Article(id=1226460585815093731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240759, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732723200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1736524800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-11, onlineDate=1770340590193, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340590193, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340590193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340590193, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3241, endPage=3253, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460586209358353, articleId=1226460585815093731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Microbiological mechanisms of gypsum as an amendment to reduce methane emissions from saline-sodic paddy fields, columnId=1226460577816559897, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Microbiome in Black Soils, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To elucidate the microbiological mechanisms and major pathways of gypsum as an amendment to reduce CH4 emissions from saline-sodic paddy fields. [Methods] The saline-sodic wasteland was reclaimed as a paddy field, and four gypsum application treatments were set up: 0 t/hm2 (CK), 15 t/hm2 (G15), 30 t/hm2 (G30), and 45 t/hm2 (G45), with three replications. The CH4 emission fluxes were monitored by the closed static chamber method at the rice flowering stage, after which soil samples were collected from the tillage layer (0-15 cm) within the chamber area for metagenomic sequencing and soil physicochemical property analysis. [Results] The application of 15-45 t/hm2 gypsum significantly reduced the CH4 emission flux of saline-sodic paddy fields by 85.62%-92.64%, and the reduction amplitude increases with the increase of gypsum application rate. The dominant phyla of methanogens and methanotrophs of saline-sodic paddy soils did not change with the application of gypsum, and the relative abundance of hydrogenotrophic type of methanogens was as high as 90%. The relative abundance of Type Ⅱ methanotrophs increased by 50.00%-61.54% compared with that of the CK treatment after the gypsum application reached 30 t/hm2. The alpha diversity index of both methanogens and methanotrophs increased with the increase of gypsum application rate, and the increase of the former was significantly smaller than that of the latter. Gypsum significantly decreased the relative abundance of the methanogenic functional gene torC, and increased the relative abundance of the methane oxidation functional genes pps, hdrD and rnfB. CO32-+HCO3- and pH were the most important environmental factors of soil affecting the community structure of methanogens and methanotrophs. [Conclusion] The application of gypsum positively affected the community structure of methanogens and methanotrophs by reducing soil pH, but the negative effect of the community structure of methanotrophs on CH4 emission flux outweighed the positive effect of the community structure of methanogens on CH4 emission flux, thus reducing CH4 emission. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of ecological effects of agricultural development in saline-sodic land.

, correspAuthors=Hongyuan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 阐明石膏改良剂减少苏打盐碱稻田甲烷(CH4)排放的微生物学机制与主要路径。 【方法】 开垦盐碱荒地为稻田,设置4个石膏用量处理:0 t/hm2 (CK)、15 t/hm2 (G15)、30 t/hm2 (G30)和45 t/hm2 (G45),每个处理设置3次重复。在水稻扬花期,采用静态箱法监测CH4排放通量,随后采集箱内耕层(0-15 cm)土壤样品,用于宏基因组测序和土壤理化性质分析。 【结果】 施用石膏15-45 t/hm2能够显著减少苏打盐碱稻田CH4排放通量,减排幅度为85.62%-92.64%,且随着石膏用量增加减排效果逐渐增强。施用石膏并未改变苏打盐碱稻田土壤中产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的优势菌门。产甲烷菌中氢营养型相对丰度高达90%。当石膏用量达到30 t/hm2时,Type Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌相对丰度较CK处理提高了50.00%-61.54%;随着石膏用量增加,产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的α多样性指数均增大,且甲烷氧化菌的增幅明显高于产甲烷菌。石膏显著降低了产甲烷功能基因torC的相对丰度,同时提高了甲烷氧化功能基因ppshdrDrnfB的相对丰度。CO32-+HCO3-和pH是影响产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构的最主要土壤环境因子。 【结论】 施用石膏通过降低土壤pH正向调节产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的群落结构。然而,甲烷氧化菌群落结构对CH4排放通量的负效应强于产甲烷菌群落结构对CH4排放通量的正效应,从而减少CH4排放。该结果为苏打盐碱地农业开发的生态效应评估提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=刘宏远, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HUyYhVCREbc4zAvRhJ96Pg==, magXml=wNj++GqY4QZXRfvBPz9uWQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=d4ixk8EdtqVg7hpEX4rjZg==, pdfFileSize=2307454, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tIz5cIyLNFTlyiQ82PYPZA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ajTUJ7JJo3u1ghUu4f9PMw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

