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[Objective] To improve the overall quality of upper tobacco leaves. [Methods] We isolated a hemicellulase-producing bacterium from tobacco soil and identified it as Actinacidiphila bryophytorum. After optimizing the culture conditions of this strain, we prepared the crude enzyme liquid, which was sprayed on upper tobacco leaves. The physical properties and chemical composition of the treated tobacco leaves were then evaluated. [Results] The optimal fermentation conditions for the strain were an inoculation rate of 4%, pH 6.0, and incubation at 30 ℃ for 36 h. Enzyme preparations of different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 U/mL) were then sprayed on the surface of upper tobacco leaves, and the appearance quality, conventional chemical composition, lignocellulose content, and sensory scores of the tobacco leaves were evaluated. The results indicated that treatment of the enzyme preparation at 150 U/mL performed better than other treatments. Compared with the control group, the 150 U/mL treatment increased the overall score for the appearance quality (maturity, color, characteristics, and structure) of tobacco leaves by 5.15 points. Additionally, this treatment increased the total sugar content and reducing sugar content by 29.87% and 35.77%, respectively. Meanwhile, it decreased the content of nicotine, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin by 16.10%, 16.37%, 20.22%, and 17.13%, respectively. Furthermore, the aroma characteristics were enhanced, and off-flavors were reduced. [Conclusion] The enzyme preparation produced by the fermentation of A. bryophytorum S2 improves the appearance quality, increases the soluble total sugar and reducing sugar content, and reduces the lignocellulose content of tobacco leaves, thus improving the overall quality of tobacco leaves.

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【目的】 提高烟草上部叶片的整体品质。 【方法】 从烟草土壤中分离到一株产半纤维素酶的菌株,鉴定为苔藓放线酸菌(Actinacidiphila bryophytorum)。对该菌株进行培养条件优化后制成粗酶液喷施于烟草上部叶,对处理后的烟叶进行物理特性、化学成分等方面的效果评价。 【结果】 该菌株的最佳发酵条件为接种量4%,培养温度30 ℃,培养基pH 6.0,培养时间36 h。将不同浓度的酶制剂(50、100、150、200、250 U/mL)喷施于烟草上部叶片表面,评价其外观质量、常规化学成分、木质纤维素含量和感官评价。结果表明,150 U/mL酶制剂处理效果最优。与对照组相比,烟叶在成熟度、颜色、特性和结构方面均有改善,总分提高5.15分。总糖和还原糖含量分别提高了29.87%和35.77%,烟碱含量降低了16.10%。纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量分别下降16.37%、20.22%和17.13%。增加了香气特性,减少了杂气。 【结论】 利用苔藓放线酸菌S2菌株发酵制备的酶制剂,改善了烟叶外观品质,提高了水溶性总糖和还原糖含量,降低了木质纤维素含量,改善了烟叶的香气、烟味和口感,对烟叶品质有所改善。

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作者贡献声明

郝捷:概念构思、调查、结果分析、审阅与编辑;郭春生:结果分析、软件程序;张宝:数据分析;马尚毅:概念构思;张磊:可视化;洪杰:数据整理;王胜利:提供资源;丁海:提出研究方法;刘星明:验证,完成呈现;申国明:监督、项目管理、资金支持;吴元华:验证;张立:调查、原稿撰写。

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Bioresource Technology Reports, 2020, 10: 100352., articleTitle=Bioconversion of rice straw by synergistic effect of in-house produced ligno-hemicellulolytic enzymes for enhanced bioethanol production, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1227681737015226801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, awardId=202315010534-JS-061, language=EN, fundingSource=Inner Mongolia Kunming Cigarette Limited Liability Company Technology Project(202315010534-JS-061), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681737124278710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, awardId=202315010534-JS-061, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古昆明卷烟有限责任公司科技项目(202315010534-JS-061), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681737237524928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, awardId=202315010534-JS-062, language=EN, fundingSource=Inner Mongolia Kunming Cigarette Limited Liability Company Technology Project(202315010534-JS-062), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1227681737359159753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, awardId=202315010534-JS-062, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古昆明卷烟有限责任公司科技项目(202315010534-JS-062), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1227681718656758439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681718669341352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, companyId=1227681718656758439, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Inner Mongolia Kunming Cigarette Limited Liability Company, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681718677729962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, companyId=1227681718656758439, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.内蒙古昆明卷烟有限责任公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特)]), AuthorCompany(id=1227681718753227439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681718757421744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, companyId=1227681718753227439, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1227681718765810353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, companyId=1227681718753227439, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国农业科学院烟草研究所,山东 青岛)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1227681732472795380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Screening of strains and measurement of enzyme activity. A: Five strains (S1-S5) were isolated from the tobacco planting soil; B: The enzyme activity assay of the five strains (S1-S5)., figureFileSmall=02OwM6vaEHsElTbHe4mAiA==, figureFileBig=Eow21ZdxZEUMp4K7xC/0yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732590235902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=图1, caption=筛选菌株和木聚糖酶活测定。