Article(id=1226460583982182681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240791, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733587200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1740412800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-25, onlineDate=1770340589757, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340589757, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340589757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340589757, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3254, endPage=3272, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460584284172609, articleId=1226460583982182681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Microbial interaction network determines the age of soil organic carbon, columnId=1226460577816559897, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Microbiome in Black Soils, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To clarify the spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) age and microbial diversity, explore the relationship of microbial diversity and network complexity with SOC age, and quantitatively assess the relative contributions of microbial diversity, network complexity, climate, vegetation, and soil properties to SOC age. [Methods] Using global soil radiocarbon (Δ14C) data and environmental variable data, we constructed nine machine learning models for predicting SOC age and selected the best-performing model. Based on global soil microbial 16S rRNA gene data and environmental variable data, microbial network analysis, multiple regression analysis, random forest models, and structural equation modeling were employed to analyze the correlation between SOC age and soil microorganisms and identify the main driving factors of SOC age. [Results] Soil microbial richness decreased with the rise in absolute latitude (P<0.001), being higher near the equator and lower at higher latitudes. Among the nine machine learning models constructed, the rule regression model showed the best prediction performance (R2=0.77, RMSE=0.84). Soil microbial richness and Shannon index were negatively correlated with absolute latitude and SOC age (P<0.001). The global soils were classified into young (44-171 a), middle-aged (172-321 a), and old (322-5 035 a) soil groups, and the network densities followed a trend of young soil group (0.400)>middle-aged soil group (0.285)>old soil group (0.125). Multiple regression analysis, random forest models, and structural equation modeling all showed that microbial network complexity explained the largest portion of SOC age variation (34%), far surpassing vegetation (10%) and climate (6%). [Conclusion] Global soil SOC age has significantly negative correlations with soil microbial diversity and network complexity. The soil with old SOC has lower microbial diversity and simpler microbial network structure. Microbial network complexity is a key factor influencing SOC age, and its impact is significantly greater than that of vegetation and climate. These results provide new insights into the driving mechanisms of SOC age and suggest that future models of SOC dynamics should fully consider the role of microbial interaction network.

, correspAuthors=Zhongjun JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 阐明土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)年龄和微生物多样性的空间分布特征,并探讨微生物多样性、网络复杂度与SOC年龄之间的关系。同时,定量评估微生物多样性、网络复杂度、气候、植被和土壤性质对SOC年龄的相对贡献。 【方法】 利用全球土壤放射性碳(Δ14C)实测数据和环境变量数据,构建了9种SOC年龄的机器学习预测模型,并筛选出最优的SOC年龄预测模型。基于全球土壤微生物16S rRNA基因数据和环境变量数据,通过微生物网络分析、多元回归分析、随机森林模型和结构方程模型,分析了SOC年龄与土壤微生物之间的相关性,并揭示SOC年龄的主要驱动因素。 【结果】 土壤微生物丰富度随着绝对纬度的增加而显著降低(P<0.001),在赤道附近丰富度指数较高,而在高纬度地区整体呈现较低的丰富度指数。所构建的9种机器学习模型中,基于规则回归模型的预测效果最好(R2=0.77,RMSE=0.84)。土壤微生物丰富度指数和香农指数与绝对纬度和SOC年龄均为显著负相关(P<0.001)。将全球土壤划分为少年组(44-171年)、中年组(172-321年)和老年组(322-5 035年)后,其网络密度分别为少年土壤组(0.400)>中年土壤组(0.285)>老年土壤组(0.125)。多元回归分析、随机森林模型和结构方程模型均表明微生物网络复杂度对SOC年龄的解释度最大(34%),远超过了植被(10%)和气候(6%)因素。 【结论】 全球土壤SOC年龄与土壤微生物多样性及网络复杂度显著负相关,SOC年龄越大,微生物多样性越低,微生物网络结构越简单。微生物网络的复杂度是影响SOC年龄的关键因素,其影响显著超过了植被和气候等传统因素。这些结果为理解SOC年龄的驱动机制提供了新的视角,建议在未来模拟SOC动态过程时应充分考虑微生物网络的作用。

, correspAuthors=贾仲君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=OFHbikUq7fJ4R63VlfIyjg==, magXml=xrrRROKQknUjTCvlLIRt+g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=nzDJP6kbTJWpi3xCFT2BTQ==, pdfFileSize=3746845, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=I2d6vRv1Mu/UCTPVkT5uMQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9K7Jfnkn1sw6Fqfs0fC3qA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

李殿甲:数据分析论文撰写;韩冰:图表制作;李晓洁:数据分析;马晶晶:论文校正;张佳宝:论文整体指导;贾仲君:论文指导、论文编辑与校正。

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Science, 2002, 295(5555): 657-660., articleTitle=Mineral surface control of organic carbon in black shale, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226596296363000156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, awardId=2023HTDGZ-QN-01, language=EN, fundingSource=Young Scientists Innovation Funds of State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization(2023HTDGZ-QN-01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596296467857764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, awardId=2023HTDGZ-QN-01, language=CN, fundingSource=黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室青年创新项目(2023HTDGZ-QN-01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596296564326768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, awardId=XDA28020203, language=EN, fundingSource=Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28020203), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596296677572984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, awardId=XDA28020203, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28020203), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226596288028918586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596288045695803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, companyId=1226596288028918586, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596288062473020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, companyId=1226596288028918586, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用国家重点实验室,吉林 