周妍宏:方案设计、数据管理、形式分析、实验操作、有效性验证、可视化、论文撰写和修改;刘宏远:方案设计、项目管理、监督指导、审查和编辑写作;牟晓杰:方案设计、实验指导;王辰:形式分析、可视化;王苗苗:实验操作、提供材料。

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Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=gieDZ4GN0Qt6DABhvZ06qQ==, figureFileBig=shbKfHdjwtzSXcqnRg/lqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300532133946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460585815093731, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同石膏用量条件下苏打盐碱稻田土壤产甲烷功能基因的相对丰度。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=gieDZ4GN0Qt6DABhvZ06qQ==, figureFileBig=shbKfHdjwtzSXcqnRg/lqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300666351682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460585815093731, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Relative abundance of methane oxidation functional genes of saline-sodic paddy soils under different gypsum application rates. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=LlHli2Mbp0+L30rLFFmRag==, figureFileBig=fjuQwDaWpSoaI0Fh9rrfCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300758626378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460585815093731, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同石膏用量条件下苏打盐碱稻田土壤甲烷氧化功能基因的相对丰度。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=LlHli2Mbp0+L30rLFFmRag==, figureFileBig=fjuQwDaWpSoaI0Fh9rrfCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300871872599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460585815093731, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Mantel test results between the community structure of methanogens and methanotrophs and soil environmental factors of saline-sodic paddy soils. A: Mantel test results between the community structure of methanogens and soil environmental factors; B: Mantel test results between the community structure of methanotrophs and soil environmental factors., figureFileSmall=RayfxgxFX+g3dVaw1TY/iQ==, figureFileBig=cB/oprIrPtomB/w5CW/08w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301018673248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460585815093731, language=CN, label=图6, caption=苏打盐碱稻田土壤产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构与土壤环境因子的Mantel test结果。A:产甲烷菌群落结构与土壤环境因子的Mantel test结果;B:甲烷氧化菌群落结构与土壤环境因子的Mantel test结果。, figureFileSmall=RayfxgxFX+g3dVaw1TY/iQ==, figureFileBig=cB/oprIrPtomB/w5CW/08w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301131919466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460585815093731, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=PLS path analysis of gypsum as an amendment on affecting CH4 emission flux in saline-sodic paddy fields. The numbers next to the arrows represent the path coefficients. The red lines indicate positive effects, and the blue lines indicate negative effects. The significance level was expressed by *P<0.05, and ***P<0.001., figureFileSmall=jzVCHpG2sK6U6vR9ntRs4Q==, figureFileBig=pJI8T/7Xm3AsZAXno0NfRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301295497337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460585815093731, language=CN, label=图7, caption=石膏改良剂影响苏打盐碱稻田CH4 排放通量的PLS路径分析。箭头旁边的数字表示路径系数。红线表示正向影响,蓝线表示负向影响。显著性水平用*表示P<0.05,***表示P<0.001。, figureFileSmall=jzVCHpG2sK6U6vR9ntRs4Q==, figureFileBig=pJI8T/7Xm3AsZAXno0NfRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301417132161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460585815093731, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Alpha diversity index of methanogens and methanotrophs of saline-sodic paddy soils under different gypsum application rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Microorganism

type

TreatmentsObserved_speciesChao1 indexShannon index
MethanogensCK1 720b2 029.74b4.96b
G151 780b2 114.14b5.04ab
G301 924a2 247.20a5.07ab
G451 973a2 293.25a5.20a
MethanotrophsCK2 934b3 458.10b5.27a
G153 125b3 722.83ab5.37a
G303 414a3 972.17a5.94a
G453 522a4 091.84a5.97a
), ArticleFig(id=1226596301584904331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460585815093731, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同石膏用量条件下苏打盐碱稻田土壤产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌α多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Microorganism