A:从烟草种植土壤中分离得到的5个菌株(S1-S5);B:5个菌株(S1-S5)的酶活测定。, figureFileSmall=02OwM6vaEHsElTbHe4mAiA==, figureFileBig=Eow21ZdxZEUMp4K7xC/0yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732745425159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Characteristics of screened strain S2. A: Phylogenetic tree of strain S2 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence (The scale bar “0.002” indicates that each unit length in the horizontal direction corresponds to a 2% base substitution frequency per site in the genome. The numbers on the branch nodes represent the confidence levels of the branching structure. The serial numbers in parentheses refer to the gene sequence accession numbers recorded in the NCBI database); B: Strain S2 observed under a microscope at 100× magnification; C: Strain S2 observed under a microscope at 400× magnification; D: Strain S2 observed under a microscope at 1 000× magnification., figureFileSmall=X0duRERJvYGuVb06JILv7A==, figureFileBig=y7UzNOhkWm4CaaYsnZYWMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732820922638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=图2, caption=筛选菌株S2的特征。A:基于16S rRNA基因序列的菌株S2系统发育树(标尺0.002表示水平方向上每单位长度对应基因组中每个位点2%的碱基替换频率,分支节点上的数字表示该分支结构的置信度,括号中的序号表示NCBI数据库中记录的基因序列编号);B:菌株S2显微镜100×观察;C:菌株S2显微镜400×观察;D:菌株S2显微镜1 000×观察。, figureFileSmall=X0duRERJvYGuVb06JILv7A==, figureFileBig=y7UzNOhkWm4CaaYsnZYWMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681732934168856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Optimization of cultivation conditions of strain S2. A: Enzyme activity of strain S2 with different cultivation times; B: Enzyme activity of strain S2 with different pH values; C: Enzyme activity of strain S2 with different temperatures; D: Enzyme activity of strain S2 with different inoculation volumes., figureFileSmall=cylQpXCUFv+JvJfNmrT0sQ==, figureFileBig=a4LXAL+eE+dKIHBXdRF25g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681734318289183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株S2培养条件优化。A:不同培养时间下菌株S2的酶活;B:不同pH值下菌株S2的酶活;C:不同温度下菌株S2的酶活;D:不同接种量下菌株S2的酶活。, figureFileSmall=cylQpXCUFv+JvJfNmrT0sQ==, figureFileBig=a4LXAL+eE+dKIHBXdRF25g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681734427341090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Different treatment groups’ total chlorophyll content and carotenoid content. T1-T5 represent five treatment groups using enzymatic preparations for the treatment of upper tobacco leaves, with enzyme concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 U/mL applied in each group, respectively., figureFileSmall=FL0fKv0pJJrH9JuaAS+4hA==, figureFileBig=m4TmqgvBmltjWMVLcYZryw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681734553170218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理组总叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量。T1-T5为使用酶制剂进行烟草上部烟叶处理的5个处理组,处理使用的酶浓度分别为50、100、150、200、250 U/mL。, figureFileSmall=FL0fKv0pJJrH9JuaAS+4hA==, figureFileBig=m4TmqgvBmltjWMVLcYZryw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681734699970870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Image collection before harvesting for different treatment groups. A: CK; B: T1; C: T2; D: T3; E: T4; F: T5., figureFileSmall=+J15fFAB+6w9xd2nnpSV9Q==, figureFileBig=7kjARfmASUp5AXRJtMQoUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681734909686078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理组采摘前图像采集, figureFileSmall=+J15fFAB+6w9xd2nnpSV9Q==, figureFileBig=7kjARfmASUp5AXRJtMQoUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735027126597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Changes in the physical properties of tobacco leaves after enzyme treatment. A: Leaf density of tobacco in different treatment groups; B: Tensile strength of tobacco in different treatment groups; C: Flexibility of tobacco in different treatment groups., figureFileSmall=ei4UiYQbdNMN84v6v/yLpg==, figureFileBig=2RGvN+56sBtnFQXVBL9vtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735262007635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=图6, caption=酶处理后烟叶的物理特性变化。A:不同处理组叶片密度;B:不同处理组烟叶拉力;C:不同处理组柔韧性。, figureFileSmall=ei4UiYQbdNMN84v6v/yLpg==, figureFileBig=2RGvN+56sBtnFQXVBL9vtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735387836757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Chemical composition of tobacco leaves after enzyme treatment. A:Comparison of total sugar and reducing sugar among different treatment groups; B: Comparison of nicotine, total nitrogen, potassium, and chlorin among different treatment groups., figureFileSmall=NwEni4BjrwpADrDmb7xwHw==, figureFileBig=uUB3OYueMqc4kE823+R2xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735513665885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=图7, caption=酶处理后烟叶的化学成分变化。