长春)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226596288188302151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596288221856585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, companyId=1226596288188302151, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596288226050890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, companyId=1226596288188302151, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学院大学,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226596288326714193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596288356074323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, companyId=1226596288326714193, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596288364462932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, companyId=1226596288326714193, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国科学院南京土壤研究所,土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,江苏 南京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226596293892554966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Global distribution of soil microbial richness index. A: Spatial distribution pattern of the richness index; B: Relationship between the richness index and absolute latitude, analyzed using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression; C: Distribution characteristics of the richness index across different biomes (Red dots represent the mean values, black horizontal lines indicate the 1st quartile, median, and 3rd quartile from bottom to top, and black dots represent outliers); D: Distribution characteristics of the richness index across different soil types., figureFileSmall=8RRcirE/C1v8W4g8rBj29A==, figureFileBig=g4PixUjNH4AaarEtEl3nxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295255703776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, language=CN, label=图1, caption=全球土壤微生物丰富度指数的分布规律。A:全球土壤微生物丰富度指数的空间分布特征[京审字(2025) G第1294号];B:土壤微生物丰富度指数和绝对纬度之间的关系,基于普通最小二乘回归分析;C:不同生态系统的土壤微生物丰富度指数变异特征(红点表示平均值,黑色横线由下到上分别表示1/4、1/2、3/4分位数,黑色点表示异常值);D:不同土壤类型的微生物丰富度指数变异特征。, figureFileSmall=8RRcirE/C1v8W4g8rBj29A==, figureFileBig=g4PixUjNH4AaarEtEl3nxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295398310126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Global SOC age distribution and model construction. A: Global distribution of SOC age (n=1 042) (The bigger the circle, the older the SOC age. The inset figure shows the soil sample numbers of SOC ages in different continents (excluding Antarctica)); B: Variables used for model training, selected based on a variance inflation factor of less than 10; C: Performance comparison of nine models for SOC age simulation (For each model, 80% of the soil profile observations were randomly selected for model training (red), while the remaining 20% were used for validation (blue). RMSE and R² represent the root mean square error and coefficient of determination for validation, respectively)., figureFileSmall=tZU+OsQOH9SZxm5Ntglcrw==, figureFileBig=BoffnL0FX1g3d644JmZaoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295503167737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, language=CN, label=图2, caption=全球土壤有机碳年龄分布及预测模型构建。A:全球土壤有机碳年龄的空间分布特征(n=1 042) [圆圈越大表明SOC年龄越老;插图表示SOC年龄样点在各大洲的分布概况(不包括南极洲)] [京审字(2025) G第1294号];B:预测模型变量的方差膨胀因子分析;C:有机碳年龄9种预测模型的性能表现[针对每个模型,随机选取80%的土壤剖面的观测数据用于模型校准(红色),其余20%的土壤剖面数据用于验证(蓝色),RMSE和R2分别代表验证的均方误差和判定系数]。, figureFileSmall=tZU+OsQOH9SZxm5Ntglcrw==, figureFileBig=BoffnL0FX1g3d644JmZaoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295616413962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Predicted global SOC age distribution at microbial sampling sites based on the CU model. A: Global SOC age distribution of soil samples with microbial diversity tested in this study (n=484) (Green representing the young soil group (44-171 a), orange representing the middle-aged soil group (172-321 a), and purple representing the old soil group (322-5 035 a)); B: Relationship between absolute latitude and the logarithm of SOC age, analyzed using OLS regression; C: The distribution characteristics of SOC age (logarithm base 10) in global soil microbial sampling sites across different ecosystems; D: The distribution characteristics of SOC age in global soil microbial sampling sites across different soil types (Red dots represent the mean values, black horizontal lines indicate the 1st quartile, median, and 3rd quartile from bottom to top, and black dots represent outliers)., figureFileSmall=ZnhgsgLoPFulfd/mkHXNfw==, figureFileBig=LTzaJkEj1GOOTxKyYugrHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295712882958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于CU模型预测的全球微生物采样点的SOC年龄分布图。A:全球微生物采样点分布图(n=484) [绿色代表少年土壤组(44-171年);橙色代表中年土壤组(172-321年);紫色代表老年土壤组(322-5 035年)] [京审字(2025) G第1294号];B:全球土壤微生物采样点的SOC年龄(取以10为底的对数)与绝对纬度的相关性,年龄取对数后采用最小二乘法(OLS)进行线性回归分析;C:全球土壤微生物采样点的SOC年龄在不同生态系统中分布特征;D:全球土壤微生物采样点的SOC年龄在不同土壤类型中分布特征(红点表示平均值;黑色横线由下到上分别表示1/4、1/2、3/4分位数;黑色点表示异常值)。, figureFileSmall=ZnhgsgLoPFulfd/mkHXNfw==, figureFileBig=LTzaJkEj1GOOTxKyYugrHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295842906397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Relationships between soil microorganisms and SOC age. A: The relationship between SOC age and soil microbial diversity; B: The relationship between SOC age (logarithm base 10) and soil microbial network topological parameters; C: Co-occurrence network analysis of microorganisms under different SOC age groups. ***: Significant differences in diversity indices across age groups; NS: No significant differences., figureFileSmall=l0AspZRAXrkJXIoX5oYlSA==, figureFileBig=Wh6hbCHD8rv34/ORboN1dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596295947764011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, language=CN, label=图4, caption=土壤微生物和SOC年龄的关系。