type

TreatmentsObserved_speciesChao1 indexShannon index
MethanogensCK1 720b2 029.74b4.96b
G151 780b2 114.14b5.04ab
G301 924a2 247.20a5.07ab
G451 973a2 293.25a5.20a
MethanotrophsCK2 934b3 458.10b5.27a
G153 125b3 722.83ab5.37a
G303 414a3 972.17a5.94a
G453 522a4 091.84a5.97a
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石膏改良剂减少苏打盐碱稻田甲烷排放的微生物学机制
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周妍宏 1, 2 , 刘宏远 1, * , 牟晓杰 1 , 王辰 2 , 王苗苗 1
微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025,65(8): 3241-3253
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微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025, 65(8): 3241-3253
石膏改良剂减少苏打盐碱稻田甲烷排放的微生物学机制
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周妍宏1, 2, 刘宏远1, * , 牟晓杰1, 王辰2, 王苗苗1
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室,吉林 长春
  • 2.黑龙江八一农垦大学 农学院,黑龙江 大庆
Microbiological mechanisms of gypsum as an amendment to reduce methane emissions from saline-sodic paddy fields
Yanhong ZHOU1, 2, Hongyuan LIU1, * , Xiaojie MU1, Chen WANG2, Miaomiao WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
  • 2.College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240759
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【目的】 阐明石膏改良剂减少苏打盐碱稻田甲烷(CH4)排放的微生物学机制与主要路径。 【方法】 开垦盐碱荒地为稻田,设置4个石膏用量处理:0 t/hm2 (CK)、15 t/hm2 (G15)、30 t/hm2 (G30)和45 t/hm2 (G45),每个处理设置3次重复。在水稻扬花期,采用静态箱法监测CH4排放通量,随后采集箱内耕层(0-15 cm)土壤样品,用于宏基因组测序和土壤理化性质分析。 【结果】 施用石膏15-45 t/hm2能够显著减少苏打盐碱稻田CH4排放通量,减排幅度为85.62%-92.64%,且随着石膏用量增加减排效果逐渐增强。施用石膏并未改变苏打盐碱稻田土壤中产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的优势菌门。产甲烷菌中氢营养型相对丰度高达90%。当石膏用量达到30 t/hm2时,Type Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌相对丰度较CK处理提高了50.00%-61.54%;随着石膏用量增加,产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的α多样性指数均增大,且甲烷氧化菌的增幅明显高于产甲烷菌。石膏显著降低了产甲烷功能基因torC的相对丰度,同时提高了甲烷氧化功能基因ppshdrDrnfB的相对丰度。CO32-+HCO3-和pH是影响产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构的最主要土壤环境因子。 【结论】 施用石膏通过降低土壤pH正向调节产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的群落结构。然而,甲烷氧化菌群落结构对CH4排放通量的负效应强于产甲烷菌群落结构对CH4排放通量的正效应,从而减少CH4排放。该结果为苏打盐碱地农业开发的生态效应评估提供了理论依据。

石膏改良剂  /  苏打盐碱稻田  /  甲烷  /  微生物  /  功能基因

[Objective] To elucidate the microbiological mechanisms and major pathways of gypsum as an amendment to reduce CH4 emissions from saline-sodic paddy fields. [Methods] The saline-sodic wasteland was reclaimed as a paddy field, and four gypsum application treatments were set up: 0 t/hm2 (CK), 15 t/hm2 (G15), 30 t/hm2 (G30), and 45 t/hm2 (G45), with three replications. The CH4 emission fluxes were monitored by the closed static chamber method at the rice flowering stage, after which soil samples were collected from the tillage layer (0-15 cm) within the chamber area for metagenomic sequencing and soil physicochemical property analysis. [Results] The application of 15-45 t/hm2 gypsum significantly reduced the CH4 emission flux of saline-sodic paddy fields by 85.62%-92.64%, and the reduction amplitude increases with the increase of gypsum application rate. The dominant phyla of methanogens and methanotrophs of saline-sodic paddy soils did not change with the application of gypsum, and the relative abundance of hydrogenotrophic type of methanogens was as high as 90%. The relative abundance of Type Ⅱ methanotrophs increased by 50.00%-61.54% compared with that of the CK treatment after the gypsum application reached 30 t/hm2. The alpha diversity index of both methanogens and methanotrophs increased with the increase of gypsum application rate, and the increase of the former was significantly smaller than that of the latter. Gypsum significantly decreased the relative abundance of the methanogenic functional gene torC, and increased the relative abundance of the methane oxidation functional genes pps, hdrD and rnfB. CO32-+HCO3- and pH were the most important environmental factors of soil affecting the community structure of methanogens and methanotrophs. [Conclusion] The application of gypsum positively affected the community structure of methanogens and methanotrophs by reducing soil pH, but the negative effect of the community structure of methanotrophs on CH4 emission flux outweighed the positive effect of the community structure of methanogens on CH4 emission flux, thus reducing CH4 emission. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of ecological effects of agricultural development in saline-sodic land.