A:不同处理组之间总糖和还原糖水平的比较;B:不同处理组之间烟碱、总氮、钾和氯含量的比较。, figureFileSmall=NwEni4BjrwpADrDmb7xwHw==, figureFileBig=uUB3OYueMqc4kE823+R2xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735626912099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Lignocellulose content of tobacco leaves after enzyme treatment. The contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were measured., figureFileSmall=7K/w4ZelWQRWqWGUThZ4Cg==, figureFileBig=MtixvEqMr5YnuwLNz4v+rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735752741229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=图8, caption=酶处理后烟叶的木质纤维素含量, figureFileSmall=7K/w4ZelWQRWqWGUThZ4Cg==, figureFileBig=MtixvEqMr5YnuwLNz4v+rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1227681735870181745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evaluation standard of appearance quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorCharacteristicScore
MaturityMellow8-10
Ripe7-10
Mature4-7
Unripe0-4
Premature5-8
Leaf structureOpen7-10
Firm4-7
Close2-4
Tight0-2
BodyMedium7-10
Less thin4-7
Fleshy4-7
Thin0-4
Heavy0-4
ColorLemon6-9
Orange7-10
Red5-8
Greenish3-8
Variegated0-6
OilRich8-10
Oily5-8
Lessoily3-5
Lean0-3
Color intensityDeep8-10
Strong6-8
Moderate4-6
Weak2-4
Pale0-2
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外观质量评估标准

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IndicatorCharacteristicScore
MaturityMellow8-10
Ripe7-10
Mature4-7
Unripe0-4
Premature5-8
Leaf structureOpen7-10
Firm4-7
Close2-4
Tight0-2
BodyMedium7-10
Less thin4-7
Fleshy4-7
Thin0-4
Heavy0-4
ColorLemon6-9
Orange7-10
Red5-8
Greenish3-8
Variegated0-6
OilRich8-10
Oily5-8
Lessoily3-5
Lean0-3
Color intensityDeep8-10
Strong6-8
Moderate4-6
Weak2-4
Pale0-2
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Evaluation standard of tobacco sensory quality

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IndicatorCharacteristicScoreIndicatorCharacteristicScore
Style typicalityTypical5ConcentrationStrong9
More typical4Relatively strong7-8
Fairly typical3Medium5-6
Rather weak2Relatively mild3-4
Weak1Mild1-2
Quality of aromaGood9SmoothnessGentle9
Better7-8Relatively gentle7-8
Medium5-6Medium5-6
Rather poor3-4Relatively rough3-4
Poor1-2Rough1-2
Volume of aromaSufficient9IrritabilityNone9
More sufficient7-8Slight7-8
Fairly sufficient5-6Present5-6
Present3-4Relatively large3-4
Less1-2Large1-2
VolatilityClear9Comfort levelComfortable9
More clear7-8Relatively comfortable7-8
Moderate5-6Fairly comfortable5-6
Rather dull3-4Slightly uncomfortable3-4
Dull1-2Uncomfortable1-2
StrengthVery large9SweetnessStrong9
Relatively large7-8Relatively strong7-8
Moderate5-6Medium5-6
Relatively small3-4Weak3-4
Small1-2None1-2
Off-flavorsNone9DrynessDry9
Slightly7-8Relatively dry7-8
Present5-6Medium5-6
Relatively heavy3-4Relatively humid3-4
Heavy1-2Humid1-2
CleanlinessClean9CombustibilityStrong9
Relatively clean7-8Relatively strong7-8
Medium5-6Medium5-6
Relatively poor3-4Relatively poor3-4
Poor1-2Flame out1-2
Ash colorWhite5
Ashy white4
Grayish white3
Grayish black2
Black1
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烟草感官质量评估标准

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IndicatorCharacteristicScoreIndicatorCharacteristicScore
Style typicalityTypical5ConcentrationStrong9
More typical4Relatively strong7-8
Fairly typical3Medium5-6
Rather weak2Relatively mild3-4
Weak1Mild1-2
Quality of aromaGood9SmoothnessGentle9
Better7-8Relatively gentle7-8
Medium5-6Medium5-6
Rather poor3-4Relatively rough3-4
Poor1-2Rough1-2
Volume of aromaSufficient9IrritabilityNone9
More sufficient7-8Slight7-8
Fairly sufficient5-6Present5-6
Present3-4Relatively large3-4
Less1-2Large1-2
VolatilityClear9Comfort levelComfortable9
More clear7-8Relatively comfortable7-8
Moderate5-6Fairly comfortable5-6
Rather dull3-4Slightly uncomfortable3-4
Dull1-2Uncomfortable1-2
StrengthVery large9SweetnessStrong9
Relatively large7-8Relatively strong7-8
Moderate5-6Medium5-6
Relatively small3-4Weak3-4
Small1-2None1-2
Off-flavorsNone9DrynessDry9
Slightly7-8Relatively dry7-8
Present5-6Medium5-6
Relatively heavy3-4Relatively humid3-4
Heavy1-2Humid1-2
CleanlinessClean9CombustibilityStrong9
Relatively clean7-8Relatively strong7-8
Medium5-6Medium5-6
Relatively poor3-4Relatively poor3-4
Poor1-2Flame out1-2
Ash colorWhite5
Ashy white4
Grayish white3
Grayish black2
Black1
), ArticleFig(id=1227681736432218511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evaluation of tobacco leaf appearance quality after enzyme treatment

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GroupMaturityColorBodyStructureOilColor intensityTotal score
CK7.77.97.37.36.65.472.15
T18.08.07.87.56.75.674.45
T28.18.38.47.86.85.776.65
T38.28.38.08.16.76.077.30
T48.18.28.07.76.85.876.00
T58.08.07.67.87.55.575.95
), ArticleFig(id=1227681736541270421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

酶处理后烟叶外观质量评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupMaturityColorBodyStructureOilColor intensityTotal score
CK7.77.97.37.36.65.472.15
T18.08.07.87.56.75.674.45
T28.18.38.47.86.85.776.65
T38.28.38.08.16.76.077.30
T48.18.28.07.76.85.876.00
T58.08.07.67.87.55.575.95