A:SOC年龄和土壤微生物多样性的关系;B:SOC年龄(取以10为底的对数)和土壤微生物网络拓扑参数的关系;C:不同SOC年龄分组下微生物共线网络分析。***:不同年龄分组下的多样性指数存在显著差异;NS:不同年龄分组下的多样性指数不存在显著差异。, figureFileSmall=l0AspZRAXrkJXIoX5oYlSA==, figureFileBig=Wh6hbCHD8rv34/ORboN1dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596296056815926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583982182681, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Correlation analysis between microbial diversity, key soil-forming factors, and SOC age. A: Multiple regression model evaluating the explanatory power of environmental factors for global SOC age (Environmental factors include soil properties, climate, vegetation, microbial diversity, and network complexity. The average parameter estimates (standardized regression coefficients) for the relative importance of all model factors and their associated 95% confidence intervals); B: Random forest model predicting the main driving factors of global SOC age distribution; C: Structural equation model predicting the correlation between global SOC age distribution and environmental factors (Arrows represent the hypothesized direction of causality, with black arrows indicating positive relationships, red arrows indicating negative relationships, and gray arrows indicating non-significant paths (P>0.05)); D: Standardized total effects (total of direct and indirect effects) of each factor included in the structural equation model on SOC age, as well as the maximum direct and indirect effects. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=BrpULVtIM5K0dhEGaVsbwA==, figureFileBig=uyGo1wfMKcZ3Pl5MkjnKVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596296165867843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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微生物网络复杂度主导土壤有机碳年龄
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李殿甲 1, 2 , 韩冰 1 , 李晓洁 1 , 马晶晶 1 , 张佳宝 3 , 贾仲君 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025,65(8): 3254-3272
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微生物学报 | 黑土地微生物组 2025, 65(8): 3254-3272
微生物网络复杂度主导土壤有机碳年龄
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李殿甲1, 2, 韩冰1, 李晓洁1, 马晶晶1, 张佳宝3, 贾仲君1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用国家重点实验室,吉林 长春
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京
  • 3.中国科学院南京土壤研究所,土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,江苏 南京
Microbial interaction network determines the age of soil organic carbon
Dianjia LI1, 2, Bing HAN1, Xiaojie LI1, Jingjing MA1, Jiabao ZHANG3, Zhongjun JIA1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240791
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【目的】 阐明土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)年龄和微生物多样性的空间分布特征,并探讨微生物多样性、网络复杂度与SOC年龄之间的关系。同时,定量评估微生物多样性、网络复杂度、气候、植被和土壤性质对SOC年龄的相对贡献。 【方法】 利用全球土壤放射性碳(Δ14C)实测数据和环境变量数据,构建了9种SOC年龄的机器学习预测模型,并筛选出最优的SOC年龄预测模型。基于全球土壤微生物16S rRNA基因数据和环境变量数据,通过微生物网络分析、多元回归分析、随机森林模型和结构方程模型,分析了SOC年龄与土壤微生物之间的相关性,并揭示SOC年龄的主要驱动因素。 【结果】 土壤微生物丰富度随着绝对纬度的增加而显著降低(P<0.001),在赤道附近丰富度指数较高,而在高纬度地区整体呈现较低的丰富度指数。所构建的9种机器学习模型中,基于规则回归模型的预测效果最好(R2=0.77,RMSE=0.84)。土壤微生物丰富度指数和香农指数与绝对纬度和SOC年龄均为显著负相关(P<0.001)。将全球土壤划分为少年组(44-171年)、中年组(172-321年)和老年组(322-5 035年)后,其网络密度分别为少年土壤组(0.400)>中年土壤组(0.285)>老年土壤组(0.125)。多元回归分析、随机森林模型和结构方程模型均表明微生物网络复杂度对SOC年龄的解释度最大(34%),远超过了植被(10%)和气候(6%)因素。 【结论】 全球土壤SOC年龄与土壤微生物多样性及网络复杂度显著负相关,SOC年龄越大,微生物多样性越低,微生物网络结构越简单。微生物网络的复杂度是影响SOC年龄的关键因素,其影响显著超过了植被和气候等传统因素。这些结果为理解SOC年龄的驱动机制提供了新的视角,建议在未来模拟SOC动态过程时应充分考虑微生物网络的作用。

土壤放射性碳  /  土壤有机碳  /  年龄  /  微生物多样性  /  微生物互作

[Objective] To clarify the spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) age and microbial diversity, explore the relationship of microbial diversity and network complexity with SOC age, and quantitatively assess the relative contributions of microbial diversity, network complexity, climate, vegetation, and soil properties to SOC age. [Methods] Using global soil radiocarbon (Δ14C) data and environmental variable data, we constructed nine machine learning models for predicting SOC age and selected the best-performing model. Based on global soil microbial 16S rRNA gene data and environmental variable data, microbial network analysis, multiple regression analysis, random forest models, and structural equation modeling were employed to analyze the correlation between SOC age and soil microorganisms and identify the main driving factors of SOC age. [Results] Soil microbial richness decreased with the rise in absolute latitude (P<0.001), being higher near the equator and lower at higher latitudes. Among the nine machine learning models constructed, the rule regression model showed the best prediction performance (R2=0.77, RMSE=0.84). Soil microbial richness and Shannon index were negatively correlated with absolute latitude and SOC age (P<0.001). The global soils were classified into young (44-171 a), middle-aged (172-321 a), and old (322-5 035 a) soil groups, and the network densities followed a trend of young soil group (0.400)>middle-aged soil group (0.285)>old soil group (0.125). Multiple regression analysis, random forest models, and structural equation modeling all showed that microbial network complexity explained the largest portion of SOC age variation (34%), far surpassing vegetation (10%) and climate (6%). [Conclusion] Global soil SOC age has significantly negative correlations with soil microbial diversity and network complexity. The soil with old SOC has lower microbial diversity and simpler microbial network structure. Microbial network complexity is a key factor influencing SOC age, and its impact is significantly greater than that of vegetation and climate. These results provide new insights into the driving mechanisms of SOC age and suggest that future models of SOC dynamics should fully consider the role of microbial interaction network.

