Article(id=1226554099995422757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240859, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735574400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1740326400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-24, onlineDate=1770362885712, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1751558400000, pubDateStr=2025-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770362885712, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770362885712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770362885712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226554095926952065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='7', pageStart='2771', pageEnd='3233', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770362884741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363575040, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226556991309529549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226554095926952065, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3105, endPage=3125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226554100742008895, articleId=1226554099995422757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Biological characteristics of virulent phage Yen-yong1 and its sterilization effect against Yersinia enterocolitica in raw pork slices, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Yersinia enterocolitica is the primary pathogenic agent of yersiniosis, and it is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify a virulent phage against Y. enterocolitica and explore its application potential. [Methods] A novel virulent phage, named Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 (abbreviated as Yen-yong1), was isolated from the sewers of Lulin Market in Beilun District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, China, by the double-layer agar method with Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869 as the indicator host. The morphology, host range, genome sequence, gene functions, phylogenetic position, physical and chemical tolerance, and biofilm removal ability of Yen-yong1 were studied. Additionally, the sterilization effect of Yen-yong1 on Y. enterocolitica in raw pork slices was evaluated. [Results] Yen-yong1 clarified the turbid CICC 10869 culture within 1.5 h. Yen-yong1 was Siphovirus-like, consisting of an elliptical head with a length of (83.32±0.15) nm and a width of (59.57±2.28) nm and a long tail with a length of (168.04±3.21) nm. The double-stranded DNA genome of Yen-yong1 was 51 321 bp, with the G+C content of 47.80% and 93 open reading frames (ORFs). No known lysogeny-associated genes, resistance genes, or virulence genes detrimental to application were found in Yen-yong1. The highest nucleotide sequence similarity between Yen-yong1 and the other phages in public databases was 20.64%, which was <70.00% (the threshold to define a genus). Yen-yong1 shared 20.00% of core genes with the closest relative, which was lower than the ICTV criteria for subfamily classification (27.00%‒79.00%). The results suggested that Yen-yong1 represented a novel genus and a novel subfamily belonging to Caudoviricetes. Yen-Yong1 was species-specific and capable of lysing 3 out of 4 tested Y. enterocolitica strains. Yen-yong1 maintained high bacteriolytic activity at -80‒60 ℃ and pH 2.0‒13.0, as well as in the presence of 0‒3% NaCl. Yen-yong1 can disrupt the biofilms of Y. enterocolitica. At 25 ℃ and MOI=100, the sterilization rates of Yen-yong1 against Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869, CICC 21669, and CMCC 52202 in raw pork slices were 93.48%, 52.77%, and 43.24%, respectively. All the 3 tested Y. enterocolitica strains proliferated at 4 ℃. At 4 ℃ and MOI=100, the sterilization rates of Yen-yong1 against Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869, CICC 21669, and CMCC 52202 in raw pork slices were 98.28%, 78.35%, and 96.33%, respectively. [Conclusion] Yen-Yong1 reveals a previously unknown evolutionary lineage. Yen-Yong1 has excellent biological characteristics and potential applications. This study enriches the knowledge of Y. enterocolitica phages, phage database, and gene database, laying a foundation for the application of phages in the prevention and control of food-borne yersiniosis.

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【目的】 小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)是耶尔森氏菌病(yersiniosis)的主要致病因子,是全球最重要的食源性致病菌之一。本研究的目的在于分离、鉴定其烈性噬菌体,并探讨噬菌体的应用潜力。 【方法】Yersinia enterocolitica CICC 10869为指示宿主,采用双层琼脂平板法从浙江省宁波市北仑区路林市场下水道中分离得到一株烈性噬菌体Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 (简称Yen-yong1),对其进行形态学观察、宿主范围测定、全基因组测序、基因功能注释、系统进化地位分析、理化耐受性测定以及生物被膜去除能力测定,并检测其对生猪肉片中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的清除作用。 【结果】 Yen-yong1可在1.5 h内使菌液裂解澄清。透射电镜下,Yen-yong1呈长尾病毒样(Siphovirus-like),椭圆形头部长(83.32±0.15) nm、宽(59.57±2.28) nm;尾长(168.04±3.21) nm。Yen-yong1的dsDNA基因组全长51 321 bp,G+C含量为47.80%,包含93个开放阅读框(open reading frames, ORFs),且不含影响应用的溶原、耐药或毒力因子基因。Yen-yong1与公共数据库中的其他噬菌体基因组间的最高核苷酸序列相似度低至20.64%,远低于属界限值(70.00%);与其他噬菌体间共享的核心基因(core gene)占比最高值仅为20.00%,小于亚科阈值(27.00%-79.00%)。Yen-yong1在有尾纲(Caudoviricetes)中代表一个新的属和亚科。Yen-yong1具有种特异性,仅裂解小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌,在4株供试小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌菌株中可裂解3株。Yen-yong1在-80-60 ℃、pH 2.0-13.0、0-3%氯化钠的胁迫下均保持高水平的溶菌活性。此外,Yen-yong1能够破坏细菌生物被膜。在25 ℃下,当噬菌体与宿主的感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)为100时,Yen-yong1对生猪肉片中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202株的清除率分别为93.48%、52.77%和43.24%;在4 ℃下,3株供试菌株均可增殖,而在MOI为100时,Yen-yong1对生猪肉片中CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202株的清除率分别为98.28%、78.35%和96.33%。 【结论】 Yen-yong1代表一个以往未知的进化谱系,其具有优良的生物学特性以及在常温和低温下良好的保鲜潜力。本研究拓宽了对噬菌体的认知,丰富了噬菌体库和基因库,为食源性耶尔森氏菌病的防控奠定了基础。

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作者贡献声明

黄慧倩:参与设计研究,开展实验与数据分析,撰写论文;洪彬鑫:辅助采集试验所用水样;徐锦鹏:辅助开展噬菌体对生猪肉中病原菌的控制试验;景晓盈:辅助开展噬菌体对生猪肉中病原菌的控制试验;张靖昊:辅助开展噬菌体对生猪肉中病原菌的控制试验;刘文才:辅助开展噬菌体分离纯化试验;陈慧珏:辅助开展噬菌体生物学特性和理化性质试验;胡嘉琪:辅助开展噬菌体分类地位分析试验;李登峰:设计、指导本研究,修改论文;童贻刚:技术指导。

