Article(id=1226554100360331518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1740931200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-03, onlineDate=1770362885799, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1751558400000, pubDateStr=2025-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770362885799, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770362885799, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770362885799, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226554095926952065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='7', pageStart='2771', pageEnd='3233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770362884741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363575040, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3177, endPage=3194, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226554100695875868, articleId=1226554100360331518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Diversity and functional prediction of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata from different habitats and sexes, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To clarify the diversity characteristics of gut microbiota in the important wild pollinator, Xylocopa appendiculata, and provide theoretical basis for the conservation and utilization of wild pollinator resources. [Methods] Utilizing employed 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, we conducted comparative analyses of gut microbiota diversity in adults X. appendiculata from different habitats and sexes. Functional prediction of gut microbial communities was performed using PICRUSt2. [Results] The gut microbiota in adults X. appendiculata was predominantly composed of Bacillota (relative abundance of 50.17%), Pseudomonadota (relative abundance of 32.04%), Actinomycetota (relative abundance of 12.84%), and Bacteroidota (relative abundance of 3.77%). The genus Lactobacillus was identified as a core microbiota present in all sampled individuals. Significant differences in the relative abundance of gut microbiota were observed across habitats and sexes. The samples from the Sui and Tang Dynasties City Ruins Botanical Garden habitat (HXST) exhibited the highest richness, diversity, and evenness of gut microbiota. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties City Ruins Botanical Garden habitat (ST) and the Caoyao Village habitat (CY), female adults showed higher microbial richness, diversity, and evenness compared to males. In the Shuiquan Village habitat (SQ), male adults showed higher microbial richness, diversity, and evenness compared to females. The genus Gilliamella, as the dominant genus of male samples from Caoyao Village (HXCYM), accounts for a very small proportion in other samples. Functional prediction PICRUSt2 showed that the metabolic gene functions of the gut microbiota of adults X. appendiculata are the most enriched, with an abundance ratio of 74.00%. [Conclusion] The gut microbiota of adults X. appendiculata exhibits ecological adaptive features with social bees (e.g., Apis mellifera and Bombus spp.), characterized by low diversity, highly conservation, and specialized core microbial community structure. Environmental heterogeneity and host sex were identified as key drivers of gut microbiota divergence. These findings suggest that the gut microbiota of X. appendiculata may play a central role in maintaining host energy homeostasis and population adaptability.

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*E-mail:
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【目的】 明确重要野生传粉昆虫黄胸木蜂(Xylocopa appendiculata)肠道微生物的多样性特征,为野生传粉昆虫资源的保护与利用提供理论依据。 【方法】 基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,对采自不同生境和不同性别的黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物多样性进行比较分析,并对其微生物群落功能进行预测。 【结果】 黄胸木蜂成虫肠道菌群主要由芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota) (相对丰度50.17%)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (相对丰度32.04%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota) (相对丰度12.84%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota) (相对丰度3.77%)组成。其中,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)作为核心菌群存在于所有被检测的黄胸木蜂样本中。不同生境和不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道菌群的相对丰度存在差异,隋唐的成虫(HXST)肠道微生物群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度均最高;隋唐(ST)和曹窑(CY)的雌性成虫肠道微生物群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度均高于雄性,水泉(SQ)的雄性成虫肠道微生物群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度均高于雌性。吉列姆氏菌属(Gilliamella)作为曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM)的优势菌属,在其他样本中占比极小。PICRUSt2功能预测分析结果表明,黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物群落中代谢通路占比高达74.00%。 【结论】 黄胸木蜂成虫肠道菌群表现出与社会性蜜蜂[如西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)和熊蜂属(Bombus spp.)]相似的生态适应特征,其微生物群落具有低多样性、高度保守且特化的核心菌群结构。环境异质性和宿主性别可能是驱动肠道菌群分异的关键生态因子。黄胸木蜂肠道菌群可能在维持宿主能量稳态及种群适应性中发挥核心作用。

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作者贡献声明

贺春玲:研究指导、实验设计、无菌实验操作及文章撰写;张佳卉:数据分析及文章撰写;郑炜凡:无菌实验操作及测序样品的分类整理;陈文阳:肠道内容物的无菌取样;杨乐:隋唐城遗址植物园样品的采集及处理;刘璇:水泉村样品的采集及处理;代前磊:曹窑村样品的采集及处理。