soil radiocarbon  /  soil organic carbon  /  age  /  microbial diversity  /  microbial interactions
李殿甲, 韩冰, 李晓洁, 马晶晶, 张佳宝, 贾仲君. 微生物网络复杂度主导土壤有机碳年龄. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3254 -3272 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240791
Dianjia LI, Bing HAN, Xiaojie LI, Jingjing MA, Jiabao ZHANG, Zhongjun JIA. Microbial interaction network determines the age of soil organic carbon[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3254 -3272 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240791
土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)年龄是表征土壤有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)持久性的重要指标。年轻的SOC (新鲜有机质)易于分解并产生无机养分,其肥力通常较高,可为植物生长提供更多营养物质;而年老的SOC (稳定有机质或腐殖质)因稳定性强、分解缓慢,很难为植物生长提供足够的无机养分[1-2]。据报道,全球土壤有机碳的储量为1 550 Gt,远超过大气碳库(760 Gt)和生物碳库(560 Gt)[3],而这一庞大的土壤碳库的周转几乎完全依赖微生物驱动。微生物被誉为地球上最大的分解者,是土壤养分循环的核心动力。然而,SOC年龄与微生物之间的内在机理研究极具挑战性,其主要原因在于土壤中约99%的微生物仍未被发现,这些未知功能微生物甚至被称为“地球微生物暗物质”[4]。因此,准确评估SOC年龄与微生物之间的关系对于深入理解微生物在SOC年龄变化中的驱动作用至关重要。
目前关于SOC年龄的计算通常有2种方法。(1) 利用土壤中的放射性碳(14C)测量值以及历史大气Δ¹⁴C数据,结合放射性碳模型估算SOC周转速率,称为SOC平均年龄[5-8]。(2) 假设稳态(碳输入等于碳输出)的前提下,根据土壤碳储存量与流出量的比值计算SOC周转速率,称为SOC周转时间[6,9-11]。当使用年龄评估时,土壤有机碳持久性的估计值为数百年或数千年,而当使用周转时间时,估计值为数十年[1,5,9,12]。事实上,通常使用植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)近似代替碳流出量,这种稳态假设不利于准确量化真实的生态系统碳动态,因为严格意义上,碳的投入并不等于产出,而且碳的投入和产出过程在不同时间和空间尺度上随环境条件而有很大差异[7]。研究表明,尽管2种计算方法的年龄都可以表征SOC的持久性,但SOC平均年龄可能是土壤有机质持久性的一个更强有力的指标[1]
近年来,SOC年龄研究已成为热点和前沿领域,但也存在不一致的结论和观点。气候因素(如温度和降水)通常被认为是区域或全球范围内影响SOC年龄的关键因子[5,9,13]。例如,温度升高会增强微生物活性和土壤呼吸(包括微生物和根系呼吸),从而加速SOC的矿化[14-16]。降雨增加可提高土壤呼吸速率[17],并促进植被地上净初级生产力(above net primary productivity, ANPP)提升,进而影响碳循环过程对SOC的作用,而降水减少则会抑制这些过程[15]。Carvalhais等[9]的研究表明,随着海拔和纬度的增加,SOC平均年龄会变老[5,11]。在温暖湿润地区,SOC年龄相对较年轻,而在干旱地区则相对较老[18]。然而,许多研究也表明植物(凋落物和根系分泌物)碳输入也可能通过激发效应对SOC的持久性产生影响[19-21]。Chen等[22]研究发现,在局部区域和全球范围的0-30 cm土层中,植被碳输入对SOC持久性的影响远大于气候因素。除了气候和植被外,土壤矿物也可通过其表面的吸附能力固持有机质,形成矿物-有机结合体,从而减缓土壤有机碳的分解[23-25]。例如,与游离态的有机碳相比,矿物结合态的有机碳矿化速率更低[26]。值得注意的是,最新的研究探讨了土壤剖面SOC年龄,认为微生物量是表层SOC年龄的主要驱动因子,而矿物结合态有机碳的互作可能是深层土壤有机碳的主要限制因素[7]。除此之外,尚未有研究报道过微生物和SOC年龄之间的关系。然而,随着微生物网络理论的发展,为研究微生物的结构、功能及其相互作用提供了新的视角[27-28]。复杂的网络反映了微生物之间较强的相互作用,而简单的网络则意味着微生物之间的相互作用较弱。因此,本研究重点从微生物多样性和网络复杂度的角度探讨微生物对SOC年龄的影响。