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Mikrochimica Acta, 2023, 190(6): 202., articleTitle=Separation and colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli by phage tail fiber protein combined with nano-magnetic beads, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227681741817705068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, awardId=2018YFA0903000, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0903000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681741930951280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, awardId=2018YFA0903000, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681743310877305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, awardId=2022Z170, language=EN, fundingSource=Ningbo Key Research and Development Project(2022Z170), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681743390569085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, awardId=2022Z170, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市重点研发计划(2022Z170), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681743470260865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, awardId=2024Z234, language=EN, fundingSource=Ningbo Key Research and Development Project(2024Z234), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681743537369733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, awardId=2024Z234, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波市重点研发计划(2024Z234), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227681727775174786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681727783563395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, companyId=1227681727775174786, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681727787757700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, companyId=1227681727775174786, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.宁波大学 海洋学院,浙江 宁波)]), AuthorCompany(id=1227681727888421004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681727913586830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, companyId=1227681727888421004, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681727917781136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, companyId=1227681727888421004, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京化工大学 生命科学与技术学院,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227681739196264935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Plaques and lysate, spots of depolymerase test and electron micrographs of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1. A: Plaques developed by Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 on Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869 lawn; B: Normal Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869 culture (Control) and clarified lysate (Test); C: Results of depolymerase test of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1; D-E: Negatively stained Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 (scale bar=200 nm); F: Negatively stained Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 (scale bar=100 nm)., figureFileSmall=hjGaVuPmHzyO4DO9pYWCNg==, figureFileBig=cM6YPcdwUQHehipYNjy2LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681739359842801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Yersinia phage Yen-yong1的噬菌斑、菌裂解液、解聚酶验证与电镜图。A:Yersinia phage Yen-yong1在小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌CICC 10869菌苔上形成的噬菌斑;B:小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌CICC 10869正常菌液(Control)与Yen-yong1裂解液(Test);C:Yersinia phage Yen-yong1解聚酶验证结果;D-F:透射电子显微镜下的Yersinia phage Yen-yong1。, figureFileSmall=hjGaVuPmHzyO4DO9pYWCNg==, figureFileBig=cM6YPcdwUQHehipYNjy2LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681739498254841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Genome map of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1. The ORFs are indicated by different colors according to their functional categories. Genes involved in DNA regulation, replication and metabolism are shown in orange; Lysis-associated genes in red; Genes for DNA packaging in green; Putative genes for phage morphogenesis are indicated as yellow arrows; genes for additional function in blue; and uncharacterized proteins in gray., figureFileSmall=jJHzDM47s6BsT7ZJVTIJQw==, figureFileBig=T4MhnVI92/zvVOUCDFj6kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681739615695360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Yersinia phage Yen-yong1的基因组图谱, figureFileSmall=jJHzDM47s6BsT7ZJVTIJQw==, figureFileBig=T4MhnVI92/zvVOUCDFj6kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681739724747269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Proteomic tree of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 based on whole-genome sequence. The proteomic tree of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 includes 63 type species of 33 families belonging to the order Caudovirales, 3 phages in Table 3 constructed using the ViPTree online, and 11 Y. enterocolitica phages with taxonomic status in ICTV. Viruses were assigned and marked according to the official ICTV classification with different color bars at the family level. Non-marked viruses have not been classified yet. For reference, Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 is highlighted by the red star, and other Y. enterocolitica phages are highlighted by blue triangles., figureFileSmall=Vypk08mqwWinNyU/y4nekw==, figureFileBig=74fsoPX9UzSTWtXEnH1esA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681739863159304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Yersinia phage Yen-yong1的基于全基因组的蛋白进化谱树, figureFileSmall=Vypk08mqwWinNyU/y4nekw==, figureFileBig=74fsoPX9UzSTWtXEnH1esA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681739984794128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Genome comparison of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 and Escherichia phage HK639 (A), and integrated visualization of the viral clustering output of VirClust (B)., figureFileSmall=czuUWRLR095qse0T/NoqOw==, figureFileBig=3Ky01Pi3tCblFF6NX45a7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681740098040338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Yersinia phage Yen-yong1Escherichia phage HK639的基因组比较(A)和近源噬菌体的VirClust分析结果图(B), figureFileSmall=czuUWRLR095qse0T/NoqOw==, figureFileBig=3Ky01Pi3tCblFF6NX45a7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681740198703643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=MOI curve of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 (A) and one-step growth curve of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 (B)., figureFileSmall=7+A98oYv/TSLdulTCfqmYA==, figureFileBig=EqCjdmhnuXLPyd0IsOQizw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681740299366948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Yersinia phage Yen-yong1的最佳MOI (A)和一步生长曲线(B), figureFileSmall=7+A98oYv/TSLdulTCfqmYA==, figureFileBig=EqCjdmhnuXLPyd0IsOQizw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681740433584680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Detection results of physicochemical tolerance and long-term storage, freeze-thaw of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1. A: pH stability; B: Salt sensitivity; C: Temperature stability; D: Sensitivity of long-term storage and freeze-thaw., figureFileSmall=CviCDV1wN6i/+dfhCqnWGQ==, figureFileBig=PDJavYwsyFLqbEPWuON81w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681740555219500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Yersinia phage Yen-yong1的理化耐受性和长期储存与冻融结果, figureFileSmall=CviCDV1wN6i/+dfhCqnWGQ==, figureFileBig=PDJavYwsyFLqbEPWuON81w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681740681048628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Ability of Yersinia enterocolitica to form biofilm and ability of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 to remove biofilm. A: Ability of CICC 10869 to form biofilm and ability of Yen-yong1 to remove biofilm from CICC 10869; B: Ability of CICC 21669 to form biofilm and ability of Yen-yong1 to remove biofilm from CICC 21669; C: Ability of CMCC 52202 to form biofilm and ability of Yen-yong1 to remove biofilm from CMCC 52202. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=Vhv0abc2UGAlUhzleKn75A==, figureFileBig=42td9FwA2gVmNOXT5BK9kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681740798489142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=图7, caption=小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌形成生物被膜的能力及 Yersinia phage Yen-yong1对细菌生物被膜的清除能力, figureFileSmall=Vhv0abc2UGAlUhzleKn75A==, figureFileBig=42td9FwA2gVmNOXT5BK9kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681740894958141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Sterilization rate of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 against Yersinia enterocolitica in raw pork slices at 25 ℃ and 4 ℃. A: Sterilization rate of Yen-yong1 against Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869 from raw pork slices at 25 ℃ and various MOIs; B: Sterilization rate of Yen-yong1 against Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869 from raw pork slices at 4 ℃ and various MOIs; C: Sterilization rate of Yen-yong1 against Y. enterocolitica CICC 21669 from raw pork slices at 25 ℃ and 4 ℃, MOI=100; D: Sterilization rate of Yen-yong1 against Y. enterocolitica CMCC 52202 from raw pork slices at 25 ℃ and 4 ℃, MOI=100. ns: No significant difference; **: P<0.01; ***P<0.001., figureFileSmall=s4thyNs4lVcZYySi/phTLA==, figureFileBig=NCnwe/A/v3uAFknTn1icYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681740966261314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Yersinia phage Yen-yong125 ℃4 ℃对生猪肉片中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的清除率, figureFileSmall=s4thyNs4lVcZYySi/phTLA==, figureFileBig=NCnwe/A/v3uAFknTn1icYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681741058536005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

ANI, isDDH, PASC and VIRIDIC values shared between Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 and the three closest relatives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Common name

(accession number)

Taxonomic nameANI (%)isDDH (%)PASC (%)VIRIDIC (%)

Escherichia phage HK639

(NC_016158.1)

-59.84020.006.9

Cronobacter phage phiES15

(NC_018454.1)

-58.57020.647.3

Aeromonas phage pAEv1818

(NC_070759.1)

Yanchengvirus pAEv181859.60017.044.3
), ArticleFig(id=1227681741150810699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Yersinia phage Yen-yong13株近缘噬菌体之间的ANIisDDHPASCVIRIDIC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Common name

(accession number)

Taxonomic nameANI (%)isDDH (%)PASC (%)VIRIDIC (%)

Escherichia phage HK639

(NC_016158.1)

-59.84020.006.9

Cronobacter phage phiES15

(NC_018454.1)

-58.57020.647.3

Aeromonas phage pAEv1818

(NC_070759.1)

Yanchengvirus pAEv181859.60017.044.3
), ArticleFig(id=1227681741272445522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of the sterilization effect detection of Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 against Yersinia enterocolitica in raw pork slices at 25 ℃ and 4 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsMOI

Initial Y. enterocolitica concentration

(log10 CFU)

Final concentration of the control groups (log10 CFU)D-values between the log10 of the final concentrations of TG and CG
25 ℃4 ℃25 ℃4 ℃
CICC 1086916.14±0.136.56±0.046.38±0.04~0.17~1.05
106.14±0.136.56±0.046.38±0.04~1.14~1.21
1006.14±0.136.56±0.046.38±0.04~1.19~1.77
CICC 216691005.49±0.025.52±0.025.56±0.03~0.33~0.67
CMCC 522021004.27±0.105.93±0.066.74±0.04~0.24~1.43
), ArticleFig(id=1227681741381497431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Yersinia phage Yen-yong1对生猪肉片抑菌实验的结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsMOI

Initial Y. enterocolitica concentration

(log10 CFU)

Final concentration of the control groups (log10 CFU)D-values between the log10 of the final concentrations of TG and CG
25 ℃4 ℃25 ℃4 ℃
CICC 1086916.14±0.136.56±0.046.38±0.04~0.17~1.05
106.14±0.136.56±0.046.38±0.04~1.14~1.21
1006.14±0.136.56±0.046.38±0.04~1.19~1.77
CICC 216691005.49±0.025.52±0.025.56±0.03~0.33~0.67
CMCC 522021004.27±0.105.93±0.066.74±0.04~0.24~1.43
), ArticleFig(id=1227681741469577822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Yersinia enterocolitica phages reported in public databases and literatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Taxonomic statusMorphologyPhage names
Caudoviricetes>AutographiviridaePodovirus-likevB_YenP_AP5, phiYe-F10, phi80-18, vB_YenP_ISAO8, vB_YenP_AP10, phiYeO3-12, fHe-Yen3-01
Caudoviricetes>StraboviridaeMyovirus-likevB_YenM_TG1, phiR1-RT, fHe-Yen9-01
Caudoviricetes>DemerecviridaeSiphovirus-likePhiR2-01
UnclassifiedPodovirus-likevB_YenP_Rambo, PY96, PY31, fMtkYen3-01, YeP4, YeP5, YeP6
UnclassifiedSiphovirus-likePY54, vB_YenS_P400, vB_YenS_P840, PY30, fPS-8, fPS-11, fPS-16, fPS-27, fPS-67
UnclassifiedMyovirus-likeKFS-YE, 8/C239, vB_YenM_P281, phiR1-37, vB_Yen_X1, fHe-Yen9-02, fHe-Yen9-03, PY100, PY95, PY68, PY44, PY20, Yep-YzU 01, vB_YenM_30.14, vB_YenM_06.16-1, vB_YenM_06-16-2, vB_YenM_201.16, vB_YenM_31.17, vB_YenM_56.17, vB_YenM_210.17, vB_YenM_29.18, vB_YenM_42.18, vB_YenM_21.09, YeP1, YeP2, YeP3, vB_YenM_P8, vB_YenM_P744, vB_YenM_P778
UnclassifiedUnknownvB_YenM_12, vB_YenM_531, vB_YenM_534, vB_YenM_574, vB_YenM_646, HM-1, HM-3, HR-1, HM-2, HU-1, HC-2, HS-6, HT-3
), ArticleFig(id=1227681741599601250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554099995422757, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