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Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2023, 63(11): 4302-4314 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227681734423150596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, awardId=2018FY100404, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation of China(2018FY100404), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681734557368334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, awardId=2018FY100404, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技基础资源调查专项(2018FY100404), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681734683197460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, awardId=232300421163, language=EN, fundingSource=General Science Foundation Program of Henan Province(232300421163), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681734897106971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, awardId=232300421163, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省面上科学基金(232300421163), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681735035519011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, awardId=JGZJCAI-2019125, language=EN, fundingSource=Ecological Protection and Restoration Pilot Project of Water, Forests, Fields, Lakes, and Grasses in the South Taihang Mountains of Henan Province (Jiyuan Project)(JGZJCAI-2019125), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681735123599401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, awardId=JGZJCAI-2019125, language=CN, fundingSource=河南南太行山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点工程(济源项目)(JGZJCAI-2019125), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227681718866477542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681718879060455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, companyId=1227681718866477542, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681718887449066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, companyId=1227681718866477542, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南科技大学 园艺与植物保护学院,河南 洛阳)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227681727242503012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Female (A) and male (B) adults Xylocopa appendiculata foraging on Cercis chinensis flowers., figureFileSmall=xolIc8k8/WrqT0bMgdBCFw==, figureFileBig=C29MTSMkh3V9CxwdqtkLrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681727389303663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄胸木蜂雌性成虫(A)和雄性成虫(B)采食紫荆花, figureFileSmall=xolIc8k8/WrqT0bMgdBCFw==, figureFileBig=C29MTSMkh3V9CxwdqtkLrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681727523521402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Rarefaction curve and Venn analysis of OTU of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata. A: Rarefaction curve of gut microbiota in adults X. appendiculata; B: Venn analysis of OTU of gut microbiota in adults X. appendiculata from different habitats; C: Venn analysis of OTU of gut microbiota in adults X. appendiculata in different sexes. HXSTF: Female samples from Sui and Tang Dynasties City Ruins Botanical Garden; HXSTM: Male samples from Sui and Tang Dynasties City Ruins Botanical Garden; HXSQF: Female samples from Shuiquan Village; HXSQM: Male samples from Shuiquan Village; HXCYF: Female samples from Caoyao Village; HXCYM: Male samples from Caoyao Village. The same as below., figureFileSmall=Jr7MmZkHypVvwsUtvBqQNQ==, figureFileBig=DbZo8LKix/dMts/gE1TFYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681727624184708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=图2, caption=黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的稀释曲线和OTU韦恩图。A:黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的稀释曲线;B:不同生境黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的OTU韦恩图;C:不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的OTU韦恩图。HXSTF:隋唐雌性成虫;HXSTM:隋唐雄性成虫;HXSQF:水泉雌性成虫;HXSQM:水泉雄性成虫;HXCYF:曹窑雌性成虫;HXCYM:曹窑雄性成虫。下同。, figureFileSmall=Jr7MmZkHypVvwsUtvBqQNQ==, figureFileBig=DbZo8LKix/dMts/gE1TFYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681727737430921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Composition of the phylum (A), family (B), and genus (C) of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata., figureFileSmall=nz+gnAjoKSgo6Qkf+QCuRw==, figureFileBig=Pqa19dyUr3L9kPPctRfXsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681727880037266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的门(A)、科(B)、属(C)组成, figureFileSmall=nz+gnAjoKSgo6Qkf+QCuRw==, figureFileBig=Pqa19dyUr3L9kPPctRfXsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681728001672089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Alpha diversity of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata from different habitats. A: Chao index of samples of the same sexes in different habitats; B: Shannon index of samples of the same sexes in different habitats; C: Pielou_e index of samples of the same sexes in different habitats; D: Coverage index of samples of the same sexes in different habitats; E: Chao index of the total samples from different habitats; F: Shannon index of the total samples from different habitats; G: Pielou_e index of the total samples from different habitats; H: Coverage index of the total samples from different habitats. NS: P>0.05; *: P≤0.05; **: P≤0.01; ***: P≤0.001. The same as below., figureFileSmall=g31CzEKPQnpHIdNbFRjnyQ==, figureFileBig=y4YoDdBQKPuWbFGpZx78Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681728127501214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同生境黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的α多样性分析。A:同一性别不同生境样本的Chao指数;B:同一性别不同生境样本的Shannon指数;C:同一性别不同生境样本的Pielou_e指数;D:同一性别不同生境样本的Coverage指数;E:不同生境总样本的Chao指数;F:不同生境总样本的Shannon指数;G:不同生境总样本的Pielou_e指数;H:不同生境总样本的Coverage指数。NS:P>0.05;*:P≤0.05;**:P≤0.01;***:P≤0.001。下同。, figureFileSmall=g31CzEKPQnpHIdNbFRjnyQ==, figureFileBig=y4YoDdBQKPuWbFGpZx78Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681728270107560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Alpha diversity of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata in different sexes. A: Chao index of samples of different sexes in the same habitat; B: Shannon index of samples of different sexes in the same habitat; C: Pielou_e index of samples of different sexes in the same habitat; D: Coverage index of samples of different sexes in the same habitat; E: Chao index of the total samples in different sexes; F: Shannon index of the total samples in different sexes; G: Pielou_e index of the total samples in different sexes; H: Coverage index of the total samples in different sexes., figureFileSmall=OSSk86HauBCu20+PE+w+lQ==, figureFileBig=COXGFCOFZghNKR8GeKaw4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681728395936688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的α多样性分析。A:同一生境不同性别样本的Chao指数;B:同一生境不同性别样本的Shannon指数;C:同一生境不同性别样本的Pielou_e指数;D:同一生境不同性别样本的Coverage指数;E:不同性别总样本的Chao指数;F:不同性别总样本的Shannon指数;G:不同性别总样本的Pielou_e指数;H:不同性别总样本的Coverage指数。, figureFileSmall=OSSk86HauBCu20+PE+w+lQ==, figureFileBig=COXGFCOFZghNKR8GeKaw4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681729801028536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Beta diversity of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata. A: NMDS analysis of gut microbiota in adults X. appendiculata from different habitats; B: NMDS analysis of gut microbiota in adults X. appendiculata in different sexes; C: PCoA analysis of gut microbiota in adults X. appendiculata from different habitats; D: PCoA analysis of gut microbiota in adults X. appendiculata in different sexes., figureFileSmall=wABME7G/J4utToIpGpsTOA==, figureFileBig=EtPkLWxnkfisx9WJSSq/dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681729889108923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=图6, caption=黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的β多样性分析。A:不同生境黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的NMDS分析;B:不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的NMDS分析;C:不同生境黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的PCoA分析;D:不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的PCoA分析。, figureFileSmall=wABME7G/J4utToIpGpsTOA==, figureFileBig=EtPkLWxnkfisx9WJSSq/dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681730111407044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The gene functional classification annotation based on KEGG of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata., figureFileSmall=N+wlIR0CPEx5KwoN1t9KgQ==, figureFileBig=yqCzoGGrF68mGq8jPiDqAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681730270790603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=图7, caption=黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物基于KEGG的基因功能分类注释, figureFileSmall=N+wlIR0CPEx5KwoN1t9KgQ==, figureFileBig=yqCzoGGrF68mGq8jPiDqAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732221141973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Percentage of pathway function at level 1 (A) and level 2 (B) of the female and male adults Xylocopa appendiculata from different habitats., figureFileSmall=taoCn9Y0xbCPQrGEr+oKLw==, figureFileBig=svjMQKB1RWu+3iu7igqm1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732435051484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同生境黄胸木蜂雌雄成虫样本的一级水平(A)和二级水平(B)通路功能占比, figureFileSmall=taoCn9Y0xbCPQrGEr+oKLw==, figureFileBig=svjMQKB1RWu+3iu7igqm1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732573463523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupSampleNumber of taxa of different taxonomic categories
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesOTU
TotalHX111636476492188
Different habitatsHXST6923273958141
HXSQ101324313854113
HXCY91222303954115
Different sexesHXF101325334362141
HXM91330395380155
), ArticleFig(id=1227681732682515434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的16S rRNA基因高通量测序基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupSampleNumber of taxa of different taxonomic categories
PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesOTU
TotalHX111636476492188
Different habitatsHXST6923273958141
HXSQ101324313854113
HXCY91222303954115
Different sexesHXF101325334362141
HXM91330395380155
), ArticleFig(id=1227681732778984434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The relative abundance and sample detection rate of the TOP5 of the genus level of gut microbiota in female and male adults Xylocopa appendiculata from different habitats (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleLactobacillus

Unclassified_f__

Lactobacillaceae

Pseudomonas

Candidatus_

Schmidhempelia

Gilliamella
HXSTF156.030.011.5015.280.04
HXSTF239.7723.860.2810.640.11
HXSTF365.21<0.014.0412.480.01
HXSTM123.52-13.972.360.02
HXSTM267.60-0.190.70-
HXSTM340.75-5.1211.210.13
HXSQF121.0366.790.010.780.03
HXSQF216.7566.03-6.060.09
HXSQF371.880.020.364.710.02
HXSQM147.220.142.1411.990.07
HXSQM265.920.020.8414.110.01
HXSQM331.152.920.1946.500.26
HXCYF133.4336.980.024.450.08
HXCYF229.790.3943.794.750.54
HXCYF363.800.141.7413.520.14
HXCYM10.10-69.33-9.07
HXCYM23.30-3.170.0358.31
HXCYM311.09-16.920.1164.71
Detection rate100.0066.6794.4494.4494.44
), ArticleFig(id=1227681732862870518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554100360331518, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同采集地黄胸木蜂雌雄成虫肠道微生物属TOP5的相对丰度和样本检出率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleLactobacillus

Unclassified_f__

Lactobacillaceae

Pseudomonas

Candidatus_

Schmidhempelia

Gilliamella
HXSTF156.030.011.5015.280.04
HXSTF239.7723.860.2810.640.11
HXSTF365.21<0.014.0412.480.01
HXSTM123.52-13.972.360.02
HXSTM267.60-0.190.70-
HXSTM340.75-5.1211.210.13
HXSQF121.0366.790.010.780.03
HXSQF216.7566.03-6.060.09
HXSQF371.880.020.364.710.02
HXSQM147.220.142.1411.990.07
HXSQM265.920.020.8414.110.01
HXSQM331.152.920.1946.500.26
HXCYF133.4336.980.024.450.08
HXCYF229.790.3943.794.750.54
HXCYF363.800.141.7413.520.14
HXCYM10.10-69.33-9.07
HXCYM23.30-3.170.0358.31
HXCYM311.09-16.920.1164.71
Detection rate100.0066.6794.4494.4494.44
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不同生境和不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的多样性和功能预测
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贺春玲 , 张佳卉 , 郑炜凡 , 陈文阳 , 杨乐 , 刘璇 , 代前磊
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(7): 3177-3194
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(7): 3177-3194
不同生境和不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的多样性和功能预测
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贺春玲 , 张佳卉, 郑炜凡, 陈文阳, 杨乐, 刘璇, 代前磊
作者信息
  • 河南科技大学 园艺与植物保护学院,河南 洛阳
Diversity and functional prediction of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata from different habitats and sexes
Chunling HE , Jiahui ZHANG, Weifan ZHENG, Wenyang CHEN, Le YANG, Xuan LIU, Qianlei DAI
Affiliations
  • College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
出版时间: 2025-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250041
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【目的】 明确重要野生传粉昆虫黄胸木蜂(Xylocopa appendiculata)肠道微生物的多样性特征,为野生传粉昆虫资源的保护与利用提供理论依据。 【方法】 基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,对采自不同生境和不同性别的黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物多样性进行比较分析,并对其微生物群落功能进行预测。 【结果】 黄胸木蜂成虫肠道菌群主要由芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota) (相对丰度50.17%)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (相对丰度32.04%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota) (相对丰度12.84%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota) (相对丰度3.77%)组成。其中,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)作为核心菌群存在于所有被检测的黄胸木蜂样本中。不同生境和不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道菌群的相对丰度存在差异,隋唐的成虫(HXST)肠道微生物群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度均最高;隋唐(ST)和曹窑(CY)的雌性成虫肠道微生物群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度均高于雄性,水泉(SQ)的雄性成虫肠道微生物群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度均高于雌性。吉列姆氏菌属(Gilliamella)作为曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM)的优势菌属,在其他样本中占比极小。PICRUSt2功能预测分析结果表明,黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物群落中代谢通路占比高达74.00%。 【结论】 黄胸木蜂成虫肠道菌群表现出与社会性蜜蜂[如西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)和熊蜂属(Bombus spp.)]相似的生态适应特征,其微生物群落具有低多样性、高度保守且特化的核心菌群结构。环境异质性和宿主性别可能是驱动肠道菌群分异的关键生态因子。黄胸木蜂肠道菌群可能在维持宿主能量稳态及种群适应性中发挥核心作用。