基于上述研究,本研究从NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)和ISRaD数据库(https://soilradiocarbon.org/),分别收集了土壤微生物16S rRNA基因序列数据和土壤Δ14C数据,计算土壤微生物多样性、微生物互作网络特征以及SOC年龄。同时,结合其他全球数据库,包括气候、植被和土壤性质,利用机器学习等先进统计方法开展模型模拟分析,主要目标包括:(1) 阐明土壤微生物多样性与SOC年龄的空间分布特征;(2) 明确土壤微生物多样性、微生物互作与SOC年龄之间的关系;(3) 定量评估成土关键因子,包括微生物、气候、植被和土壤性质对SOC年龄的相对贡献。
针对美国国家生物技术信息中心NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/),采用关键词“soil and 16S rRNA”进行检索并筛选,获得全球34 746个土壤微生物样本。具体筛选条件如下:(1) 微生物数据必须来自土壤样本,剔除非土壤样本的采样点,例如删除所有动物、植物、肠道、粪便以及堆肥实验的微生物数据;(2) 不包括在室内培养过程中受到强烈干扰的土壤样本,例如添加外源高浓度养分(N、P、K)并开展短期培养的土壤样本;(3) 土壤样本必须包含明确的经纬度信息。同时,为避免不同引物扩增的偏差,仅选择引物为515F (5′-GTGCCAGCMGCC GCGGTAA-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGT WTCTAAT-3′)的土壤微生物样本。最终,从数据库中获取了全球484个16S rRNA基因序列数据。进一步利用Usearch 10.0和QIIME 2.0开展下游分析,包括合并双端序列、切除引物与质量控制、序列去冗余、去嵌合、挑选OTU、生成特征表(OTU表)以及物种注释(基于SILVA 138数据库)等。
土壤微生物多样性指标包括丰富度指数(richness index)和香农指数(Shannon index),主要用于衡量土壤微生物(细菌)群落的α多样性。丰富度指数侧重于描述物种的种类数,而香农指数则综合考虑了物种的种类数和丰度分布的均匀性,两者提供了更全面的多样性评价。
物种丰富度指数用于描述群落中物种的多样性,通常以物种总数(S)来衡量。S代表样本中所有不同物种的种类数,反映了群落的物种丰富程度。
香农指数考虑了物种的丰富度和均匀度,计算如公式(1)所示。
H'=-i=1Spi×ln pi
式中:H'是香农多样性指数,S是样本中物种的总数,pi是第i种物种在样本中的相对丰度,即某种物种的个体数占总个体数的比例。
通过对2种指数的比较分析发现,丰富度指数和香农指数在反映土壤微生物多样性时的趋势和结果基本一致。因此,在后续研究中仅采用丰富度指数作为土壤微生物α多样性的度量。
土壤微生物的互作模式采用微生物网络分析方法。具体策略如下:提取单个样本的子网络并计算其网络特性[27,29-30],主要网络参数包括:边数(number of edges)、平均路径长度(average path length)、中介中心化(betweenness centralization)以及度中心化(degree centralization)等。这些参数的生态含义如下:边数反映了交互关系的强度及其模块化特性;平均路径长度提供了关于信息传递效率和网络连通性的见解;中心化参数(中介中心化和度中心化)有助于识别在群落功能中起核心作用的关键物种。此外,为了揭示微生物相互作用及其与SOC年龄之间的关系,分别构建了少年土壤SOC组(44-171年)、中年土壤SOC组(172-321年)和老年土壤SOC组(322-5 035年)的微生物网络。在构建微生物网络时,采用过滤低丰度OTU (小于0.05%)、计算Spearman相关性矩阵并调整P值(大于0.65),筛选出具有显著相关性的OTU作为网络的节点和边,最终使用Gephi软件构建可视化微生物群落关联网络。
针对国际土壤放射性碳ISRaD数据库(https://soilradiocarbon.org/)[31],开展了数据清洗和整合分析。具体流程如下:(1) 数据库的更新时间为2024年1月25日,共计36 706个土壤有机碳14C数据;(2) 选择R包“ISRaD”中的“ISRaD.getdata”函数,从中获取了土壤放射性碳数据文件“ISRaD_extra_v 2.6.6.2024-01-25.rda”,并筛选获得了0-3 m土层矿质土壤中的Δ14C,同时对观测年份和土层深度进行了明确记录;(3) 本研究共计使用了1 042个土壤剖面,4 560个唯一的土壤Δ14C测量值,其中包括撒哈拉以南非洲的257个样本[18]。在数据清洗过程中,使用了“lyr_14c_fill_extra”列,因为它合并了报告为Δ14C或“现代分数”的放射性碳测量值,后者随后转换为Δ14C (F14C/1 000+1)。值得注意的是,本研究使用的14C值来自SOC,而非总碳。此外,本研究还收集了每个剖面的地理气候数据,包括经度、纬度、年平均温度和降水量(最小年均温度为-17 ℃,最大年均温度为29 ℃,最小年均降水量为81 mm,最大年均降水量为6 805 mm)。土壤数据包括土地覆盖类型、土壤性质(土壤深度、土壤分类、土壤质地、土壤容重、有机碳、总氮、碳氮比、pH、阳离子交换容量9个理化性质)、取样年份等。
本研究采用单库均质稳态模型计算土壤有机碳(SOC)平均年龄[5-8]。然而,由于1950年核试验的进行,大气中放射性碳的含量显著增加,为了排除核爆干扰,模型分为2种情景。
第一种假设:样本在1950年之前收集,不含炸弹放射性碳。土壤14C的平衡方程如公式(2)所示。
F=k/(k+λ)