已公开的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Taxonomic statusMorphologyPhage names
Caudoviricetes>AutographiviridaePodovirus-likevB_YenP_AP5, phiYe-F10, phi80-18, vB_YenP_ISAO8, vB_YenP_AP10, phiYeO3-12, fHe-Yen3-01
Caudoviricetes>StraboviridaeMyovirus-likevB_YenM_TG1, phiR1-RT, fHe-Yen9-01
Caudoviricetes>DemerecviridaeSiphovirus-likePhiR2-01
UnclassifiedPodovirus-likevB_YenP_Rambo, PY96, PY31, fMtkYen3-01, YeP4, YeP5, YeP6
UnclassifiedSiphovirus-likePY54, vB_YenS_P400, vB_YenS_P840, PY30, fPS-8, fPS-11, fPS-16, fPS-27, fPS-67
UnclassifiedMyovirus-likeKFS-YE, 8/C239, vB_YenM_P281, phiR1-37, vB_Yen_X1, fHe-Yen9-02, fHe-Yen9-03, PY100, PY95, PY68, PY44, PY20, Yep-YzU 01, vB_YenM_30.14, vB_YenM_06.16-1, vB_YenM_06-16-2, vB_YenM_201.16, vB_YenM_31.17, vB_YenM_56.17, vB_YenM_210.17, vB_YenM_29.18, vB_YenM_42.18, vB_YenM_21.09, YeP1, YeP2, YeP3, vB_YenM_P8, vB_YenM_P744, vB_YenM_P778
UnclassifiedUnknownvB_YenM_12, vB_YenM_531, vB_YenM_534, vB_YenM_574, vB_YenM_646, HM-1, HM-3, HR-1, HM-2, HU-1, HC-2, HS-6, HT-3
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小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌烈性噬菌体Yen-yong1的生物学特性及其对生猪肉片中病菌的清除作用
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黄慧倩 1 , 洪彬鑫 1 , 徐锦鹏 1 , 景晓盈 1 , 张靖昊 1 , 刘文才 1 , 陈慧珏 1 , 胡嘉琪 1 , 李登峰 1 , 童贻刚 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(7): 3105-3125
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(7): 3105-3125
小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌烈性噬菌体Yen-yong1的生物学特性及其对生猪肉片中病菌的清除作用
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黄慧倩1, 洪彬鑫1, 徐锦鹏1, 景晓盈1, 张靖昊1, 刘文才1, 陈慧珏1, 胡嘉琪1, 李登峰1 , 童贻刚2
作者信息
  • 1.宁波大学 海洋学院,浙江 宁波
  • 2.北京化工大学 生命科学与技术学院,北京
Biological characteristics of virulent phage Yen-yong1 and its sterilization effect against Yersinia enterocolitica in raw pork slices
Huiqian HUANG1, Binxin HONG1, Jinpeng XU1, Xiaoying JING1, Jinghao ZHANG1, Wencai LIU1, Huijue CHEN1, Jiaqi HU1, Dengfeng LI1 , Yigang TONG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
  • 2.College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240859
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【目的】 小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)是耶尔森氏菌病(yersiniosis)的主要致病因子,是全球最重要的食源性致病菌之一。本研究的目的在于分离、鉴定其烈性噬菌体,并探讨噬菌体的应用潜力。 【方法】Yersinia enterocolitica CICC 10869为指示宿主,采用双层琼脂平板法从浙江省宁波市北仑区路林市场下水道中分离得到一株烈性噬菌体Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 (简称Yen-yong1),对其进行形态学观察、宿主范围测定、全基因组测序、基因功能注释、系统进化地位分析、理化耐受性测定以及生物被膜去除能力测定,并检测其对生猪肉片中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的清除作用。 【结果】 Yen-yong1可在1.5 h内使菌液裂解澄清。透射电镜下,Yen-yong1呈长尾病毒样(Siphovirus-like),椭圆形头部长(83.32±0.15) nm、宽(59.57±2.28) nm;尾长(168.04±3.21) nm。Yen-yong1的dsDNA基因组全长51 321 bp,G+C含量为47.80%,包含93个开放阅读框(open reading frames, ORFs),且不含影响应用的溶原、耐药或毒力因子基因。Yen-yong1与公共数据库中的其他噬菌体基因组间的最高核苷酸序列相似度低至20.64%,远低于属界限值(70.00%);与其他噬菌体间共享的核心基因(core gene)占比最高值仅为20.00%,小于亚科阈值(27.00%-79.00%)。Yen-yong1在有尾纲(Caudoviricetes)中代表一个新的属和亚科。Yen-yong1具有种特异性,仅裂解小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌,在4株供试小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌菌株中可裂解3株。Yen-yong1在-80-60 ℃、pH 2.0-13.0、0-3%氯化钠的胁迫下均保持高水平的溶菌活性。此外,Yen-yong1能够破坏细菌生物被膜。在25 ℃下,当噬菌体与宿主的感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)为100时,Yen-yong1对生猪肉片中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202株的清除率分别为93.48%、52.77%和43.24%;在4 ℃下,3株供试菌株均可增殖,而在MOI为100时,Yen-yong1对生猪肉片中CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202株的清除率分别为98.28%、78.35%和96.33%。 【结论】 Yen-yong1代表一个以往未知的进化谱系,其具有优良的生物学特性以及在常温和低温下良好的保鲜潜力。本研究拓宽了对噬菌体的认知,丰富了噬菌体库和基因库,为食源性耶尔森氏菌病的防控奠定了基础。

小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌  /  噬菌体  /  生物学特性  /  基因组分析  /  生肉抑菌试验

[Objective] Yersinia enterocolitica is the primary pathogenic agent of yersiniosis, and it is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify a virulent phage against Y. enterocolitica and explore its application potential. [Methods] A novel virulent phage, named Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 (abbreviated as Yen-yong1), was isolated from the sewers of Lulin Market in Beilun District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, China, by the double-layer agar method with Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869 as the indicator host. The morphology, host range, genome sequence, gene functions, phylogenetic position, physical and chemical tolerance, and biofilm removal ability of Yen-yong1 were studied. Additionally, the sterilization effect of Yen-yong1 on Y. enterocolitica in raw pork slices was evaluated. [Results] Yen-yong1 clarified the turbid CICC 10869 culture within 1.5 h. Yen-yong1 was Siphovirus-like, consisting of an elliptical head with a length of (83.32±0.15) nm and a width of (59.57±2.28) nm and a long tail with a length of (168.04±3.21) nm. The double-stranded DNA genome of Yen-yong1 was 51 321 bp, with the G+C content of 47.80% and 93 open reading frames (ORFs). No known lysogeny-associated genes, resistance genes, or virulence genes detrimental to application were found in Yen-yong1. The highest nucleotide sequence similarity between Yen-yong1 and the other phages in public databases was 20.64%, which was <70.00% (the threshold to define a genus). Yen-yong1 shared 20.00% of core genes with the closest relative, which was lower than the ICTV criteria for subfamily classification (27.00%‒79.00%). The results suggested that Yen-yong1 represented a novel genus and a novel subfamily belonging to Caudoviricetes. Yen-Yong1 was species-specific and capable of lysing 3 out of 4 tested Y. enterocolitica strains. Yen-yong1 maintained high bacteriolytic activity at -80‒60 ℃ and pH 2.0‒13.0, as well as in the presence of 0‒3% NaCl. Yen-yong1 can disrupt the biofilms of Y. enterocolitica. At 25 ℃ and MOI=100, the sterilization rates of Yen-yong1 against Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869, CICC 21669, and CMCC 52202 in raw pork slices were 93.48%, 52.77%, and 43.24%, respectively. All the 3 tested Y. enterocolitica strains proliferated at 4 ℃. At 4 ℃ and MOI=100, the sterilization rates of Yen-yong1 against Y. enterocolitica CICC 10869, CICC 21669, and CMCC 52202 in raw pork slices were 98.28%, 78.35%, and 96.33%, respectively. [Conclusion] Yen-Yong1 reveals a previously unknown evolutionary lineage. Yen-Yong1 has excellent biological characteristics and potential applications. This study enriches the knowledge of Y. enterocolitica phages, phage database, and gene database, laying a foundation for the application of phages in the prevention and control of food-borne yersiniosis.