gypsum as an amendment  /  saline-sodic paddy field  /  methane  /  microorganism  /  functional gene
周妍宏, 刘宏远, 牟晓杰, 王辰, 王苗苗. 石膏改良剂减少苏打盐碱稻田甲烷排放的微生物学机制. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3241 -3253 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240759
Yanhong ZHOU, Hongyuan LIU, Xiaojie MU, Chen WANG, Miaomiao WANG. Microbiological mechanisms of gypsum as an amendment to reduce methane emissions from saline-sodic paddy fields[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3241 -3253 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240759
甲烷(CH4)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的第二大温室气体,对全球变暖的贡献率高达25%,且大气中CH4浓度仍在以每年1.1%的速度增长[1]。稻田CH4排放是大气中CH4的主要来源之一,约占农业CH4排放总量的40%[2],且这一比例可能随着稻田面积的扩大而进一步增加。我国松嫩平原西部有约180万hm2可开发利用的苏打盐碱荒(草)地,凭借区域丰富的过境淡水资源和“河湖连通”等大水网工程,将苏打盐碱荒(草)地大规模开发为稻田正在被作为国家耕地扩充战略实施。在此过程中,常采用以石膏为代表的各类改良剂实现苏打盐碱土壤的盐碱去除和性状改善,同时也可能引起稻田CH4排放的变化。已有研究证实,在一个完整的水稻生长季,应用20 t/hm2石膏可减少苏打盐碱稻田78.05%的累计CH4排放通量[3]。然而,CH4排放通量的减幅随石膏用量的变化规律及其机制尚不明确,仍需进一步研究。
土壤微生物是决定CH4排放通量的主导因子。产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌分别通过直接影响CH4的产生和氧化,共同决定CH4排放通量。产甲烷菌将无机或有机化合物在厌氧条件下发酵转化为CH4,可根据生化特征分为氢营养型产甲烷菌、乙酸营养型产甲烷菌和甲基营养型产甲烷菌[4-5]。甲烷氧化菌以CH4作为唯一碳源和能源物质,将CH4转化为CO2,可根据氧气需求分为好氧甲烷氧化菌和厌氧甲烷氧化菌[6-7]。稻田中CH4的氧化主要由好氧甲烷氧化菌控制,产生的CH4有80%-90%被好氧甲烷氧化菌氧化[8]。好氧甲烷氧化菌可根据代谢途径分为Type Ⅰ型、Type Ⅱ型和Type X型[9-10]。Type Ⅰ型和Type X型通过单磷酸核酮糖途径代谢CH4,Type Ⅱ型通过丝氨酸途径代谢CH4[11]。Type Ⅰ型在CH4浓度高且O2浓度低的环境中具有优势[12],而Type Ⅱ型在低CH4浓度环境中表现更好[13]。产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌发挥作用的本质是功能基因的表达,功能基因通过编码蛋白质、RNA或其他生物分子,实现生物体内的各种生理功能[14-15]。例如,产甲烷菌需要利用mcrA功能基因编码甲基辅酶M还原酶来产生CH4。可见,参与CH4产生和氧化的菌群结构和功能基因在CH4排放中均具有重要作用。
土壤环境因子显著影响产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌以及甲烷代谢功能基因。俎千惠等[16]发现中国水稻土中产甲烷菌群落组成分异的主要驱动因子是土壤pH。Yu等[17]发现江苏省水稻土中产甲烷菌的丰度和主要种类与土壤总碳和总氮含量相关。Yang等[1]发现东营市滨海盐碱土中甲烷氧化菌群落多样性最相关的因子是全氮、NO3--N和SO42-含量。Yang等[4]发现长沙市水稻土中甲烷氧化菌群落结构的关键影响因子是有机碳含量、硝酸盐含量和通气状况。胡翔宇等[18]应用石膏改良重庆市稻田,发现甲烷氧化菌pmoA基因丰度增加0.3%-6.2%,产甲烷菌mrcA基因丰度显著下降2.4%-15.8%,且丰度比(pmoA/mcrA)随着脱硫石膏用量增加而增大。可见,影响参与CH4产生和氧化的菌群结构和功能基因的主导因子具有明显的区域差异性。
本研究通过不同用量石膏改良土壤的大田试验,结合气体通量监测和宏基因组测序,以量化CH4排放通量随石膏用量的变化规律,明确产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的群落结构及甲烷代谢功能基因的变化,解析影响苏打盐碱稻田产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的主要土壤环境因子,进而阐明石膏改良剂减少苏打盐碱稻田CH4排放的微生物学机制与主要途径,以期为苏打盐碱地农业开发和生态农业发展提供科学依据。