式中,F是土壤样本的现代分数,λ是放射性衰变常数(1.21×10-4 a-1),k是土壤碳的衰减率。
第二种假设:样本在1950年之后收集,含炸弹放射性碳。土壤14C的时间动态平衡方程如公式(3)所示。
Fsoil,t×Ct=Fatm,t×It-Fsoil,t-1×Ct-1×(1-k-λ)
式中,Fsoil,tFatm,t分别为t时刻土壤的14C和大气中的现代绝对分数;CtIt是t时刻土壤C存量和C输入到土壤中的量;λ是放射性衰变常数(1.21×10-4 a-1);k是碳分解速率。当处于稳态时,Ct-1=Ct=It/k,上述方程可以简化如公式(4)所示。
Fsoil,t=kFatm,t+Fsoil,t-1(1-k-λ)
假设过去大气中的Δ14C记录数据[32](50 000 a BP—2019)为C输入,并通过公式F14C/1 000+1计算Fatm,t。上述所有数据用于公式(4),然后通过迭代求解最佳k值。据此,则可计算SOC平均年龄时间为土壤碳分解速率k的倒数,即1/k
针对ISRaD数据库中未包含土壤理化性质数据的采样点,根据经纬度信息从ISRIC­WISE土壤剖面数据库(https://www.isric.org/explore/wise-databases)[33]获取对应的黏粒、粉粒、土壤容重、有机碳、总氮、碳氮比等理化数据。ISRIC­WISE数据库的样本空间分辨率为1 km,包含21 000个剖面数据,共7个土层厚度(0-20 cm、20-40 cm、40-60 cm、60-80 cm、80-100 cm、100-150 cm、150-200 cm)。针对ISRaD数据库的土壤剖面放射性14C样点,通过样条插值法,从ISRIC­WISE数据库中获取对应土层深度的放射性碳采样点的土壤物理和化学特性数据。气候数据来源于WorldClim数据库(https://www.worldclim.org/)[34],其空间分辨率为1 km,根据放射性碳采样点的经纬度获取年平均温度(mean annual temperature, MAT)和年平均降水量(mean annual precipitation, MAP) 2个气候变量。植物数据来自(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS) C6数据产品(https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/),主要包括归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, 2000-2020)和净初级生产力(NPP, 2000-2020)2个指标,并通过计算平均值表示植被变量[22]。地形数据来源于GMTED数据库(https://www.earthenv.org/topography),其空间分辨率为1 km,根据经纬度从GMTED数据库中获取了16个地形变量。为了统计不同生态系统和土壤类型下SOC的平均年龄,获得了世界陆地生态区的生物群系分类图[35],同时考虑人类土地利用(如农田)的影响,将MODIS土地覆盖图与生物群落地图进行叠加。最终得到了包括热带/亚热带森林(tropical/subtropical forests)、热带/亚热带草原/稀树草原(tropical/subtropical grasslands/savannas)、温带森林(temperate forests)、温带草原(temperate grasslands)、地中海/山地灌丛(mediterranean/montane shrublands)、北方森林(boreal forests)、苔原(tundra)、沙漠(deserts)和农田(croplands)等9种生物群落类型。此外,从全球土壤区域地图中获取了12种土壤类型(https://web.archive.org/web/20210410133020/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/worldsoils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054013),但本研究样本中仅包含11种土壤类型。根据土壤放射性采样点和微生物采样点的地理坐标,获取植被、气候、土壤属性以及地形等共计59个数值型变量,以及土壤类型和生态系统类型2个分类变量。
为了预测土壤有机碳的年龄分布特征,Xiao等使用了一系列模型来模拟土壤碳周转时间及其环境协变量之间的关系[6]。具体包括:随机森林(random forest, RF)、极限梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting, XG)、规则回归模型(cubist, CU)、支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)、贝叶斯正则化神经网络(Bayesian regularized neural networks, BN)、贝叶斯岭回归(Bayesian ridge regression, BR)、贝叶斯广义线性模型(Bayesian generalized linear model, BLM)、贝叶斯套索回归(Bayesian lasso regression, BG)和多层神经网络(multilayer neural network, MNN)。