Yersinia enterocolitica  /  phage  /  biological characteristics  /  genome analysis  /  bacteriostatic test in raw pork
黄慧倩, 洪彬鑫, 徐锦鹏, 景晓盈, 张靖昊, 刘文才, 陈慧珏, 胡嘉琪, 李登峰, 童贻刚. 小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌烈性噬菌体Yen-yong1的生物学特性及其对生猪肉片中病菌的清除作用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3105 -3125 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240859
Huiqian HUANG, Binxin HONG, Jinpeng XU, Xiaoying JING, Jinghao ZHANG, Wencai LIU, Huijue CHEN, Jiaqi HU, Dengfeng LI, Yigang TONG. Biological characteristics of virulent phage Yen-yong1 and its sterilization effect against Yersinia enterocolitica in raw pork slices[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3105 -3125 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240859
小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)是一种革兰氏阴性菌,属于肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)的耶尔森氏菌属(Yersinia),首次发现和命名于20世纪中叶[1]。耶尔森氏菌属由28个种组成(https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/yersinia;访问日期:2024年10月1日),其中鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia pestis)、假结核耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia pseudotuberculosis)和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌对人类具有致病性[2]
小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌分布广泛,是少数几种能在冷藏温度下生长的肠道致病菌之一[3],是全球范围内重要的食源性致病菌之一。它在肉类、奶制品、糕饼、蔬菜沙拉、水产品、饮用水、食品加工工人和屠宰场工人中均有检出[4-5]。除了引起恶心、呕吐、腹泻、发热和腹痛等症状外,它还可能引发回肠炎、阑尾炎、胆囊炎、肠系膜淋巴结炎、反应性关节炎、结节性红斑、脑膜炎、腱鞘炎、小肠梗阻和各种脓肿,甚至可能引发菌血症和败血症,导致死亡[4-5]。相关病例主要与食用受污染的生猪肉有关[3]。小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌对不利条件具有很强的适应性,其显著特征之一是具有较强的耐冷能力(0-4 ℃)[6],并且能够在pH 4.2-9.0和高盐环境(7%)中存活[7]。其抗药性和生物被膜特性进一步增加了源头控制的难度。
噬菌体(bacteriophages,简称phages)是特异性靶向感染细菌的病毒[8],近年来成为研究热点。2023年10月,欧盟颁布了兽用噬菌体产品指南Guideline on Quality, Safety and Efficacy of Veterinary Medicinal Products Specifically Designed for Phage Therapy;2024年,欧洲药品质量管理局(European directorate for the quality of medicines & healthcare, EDQM)正式通过“关于噬菌体治疗药用产品”的新版总章,将噬菌体增列入European Pharmacopoeia[9]。我国噬菌体研究联盟、中国微生物学会医学微生物学与免疫学专业委员会和中国生物工程学会噬菌体技术专委会也发布了预防及治疗用噬菌体质量标准专家共识[10]。近年来,噬菌体的应用案例不断增加[11-16]
噬菌体不会影响食品的营养和感官特性,也不会产生有毒有害物质而对人体健康造成影响[17]。作为一种绿色环保、高效安全、特异性高的天然友好型生物控制剂,噬菌体被认为是处理食品生产链病原菌污染的理想选择[18]。近年来,噬菌体在食品安全领域的应用研究得到了各国政策的支持和鼓励,一系列产品已经进入市场。美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)已批准噬菌体用作“食品添加剂”,并授予“公认安全”(generally recognized as safe, GRAS)称号[19]。2006年,FDA批准了荷兰Micreos食品安全公司的李斯特菌噬菌体生物控制产品Listex™ P100应用于即食肉类和家禽产品,随后针对沙门氏菌、产毒大肠杆菌和肠球菌等食源性致病菌的噬菌体制剂也相继获得FDA的GRAS认证,被批准应用于食品,例如Intralytix公司的沙门氏菌噬菌体产品SalmoFresh™、Phagelux公司的沙门氏菌噬菌体产品、青岛诺安百特生物技术有限公司的沙门氏菌噬菌体产品和Micreos食品安全公司的大肠杆菌噬菌体产品PhageGuard E™等(https://www.fda.gov/search?s=phage)。食品行业噬菌体生物制剂的研发主要集中在对沙门氏菌(Salmonella)、大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)和单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)的控制[11-13]。截至目前,尚未有小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体获得GRAS认证。
本研究以小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia enterocolitica) CICC 10869 (简称CICC 10869)为指示菌株,从浙江省宁波市北仑区路林市场下水道采集的表层水样中分离纯化了一株小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌烈性噬菌体Yersinia phage Yen-yong1 (简称Yen-yong1)。对其进行了形态学观察、基因组序列测定、基因注释、基于全基因组比对的系统进化地位分析、宿主范围分析、增殖特性分析、理化特性分析;检测了其对细菌生物被膜的去除能力;并检测了其在25 ℃和4 ℃下对猪肉中污染的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的清除能力。
实验所用的食源性致病菌菌株[原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号为NMDCX0002088]购自中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心,其余菌株则保藏于宁波大学海洋生物病毒研究室菌种库。LB半固体培养基:琼脂的质量分数为0.75%的LB培养基;LB固体培养基:琼脂的质量分数为1.5%的LB培养基。培养条件:37 ℃、150 r/min。
于浙江省宁波市北仑区路林市场(29.906 300°N,121.605 903°E)下水道采集表层水样(2023年04月25日),低温运送至实验室后在4 ℃、8 000×g离心10 min,取上清依次经0.45 μm和0.22 μm孔径的聚醚砜滤膜过滤。取CICC 10869用LB肉汤培养基培养至对数期(OD600≈0.6)。为了富集噬菌体,将40 mL对数期菌液、40 mL上述水样滤液和40 mL 3×LB液体培养基于锥形瓶中混合,37 ℃、150 r/min培养3 h;同期将40 mL对数期菌液、40 mL纯水和40 mL 3×LB的混合液作为对照组培养。将实验组裂解澄清的培养液在4 ℃、8 000×g离心10 min,取上清液依次经0.45 μm和0.22 μm孔径的聚醚砜滤膜过滤,得到的过滤液即为噬菌体富集液。
采用双层琼脂平板法进行噬菌体纯化[20],3代后获得形态、大小均一的噬菌斑。挖取单个噬菌斑至5 mL新鲜培养的CICC 10869菌液中,37 ℃、150 r/min培养至裂解澄清,同期设置未加噬菌斑的菌液作为对照组。
Yen-yong1在菌苔上形成的透明噬菌斑周围具有半透明晕圈(halo)。噬菌体透明噬菌斑周围的半透明晕圈是由于晕圈所在位置的细菌在未被噬菌体感染时,其胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)被噬菌体的自由扩散的解聚酶降解造成的[21-23]。噬菌斑周围是否具有半透明晕圈被认为是判断噬菌体是否具有解聚酶(depolymerase)的最直观方法[24]。解聚酶通常具有高耐热性,而噬菌体通常不耐高温,可以基于如下原理进行解聚酶活性验证:将噬菌体悬液高温(如70 ℃)处理以灭活噬菌体后,点至菌平板上孵育,如噬菌体有解聚酶则会在菌苔上相应区域形成半透明的晕圈。因此,参照文献[25]进一步检测Yen-yong1的解聚酶活性:将噬菌体Yen-yong1悬液在70 ℃下孵育30 min使Yen-yong1灭活,然后滴至CICC 10869琼脂平板上(2.5 μL/点)进行点斑实验,观察是否在菌苔上形成半透明晕圈。