), ArticleFig(id=1227681736658710940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensory evaluation scores of tobacco leaves after enzyme treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Scoring itemGroup
T1T2T3T4T5CK
Aroma characteristics
Aroma typeNNNNNN
Style typicality4.04.04.04.04.04.0
Quality of aroma7.06.56.57.06.56.0
Volume of aroma7.07.07.07.06.57.0
Volatility6.56.56.56.56.56.5
Strength6.06.06.06.06.06.0
Off-flavors6.56.56.56.56.56.0
Smoke characteristics
Concentration6.56.56.56.56.56.5
Smoothness6.56.56.57.06.56.5
Irritability7.06.56.56.56.56.5
Comfort level7.06.56.56.56.06.5
Sweetness7.06.56.56.56.06.5
Dryness6.56.56.57.06.56.5
Cleanliness6.56.56.56.56.56.5
Combustibility4.04.04.04.04.04.0
Ash color4.04.04.04.04.04.0
Total sensory evaluation score75.573.573.575.072.072.5
), ArticleFig(id=1227681736771957156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226554097386569871, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

酶处理后烟叶的感官评估得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Scoring itemGroup
T1T2T3T4T5CK
Aroma characteristics
Aroma typeNNNNNN
Style typicality4.04.04.04.04.04.0
Quality of aroma7.06.56.57.06.56.0
Volume of aroma7.07.07.07.06.57.0
Volatility6.56.56.56.56.56.5
Strength6.06.06.06.06.06.0
Off-flavors6.56.56.56.56.56.0
Smoke characteristics
Concentration6.56.56.56.56.56.5
Smoothness6.56.56.57.06.56.5
Irritability7.06.56.56.56.56.5
Comfort level7.06.56.56.56.06.5
Sweetness7.06.56.56.56.06.5
Dryness6.56.56.57.06.56.5
Cleanliness6.56.56.56.56.56.5
Combustibility4.04.04.04.04.04.0
Ash color4.04.04.04.04.04.0
Total sensory evaluation score75.573.573.575.072.072.5
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产半纤维素酶的苔藓放线酸菌对烟草上部叶品质的影响
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郝捷 1 , 郭春生 1 , 张宝 1 , 马尚毅 1 , 张磊 1 , 洪杰 1 , 王胜利 1 , 丁海 1 , 刘星明 1 , 申国明 2 , 吴元华 2 , 张立 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(7): 3089-3104
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(7): 3089-3104
产半纤维素酶的苔藓放线酸菌对烟草上部叶品质的影响
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郝捷1, 郭春生1, 张宝1, 马尚毅1, 张磊1, 洪杰1, 王胜利1, 丁海1, 刘星明1, 申国明2 , 吴元华2, 张立2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古昆明卷烟有限责任公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特
  • 2.中国农业科学院烟草研究所,山东 青岛
Effect of a hemicellulase-producing strain of Actinacidiphila bryophytorum on the quality of upper tobacco leaves
Jie HAO1, Chunsheng GUO1, Bao ZHANG1, Shangyi MA1, Lei ZHANG1, Jie HONG1, Shengli WANG1, Hai DING1, Xingming LIU1, Guoming SHEN2 , Yuanhua WU2, Li ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Inner Mongolia Kunming Cigarette Limited Liability Company, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 2.Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240854
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【目的】 提高烟草上部叶片的整体品质。 【方法】 从烟草土壤中分离到一株产半纤维素酶的菌株,鉴定为苔藓放线酸菌(Actinacidiphila bryophytorum)。对该菌株进行培养条件优化后制成粗酶液喷施于烟草上部叶,对处理后的烟叶进行物理特性、化学成分等方面的效果评价。 【结果】 该菌株的最佳发酵条件为接种量4%,培养温度30 ℃,培养基pH 6.0,培养时间36 h。将不同浓度的酶制剂(50、100、150、200、250 U/mL)喷施于烟草上部叶片表面,评价其外观质量、常规化学成分、木质纤维素含量和感官评价。结果表明,150 U/mL酶制剂处理效果最优。与对照组相比,烟叶在成熟度、颜色、特性和结构方面均有改善,总分提高5.15分。总糖和还原糖含量分别提高了29.87%和35.77%,烟碱含量降低了16.10%。纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量分别下降16.37%、20.22%和17.13%。增加了香气特性,减少了杂气。 【结论】 利用苔藓放线酸菌S2菌株发酵制备的酶制剂,改善了烟叶外观品质,提高了水溶性总糖和还原糖含量,降低了木质纤维素含量,改善了烟叶的香气、烟味和口感,对烟叶品质有所改善。

烟叶质量  /  半纤维素酶  /  外观质量  /  化学成分  /  感官评价

[Objective] To improve the overall quality of upper tobacco leaves. [Methods] We isolated a hemicellulase-producing bacterium from tobacco soil and identified it as Actinacidiphila bryophytorum. After optimizing the culture conditions of this strain, we prepared the crude enzyme liquid, which was sprayed on upper tobacco leaves. The physical properties and chemical composition of the treated tobacco leaves were then evaluated. [Results] The optimal fermentation conditions for the strain were an inoculation rate of 4%, pH 6.0, and incubation at 30 ℃ for 36 h. Enzyme preparations of different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 U/mL) were then sprayed on the surface of upper tobacco leaves, and the appearance quality, conventional chemical composition, lignocellulose content, and sensory scores of the tobacco leaves were evaluated. The results indicated that treatment of the enzyme preparation at 150 U/mL performed better than other treatments. Compared with the control group, the 150 U/mL treatment increased the overall score for the appearance quality (maturity, color, characteristics, and structure) of tobacco leaves by 5.15 points. Additionally, this treatment increased the total sugar content and reducing sugar content by 29.87% and 35.77%, respectively. Meanwhile, it decreased the content of nicotine, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin by 16.10%, 16.37%, 20.22%, and 17.13%, respectively. Furthermore, the aroma characteristics were enhanced, and off-flavors were reduced. [Conclusion] The enzyme preparation produced by the fermentation of A. bryophytorum S2 improves the appearance quality, increases the soluble total sugar and reducing sugar content, and reduces the lignocellulose content of tobacco leaves, thus improving the overall quality of tobacco leaves.