研究区位于吉林省大安市,经纬度范围为45°13′-45°16′N,123°13′-123°21′E。该地区属于中温带大陆性季风气候,年平均气温为4.3 ℃,年降水量为413.7 mm,年潜在蒸发量为1 696.9 mm,年无霜期为137 d。土壤类型为草甸碱土,砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量分别为76.80%、18.66%和4.54%,根据美国农业部(United States Department of Agriculture, USDA)土壤质地分类标准,该土壤为砂质土壤[19]。耕层土壤(0-15 cm)的pH为10.64±0.04、电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)为(1.20±0.29) mS/cm、碱化度为(34.05±1.96)%。土壤有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)、速效氮(available nitrogen, AN)、速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)和速效钾(available potassium, AK)含量分别为(6.64±2.10) g/kg、(16.83±5.30) mg/kg、(24.60±1.45) mg/kg和(71.62±6.60) mg/kg。
大田试验将苏打盐碱荒地开垦为稻田,设置4个石膏用量处理,分别为0 t/hm2 (CK)、15 t/hm2 (G15)、30 t/hm2 (G30)和45 t/hm2 (G45)。每个处理设置3个重复,共12个小区,每个小区的长度和宽度均为10 m。所用石膏购自辽宁省黑山县,主要成分为CaSO4·2H2O (含量>79%),其他成分包括CaO 32.90 g/kg、SiO2 3.29 g/kg、Fe2O3 1.97 g/kg、P2O5 1.63 g/kg等,pH为4.19,EC为3.27 mS/cm。
春季解冻前,按照实验设计量将石膏均匀撒施于地表。解冻后,旋耕使石膏与0-15 cm土层充分混匀。2022年5月20-25日进行水稻插秧,品种为‘吉宏6号’,全生育期施N为180 kg/hm2、P2O5为110 kg/hm2、K2O为110 kg/hm2,并配套正常的病虫草害防治和水肥管理措施。
CH4气体通过静态箱法采集,包括1个底座、1个主箱和1个加长箱。主箱和加长箱采用一次注塑成型的PVC材料制作,底座由0.5 mm厚的不锈钢制作。主箱规格为50 cm×50 cm×120 cm,加长箱规格为50 cm×50 cm×100 cm,底座规格为50 cm×50 cm×30 cm。底座和加长箱上端设有密封水槽,采样时静态箱各部分之间用水密封。主箱内装有风扇、温度传感器、三通阀和气压平衡管,侧面安装有电源插头和气体采样接口。
2022年8月初在12个小区内分别埋设不锈钢底座,每个小区设1个观测点。参考覃宝利等[20]和王祎等[21]的研究,于8月20日(水稻扬花期,此时期是水稻营养生长和生殖生长的旺盛期)采集气体和土壤样品。在12个小区内进行气体样品采集,连续观测24 h,每4 h采集1次气体样品,每次罩箱时间为45 min。从密封笼罩开始采集第1个气体样品,之后每隔15 min采集1次样品,每个观测点共采集4个气体样品。采集气体时,使用100 mL聚乙烯医用注射器抽取气体,并将其置于100 mL的铝塑复合气袋。气体采集后36 h内,在实验室使用气相色谱仪检测CH4气体浓度。
在每个观测点气体采集完毕后,立即在静态箱底座范围内,按照S形五点取样法采集0-15 cm土壤样品。将5个样品充分混合后,采用四分法取2份新鲜土壤样品,去除细根等杂质。一份新鲜土样低温保存用于宏基因组测序,另一份新鲜土样风干保存用于测定土壤理化性质。
CH4排放通量计算参考文献[22]。
使用基因组DNA抽提试剂盒(Omega Bio-Tek公司)提取总微生物基因组DNA。提取的DNA数量和质量分别通过荧光仪和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。利用Illumina TruSeq Nano DNA LT库制备试剂盒,将提取的微生物DNA处理成插入长度为400 bp的宏基因组鸟枪测序文库。在Illumina NovaSeq平台进行测序。本研究的宏基因组测序数据已上传至NCBI数据库,保藏号为PRJNA1198632。
宏基因组数据通过云服务平台(https://www.genescloud.cn/login)进行在线分析。其他数据分析采用IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0软件,各处理间差异通过单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和多重比较(Duncan)进行分析,设定P<0.05为显著水平。使用Origin 2021软件绘制CH4排放通量和功能基因相对丰度的柱状图。利用R语言的plspm包进行偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)路径分析。