具体来说,最佳模型的超参数通过在多个参数组合下运行模型来确定,采用R包“caret”中的“trainControl”函数。不同模型的超参数设置如下:随机森林(num.trees=500,mtry,min.node.size)、极限梯度提升(eta=0.1,max_depth=6,nrounds=100,subsample=0.8,colsample_bytree=0.8)、规则回归模型(committees=50,neighbours=9,minsplit=10)、贝叶斯正则化神经网络(neurons=50,hidden_layers=2,decay=0.01,maxit=1 000)、贝叶斯岭回归(lambda=0.1,alpha=0.5)、贝叶斯广义线性模型(family=“gaussian”,prior= “normal”,iter=1 000)、贝叶斯套索回归(lambda=0.01,alpha=1,nfolds=5)、多层神经网络(neurons=50,hidden_layers=2,dropout=0.2,learning_rate=0.001)。在构建模型之前,为避免环境协变量之间的多重共线性,设置方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor, VIF)小于10。通过VIF<10选取了以下变量:阳离子交换容量(CECc)、碳氮比(C:N)、砂含量(SDTO)、可交换钠百分比(ESP)、粉粒含量(STPC)、总碳酸盐当量(TCEQ)、电导率(ELCO)、容重(BULK)、铝饱和度(ALSA)、石膏含量(GYPS)和粗颗粒物(CFRAG);2个气候变量:最湿季度均温(BIO8)和季节性降水(BIO15);9个地形变量:向量崎岖度测量(VRM)、方位角余弦(AC)、方位角正弦(AS)、高程(elevation)、方位角北向性(AN)、一阶偏导数-南北坡度(DY)、一阶偏导数-东西坡度(DX)、深度(depth)和方位角东向性(AE),共22个环境变量构建模型。对于数值型协变量,通过z分数标准化处理;对于生物群系和土壤类型等分类变量,则将其转换为二进制变量。为了防止过拟合并评估模型结构的不确定性,采用了10折交叉验证,并进行了10次重复数据重采样。在每次重采样中,通过随机选择不同地点的80%土壤剖面进行训练,剩余20%用于验证。最终,使用均方根误差(RMSE)和决定系数(R2)评估模型性能,从而确定最佳模型和超参数组合。随后,基于最优模型,进一步利用土壤微生物样点的环境因子信息预测SOC年龄。
采用多元回归模型评估生物多样性、网络复杂性、植被、气候和土壤性质的联合影响,以及单个变量对SOC年龄的相对重要性。主要参数如下:微生物多样性包括丰富度指数和香农指数;网络复杂性包括边数、平均路径长度、中介中心化和度中心化;气候包括MAT和MAP;植被包括NDVI和NPP;土壤属性包括Clay+silt、SOC、TON、pH以及C:N。所有变量在分析之前均进行了标准化处理,以确保变量的可比性。在分析中,使用R 4.4.1版本的“relaimpo”包,估算每个预测变量的相对重要性,并评估其对模型的贡献。
为进一步确定SOC年龄的影响因素,采用随机森林模型对各变量的相对重要性进行预测。随机森林是一种通过集成多棵决策树来提高预测准确性和稳定性、减少过拟合的机器学习方法。此外,随机森林模型可以允许变量之间存在共线性。具体而言,选择所有变量进行随机森林分析。为了确保随机森林模型的稳定性,构建了500棵树(ntree=500),并设置mtry=10,即每次分裂节点时随机选择10个变量,以优化模型的表现。为了增加重要性分析的精度,进行了100次置换检验(nrep=100)。此外,还采用proximity和oob.prox参数,基于OOB (out-of-bag)计算样本间的距离矩阵,从而进一步评估样本间的相似性和模型的泛化性能。在R 4.4.1版本中,基于“randomForest”和“rfPermute”包完成随机森林模型构建和分析。
采用结构方程模型(structural equation modeling, SEM)量化微生物多样性、网络复杂性、植被、气候和土壤性质对土壤有机碳年龄的直接或间接影响。为了简化初始模型,使用每组变量的第一主成分(PC1)分别代替微生物多样性、网络复杂性、植被、气候和土壤性质,以减少变量间的共线性并提高模型的可解释性。随后,根据先前研究中所报道的解释变量和响应变量之间的潜在因果关系,建立了SOC年龄的先验模型。然后,通过删除不显著(P<0.05)的路径不断优化和修改模型直到获得最终模型。在模型验证过程中,通过卡方(χ2)检验(P>0.05)、高确认适配指数(CFI>0.90)和低均方根误差近似(RMSEA<0.05)来评估模型的适配性[36]。此外,考虑到不是所有变量均呈正态分布,采用Bollen-Stine bootstrap检验确认模型的拟合可靠性。一般而言,当0.10<bootstrap≤1.00时,模型具有良好的拟合[36]。在此基础上,还计算了微生物多样性、网络复杂性、植被、气候和土壤性质对SOC年龄的总体标准化效应以及最大的直接和间接效应[37]。上述SEM分析均使用R 4.4.1版本中的“lavaan”包完成。