tobacco leaf quality  /  hemicellulase  /  appearance quality  /  chemical composition  /  sensory evaluation
郝捷, 郭春生, 张宝, 马尚毅, 张磊, 洪杰, 王胜利, 丁海, 刘星明, 申国明, 吴元华, 张立. 产半纤维素酶的苔藓放线酸菌对烟草上部叶品质的影响. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3089 -3104 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240854
Jie HAO, Chunsheng GUO, Bao ZHANG, Shangyi MA, Lei ZHANG, Jie HONG, Shengli WANG, Hai DING, Xingming LIU, Guoming SHEN, Yuanhua WU, Li ZHANG. Effect of a hemicellulase-producing strain of Actinacidiphila bryophytorum on the quality of upper tobacco leaves[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (7) : 3089 -3104 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240854
烟草作为全球重要的经济作物,在农业经济和相关产业中扮演着关键角色[1]。然而,随着消费者对烟草品质要求的提高,如何有效改善烟叶品质已成为烟草种植和加工领域亟待解决的关键问题[2-3]。烟叶的品质主要体现在外观质量、化学成分和香气特性等方面[4-7],这些指标不仅直接影响到烟草制品的市场竞争力,也是决定其经济价值的重要因素[8-10]
半纤维素是烟叶细胞壁的重要组成部分之一[11],与纤维素和木质素共同为叶片提供结构支撑[12]。这些成分之间的相互作用决定了烟叶的强度、刚性和柔韧性[13]。半纤维素含量约占烟叶细胞壁的15%-20%[14],在烟草的生长、质量和加工过程中发挥着重要作用[15]。然而,成熟阶段的上部烟叶存在半纤维素含量过高导致叶片落黄慢的情况。过高的半纤维素会导致细胞壁增厚,限制营养和水分的吸收[16],还会对烟叶的感官质量和加工性能产生不利影响。因此,如何有效降低烟叶中半纤维素含量对于提升烟叶品质具有重要应用价值。
基于绿色农业的发展趋势,酶工程技术为调节烟叶化学成分以改善烟草品质提供了创新思路。酶作为一种绿色高效的生物催化剂[17-19],已被证明能有效协调烟叶中的化学成分,改善烟叶品质[20-21]。李志豪等[22]将一株产木聚糖酶的蜡样芽孢杆菌作用于雪茄烟叶上,烟叶中半纤维素降低了6.63%,纤维素含量降低了8.19%,叶绿醇、油酸、正二十六烷和正三十一烷等香气物质的含量均得到提升。Li等[23]从雪茄外包装叶表面分离出一株产纤维素酶的芽孢杆菌,并将其施用于烟叶中,结果显示该菌株提高了烟草纤维素的降解率(达31.7%),同时增加了总香气物质含量(提升26.1%)。然而,目前关于应用半纤维素酶改善烟草成熟阶段生长和质量的研究尚无太多报道。
本研究从烟草种植土壤中分离出半纤维素酶生产菌株,优化了酶制备的最佳发酵条件,并以落黄延迟的成熟烟草植株的上部叶片为研究对象,分别设置不同浓度的酶制剂处理,通过测定烟草外观质量、物理性质、化学成分、木质纤维素含量和感官质量等指标,评估酶制剂的作用效果。本研究不仅为酶在农业中的应用提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持,同时也为进一步探讨半纤维素酶在改善烟叶品质中的作用机制提供了宝贵的参考。未来的研究可以进一步优化酶处理工艺,并探索其在不同烟草品种和种植环境中的适用性,为烟草产业的可持续发展提供更多的技术支持。
实验田地位于湖南省郴州市仁义镇长江村,土壤样品取自该实验田烟草种植土壤。参试烟草品种为‘湘烟6号’,选择生长一致、株高相似、叶色相同且叶片完好的烟草植株。
用于菌株筛选的富集培养基(g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.5,(NH4)2SO4 2.0,KH2PO4 1.0,NaCl 0.5,木聚糖2.0;用于初筛的培养基(g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.5,(NH4)2SO4 2.0,KH2PO4 1.0,NaCl 0.5,木聚糖2.0,琼脂17.0;用于酶生产的发酵培养基(g/L):MgSO4·7H2O 0.5,(NH4)2SO4 2.0,KH2PO4 1.0,NaCl 0.5,木聚糖5.0,酵母粉5.0。
将5.0 g烟草种植土样加入100 mL富集培养基中,在28 ℃、180 r/min摇床条件下培养3-4 h进行富集。富集液随后按浓度10-1、10-2、10-3、10-4、10-5和10-6进行稀释。每个稀释液取100 μL,分别接种到初筛培养基上,置于28 ℃恒温培养箱中培养2-3 d。筛选出透明圈较大的菌株,根据透明圈直径与菌落直径的比值初步判断其产酶能力。
菌株鉴定通过16S rRNA基因和18S rRNA基因测序进行。通过BLAST序列比对确定菌株的物种。
选定的菌株以4%的接种量接种到发酵培养基中,28 ℃、180 r/min培养1 d。发酵液6 000 r/min离心10 min,上清液通过100 kDa离心超滤管浓缩和过滤,获得粗酶液[24]。依据GB/T 23874—2009的分光光度法测定木聚糖酶活。
试验设置温度、培养基初始pH值、接种量和培养时间4个单一因素。原始条件设定为:温度30 ℃,初始pH 6.0,培养时间48 h,接种量4%。测试的温度分别为16、25、30、32和37 ℃。测试的pH值分别为4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0和8.0,通过1 mol/L HCl或NaOH溶液进行调整。测试的接种量分别为2%、4%、6%、8%和10%。测试的培养时间分别为24、36、48、72、96和120 h。在每次试验中,改变一个发酵参数。通过测定酶活来确定最优培养条件。