取新鲜培养的噬菌体-菌裂解液滴至铜网(200目)上,静置10 min后用中性滤纸吸去多余水分,用2%乙酸铀酰负染色30 s,用中性滤纸吸去多余染色剂,静置10 min后在透射电镜(Hitachi公司)下观察噬菌体形态。
参照文献[26-27]进行噬菌体的基因组提取、测序与拼接。取噬菌体-菌裂解液离心、过滤后,取上清液滤液,加入DNase I和RNase A酶解污染的宿主核酸后,采用经典的酚/氯仿法提取噬菌体DNA,用NEBNext Ultra Ⅱ DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (New England Biolabs, NEB公司)按照说明书构建基因组文库。使用Illumina PE300试剂盒,在Illumina MiSeq上进行测序,用Trimmomatic v0.36软件去除低质量值的测序reads (Q-value<20),使用SPAdes v3.13.0软件对过滤后的数据进行拼接。
使用童贻刚教授团队研发的方法[28]和软件PhageTerm[29]对噬菌体基因组的末端进行分析。
使用在线工具RAST (rapid annotation using subsystem technology,https://rast.nmpdr.org/,2024年8月2日)对噬菌体Yen-yong1的基因组进行初步的开放阅读框(open reading frames, ORFs)预测与注释。在此基础上,使用BLASTp (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM = blastp&PAGE_TYPE = BlastSearch&LINK_LOC=blasthomeE-value<10-5,2024年8月2日)、HHpred (https://toolkit.tuebingen.mpg.de/tools/hhpred, posibility>96%,E-value<10-5,2024年8月2日)和HMMER (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/hmmer/search/hmmscanE-value<10-5且包含完整domain,2024年8月2日)对预测的所有ORFs进行验证和校准。使用PerL语言脚本构建噬菌体的基因图谱(genome map),并用Inkscape作图软件对矢量图进行美化。
使用在线工具tRNAscan-SE (http://lowelab.ucsc.edu/tRNAscan-SE/,2024年8月2日)对噬菌体基因组中的tRNA进行在线预测。
使用VFDB数据库(https://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/main.htm,2024年8月2日)检测噬菌体基因组中是否含有毒力因子基因。
用CARD数据库(https://card.mcmaster.ca/,2024年8月2日)分析噬菌体基因组中是否含有耐药基因。
使用NCBI提供的BLASTn (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastn&PAGE_TYPE = BlastSearch&LINK_LOC = blasthome,2024年9月29日)搜索与Yen-yong1基因组同源的序列,所选数据库为nucleotide collection。
使用PASC (pairwise sequence comparison,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/pasc/viridty.cgi,2024年9月29日)计算公共数据库中的所有病毒与Yen-yong1基因组间的成对核苷酸序列相似度值(PASC值)。
使用在线工具ViPTree (https://www.genome.jp/viptree/,2024年9月29日),基于tBLASTx计算的全基因组序列相似性,以公共数据库中所有病毒基因组(共7 002株)作为参考序列与Yen-yong1一同构建总蛋白谱系统进化树(proteomic tree)。在此基础上,选取在总进化树中与Yen-yong1进化距离最近的3株病毒(Escherichia phage HK639、Cronobacter phage phiES15、Aeromonas phage pAEv1818)、在BLASTn和PASC比对中与Yen-yong1相似性最高的病毒、在国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)分类系统中各单元中的代表性噬菌体以及在ICTV中有分类地位的11株小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体的基因组作为参考序列,构建精细蛋白谱系统进化树。用Inkscape作图软件对矢量图进行美化。
使用在线工具EzBioCloud (https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani,2024年9月29日)中的ANI Calculator工具计算Yen-yong1和在进化树中与之进化距离最近的3株病毒之间的平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)。使用在线工具Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (GGDC,http://ggdc.dsmz.de,Formula: 2,2024年9月29日)计算Yen-yong1和在进化树中与之进化距离最近的3株病毒之间的DNA分子原位杂交值(in silico DNA-DNA hybridization, isDDH)。使用在线工具The virus intergenomic distance calculator (VIRIDIC,http://rhea.icbm.uni- oldenburg.de/VIRIDIC/,2024年9月29日)计算Yen-yong1与进化树中进化距离最近的3株病毒的基因组间的成对基因组间相似性(VIRIDIC值)。
用Easyfig软件[30]构建Yen-yong1和与之亲缘关系最近的噬菌体之间的基因组相似性比较图。
使用在线工具VirClust[31] (https://rhea.icbm.uni-oldenburg.de/VIRCLUST/,2024年9月29日)分析Yen-yong1与近源噬菌体间共享的核心基因(core gene)。
采用点斑法检测Yen-yong1的宿主范围,供试菌共65株(编号为NMDCX0002088)。分别将200 μL对数期菌液(2.38×107 CFU/mL)与4 mL LB半固体培养基混匀,倾倒在LB固体培养基上,制成双层琼脂平板。凝固后,在平板上等间隔滴加噬菌体悬液(2.5 μL/点,1.95×109 PFU/mL)。将培养皿倒置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养12 h。若试验平板上出现明显的透明噬菌斑,则认为噬菌体裂解该菌株,为阳性结果;反之则认为噬菌体不能裂解该菌株,为阴性结果。每个菌株重复3次点斑实验。参照文献[32],采用双层琼脂平板法测定Yen-yong1 (1.95×109 PFU/mL)在各个宿主菌株菌苔上出现的噬菌斑数,以在指示菌株CICC 10869菌苔上出现的平均噬菌斑数为分母,以其他易感菌菌苔上的噬菌斑数为分子,计算Yen-yong1在其他易感菌的成斑率。EOP实验重复3次。
参照文献[33-34]测定Yen-yong1对指示菌CICC 10869的最佳感染复数(optimal multiplicity of infection, MOI)和最佳吸附时间。
取新鲜培养的CICC 10869对数期菌液(OD600≈0.6)与Yen-yong1按最佳MOI (MOI=1)混合,置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中按照最佳吸附时间孵育6 min。将混合物4 ℃、8 000×g离心10 min,用LB液体培养基洗涤2次后,将沉积物重悬于等体积的LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、150 r/min培养,分别于0、10、20、30、40、50、60、90、120、150、180、210、240 min取样。采用双层琼脂平板法检测样品中噬菌体滴度。上述实验重复3次。参照文献[35]计算噬菌体的暴发量(burst size),如公式(1)所示。
暴发量(PFU/cell)=暴发期结束时游离的噬菌体数/潜伏期开始时感染的细菌细胞数
取Yen-yong1悬液(2.00×109 PFU/mL)分装成1 mL/管,用NaOH或HCl分别将其调至pH 2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0、12.0、13.0,于37 ℃孵育2 h后取样。
分别配制NaCl质量分数为0、1%、3%、5%、7%和9%的LB固体培养基和LB半固体培养基。分别取4 mL各盐浓度的半固体LB培养基与100 μL Yen-yong1悬液(4.47×108 PFU/mL)、200 μL对数期CICC 10869 (2.23×107 CFU/mL)菌液充分混合后,立即倾倒至相应盐浓度的LB固体培养基上,冷却后倒置于培养箱(37 ℃)中培养12 h后进行噬菌斑计数,计算噬菌体滴度。
取Yen-yong1悬液(3.70×109 PFU/mL)分装成1 mL/管,分别置于-80、0、25、40、50、60、70和80 ℃孵育,分别于0、30、60、90和120 min取样。
取新鲜培养的充分裂解的噬菌体-菌裂解液(2.63×109 PFU/mL)分装成1 mL/管,分别于-80、-20、25 (室温)和4 ℃存放,用于检测温度对噬菌体活性的影响。在0-360 d中每隔30 d取样检测噬菌体滴度,每次每样取3个平行管。在该种操作下,每个存于-80 ℃和-20 ℃的样品均只冻融1次。