施用15-45 t/hm2石膏显著减少了苏打盐碱稻田CH4排放通量(图1)。G15处理的CH4排放通量介于0.096-0.182 mg/(m2·h),均值为0.129 mg/(m2·h);G30处理的CH4排放通量介于0.065-0.156 mg/(m2·h),均值为0.121 mg/(m2·h);G45处理的CH4排放通量介于0.055-0.087 mg/(m2·h),均值为0.066 mg/(m2·h);而CK处理的CH4排放通量介于0.880-0.914 mg/(m2·h),均值高达0.897 mg/(m2·h)。石膏处理的CH4排放通量均值显著低于对照处理,减幅介于85.62%-92.64%,且随着石膏用量增加而增大,但G30处理和G45处理的CH4排放通量之间无显著差异。
各处理产甲烷菌的前10位优势菌门相同,前3位优势菌门均为变形菌门(62.47%-67.27%)、拟杆菌门(7.41%-16.53%)和绿弯菌门(3.98%-9.78%),但G15处理的拟杆菌门相对丰度(16.53%)明显高于其他处理(7.41%-9.06%),而绿弯菌门相对丰度(3.98%)明显低于其他处理(7.54%-9.78%) (图2A)。根据生化特征分类,氢营养型产甲烷菌在苏打盐碱稻田土壤中占据主导地位,相对丰度高达90% (图2B)。各处理甲烷氧化菌的前10位优势菌门无差异,前3位优势菌门均为变形菌门(59.61%-63.38%)、拟杆菌门(9.50%-20.84%)和绿弯菌门(3.77%-9.72%),但G15处理的拟杆菌门相对丰度(20.84%)明显高于其他处理(9.50%-12.03%),而绿弯菌门相对丰度(3.77%)明显低于其他处理(7.67%-9.72%) (图2C)。根据代谢途径分类,各处理均以Type Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌为主(58.00%-76.00%),但当石膏用量达到30 t/hm2及以上时,Type Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌相对丰度较CK处理增大50.00%-61.54% (图2D)。
施用石膏整体上提高了产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的α多样性(表1)。产甲烷菌的Observed_species、Chao1和Shannon指数均随石膏用量的增加而增大。相较于CK处理,G30和G45处理的Observed_species指数分别显著提高11.86%和14.67%,Chao1指数分别显著提高10.71%和12.98%,说明施用30-45 t/hm2石膏可增加产甲烷菌的物种丰富度。G45处理的Shannon指数较CK提高4.94%,说明施用45 t/hm2石膏可增加产甲烷菌的物种多样性。甲烷氧化菌的Observed_species指数和Chao1指数随石膏用量的增加而增大。相较于CK处理,G30和G45处理的Observed_species指数分别显著提高16.35%和20.04%,Chao1指数分别显著提高14.87%和18.33%,说明施用30-45 t/hm2石膏可增加甲烷氧化菌的物种丰富度。各处理的Shannon指数无显著差异,但数值随石膏用量增加呈现增大趋势。各处理甲烷氧化菌的α多样性指数随石膏用量增加而增大的幅度均大于产甲烷菌的相应指数,说明甲烷氧化菌比产甲烷菌对石膏更加敏感。
利用基于Bray-Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度(nonmetric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)排序,分析不同石膏用量条件下的产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构差异(图3)。NMDS分析的压力值(stress)小于0.10,说明该结果具有很好的解释意义。相似性分析(analysis of similarities, ANOSIM)结果表明,除了G30和G45处理之间产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构相似性较高之外,其他各组处理之间产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构均存在显著差异。
石膏改变了苏打盐碱稻田土壤中产甲烷功能基因acstorAtorC的相对丰度(图4)。acs基因参与编码乙酰辅酶A合成酶,torA基因和torC基因参与编码三甲胺-N-氧化物还原酶。尽管统计检验中显著差异较少出现,但acs基因和torA基因的相对丰度均随石膏用量的增加表现出先减小后增大的趋势。G45处理的acs基因相对丰度较G15处理高6.12%,G15处理的torA基因相对丰度较CK低16.69%,G30处理的torA基因相对丰度较G15处理高15.51%。torC基因的相对丰度随石膏用量的增加表现为显著的减小趋势,在石膏用量达到30 t/hm2后趋于平稳。G15、G30和G45处理的torC基因相对丰度分别较CK低21.37%、39.10%和42.19%。