田间试验所使用的粗酶液准备方法同1.5。田间试验采用随机区组设计,每个区组包含5排,每排长20 m,面积为130 m²,区组间设有0.5 m宽的走道用于取样。试验地块之间设置保护行。实验设置5个处理组(T1、T2、T3、T4、T5)和1个对照组(CK)。烟草收获前7-10 d,选择和标记成熟度相似的烟草植物上第3片至第4片叶进行酶处理实验,每组喷施30片叶。使用微雾喷雾器分别喷施菌株S2生产的不同浓度的粗酶溶液(T1、T2、T3、T4和T5浓度分别为50、100、150、200和250 U/mL),粗酶液获取方式与1.5节相同,以喷施水为对照,每组重复3次。采摘时用直径为1.5 cm的打孔器对每片烟叶取样,放置在-80 ℃保存,用于烟叶的叶绿素含量测定。初步烘烤后,对叶片进行分级,保留B2F及以上等级的叶片进行成分分析。叶片烘干后进行研磨,并通过40目筛网筛分。进一步烘干后置于真空干燥器中备用。
叶绿素含量可以作为烟草植物生长健康状况的一个重要指标,通过测定叶绿素含量可以判断烟草植株生长发育状况是否良好。每组称取1.7节中保存的烟样0.2 g,共3份,加入少量石英砂和碳酸钙粉末以及3 mL 95%乙醇到研钵中研磨,再加入10 mL 95%乙醇继续研磨至烟叶变白,将提取液用滤纸过滤除掉残渣,再用95%乙醇冲洗干净滤纸、研钵和残渣,直至颜色消失,将提取的叶绿体色素移入容量瓶中,定容至25 mL,以95%乙醇为空白对照,分别测定各组提取液在665、649和470 nm下的吸光值,按照公式(1)-(4)分别计算叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的浓度(mg/L),计算出色素浓度后再按照公式(5)计算各色素的含量(mg/g)。
Ca=13.95OD665-6.88OD649
Cb=24.96OD649-7.32OD663
Ca+b=Ca+Cb
Cx.c=(1 000OD470-2.05Ca-114.8Cb)×245
叶绿体色素含量=(叶绿素浓度×提取液体积×稀释倍数)/0.2
式中:Ca为叶绿素a含量,Cb为叶绿素b含量,Ca+b为总叶绿素含量,Cx.c为类胡萝卜素含量。
外观质量评定小组由具有高级烟叶分级资格的人员组成。根据国家标准GB 2635—92 (https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hcno=CD0A065B8C67DC1EC3ABBB52D7457B9E&refer=outter),评定小组对初步烘烤后的烟叶的成熟度、颜色、结构、油分、身份和色泽强度进行评估。每个指标按10分制评分,满分为100分,各指标的比例如下:成熟度30%、颜色15%、结构20%、油分15%、身份10%、色度10%。详细的评分标准见表1
物理特性指标主要测定叶片密度、拉力和柔韧性。叶片密度:每个处理组随机选取10片烟叶,用直径为1.5 cm的打孔器对烟叶打孔用于测定叶片密度(g/dm2),每片打5个圆片,放入铝盒中烘干恒重后称重,按公式(6)计算;拉力:每个处理组随机选取10片烟叶,每片烟叶裁切1个长为10 cm、宽为1.5 cm的叶片组织,用拉力仪(上海保圣实业发展有限公司)测定烟叶的拉力值(N/mm),去掉最大值和最小值,剩余8个数值取平均值;柔韧性:每片烟叶裁切1个长为2.5 cm、宽为2.5 cm的叶片组织,用柔软度仪(上海保圣实业发展有限公司)测定烟叶的柔韧性(mN),去掉最大值和最小值,剩余8个数值取平均值。
叶片密度=圆片总干重/(50×每片圆片面积)
通过近红外光谱法测定化学成分的含量,包括总糖、还原糖、烟碱、总氮、钾和氯化物[25]。近红外光谱仪(聚光科技有限公司)的参数设置如下:波数范围10 000-3 800 cm⁻¹,光谱分辨率为8 cm⁻¹,扫描次数为64次。样品置入近红外光谱仪进行全波长扫描,然后将数据与流动分析仪(赛默飞世尔科技公司)的测量结果进行相关分析。
通过NREL方法测定纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的含量[26],将烟样烘干后用研磨机研磨至60目过筛,并干燥至恒重。在121 ℃、1.1 MPa条件下,使用浓度为72%的H2SO4对样品进行酸解,使纤维素和半纤维素分解为可溶性糖分,而木质素保持不溶。通过过滤分离出不溶性木质素和其他残渣。通过测定滤液中还原糖的含量计算纤维素和半纤维素的含量,滤渣质量即为木质素的含量。HPLC具体参数如下:样品注射体积为20 μL,流动相为2.5 mmol/L H2SO4,流速为0.4 mL/min,分析运行时间为25 min。
烟叶的感官评定由专家小组进行,参照行业评定标准YC/T 415—2011《烟叶加工中的感官评定方法》(https://std.samr.gov.cn/hb/search/stdHBDetailed?id=8B1827F1BE15BB19E05397BE0A0AB44A) (表2)。香气特征包括风格典型性、香气质量、香气浓度、挥发性、强度和异味;烟雾特征包括浓度、顺滑度、刺激性、舒适度、甜度、干度和清洁度。总分由香气质量、香气浓度、挥发性、杂味、顺滑度、刺激性、舒适度、甜度、干度、清洁度、燃烧性和灰分颜色等项目的得分汇总而得。得分越高,表示烟叶的感官质量越好。
数据使用SPSS 20.0和Microsoft Excel 2016软件进行整理和分析。采用Duncan方法对多组数据进行显著性差异分析,显著性水平设定为P<0.05,显著性差异通过字母a、b、c和d表示。
分离获得5株菌株(S1-S5),其中S2、S3和S4表现出较大的透明圈(图1A)。对这5株筛选菌株分泌的酶活进行测定(图1B)。未接种的对照组(CK)未显示酶活。S2菌株的酶活最高,达到了9.74 U/mL。S1和S3菌株的酶活接近,分别为6.91 U/mL和7.01 U/mL。S4和S5菌株的酶活接近,分别为5.56 U/mL和5.77 U/mL。这些结果表明,S2菌株可高产木聚糖酶(属半纤维素酶),因此被选为后续实验的研究对象。