为了检测多次冻融是否影响噬菌体滴度,取新鲜培养的充分裂解的噬菌体-菌裂解液(2.63×109 PFU/mL)装于50 mL无菌EP离心管中(40 mL/管),分别存放于-80 ℃和-20 ℃,用于检测在该温度下冻存次数对噬菌体活性的影响。在0-360 d中每隔30 d化冻、取样检测噬菌体滴度,每次每样取3个平行管。
采用双层琼脂平板法测定样品的噬菌体滴度。每个实验重复3次。
采用结晶紫染色法[36]测定易感细菌的生物被膜形成能力。分别将易感菌株接种到5 mL LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、150 r/min培养16 h。取100 µL培养液加入到10 mL LB液体培养基中进行稀释。实验组分别取500 μL稀释菌液加入到48孔细胞培养板中,对照组则加入500 μL LB液体培养基,将培养板置于恒温培养箱中37 ℃培养24 h。然后用枪头吸去培养孔中的液体,用0.01 mol/L PBS洗涤培养孔3次。在每个培养孔中加入500 μL甲醇固定30 min,弃去甲醇并在室温下干燥;在每个培养孔中加入500 μL质量分数为1%的结晶紫于室温下对生物被膜染色30 min,用无菌水(ddH2O)洗涤培养孔3次,在室温下干燥。随后向每孔加入500 μL体积分数为33%的冰醋酸。使用酶标仪测定OD590值。上述实验重复3次。
细菌生物被膜形成能力判定标准分为强(4×ODc≤ODt)、中等(2×ODc<ODt≤4×ODc)、弱(ODc<ODt≤2×ODc)和无生物被膜形成(ODt≤ODc)这4个水平。其中,ODc和ODt分别为对照组和实验组的OD590值。
参照文献[36]测定噬菌体对细菌生物被膜的清除能力。按照细菌生物被膜形成能力检测方法(1.10.1节)培养各易感细菌的生物被膜,实验组每孔加入500 μL噬菌体Yen-yong1悬液(1.85×109 PFU/mL),对照组加入等体积的LB,置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养2 h。然后按照1.10.1节的步骤进行结晶紫染色和OD590测定。上述实验重复3次。
为检测Yen-yong1对生猪肉中污染的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的去除效果,分别在25 ℃和4 ℃下进行了细菌清除实验。
从市场购买新鲜生猪肉500 g,用75%乙醇浸泡1 min以消毒表面。在超净工作台中取出并晾干后,用无菌解剖刀切除表层,切成大小均一的肉片(1 cm×1 cm×0.5 cm),置于带盖无菌培养皿中。取新鲜培养的对数期小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌菌液,均匀滴加于生猪肉片表面(20 μL/片,2×107 CFU/mL),随机将其分成两组。实验组分别按照不同MOI (MOI=1、10、100)均匀滴加噬菌体Yen-yong1悬液(20 μL/片,2×107、2×108、2×109 PFU/mL),对照组均匀滴加20 μL LB液体培养基。再次将实验组与对照组均分为两组,分别置于室温(25 ℃)和冷藏室(4 ℃),以模拟猪肉在市场销售和贮运的条件。对室温放置的猪肉片分别于0 h和3 h取样;对冷藏的猪肉片分别于0 h和24 h取样。由于屠宰的生猪通常为冷藏运输、储存和出售,只有部分菜场会将少量猪肉置于常温短期摆放,因此4 ℃下的实验取样时长为24 h,而25 ℃下为3 h。将取得的肉片样品分别置于无菌EP管中,加入1 mL LB液体培养基,研磨后采用标准平板计数法检测细菌数量。每组设置3个平行。细菌清除率计算如公式(2)所示。
细菌清除率=(对照组小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌平均浓度-实验组小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌平均浓度)/(对照组小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌平均浓度)×100%
于2023年4月25日,从浙江省宁波市北仑区路林市场下水道采集的水样中分离纯化得到一株小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的烈性噬菌体,并将其命名为Yersinia phage Yen-yong1,简称Yen-yong1 (yong取自宁波的简称“甬”的拼音)。
Yen-yong1在指示菌株CICC 10869的菌苔上形成透明、边缘光滑且带有晕圈的圆形噬菌斑(图1A)。Yen-yong1可在1.5 h内将原本浑浊的CICC 10869培养液变为澄清透明的噬菌体-菌裂解液(图1B),表明其对CICC 10869具有强烈的裂解活性。
噬菌斑周围的半透明晕圈被认为是由噬菌体的解聚酶裂解宿主菌胞外聚合物所致[37]。Yen-yong1的透明噬菌斑外围存在明显的半透明晕圈(图1A)。根据1.2节所述方法进行验证实验,结果表明Yen-yong1的基因组中可能含有解聚酶基因(图1C)。
透射电子显微镜观察结果显示,Yen-yong1呈现长尾病毒样(Siphovirus-like)形态特征(图1D-1F)。其头部呈椭圆形,长度为(83.32±0.15) nm,宽度为(59.57±2.28) nm;尾部长度为(168.04±3.21) nm,宽度为(9.17±0.60) nm。
Yen-yong1的全基因组序列已提交至GenBank数据库,登录号为OR712444。其基因组平均测序深度为1 355.8×,长度为51 321 bp,G+C含量为47.80%,共包含93个ORFs (编号为NMDCX0002088),且未发现固定末端。经tRNAscan-SE检索,Yen-yong1基因组中未发现编码tRNA的基因。
在Yen-yong1的93个ORFs中,有33个无法通过BLASTp注释(即no hit)。进一步使用在线注释工具HHpred和HMMER进行注释、验证和校准后,共有46个ORFs被注释为已知功能蛋白,占总数的49.46%。其中,13个ORFs的Top BLAST hit (即BLASTp中相似度最高的序列)与噬菌体基因相关,仅有7个ORFs的Top BLAST hit来自小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体基因,3个ORFs的Top BLAST hit来自大肠杆菌噬菌体基因(编号为NMDCX0002088)。这一结果提示肠杆菌科细菌噬菌体之间可能存在共进化和基因水平转移,也可能是因为小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体分离和测序较少,导致参考序列不足。此外,14个ORFs的Top BLAST hit来自小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌基因,5个ORFs的Top BLAST hit来自耶尔森氏菌属其他菌基因,表明该噬菌体与其宿主细菌之间可能存在基因交换。
Yen-yong1的基因组中未发现溶原相关基因。经VFDB和CARD检索,也未发现毒力因子和抗生素耐药基因,这从基因组水平上表明其应用的安全性。
ORF 13被注释为编码谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)。GST是一类广泛存在于真核生物和原核生物中的酶[38],也是谷胱甘肽结合反应的关键酶,催化谷胱甘肽结合反应的起始步骤。GST通过谷胱甘肽偶联发挥抗氧化和解毒功能,保护生物体[39]。此前未见有关噬菌体携带GST基因的报道。
Yen-yong1基因组被注释的基因基于功能呈现有规律的模块化分布(图2):5个ORFs被注释为编码溶菌相关蛋白(ORF 45、46、47、48、52);3个ORFs被注释为编码参与噬菌体DNA包装的蛋白(ORF 71、72、73);20个ORFs被注释为编码参与DNA复制、调控与代谢的蛋白(ORF 8、9、11、12、16、17、19、20、21、22、30、31、32、33、36、42、43、44、60、78);1个ORF被注释为其他功能(ORF 13);17个ORFs被注释为编码噬菌体结构蛋白(ORF 1、74、76、79、80、82、83、84、85、86、87、88、89、90、91、92、93)。
在噬菌体溶菌模块中,ORF 45和46被注释为编码穿孔素(holin),ORF 47被注释为编码内溶素(endolysin),ORF 48被注释为编码probable i-spanin subunit。在噬菌体裂解宿主的“三步模型”中,holin、endolysin和spanin分别完成由内到外破坏细菌宿主的细胞膜与细胞壁的各步[35]。Holin是一种控制宿主裂解的必不可少的小分子膜蛋白,可在细胞膜上形成跨膜孔,使内溶素(即细菌溶解酶)能够进入细胞壁水解细菌的肽聚糖,而spanins可破坏宿主菌的外膜[40]。在holin和endolysin完成内膜渗透与肽聚糖降解后,spanins破坏细菌外膜,使宿主细胞裂解以释放子代噬菌体[35]。ORF 52编码的蛋白含有溶菌酶样结构域(lysozyme like domain),可能是一种溶菌酶。
尽管2.1节所述噬菌斑与解聚酶验证试验结果显示Yen-yong1具有解聚酶活性,但本研究综合运用多种注释工具,仍未从Yen-yong1的基因组中发现明确的解聚酶基因。通常情况下,对于序列新颖的噬菌体,由于参考序列较少,其基因组中能被生物信息学工具注释的ORFs所占比例较低,大多不足60%。当前公共数据库中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体的参考序列相对较少,相关研究报道也较少。本研究综合运用多种生物信息学注释工具,仍有50.54%的ORFs未能成功注释,暂时也未能准确注释出其解聚酶基因。