黄胸木蜂  /  肠道菌群  /  高通量测序  /  乳杆菌属

[Objective] To clarify the diversity characteristics of gut microbiota in the important wild pollinator, Xylocopa appendiculata, and provide theoretical basis for the conservation and utilization of wild pollinator resources. [Methods] Utilizing employed 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, we conducted comparative analyses of gut microbiota diversity in adults X. appendiculata from different habitats and sexes. Functional prediction of gut microbial communities was performed using PICRUSt2. [Results] The gut microbiota in adults X. appendiculata was predominantly composed of Bacillota (relative abundance of 50.17%), Pseudomonadota (relative abundance of 32.04%), Actinomycetota (relative abundance of 12.84%), and Bacteroidota (relative abundance of 3.77%). The genus Lactobacillus was identified as a core microbiota present in all sampled individuals. Significant differences in the relative abundance of gut microbiota were observed across habitats and sexes. The samples from the Sui and Tang Dynasties City Ruins Botanical Garden habitat (HXST) exhibited the highest richness, diversity, and evenness of gut microbiota. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties City Ruins Botanical Garden habitat (ST) and the Caoyao Village habitat (CY), female adults showed higher microbial richness, diversity, and evenness compared to males. In the Shuiquan Village habitat (SQ), male adults showed higher microbial richness, diversity, and evenness compared to females. The genus Gilliamella, as the dominant genus of male samples from Caoyao Village (HXCYM), accounts for a very small proportion in other samples. Functional prediction PICRUSt2 showed that the metabolic gene functions of the gut microbiota of adults X. appendiculata are the most enriched, with an abundance ratio of 74.00%. [Conclusion] The gut microbiota of adults X. appendiculata exhibits ecological adaptive features with social bees (e.g., Apis mellifera and Bombus spp.), characterized by low diversity, highly conservation, and specialized core microbial community structure. Environmental heterogeneity and host sex were identified as key drivers of gut microbiota divergence. These findings suggest that the gut microbiota of X. appendiculata may play a central role in maintaining host energy homeostasis and population adaptability.