通过16S rRNA基因和18S rRNA基因测序对S2菌株进行鉴定,根据BLAST序列比对,S2菌株与苔藓放线酸菌(Actinacidiphila bryophytorum)的相似度达99.25%。采用MEGA 7.0.14软件,通过邻接法构建了系统发育树(图2A)。革兰氏染色结果为革兰氏阳性(图2B)。在显微镜下观察,其形态不规则,细胞周围有显著的丝状突出物,其菌落呈放射状(图2C2D),从而确定菌株S2为苔藓放线酸菌。
对S2菌株的培养时间、初始pH值、温度和接种量进行优化。菌株的酶活在培养36 h时达到最高值(图3A),为16.88 U/mL,此后由于营养耗竭、废物积累和细胞死亡等因素,酶活逐渐下降。在pH 6.0的酸性条件下,菌株的酶活最高(图3B),达到13.96 U/mL,表明该菌株更适宜在微酸性环境中培养。随着温度的升高,菌株的酶活逐渐增加,在30 ℃时达到最高值12.97 U/mL (图3C)。然而,温度进一步升高会对酶活产生不利影响(图3C)。随着接种量从2%增加到4%,酶活得到提高(图3D),在4%接种量时酶活性达到17.82 U/mL的最高值。
这些结果表明,S2菌株的最佳培养条件为:接种量4%、温度30 ℃、pH 6.0、培养时间36 h。在这些最佳条件下培养S2菌株,制备粗酶液用于后续的田间处理实验。
图4所示,CK组的总叶绿素含量为0.36 mg/g,类胡萝卜素含量为0.14 mg/g,总叶绿素含量随酶制剂浓度的增加呈下降趋势,T5处理组(0.20 mg/g)下降最为明显,相较于CK组降低了44.44%;不同处理组中的类胡萝卜素含量相较于CK组均有下降,但组间差异不明显。图5所示为采摘时不同处理组的代表性烟叶,可见不同处理组间烟草叶片的叶色存在明显差异,颜色随酶制剂浓度的提升而逐渐变黄。
烟叶外观质量的评估反映了其成熟度和健康状况[27]。不同浓度酶制剂处理的烤烟叶外观质量评分由外观质量评价组给出(表3)。CK对照组烟叶尚熟,颜色为柠檬黄,叶片厚度中等,结构尚疏松,有油分,杂色稍有。
使用酶制剂处理的烟叶在成熟度、颜色和结构等方面均有改善。T3处理组的总得分最高(77.30分),比对照组(72.15分)提高了5.15分。推测对照组烟叶中高含量的木质纤维素使其细胞壁紧实,限制了养分和水分的吸收,导致生长缓慢。相比之下,T1-T4处理组的烟叶使用了半纤维素酶,该酶可以降解木质纤维素,使细胞壁相对松散,有利于养分和水分的吸收。因此,经过酶制剂处理的烟叶外观质量得到了提高。
烟叶的物理特性直接影响其质量评估。如图6所示,未经酶制剂喷施的CK组的叶片密度为4.66 g/dm2,拉力为4.62 N/mm,柔韧性为266.2 mN,经酶制剂喷施后的烟叶在这些指标上均有下降,且随酶制剂浓度的增加呈降低趋势,其中,T5处理组(叶片密度为3.91 g/dm2,拉力为2.89 N/mm,柔韧性为203.0 mN)降低最明显,相较于CK组分别降低了16.09%、37.45%和23.74%。可能由于半纤维素酶降解了烟叶中的木质纤维素,疏松了叶片结构,进而叶片密度下降,叶片变得更柔软,与2.4.2节的外观质量结果一致。
烟叶的化学成分协调对烟草制品的整体质量、口感和可燃性起着至关重要的作用[28]。如图7所示,酶处理组的总糖和还原糖含量均高于对照组。其中,T3处理组的总糖(含量为31.87%)和还原糖(含量为27.75%)提升最多,比对照组(总糖含量为24.54%,还原糖含量为20.44%)分别增加了29.87%和35.77%。酶处理组的烟碱含量低于对照组,其中T4组(烟碱含量为1.94%)的降幅最多,较对照组(烟碱含量为2.36%)降低了17.80%。
总糖与还原糖含量的增加,归因于半纤维素酶对木质纤维素的分解作用,促使多糖转化为单糖。总糖和还原糖的增加改善了烟叶的整体质量。糖分能够增强烟草的风味、香气和口感,使香烟更加诱人,同时提高可燃性,增加烟雾的顺滑度[29]。经过酶处理后,各处理组的烟碱含量均有所下降。高烟碱含量的烟草往往具有更强烈、更刺激的味道[30],可能导致吸烟者产生强烈的刺激感。由于烟碱是烟草中的主要成瘾物质,并且对健康构成严重风险,酶制剂处理的烟叶可以进一步提高烟草的安全性[31]。酶制剂对烟叶中的总氮、钾和氯化物含量几乎无影响。上述结果表明,酶制剂在协调烟叶化学成分方面发挥了重要作用,主要通过增加总糖和还原糖含量,同时降低烟叶中的烟碱含量。
图8所示,测量了烟叶的木质纤维素含量。处理组T3 (纤维素含量41.42%,半纤维素含量13.93%,木质素含量22.30%)的木质纤维素含量降幅最多,分别比对照组(纤维素含量49.53%,半纤维素含量17.46%,木质素含量26.91%)减少了16.37%、20.22%和17.13%。根据结果,CK组烟叶中的木质纤维素含量相对较高,这与2.4.2节中的分析一致。经过酶处理后,烟叶的木质纤维素含量总体减少[32]。纤维素、半纤维素和木质素共同构成了木质纤维素的复合结构,是烟叶细胞壁的重要组成部分。半纤维素酶的主要作用是降解半纤维素,其作用使细胞壁变得更松散,从而暴露了纤维素和木质素,使得这些成分更容易受到其他酶的降解,与图8所示的各处理组相较于CK组的木质纤维素含量均有不同程度下降的结果一致。同时,这一结果也解释了2.4.3中处理组在叶片密度、拉力和柔韧性指标降低的原因。过高的木质纤维素含量会影响烟叶的燃烧特性,导致燃烧不完全或火焰不稳定,这不仅影响烟草的燃烧效率和烟雾质量,还会掩盖烟叶中的芳香成分,导致吸烟时香气变得微弱甚至产生不愉快的味道[33]。结果表明,酶处理能够减少烟叶中的木质纤维素含量。
由专家小组进行的感官评估结果见表4。CK对照组烟在香气特征上属于中性香型,风格彰显度属于较典型,香气质较好,香气量尚足,透发性中等,劲头适中,有杂气,浓度适中,刺激性中等,尚舒适,甜度中等,燃烧性较强,灰分白灰。酶处理后,香气强度、挥发性、浓度、清洁度、燃烧性和灰色等指标未发生变化。除了T5组外,所有酶处理组的得分普遍优于对照组。其中,T1组的总得分最高,主要表现在香气质量(提高1.0分)、舒适度(提高0.5分)和甜度(提高0.5分)的提升,同时减少了异味(提高0.5分)和刺激性(提高0.5分)。T5组得分最低(72.0),这一现象可以归因于过量酶浓度导致烟叶成分的过度降解,从而损害了烟草的原始香气和味道。在其他处理组中,香气质量和异味得分普遍提高。推测对照组烟叶中的高木质纤维素含量导致了较厚的细胞壁和较小的细胞间隙,降低了燃烧性,并影响了发酵和香气的形成。半纤维素酶可以减少木质纤维素含量,适当的木质纤维素含量有利于烟叶的发酵和香气释放。结果表明,适当的酶浓度能够有效改善烟叶的香气特性并减少异味,而过量的酶浓度则会损害烟草的原始香气和味道。