将Yen-yong1基因组序列上传至NCBI数据库,使用BLASTn (默认参数,2024年9月29日)进行比对。结果显示,与Yen-yong1同源性最高的前39个序列(top hits)均为细菌菌株,提示该噬菌体的祖先与细菌间存在大量基因交换。其中,与小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌Y201株(GenBank登录号为CP124238.1)的基因组间的覆盖率和相似度最高(E-value:0.0;percent identity:79.76%;query coverage:35%)。在BLASTn比对中,与Yen-yong1同源性最高的病毒是克雷伯菌噬菌体P85_2 (GenBank登录号为OR256025.1),二者间的相似度为97% (36/37),但相似区域仅占0.07% (query coverage)。BLASTn初步揭示Yen-yong1的基因组非常新颖,与公共数据库中已公布的病毒间差异较大。
在基于全基因组比对构建的蛋白谱进化树(图3)中,与Yen-yong1进化距离最近的是埃希氏菌噬菌体HK639、坂崎肠杆菌噬菌体phiES15和气单胞菌噬菌体pAEv1818,它们聚成一个支簇(clade),但Yen-yong1与它们之间的进化距离较远(>0.4)。Yen-yong1与Escherichia phage HK639基因组间的比较图(图4A)也显示其同源性较低。
为了进一步阐明Yen-yong1的进化地位,分别计算了Yen-yong1与这3株亲缘关系最近的噬菌体间的平均核苷酸一致性(ANI)和DNA分子原位杂交值(isDDH) (表1),这些值均小于种内阈值(ANI≥95%,isDDH≥70%),结果表明Yen-yong1是一个新的种。
PASC和VIRIDIC分析平台是ICTV推荐用于比对病毒间成对核苷酸序列相似度和成对基因组间相似性的工具。通过PASC对数据库中所有病毒进行扫描比对,结果显示Yen-yong1与其分享的最高PASC值仅为20.64%,最高VIRIDIC值仅为7.30% (表1),二者均低于ICTV界定属的阈值(≥70.00%),结果表明Yen-yong1代表一个新的未知属。
将Yen-yong1及在系统进化树(图3)中与其聚成一个支簇(clade)的3个近源噬菌体(HK639、phiES15和pAEv1818)上传至VirClust平台,分析其共享的核心基因。结果显示,Yen-yong1与HK639、pAEv1818和phiES15间共享57个核心基因(图4B),占它们全部ORFs的20.00%。ICTV关于科和亚科的界定标准为:同一个科的所有病毒至少共享17.00%的核心基因;同一个亚科的所有病毒间共享基因占比为27.00%-79.00%。基于此,Yen-yong1与这3个噬菌体可以归为同一个亚科。它们在蛋白谱系统进化树中与有尾纲Caudoviricetes下Drexlerviridae科的2个噬菌体(Rtpvirus Rtp和Rogunavirus Jk06)共同构成一个更大的支簇,这6个病毒间共享的核心基因占比为14.09%,低于科阈值(17.00%)。此前,HK639和phiES15在国际病毒分类系统中尚未确定分类地位。本研究表明,Yen-yong1与它们共同构建的亚科实际上属于一个以往未知的科。
当MOI为1时,噬菌体-菌裂解液中的噬菌体滴度最高,为1.10×1010 PFU/mL (图5A),因此设定Yen-yong1的最佳MOI为1。以MOI=1绘制的一步生长曲线如图5B所示。Yen-yong1的滴度在感染后即开始增加,但在10-30 min内增量较小,在30-90 min急剧增加,并在90 min达到最高值,此后保持相对稳定。结果表明,Yen-yong1的潜伏期为0-30 min,暴发期为30-90 min,暴发量为406.17 PFU/cell。
噬菌体的理化稳定性(pH、盐度、温度)是影响其应用潜力的重要因素。Yen-yong1具有宽泛的pH耐受范围(pH 2.0-13.0),在pH 2.0-11.0时活性较稳定(滴度>109 PFU/mL),在pH 12.0和pH 13.0时活性下降,但仍具有溶菌活性(分别为3.09×108 PFU/mL和2.19×105 PFU/mL) (图6A)。Yen-yong1在0、1%和3%盐浓度下均保持高溶菌活性,滴度分别为6.76×108、4.47×108和4.17×108 PFU/mL (图6B)。由于CICC 10869在5%、7%和9%盐浓度的平板上无法生长成可见菌苔,因此无法形成可见噬菌斑。
在温度耐受实验中,Yen-yong1在-80-40 ℃的温度范围内处理120 min后,保持稳定高效的溶菌活性(滴度>109 PFU/mL) (图6C);在50-60 ℃处理120 min后滴度有所下降,但仍分别保留了2.14×107 PFU/mL和1.38×104 PFU/mL的滴度;在70 ℃及以上时,噬菌体滴度在30 min内降至0,呈失活状态(图6C)。
在长期储存与冻融实验中,Yen-yong1在-80 ℃和-20 ℃下长期保存以及在-20 ℃反复冻融后,保持稳定高效的溶菌活性(滴度>109 PFU/mL)。在-80 ℃下长期储存并反复冻融后,虽然滴度有所下降,但在经历13次冻融和360 d的储存后仍高达7.41×108 PFU/mL;在4 ℃保存360 d后,Yen-yong1噬菌体滴度高达2.46×108 PFU/mL;而在25 ℃保存330 d后,噬菌体滴度低于检测限,呈失活状态(图6D)。结果显示,将Yen-yong1冻存于-20 ℃和-80 ℃均为合适的保存方法,其中在-80 ℃宜分装后冻存,以减少冻融损伤,而在-20 ℃下则可反复冻融。
采用结晶紫染色法检测了CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202的生物被膜形成能力及噬菌体清除细菌生物被膜的效果,结果如图7所示。小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202形成生物被膜的能力均为中等(ODt分别为2.69×ODc、2.70×ODc和2.66×ODc)。噬菌体Yen-yong1对CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202的生物被膜均具有显著的清除作用(P<0.05)。
为模拟猪肉短时摆案销售的污染控制,在25 ℃将Yen-yong1应用于污染了CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202的生猪肉片上,以评估其在室温条件下对生猪肉片中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的清除效果。如图8A表2所示,Yen-yong1对生猪肉片中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的清除效果显著,且随着感染复数MOI的提高而增强。在MOI=1、10、100时,3 h内Yen-yong1对CICC 10869的细菌清除率分别为32.20%、92.50%和93.48%。如图8C8D所示,在MOI=100时,3 h内Yen-yong1对CICC 21669和CMCC 52202的清除率分别为52.77%和43.24%。
为模拟猪肉片贮运条件下的污染控制,在4 ℃将Yen-yong1应用于污染了CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202的生猪肉片上,以评估其在冷藏条件下对生猪肉片中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的清除效果。如图8B表2所示,在MOI=1、10、100时,噬菌体处理24 h后,所有实验组的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌浓度均明显低于对照组。Yen-yong1对生猪肉片中的CICC 10869的细菌清除率分别为91.21%、93.95%和98.28%,高于室温下的清除率。如图8C8D所示,在MOI=100时,Yen-yong1对生猪肉片中的CICC 21669和CMCC 52202的细菌清除率分别为78.35%和96.33%,高于室温下的清除率。
综上所述,Yen-yong1对生猪肉中污染的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌具有优良的除菌控菌效果,且在冷藏条件下效果更佳。
本研究广泛收集全国各地水样,以小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌CICC 10869为指示菌株,从浙江省宁波市北仑区路林市场下水道采集的表层水样中分离纯化了一株烈性噬菌体,可快速裂解宿主菌株,使浑浊的CICC 10869 (1.5 h)、CICC 21669 (2.5 h)和CMCC 52202 (1.5 h)菌液裂解澄清。生物信息分析表明Yen-yong1非常新颖,代表以往未知的病毒进化谱系,丰富了噬菌体知识库。在Yen-yong1基因组中未发现毒力因子基因、耐药基因和溶原相关基因,从基因水平上显示其应用的生物安全性。
截至目前,公共数据库和文献中共公布了67株小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体(表3),其中在国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)的分类系统中有分类地位的有11株:分别属于有尾纲Caudoviricetes的Autographiviridae科(7株)、Straboviridae科(3株)和Demerecviridae科(1株)。其他未分类的56株小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体中,9株呈长尾病毒样(Siphovirus-like)形态,7株呈短尾病毒样(Podovirus-like)形态,29株呈肌尾病毒样(Myovirus-like)形态,11株形态未知。基因组最大的是262 391 bp (Yersinia phage phiR1-37),最小的是34 966 bp (Yersinia phage YeP6)。