Xylocopa appendiculata  /  gut microbiota  /  high-throughput sequencing  /  Lactobacillus
贺春玲, 张佳卉, 郑炜凡, 陈文阳, 杨乐, 刘璇, 代前磊. 不同生境和不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物的多样性和功能预测. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3177 -3194 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250041
Chunling HE, Jiahui ZHANG, Weifan ZHENG, Wenyang CHEN, Le YANG, Xuan LIU, Qianlei DAI. Diversity and functional prediction of gut microbiota in adults Xylocopa appendiculata from different habitats and sexes[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3177 -3194 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250041
膜翅目蜜蜂(Hymenoptera: Anthophila)作为陆地生态系统的关键传粉者,在维持全球农作物生产和野生植物多样性方面发挥着不可替代的生态功能[1-3]。然而全球蜜蜂种群的多样性和数量持续减少,这一趋势已对生态系统稳定性构成威胁[4-7]。研究表明,蜜蜂肠道微生物群落在宿主健康和适应性方面扮演着重要的角色[8-11]。许多蜜蜂物种在其肠道中携带有独特且功能重要的微生物群落[12-16]。不同蜜蜂物种的微生物群落组成存在差异,这些差异与宿主的进化状态、性别、发育阶段以及所处的地理环境等有关[17-21];其中,社会性被认为是驱动蜜蜂肠道微生物组进化的重要因素[22-24]。近年来,有关蜜蜂总科物种肠道微生物多样性和功能的研究多集中于真社会性的蜜蜂和熊蜂,而有关独栖性和初级社会性野生蜜蜂的肠道菌群的研究报道还非常有限,这限制了对蜜蜂肠道微生物与其宿主之间共生机制的全面认知。
木蜂属(Xylocopa)是蜜蜂科(Apidae)中的一个重要类群,其生活方式呈现出从独栖性向社会性演化的过渡多态性,不少种类在同一种群内同时存在独栖性和初级社会性的生活特点,木蜂初级社会性在种群中的比例随筑巢时间而变化,这一特性对研究昆虫社会性进化早期阶段具有重要意义[25-28],同时,木蜂作为与社会性蜜蜂近缘但生活方式多样的类群,其肠道微生物菌群研究可以为社会性对蜜蜂肠道微生物组演化的作用提供新见解[21]。已有文献表明,木蜂属肠道菌群具有两大特点:(1) 木蜂物种的肠道优势菌群多为社会性蜜蜂中常见的类群,如乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)和孤菌科(Orbaceae)等[15,29-30];(2) 不同木蜂肠道具有独特的细菌类群,这些类群在不同地理采样地点、性别以及不同活动行为(巢内和觅食)的个体中均稳定存在,这与大多数之前描述的独居性蜜蜂不同[15,21,31-32]。然而,有关木蜂肠道菌群的多样性主要是由物种特异性特征驱动,还是由环境条件决定尚未定论。
黄胸木蜂(X. appendiculata)隶属于木蜂属(Xylocopa)异木蜂亚属(Alloxylocopa),为亚洲广布种,也是我国分布最广泛的木蜂物种[1,33-34],近年来在美国的加利福尼亚州和德国有分布报道[35]。在我国河南洛阳地区,黄胸木蜂访花时间长 (3月下旬至10月上旬),访花植物种类多,是当地重要的传粉昆虫[33]。Kim等[34]从黄胸木蜂肠道分离一株对聚氨酯塑料具有很强降解作用的黄单胞菌菌株(Xanthomonas sp.) HY-71。然而,随着我国城市化进程的加快,棚户区改造和房屋结构的变化导致木蜂的栖息地(如枯木)大幅减少,栖息环境的改变可能对木蜂的健康产生深远影响。因此,本研究以我国广域分布的黄胸木蜂为研究对象,比较不同采集环境和不同性别木蜂肠道微生物的差异,以期进一步揭示木蜂肠道微生物多样性的影响因素及其对健康的影响机制。
2023年4月上旬于河南省洛阳市的洛龙区隋唐城遗址植物园(112°45′E,34°64′N,海拔121.03 m)、洛龙区寇店镇水泉村(112°65′E, 34°53′N,海拔296.64 m)和偃师区府店镇曹窑村(112°83′E,34°49′N,海拔547.35 m) 3个地点采集正在访花的黄胸木蜂成虫(图1),地点名称分别简称为隋唐(ST)、水泉(SQ)和曹窑(CY)。3个采集地的生境特点不同,隋唐属城市生境,水泉属城郊生境,曹窑属森林生境。黄胸木蜂的物种鉴定依据文献[1]完成。3个地点采集的样本分别简称为隋唐成虫(HXST)、水泉成虫(HXSQ)和曹窑成虫(HXCY)。在隋唐(ST)黄胸木蜂的访花植物主要是紫荆和海棠;在水泉(SQ)黄胸木蜂的访花植物主要是紫荆和油菜;在曹窑(CY)黄胸木蜂的访花植物主要是油菜和桃花。雄性成虫多数是在蜜源植物附近的领地飞行过程中被采集。不同地点采集的雌雄成虫样本分别简称为:隋唐雌性成虫(HXSTF)、隋唐雄性成虫(HXSTM)、水泉雌性成虫(HXSQF)、水泉雄性成虫(HXSQM)、曹窑雌性成虫(HXCYF)、曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM);3个地点采集的雌性成虫总样本、雄性成虫总样本分别用雌性成虫(HXF)、雄性成虫(HXM)表示。采集的黄胸木蜂成虫放入干净干燥的养虫管,带回实验室放入-20 ℃冰箱冷冻5-7 min,再放入4 ℃冰箱冷藏备用。每个地点采集黄胸木蜂雌性成虫9头、雄性成虫9头,总样本(HX)的黄胸木蜂数量为54头。本研究严格遵守国家标准实验动物福利伦理要求,实验方案及实验过程在河南科技大学实验动物伦理(审查)委员会的监管下进行,伦理审核批准文号:HAUST-025-B0310020。
参考不同种类昆虫的肠道内容物取样方法[36-37],在超净工作台上,用70%的乙醇梯度灭菌3次,每次表面消毒时间为60 s。将无菌镊子夹持虫体胸部,在70%的乙醇中振荡洗涤60 s,取出再放入干净的70%的乙醇继续振荡洗涤60 s,重复洗涤3次,最后用无菌水冲洗。然后剪去头部,在无菌培养皿中解剖取出完整的肠道,每3头同采集地同性别的成虫用无菌眼科镊子从腹部末端拉出肠道,每3头同采集地同性别的成虫肠道内容物集中至1.5 mL无菌离心管内,匀浆处理后-80 ℃低温保存备用。每个采集地点雌雄成虫均为3个重复。
严格根据凯杰磁珠法试剂盒(Qiagen公司)说明书完成DNA抽提,以提取的DNA为模板,按指定测序区域,合成带有Barcode的上游引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和下游引物806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTA AT-3′),对16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×Pro Taq 10 μL,上、下游引物(5 μmol/L)各0.8 μL,模板DNA (10 ng/μL) 2 μL,补ddH2O至20 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,53 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,共29个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min,在10 ℃进行保存。本研究共18份样本,每份样本3个重复,使用AxyPrep DNA凝胶回收试剂盒(AXYGEN公司)切胶回收PCR产物,所有样本PCR扩增产物目的条带大小正确,浓度合适,可进行后续实验。参照电泳初步定量结果,将PCR产物用QuantiFluor™-ST蓝色荧光定量系统(Promega公司)进行检测定量,按照每份样本的测序量要求进行相应比例的混合后进行文库构建,由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司协助利用Illumina NextSeq 2000平台完成上机测序。本文报道的原始测序数据已上传至中国科学院北京基因组研究所(国家生物信息中心),收录号为GSA:CRA025135,可在https://ngdc.cncb. ac.cn/gsa上公开获取。