施用石膏同时提高了苏打盐碱稻田土壤中好氧和厌氧甲烷氧化功能基因的相对丰度(图5)。在好氧氧化功能基因中相对丰度显著提高的包括ppsglyA基因。G30和G45处理的pps基因相对丰度分别较CK显著提高15.21%和16.73%,G15处理的glyA基因相对丰度较CK显著提高9.36%。pps基因参与编码丙酮酸磷酸双激酶,glyA基因参与编码甘氨酸羟甲基转移酶,两者共同参与丝氨酸循环。由此推测,丝氨酸循环是苏打盐碱稻田CH4好氧氧化过程的主要途径。在厌氧氧化功能基因中,相对丰度显著提高的包括hdrDrnfBfpoBrnfEnarB基因。hdrD基因参与编码杂二硫键还原酶;rnfB基因和rnfE基因分别参与编码Na+-转运铁氧还蛋白和NAD+氧化还原酶;fpoB基因参与编码F420H2脱氢酶;narB基因参与编码亚硝酸盐还原酶。G30和G45处理的hdrD基因相对丰度分别较CK显著提高8.21%和9.21%,G45处理的rnfB基因相对丰度较CK显著提高13.46%,G15处理的fpoBnarBrnfE基因相对丰度分别较CK显著提高7.80%、3.01%和9.21%。
以土壤环境因子为一个矩阵,分别与门水平产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构进行Mantel test,分析产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构与土壤环境因子之间的相关性。Mantel’s r的绝对值越高,两矩阵相关性越强;Mantel’s r的绝对值越低,相关性越弱。结果显示,CO32-+HCO3-、ENa和pH是显著影响产甲烷菌群落结构的土壤环境因子,Mantel’s r值分别为0.36、0.32和0.21 (图6A)。CO32-+HCO3-和pH是显著影响甲烷氧化菌群落结构的土壤环境因子,Mantel’s r分别为0.39和0.21 (图6B)。在石膏改良苏打盐碱稻田土壤的情况下,CO32-+HCO3-和pH是影响产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构的共同土壤环境因子。
基于Mantel test结果,筛选出与产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构均具有较强相关性的CO32-+HCO3-和pH进行PLS路径分析,揭示石膏改良剂影响苏打盐碱稻田CH4排放通量的主要路径和作用强度(图7)。模型拟合优度指数(goodness of fit index, GFI)为0.83,表明模型拟合良好。施用石膏对土壤pH和CO32-+HCO3-含量具有显著负效应。pH对产甲烷菌群落结构具有显著负效应,对产甲烷功能基因、甲烷氧化菌群落结构和甲烷氧化功能基因均表现出较强的负效应。CO32-+HCO3-含量对产甲烷功能基因和甲烷氧化功能基因具有较强的正效应。产甲烷菌群落结构对CH4排放通量具有显著正效应(路径系数为1.20),而甲烷氧化菌群落结构对CH4排放通量具有显著负效应(路径系数为-1.49),且前者正效应小于后者负效应。产甲烷功能基因和甲烷氧化功能基因对CH4排放通量均无明显作用。
产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌通过复杂的生物化学过程,共同影响CH4的产生和氧化。本研究中施用30-45 t/hm2石膏有助于产甲烷菌的生长繁殖,这可能是由于石膏的施用降低了土壤盐碱度,改善了土壤的理化性质。首先,膏虽不直接创造厌氧环境,但其施用可能改善土壤的透气性和保水性,使得土壤中的某些区域更容易形成厌氧微环境。这对于产甲烷菌来说是至关重要,因为它们是专性厌氧菌,只能在完全缺氧的环境中生存和繁殖[23]。其次,石膏的施用为产甲烷菌提供了适宜的底物,盐碱地的改良可能促进土壤中有机物质的分解和转化,为产甲烷菌提供更多的底物(如乙酸、氢气等)[24]。最后,石膏调节了苏打盐碱稻田土壤的pH,使其更接近于产甲烷菌生长的最适pH范围。尽管产甲烷菌对pH的适应性较强,但在适宜的pH条件下,其生长和繁殖速度会更快[25]
施用30-45 t/hm2石膏可显著提高甲烷氧化菌的物种数目,但对甲烷氧化菌的物种丰富度影响较小。甲烷氧化菌物种数目的增加主要是因为石膏改善了土壤的结构和通气性,为甲烷氧化菌提供了更好的生存和繁殖环境。然而,由于物种间的竞争关系以及土壤环境的复杂性等因素的限制,石膏改良剂对甲烷氧化菌的物种丰富度影响较小。
尽管本研究中产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的物种数目和丰富度均有所提高,但CH4排放量仍显著降低。这种现象的原因是随着石膏用量的增加,产甲烷菌与甲烷氧化菌的比值呈现下降趋势。这意味着甲烷氧化菌的生长繁殖速度大于产甲烷菌的生长繁殖速度。这可能是因为石膏减少了产甲烷菌的底物供应,但同时也促进了某些有机物的氧化过程,为甲烷氧化菌提供了更多的底物。
甲烷代谢功能基因在稻田CH4排放中起着至关重要的作用。功能基因通过调控产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的特定生化过程,影响CH4的产生和氧化,进而决定稻田CH4的排放量。本研究中,产甲烷功能基因acstorAtorC的相对丰度显著降低,说明石膏的施用抑制了苏打盐碱稻田土壤产甲烷功能基因的表达,从而降低了CH4排放。这主要是由于石膏对稻田土壤环境及微生物群落结构产生了影响,进而抑制了产甲烷菌的活性及其功能基因的表达[26]。本研究中,甲烷氧化功能基因ppsglyAhdrDrnfBfpoBrnfEnarB的相对丰度显著提高,说明石膏能够增强苏打盐碱稻田土壤中甲烷氧化功能基因的表达,从而减少CH4排放。这可能是由于石膏显著改变了土壤的物理结构,促进了土壤团粒结构的形成,改善了土壤的通气性和孔隙度,使得氧气更容易扩散到土壤深层,进而促进了甲烷氧化菌的生长和活性[27]。然而,即使某些基因具有较高的相对丰度,但由于环境条件的限制或微生物的适应策略,这些基因可能并未被表达;或者即使某个基因在基因组中具有高丰度,但由于转录调控、转录后调控等多种因素的影响,其表达丰度也可能很低甚至为零。因此,在今后的研究中,应结合转录组测序技术以进一步确定实际发挥作用的功能基因,从而深入理解土壤微生物群落的功能特性及其对环境变化的响应机制。