本研究从植烟土壤中筛选出5株菌株,并通过透明圈法和酶活测定确定了S2菌株为最优产酶菌株。S2菌株被鉴定为苔藓放线酸菌(Actinacidiphila bryophytorum),其酶活高于其他4株菌株。通过对S2菌株培养条件的优化,确定了最佳条件为接种量4%、温度30 ℃、pH 6.0和培养时间36 h。这些条件与Lee等[34]研究的木聚糖酶生产菌株的最佳培养条件相似。Irfan等[35]通过定点突变技术对来源于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的木聚糖酶进行了改造,优化后的木聚糖酶在70 ℃下处理30 min后仍保持80%以上的活性。本研究为确保不影响生态环境的稳定性,未涉及此类改进,这可能限制其在高温或极端pH等条件下的效果。因此酶制剂喷施需在无风雨且温度适宜的天气进行,否则会影响酶制剂的效果。对于酶制剂喷施设备及工艺的改进也是后续需要研究的内容。
半纤维素酶处理使烟叶中总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量下降,这可能与半纤维素酶加速叶绿素的分解代谢,促进烟叶的落黄过程有关。陈飞程等[36]的研究中也有类似报道。处理组烟叶的成熟度、颜色和结构得到改善,这可能是因为酶分解了细胞壁,促进了养分吸收和代谢产物的释放。这一结果与Zhang等[37]研究的酶处理对烟草外观质量的改善效果相近。叶片密度、拉力和柔韧性的下降表明酶处理松解了细胞壁结构,使叶片变得更加柔软。这一结果与Zhang等[38]研究的木质纤维素降解的效果一致,进一步证明了酶处理对烟叶物理特性的改善作用。总糖和还原糖含量的增加表明酶处理促进了多糖的分解和单糖的积累。这一结果与Houfani等[39]报道的木聚糖酶对多糖代谢的影响一致。半纤维素酶喷施于烟叶表面通过吸附、穿透、分解半纤维素以及破坏细胞壁结构等作用机制降低了烟叶中木质纤维素的含量。与Mathews等[40]报道的酶处理对木质纤维素降解的效果一致。这一过程不仅改变了烟叶的物理特性,还可能对其代谢活动和品质产生深远影响。酶处理可以有效改善烟叶的燃烧特性和香气释放。香气质量的提高和异味的减少表明酶处理优化了烟叶的香气特性。然而,过量酶浓度(T5处理组)导致香气受损,表明酶浓度控制的重要性,与Ning等[41]报道的酶处理对烟草香气的影响一致,强调了在实际应用中控制酶的浓度至关重要,以避免产生不良影响。另外,已有报道[42-44]利用木聚糖酶对玉米、小麦和水稻等农作物进行改良,应用范围更广。本研究主要针对烟草上部叶的品质进行改良,虽然具备处理的针对性,但其应用范围有一定的局限性。另外,本研究采用的酶制剂的生产成本需要进一步评估。
本文对酶制剂喷施烟叶的研究集中于表观效果,对其机制结合以往报道进行了推测分析,而对其作用机制的深入研究是后续的重点研究内容。为全面理解酶处理对烟叶的影响,并优化其应用效果,后期研究将从酶与细胞壁的相互作用、木质纤维素降解的分子机制、烟叶生理代谢的变化等方面展开,揭示酶处理的深层作用机制,为烟草产业的可持续发展提供理论支持和技术指导,推动酶制剂在烟草种植中的广泛应用。
本研究成功从烟草种植土壤中筛选出高效产半纤维素酶的Actinacidiphila bryophytorum S2菌株,通过系统优化确定其最佳产酶条件为接种量4%、温度30 ℃、pH 6.0和培养时间36 h,建立了高效的产酶工艺。通过田间试验,经150 U/mL活性酶液处理的烟叶在理化指标和感官品质方面均呈现改善:总糖和还原糖含量增加,烟碱含量降低,形成了更协调的糖碱比;感官评价显示酶处理提升了香气质量并减少了杂气。本研究成功构建了基于Actinacidiphila bryophytorum产酶处理烟叶的烟草提质增效技术,为酶工程技术在烟草加工领域的创新应用提供了理论依据和实践示范,对推动我国烟草行业绿色制造技术升级具有重要意义。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。
感谢青岛农业大学农业分子生物学科研平台提供的实验设备。
  • 内蒙古昆明卷烟有限责任公司科技项目(202315010534-JS-061)
  • 内蒙古昆明卷烟有限责任公司科技项目(202315010534-JS-062)
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2025年第65卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240854
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
  • 录用日期:2025-02-24
基金
Inner Mongolia Kunming Cigarette Limited Liability Company Technology Project(202315010534-JS-061)
内蒙古昆明卷烟有限责任公司科技项目(202315010534-JS-061)
Inner Mongolia Kunming Cigarette Limited Liability Company Technology Project(202315010534-JS-062)
内蒙古昆明卷烟有限责任公司科技项目(202315010534-JS-062)
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    1.内蒙古昆明卷烟有限责任公司,内蒙古 呼和浩特
    2.中国农业科学院烟草研究所,山东 青岛
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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