运用FLASH软件(https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/ FLASH/index.shtml, version 1.2.11)和fastp软件(https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp, version 0.19.6)将测序得到的双端原始测序序列进行拼接质控,优化数据并区分样本后运用UPARSE软件(http:// www.drive5.com/uparse/, version 7.0.1090)根据97%的相似度进行分类操作单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)聚类[38],比对SILVA 16S rRNA基因数据库(http://www.arb-silva.de,version 138)进行OTU物种分类学注释,使用QIIME平台(http://qiime.org/scripts/assign_taxonomy.html, version 1.9.1)统计不同物种分类学水平下样本的微生物群落组成丰度表。使用Mothur软件(https://mothur.org/wiki/calculators/,version 1.30.2)计算微生物α多样性指数,分析指数值组间差异。使用QIIME平台(http://qiime.org/scripts/assign_taxonomy.html, version 1.9.1)计算β多样性距离矩阵,利用R语言(version 3.3.1)完成非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)和主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA)。PICRUSt2[39]可通过16S rRNA基因序列进行对应微生物群落功能的预测分析,运用PICRUSt2 (https://github.com/picrust/picrust2/, version 2.2.0)对OTU丰度表进行标准化,通过每个OTU对应的greengene ID,根据KEGG数据库(http://www.genome.jp/kegg/)获得OTU对应的生物途径信息,根据OTU丰度完成各功能类别丰度的计算。基于测序结果数据利用OriginPro 2024软件完成统计学分析制图。
对黄胸木蜂成虫肠道的18份样本进行原始测序后,共获得1 031 580条高质量序列。根据97%的序列相似度对所有序列进行同源比对得到OTU,并对物种注释结果进行统计,得到11门16纲36目47科64属92种(表1)。稀释曲线表明,随着序列数的增加,物种数目趋于稳定,测序数据量合理(图2A)。不同生境的黄胸木蜂成虫肠道OTU数量不同,3个采集地点共有OTU数量为74个,共有比例为39.36% (图2B表1)。黄胸木蜂雌性成虫(HXF) OTU数量为141个,雄性成虫(HXM) OTU数量为155个,雌雄成虫共有OTU数量为108个,重叠比例为57.45%;雌性成虫(HXF)独有OTU数量为33个,占比17.55%,雄性成虫(HXM)独有OTU数量为47个,占比25.00% (图2C表1)。
黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物群落组成及相对丰度如图3所示。在门水平上(图3A),排名前5的物种为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota) (50.17%)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (32.04%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota) (12.84%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota) (3.77%)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota) (1.11%)。不同生境及不同性别成虫的优势菌门存在差异,隋唐成虫(HXST)和水泉成虫(HXSQ)的优势菌门均为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota),相对丰度分别为52.85%和64.98%;曹窑成虫(HXCY)的优势菌门为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (53.27%),其次为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota) (32.69%)。隋唐雌雄成虫、水泉雌雄成虫的优势菌门相同,均为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota);曹窑雌雄成虫的优势菌门不同,曹窑雌性成虫(HXCYF)的优势菌门为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota) (54.92%),曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM)的优势菌门为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (83.28%)。黄胸木蜂雌性成虫(HXF)的优势菌门为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota) (65.79%);雄性成虫(HXM)的优势菌门为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (49.95%),其次为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota) (34.55%)。
在科水平上(图3B),排名前5的物种为乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae) (49.20%)、孤菌科(Orbaceae) (16.34%)、双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae) (12.84%)、假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae) (9.09%)和威克斯氏菌科(Weeksellaceae) (3.77%)。3个生境成虫的优势菌科均为乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae),相对丰度分别为52.79% (HXST)、64.98% (HXSQ)和29.83% (HXCY);曹窑成虫(HXCY)的次优势菌科为孤菌科(Orbaceae) (25.97%)和假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae) (22.50%)。隋唐雌雄成虫、水泉雌雄成虫的优势菌科相同,均为乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae);曹窑雌雄成虫的优势菌科不同,曹窑雌性成虫(HXCYF)的优势菌科为乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae) (54.84%),曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM)的优势菌科是孤菌科(Orbaceae) (44.08%)。黄胸木蜂雌雄成虫的优势菌科均是乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae),相对丰度分别为65.77% (HXF)和32.63% (HXM)。
