的胰岛素抵抗。细菌和植物中提取的天然多糖都可能通过激活IRS-1/PI3K/AKT信号通路减轻糖代谢紊乱。
脂质代谢紊乱会导致高血脂的发生,从而诱发心血管疾病的风险[46]。高脂血症的症状包括TC、TG和LDL水平的升高,HDL水平的降低[47]。本研究发现,EPS-2处理显著逆转了OA引起的TC、TG、LDL含量上升和HDL含量的降低。这与已有的一些研究结果类似。从L. rhamnosus GG菌株分离得到的胞外多糖改善了高脂饮食喂养小鼠的脂质代谢,包括肝脏和血清中的TC和TG水平[48]。Huang等[17]发现T. versicolor的胞外多糖能降低高脂血症小鼠血清中TC、TG和LDL水平,提高HDL水平。
SREBP-1C的表达受乙酰辅酶A羧化酶-1 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, ACC1)脂肪生成基因的表达的调控,在TG合成中发挥重要作用,SREBP-1C是腺苷单磷酸活化蛋白激酶[adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase, AMPK]的体内靶点[49]。有证据表明可以通过AMPK/ACC1/SREBP-1C通路来减少肝脏中脂肪的生成,进而缓解脂质代谢紊乱[50]。本研究发现,EPS-2处理能显著逆转OA引起的p-AMPK和p-ACC1蛋白水平的降低和SREBP-1C蛋白水平的上升。这表明EPS-2可能通过激活IR-HepG2中AMPK/ACC1/SREBP-1C信号通路,降低TG、TC和LDL水平,提高HDL水平,进而减轻OA诱导的IR-HepG2细胞的脂质代谢紊乱。本研究结果与已有报道类似。Lu等[51]发现,黑根霉中分离出的胞外多糖上调CT26细胞中p-AMPK的蛋白表达。Zeng等[52]研究结果显示,波罗蜜(Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)中分离的多糖可通过上调p-AMPK的蛋白表达,抑制SREBP-1C的蛋白表达,从而减轻大鼠高脂饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝病。Wu等[53]研究发现,菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)多糖上调了p-AMPK和p-ACC的蛋白表达,减弱了大鼠高脂饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝病。
本研究成功建立了S. echinoides 1K04342胞外多糖的超声提取工艺,通过分离纯化得到EPS-2,发现其能有效减轻IR-HepG2细胞糖脂代谢紊乱。本研究为EPS-2作为潜在的活性成分应用于T2DM的防治提供了科学依据。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202410340025)
  • 舟山科技计划(2024C61001)
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2025年第65卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240813
  • 接收时间:2024-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-15
  • 录用日期:2025-03-29
基金
National University Student Innovation & Entrepreneurship Development Program(202410340025)
国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202410340025)
Zhoushan Science and Technology Program(2024C61001)
舟山科技计划(2024C61001)
作者信息
    1.浙江海洋大学 食品与药学学院,浙江 舟山
    2.浙江省海洋开发研究院,浙江 舟山
    3.浙江海洋大学 比萨海洋研究生学院,浙江 舟山
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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