石膏改良剂能够改变苏打盐碱稻田土壤的环境因子,而土壤环境因子的改变对稻田产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的影响是复杂而多方面的。已有研究表明,土壤温度[28]、有机质含量[29]和pH[30]等是影响稻田产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的主要土壤环境因子。本研究中,CO32-+HCO3-是影响产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构的最主要因子,pH次之。这可能是因为产甲烷菌对pH的变化非常敏感,而甲烷氧化菌对pH的适应性相对较广,但也在一定范围内表现出最佳活性。甲烷氧化菌通常在中性或微碱性环境中高效工作,但过高或过低的pH都会影响其活性[31]。CO32-+HCO3-在稻田生态系统中起到重要的缓冲作用,帮助维持系统的pH稳定。这对于产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌至关重要,稳定的pH是它们正常生长和代谢的必要条件[32]。因此,从甲烷代谢微生物群落结构和功能角度出发,石膏改良剂通过改变苏打盐碱稻田土壤中CO32-+HCO3-含量和pH,间接影响产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的生长繁殖,从而影响苏打盐碱稻田CH4排放。
石膏改良剂能够显著减少苏打盐碱稻田CH4排放通量,且减幅随石膏用量增加而增大。施用石膏不改变苏打盐碱稻田土壤中产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的优势菌门,但随着石膏用量增加,两者的α多样性指数均增大,且产甲烷菌的增幅明显小于甲烷氧化菌;石膏用量达到30 t/hm2时,Type Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌的相对丰度显著增加。石膏显著降低了产甲烷功能基因torC的相对丰度,同时提高了甲烷氧化功能基因ppshdrDrnfB相对丰度。CO32-+HCO3-是影响产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构的最主要土壤环境因子,产甲烷菌群落结构同时受pH影响较大。施用石膏通过降低土壤pH,正向调节产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的群落结构,但甲烷氧化菌群落结构对CH4排放通量的负效应强于产甲烷菌群落结构对CH4排放通量的正效应,最终表现为石膏减少苏打盐碱稻田CH4排放通量。本研究结果可为苏打盐碱地农业开发的生态效应评估提供理论依据。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28110400)
  • 吉林省与中国科学院科技合作高新技术产业化专项(2023SYHZ0052)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240759
  • 接收时间:2024-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-28
  • 录用日期:2025-01-11
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Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28110400)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28110400)
Special Project of High-tech Industrialization for Science and Technology Cooperation between Jilin Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences(2023SYHZ0052)
吉林省与中国科学院科技合作高新技术产业化专项(2023SYHZ0052)
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    1.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室,吉林 长春
    2.黑龙江八一农垦大学 农学院,黑龙江 大庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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