在属水平上(图3C表2),排名前5的物种的平均相对丰度和样本检出率分别为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus) (38.24%和100.00%)、unclassified_f__Lactobacillaceae (10.96%和66.67%)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas) (9.09%和94.44%)、Candidatus_Schmidhempelia (8.87%和94.44%)和吉列姆氏菌属(Gilliamella) (7.42%和94.44%)。3个生境成虫拥有共同的优势菌属乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus);曹窑成虫(HXCY)的次优势菌属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和吉列姆氏菌属(Gilliamella)在隋唐成虫(HXST)和水泉成虫(HXSQ)的群落组成中占比极小。隋唐雌雄成虫的优势菌属相同,均为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus);水泉雌雄成虫、曹窑雌雄成虫的优势菌属不同。水泉雌性成虫(HXSQF)的优势菌属为Unclassified_f__Lactobacillaceae (44.28%),其次为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus) (36.55%),水泉雄性成虫(HXSQM)的优势菌属为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus) (48.10%),其次为Candidatus_Schmidhempelia (24.20%)。曹窑雌性成虫(HXCYF)的优势菌属为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus) (42.34%),曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM)的优势菌属为吉列姆氏菌属(Gilliamella) (44.03%),其次为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas) (29.81%)。黄胸木蜂雌雄成虫的优势菌属均为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),相对丰度分别为44.19% (HXF)和32.29% (HXM)。吉列姆氏菌属(Gilliamella)在雌雄成虫肠道中的相对丰度差异较大,分别为0.12% (HXF)和14.73% (HXM),主要存在于曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM)。
不同生境黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物群落的α多样性指数(Chao、Shannon、Pielou_e和Coverage)分析结果见图4。在不同生境的雌性成虫样本中,隋唐雌性成虫(HXSTF)的Chao指数、Shannon指数和Pielou_e指数值均最高,表明隋唐雌性成虫(HXSTF)群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度均最高,而水泉雌性成虫(HXSQF)均最低;在不同生境的雄性成虫样本中,隋唐雄性成虫(HXSTM)群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度均最高,曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM)均最低(图4A-4C)。在不同生境的成虫总样本中,隋唐成虫(HXST)群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度均最高,曹窑成虫(HXCY)群落丰富度最低,水泉成虫(HXSQ)群落多样性、均匀度最低(图4E-4G),所有样本的Coverage指数均达到99.90%以上,表明检测结果均可靠(图4D4H)。
不同性别黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物群落的α多样性指数(Chao、Shannon、Pielou_e和Coverage)分析结果见图5。在相同生境中,雌雄成虫样本间的群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度在隋唐(ST)和曹窑(CY)表现为雌性成虫更优,而在水泉(SQ)则表现为雄性成虫更优(图5A-5C)。在黄胸木蜂雌雄成虫总样本中,雌性成虫(HXF)的群落丰富度和多样性均高于雄性成虫(HXM) (图5E5F),而雌雄成虫群落均匀度相差不大,分别为雌性成虫(HXF) (0.43±0.08)和雄性成虫(HXM) (0.44±0.06) (图5G),所有样本的Coverage指数均达到99.90%以上,表明检测结果可靠(图5D5H)。
对不同生境和不同性别的黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物群落样本间的差异程度分析结果见图6。NMDS分析显示,Stress值小于0.2,可以准确反映样本间的差异程度。不同生境(P=0.029) (图6A)和不同性别(P=0.030) (图6B)的群落结构变化均具有显著性,表明采集环境和性别均能够影响黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物群落组成。曹窑成虫(HXCY)与隋唐成虫(HXST)和水泉成虫(HXSQ)的群落结构差异较明显,除曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM)和个别水泉雌性成虫(HXSQF)样本外,其余样本距离均较近,表明黄胸木蜂成虫肠道菌群群落结构相对稳定。PCoA分析显示,隋唐成虫(HXST)群落组内样本间差异最小,曹窑成虫(HXCY)组内样本间差异最大(图6C);雄性成虫(HXM)群落组内样本间差异大于雌性成虫(HXF) (图6D),与NMDS结果一致。
通过基因功能注释初步了解黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物群落的功能信息。基于KEGG数据库注释结果(图7),在一级通路中,黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物功能基因共归为6大类。其中,代谢基因最为富集,丰度占比为74.00%;遗传信息处理和环境信息处理基因丰度次之,占比分别为9.43%和7.20%,细胞过程和人类疾病基因丰度较低,占比分别为3.89%和3.85%,生物系统基因丰度最低,占比为1.62%。在二级通路中,黄胸木蜂成虫肠道功能基因共归为45类,丰度占比前10位分别为全局和概述图谱(38.10%)、碳水化合物代谢(9.33%)、氨基酸代谢(6.92%)、膜转运(4.57%)、能量代谢(3.99%)、翻译(3.96%)、复制和修复(3.73%)、辅助因子和维生素代谢(3.56%)、核苷酸代谢(3.35%)、信号转导(2.63%)。其中,6类与代谢通路相关,2类与遗传信息处理通路相关,2类与环境信息处理通路相关。
三个生境的黄胸木蜂雌雄成虫样本的通路组成及相对丰度见图8,观察到不同生境、不同性别的黄胸木蜂成虫肠道微生物群落通路功能整体组成类别相似,但丰度占比存在一定差异。前10位二级通路的丰度总占比在隋唐雌性成虫(HXSTF)、隋唐雄性成虫(HXSTM)、水泉雌性成虫(HXSQF)、水泉雄性成虫(HXSQM)、曹窑雌性成虫(HXCYF)、曹窑雄性成虫(HXCYM)中分别为81.59%、80.12%、81.05%、81.27%、80.07%、77.67%。