以往对于分离获得的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体大多具有严格的属特异性或种特异性[41-46]。本研究使用8个不同科的65株供试菌来检测Yen-yong1的宿主范围。结果与以往的报道一致,Yen-yong1对小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌具有严格的种特异性。这一特性使噬菌体只特异性地杀死靶标病原菌,对非目标菌株不会裂解。Yen-yong1在4株供试小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌菌株中可裂解3株,具有株广谱性,有利于噬菌体的应用。
Yen-yong1的暴发量(406.17 PFU/cell)大于以往报道的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体KFS-YE (38 PFU/cell)[42]、phiYeO3-12 (120 PFU/cell)[41]、PY100 (120 PFU/cell)[46]等,显示其更强的增殖能力。
Yen-yong1对理化因子具有优良的耐受性。在宽泛的温度(-80-60 ℃)和pH范围(2.0-13.0)下保持高水平溶菌活性。小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌能在pH 4.2-9.0[7]和冷藏温度下存活[3,6],而噬菌体Yen-yong1良好的理化耐受范围远超小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌,这为研发高效的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体生物制剂奠定了基础。以往报道的一些小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体,如Yersinia phage vB_Yen_X1和Yersinia phage KFS-YE也具有良好的pH耐受性,但均不如Yen-yong1。Yen-yong1对恶劣环境具有良好的耐受性,在极酸环境(pH 2.0)下处理2 h后滴度高达1.02×109 PFU/mL,在极碱环境(pH 12.0和pH 13.0)下处理2 h后滴度分别为3.09×108 PFU/mL和2.19×105 PFU/mL。Yen-yong1在0-3%的盐浓度环境中能保持高溶菌活性(滴度>108 PFU/mL),优良的理化性质为Yen-yong1的实际应用奠定了基础。CICC 10869在含5%以上盐浓度的平板上无法生长成可见菌苔,因而在噬菌体盐度敏感性实验中Yen-yong1无法形成可见噬菌斑,但这并不意味着Yen-yong1无法耐受5%以上的盐浓度,需要开展进一步研究以检测其高盐耐受性。
为了探讨噬菌体适用储存条件,开展了噬菌体在-80、-20、4 ℃的长期储存试验与在-80、-20 ℃的冻融实验。Yen-yong1的滴度在实验时间(0-360 d)内,-80 ℃或-20 ℃储存时滴度基本保持恒定,4 ℃储存时则缓慢下降;-80 ℃和-20 ℃储存并反复冻融后滴度略有下降,但均在108 PFU/mL以上。结果显示,分装冻存能更好地长期保持噬菌体的活性。
细菌生物被膜结构不仅能阻止药物渗透到生物被膜内部的细胞,还能抵抗宿主免疫系统,是细菌感染持续存在的主要原因之一[37],是防治细菌感染需要解决的一个重要问题。本研究发现噬菌体Yen-yong1对小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202的生物被膜均具有破坏作用。噬菌斑周围具有半透明晕圈,半透明晕圈是由噬菌体解聚酶基因的编码产物造成的[21]。噬菌体解聚酶能降解细菌的基质结构,帮助病毒颗粒吸附、侵入和裂解宿主菌。即使在生物被膜中,解聚酶也能发挥很好的作用[47]。噬菌体解聚酶已经成为了预防和清除细菌生物被膜的一种潜在策略。虽然在Yen-yong1基因组中尚未发现已知的解聚酶基因,但实验验证了其解聚酶活性。如结果所述,Yen-yong1代表以往未知的进化谱系,其序列非常新颖,一些ORFs因现有数据库中无足够参考基因而尚无法被注释,其基因组中的解聚酶基因也很可能是新颖的,有待进一步研究。
本研究不仅分析了Yen-yong1在不同MOIs下对生猪肉片中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的清除效果,还分析了Yen-yong1对生猪肉片中不同宿主菌的清除作用。实验结果表明,在MOI=1-100时,MOI越高,Yen-yong1对细菌生长的抑制效果越好。Yen-yong1对猪肉中3株供试小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌菌株显示出良好的除菌效果。
小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌具有耐冷性[6],可在冷藏温度(4 ℃)下增殖,因此耶尔森氏菌病也被称为“冰箱病”。本研究发现,被试的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202在冷藏温度下均可增殖,其中CMCC 52202的增殖能力尤为显著。在冷藏24 h后,猪肉中的菌量增加了2.47 log10单位(表2)。噬菌体在冷藏条件下是否具有抑菌能力,以及能力的强弱,对于小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌噬菌体的可应用性至关重要。文献报道Yersinia phage fHe-Yen9-01在4 ℃、MOI=105时对生猪肉的细菌清除率可达90.78%[48]。相比之下,Yen-yong1在4 ℃下表现出更为优良的细菌清除力,在MOI=1、10和100时,对猪肉中CICC 10869的清除率分别高达91.21%、93.95%和98.28%;对CICC 21669和CMCC 52202的清除率分别为78.35% (MOI=100)和96.33% (MOI=100)。Yen-yong1的这一特性使其在冷藏条件下对食品的保护具有显著优势。首个获得FDA GRAS认证的单增李斯特菌噬菌体制剂Listex™ P100,可作为食品添加剂应用于即食肉类和家禽产品。当用量达到1×109 PFU/cm2时,Listex™ P100可将猪牛肉、禽肉和水产品中的单增李斯特菌清除减少1.3-3.4 log10单位。若将Listex™ P100的剂量每减少一个数量级,则其对食品中细菌的清除幅度减少约0.5 log10单位[49]。在本研究中,噬菌体Yen-yong1的剂量为4×107 PFU/cm2时,可分别将猪肉中的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌CICC 10869、CICC 21669和CMCC 52202减少1.77、0.67和1.43 log10单位(表2)。在107 PFU/cm2剂量水平下,Yen-yong1的有效性并不逊于Listex™ P100,显示出良好的开发应用潜力。后续研究计划将其剂量提高至1×108 PFU/cm2、1×109 PFU/cm2或更高,以检测其最佳抑菌剂量。
Yen-yong1在冷藏温度(4 ℃)下的清除率高于室温(25 ℃) (图8),这可能是因为在室温(25 ℃)下,细菌的生理活动相对活跃,细胞膜流动性较好,细胞内酶活性较高,能够进行正常的代谢和防御活动,从而可能有更多的防御机制来抵抗噬菌体的感染,具体机制有待进一步研究。此外,为模拟猪肉在常温短时摆放出售和长时间冷藏运输、储存的实际情况,本研究在25 ℃下设定噬菌体的作用时间为3 h,而在4 ℃下则为24 h。噬菌体作用时间的延长也可能是冷藏温度下细菌清除率高于室温的原因之一。
噬菌体溶菌酶、裂解酶、穿孔素等溶菌相关蛋白的编码基因是对抗细菌的重要资源,其编码产物也被广泛认为是抗生素的理想替代品。Yen-yong1的基因组中有5个基因分别编码具有溶菌活性的穿孔素、裂解酶、溶菌酶和spanin,这些基因是潜在的可开发资源。此外,噬菌体编码的尾丝蛋白能特异性识别并结合宿主细菌表面的受体[50],可作为细菌生物识别元件应用于病原菌的快速检测[51]。Yen-yong1基因组中还有许多功能未知的基因编码假设蛋白,它们也可能具有重要的功能和开发价值,如前文提到的解聚酶基因。为挖掘基因资源、揭示噬菌体与宿主细菌的关系,后续我们将陆续对这些未注释的基因进行表达与应用开发。
综上所述,本研究分离培养的Yen-yong1揭示了新的病毒进化谱系和丰富的基因资源;Yen-yong1可专性裂解多株小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌,且理化耐受性强,具有良好的应用前景。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903000)
  • 宁波市重点研发计划(2022Z170)
  • 宁波市重点研发计划(2024Z234)
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2025年第65卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240859
  • 接收时间:2024-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-31
  • 录用日期:2025-02-24
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0903000)
国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0903000)
Ningbo Key Research and Development Project(2022Z170)
宁波市重点研发计划(2022Z170)
Ningbo Key Research and Development Project(2024Z234)
宁波市重点研发计划(2024Z234)
作者信息
    1.宁波大学 海洋学院,浙江 宁波
    2.北京化工大学 生命科学与技术学院,北京
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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