社会性蜜蜂(包括蜜蜂和熊蜂)肠道具有独特、稳定的核心菌群,这些菌群在同一物种的个体间相对一致[23,40-42]。相比之下,独居蜂因宿主间直接传播机会较少,其微生物组通常不稳定且以花粉和食物储备中的细菌为主[15,43-44]。木蜂属(Xylocopa)是寿命较长的非真社会性蜂类,但多数木蜂具有独栖性和初级社会性的行为特点,筑巢的雌蜂常共享巢穴[21,26-27,45]。研究表明,木蜂肠道具有以蜜蜂和熊蜂相关细菌谱系为主的独特稳定的菌群,这一特点与木蜂的初级社会性有关[15,21,30]。本研究中黄胸木蜂成虫肠道菌群的优势门类为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota),主要菌属乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、Candidatus_Schmidhempelia和吉列姆氏菌属(Gilliamella)在90%以上的样本个体中均被检测到,且均为社会性蜜蜂肠道微生物的核心菌群,该研究结果进一步证实木蜂肠道菌群与社会性蜜蜂具有一致性的特点[29,40,46],黄胸木蜂生活方式对其肠道菌群的影响有待进一步研究。
昆虫肠道微生物的多样性与丰富度受多种因素的影响,包括地理分布、性别、发育阶段、宿主的进化状态、年龄、健康状况、栖息地以及饮食等[17-20,47-49]。这些因素不仅决定了肠道菌群的组成和相对丰度,还影响了宿主与共生微生物之间的相互作用[48,50-51]。社会性的西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的肠道菌群多样性和优势菌群受季节环境因素影响,春季其肠道菌群的多样性明显高于夏季和冬季,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus spp.)在春季占优势,而栖蜜蜂吉列姆氏菌(Gilliamella apicola)和Snodgrasella alvi则在夏季和冬季占优势[52]。独栖性的凹唇壁蜂(Osmia excavata)雌性成虫从滞育期至破茧期,肠道核心细菌种类一致,但其多样性发生了显著变化[49]。本研究比较了访花活动的黄胸木蜂在不同生境和不同性别的肠道菌群的多样性。结果显示,在3个生境的雌性成虫样本中,优势菌群基本一致,仅在相对丰度上存在差异;而雄性成虫样本中的优势菌群则表现出明显的差异,其中位于洛阳万安山森林生境的雄性成虫样本中,吉列姆氏菌属(Gilliamella)的相对丰度显著高于其他地区。这一现象可能与该地越冬雄性成虫出巢活动晚于其他地区有关,也可能与其所处的地理环境有关。类似地,Holley等[15]研究同域分布的4种木蜂,其中3种木蜂(Xylocopa micansXylocopamexicanorumXylocopatabaniformis parkinsoniae)的肠道菌群中不仅存在一致的核心菌群,并且均有线虫相关的致病杆菌属(Xenorhabdus),而Xylocopavirginica的肠道核心菌群与同域分布的其他3种木蜂不同,也未发现与线虫相关的细菌。Handy等[21]研究同域分布的2种木蜂,其中木蜂Xylocopa sonorina雌蜂肠道菌群的物种丰富度和多样性均显著高于雄蜂,而木蜂Xylocopa tabaniformis未发现性别间的显著差异。这些结果表明,尽管同一属的木蜂在相同或相似的环境中可能共享某些核心菌群,但其肠道菌群的组成仍可能因物种、性别或环境条件的差异而有所不同。黄胸木蜂在我国分布广泛,该研究结果有利于未来深入研究木蜂肠道功能菌群的代际传递和不同地理环境对其肠道菌群的适应性演化。
蜜蜂肠道优势菌群为宿主提供了至关重要的益处[23,53-54]。乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)是独居性和社会性蜜蜂肠道中普遍存在的重要菌群,能够合成多种维生素(如核黄素和硫胺素)和氨基酸[55],并参与短链脂肪酸的生物合成,这些代谢产物对宿主的营养代谢和健康维护发挥着关键作用[56-57]。此外,乳杆菌科中的某些菌株(Lactobacillus spp.)对美洲幼虫腐臭病病原菌——幼虫类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus larvae)具有很好的抑制作用,能够保护蜜蜂免受病原体感染[58]。研究表明,乳杆菌是木蜂肠道中的稳定益生菌,对宿主的营养代谢和健康具有显著贡献[15,32,59]。乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae),如乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和蜂鸣乳杆菌属(Bombilactobacillus),含有许多编码细胞膜蛋白和磷酸转移酶系统的基因,可帮助宿主吸收和降解植物花粉[60]。Gu等[30]通过PICRUSt2预测的功能途径显示,Xylocopa caeruleaXylocopa auripennis的后肠中富集的功能主要集中在碳水化合物和脂质代谢过程,这可能与后肠中分布的乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)和双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)占主导地位有关。本研究中黄胸木蜂成虫肠道菌群主要以乳杆菌为主,并且在检测样本中稳定存在。通过PICRUSt2预测的功能途径显示,黄胸木蜂肠道中富集的功能主要集中在全局和概述图谱、碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢,这可能与乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)为优势菌群有关。尽管PICRUSt软件广泛用于功能基因研究,对肠道菌群功能基因预测的准确度为85%-90%[30,61],但基于V3-V4区域片段可能会导致检测到的类群减少、系统发育分辨率降低,并丢失能够区分宿主物种和地理位置的细菌类群的遗传信息[21]。因此,使用PICRUSt2进行V3-V4区域片段预测结果仍存在一些局限性,未来可以利用全长16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术和PICRUSt2进行更深入的研究。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家科技基础资源调查专项(2018FY100404)
  • 河南省面上科学基金(232300421163)
  • 河南南太行山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点工程(济源项目)(JGZJCAI-2019125)
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2025年第65卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250041
  • 接收时间:2025-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-15
  • 录用日期:2025-03-03
基金
Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation of China(2018FY100404)
国家科技基础资源调查专项(2018FY100404)
General Science Foundation Program of Henan Province(232300421163)
河南省面上科学基金(232300421163)
Ecological Protection and Restoration Pilot Project of Water, Forests, Fields, Lakes, and Grasses in the South Taihang Mountains of Henan Province (Jiyuan Project)(JGZJCAI-2019125)
河南南太行山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点工程(济源项目)(JGZJCAI-2019125)
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    河南科技大学 园艺与植物保护学院,河南 洛阳
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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