利用公开发表的土壤微生物多样性数据,分析了其全球分布特征及变化规律(图1A)。结果表明,土壤微生物丰富度随着绝对纬度的增加而显著降低(图1B),在中纬度40°附近丰富度指数较高,而在高纬度70°附近丰富度指数较低。此外,在全球9个典型生态系统中(图1C),土壤微生物丰富度依次为:热带/亚热带草原(4 801)>热带/亚热带森林(4 213)>温带森林(4 100)>地中海/山区灌木丛(3 830)>农田(3 580)>温带草地(3 526)>寒带森林(3 461)>沙漠(2 960)>苔原(2 469)。在全球11个主要土壤类型中(图1D),丰富度指数依次为:火山土(4 830)>初育土(4 523)>老成土(4 499)>淋溶土(4 163)>初成土(4 117)>软土(3 947)>有机土(3 579)>氧化土(3 209)>灰化土(3 144)>干旱土(2 895)>冻土(2 513)。
在全球范围内,获取了0-3 m土层的4 560个土壤有机碳的放射性测量值,并计算了对应的土壤有机碳年龄(图2A)。通过计算方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor, VIF)小于10的22个环境变量构建模型,包括11个土壤属性变量、2个气候变量和9个地形变量(图2B)。在所构建的9种机器学习模型中,基于CU模型的预测效果最好(R2=0.77,RMSE=0.84),其次是RF模型(R2=0.75,RMSE=0.84),而基于MNN模型的预测效果最差(R2=0.38,RMSE=1.47,图2C)。因此,在SOC年龄预测分析中,选择了CU模型作为最优模型,并使用与微生物采样位置相同的环境因子(图2B)进行SOC年龄的预测。特别值得注意的是,将规则回归模型预测的SOC年龄结果按照从小到大的顺序划分为3组:少年土壤组(44-171年)、中年土壤组(172-321年)和老年土壤组(322-5 035年),并将这3组数据用于后续分析。
随后,基于CU模型预测了与全球484个土壤微生物样本相对应的SOC年龄(图3A)。结果表明,随着绝对纬度的增加,SOC的年龄也显著增加(P<0.001,图3B)。在全球9个典型生态系统中(图3C),SOC年龄依次为苔原(1 281年)>沙漠(449年)>寒带森林(436年)>地中海/山区灌木丛(423年)>农田(289年)>温带草地(284年)>热带/亚热带森林(233年)>温带森林(230年)>热带/亚热带草原(131年)。在全球11个主要土壤类型中(图3D),SOC年龄依次为冻土(1 529年)>灰化土(536年)>有机土(490年)>干旱土(429年)>初育土(385年)>初成土(385年)>淋溶土(219年)>火山土(186年)>老成土(184年)>黑土(183年)>氧化土(160年)。
土壤微生物多样性(丰富度指数和香农指数)与SOC年龄呈现显著的负相关(P<0.001,图4A)。随着微生物多样性的增加,SOC的年龄越来越小。将全球土壤样本分为少年组、中年组和老年组后,发现少年土壤组与中年土壤组的微生物多样性无显著差异,但少年组与老年组之间、中年组与老年组之间的微生物多样性则存在显著差异(P<0.001,图4A)。此外,网络拓扑参数(边数、平均路径长度、度中心化以及中介中心化)均与SOC年龄显著相关(P<0.001,图4B)。微生物共现网络分析发现,不同SOC年龄组的微生物网络显著不同(图4C)。少年SOC年龄组的微生物网络结构最为复杂,网络密度为0.400 (图4C);老年SOC年龄组的微生物网络结构最为简单,网络密度为0.125 (图4C)。少年SOC年龄组中的微生物网络结构的节点数量、边数量、平均度均显著高于老年组,但少年组的模块度表现最低(图4C)。
多元回归模型显示,微生物网络复杂性、植被、气候、土壤属性以及微生物多样性共同解释了SOC年龄58%的方差变异。其中,微生物网络复杂性对SOC年龄的贡献最大,其次是植被、气候、土壤属性和微生物多样性(图5A)。随机森林模型也得到了类似的结果,微生物网络复杂性、植被、气候、土壤属性以及微生物多样性可解释SOC年龄变化的82%的变异性。值得注意的是,在随机森林模型的15个因子中,多达12个对SOC年龄产生了显著影响(图5B)。其中,微生物网络复杂度的解释度最高,单个变量的重要性排序依次为:度中心化(70%)>NDVI (38%)>边数(36%)>平均路径长度(35%)>NPP (33%)>MAT (32%)>MAP (30%)>中介中心化(29%)>pH (18%)>SOC (17%)>丰富度指数(16.5%)>Clay+Silt (16%) (图5B)。此外,结构方程模型(SEM)可解释土壤有机碳年龄总方差的 54%。其中,负效应因子包括网络复杂性、植被、气候和微生物多样性,正效应因子包括土壤属性(图5D)。在负效应因子中,网络复杂性、植被和微生物多样性直接显著调控SOC年龄,而气候则通过直接正向调控植被间接影响SOC年龄(图5C)。微生物网络复杂性的总标准化效应最大,为-0.56;其次为植被的总标准化效应,为-0.45;而气候的间接标准化效应最大,为-0.26 (图5D)。另外,在正效应因子中,土壤属性可以直接正向调控SOC年龄,也可以间接通过网络复杂性、植被和微生物多样性直接调控SOC年龄(图5C),土壤属性的总标准化效应为0.15 (图5D)。
不同生态系统和土壤类型中SOC平均年龄的分析表明,苔原土壤和冰冻土中SOC平均年龄最大。这一结果与先前的研究结论基本一致,即多年冻土区SOC分解速率较慢,导致土壤有机碳年龄较高[5,7,9,38-39]。苔原生态系统和冰冻土主要分布于高纬度气温较低的地区。与高温环境相比,在长期低温环境下,土壤微生物活性受到显著抑制,从而导致微生物多样性降低[40],SOC分解速率较慢。本研究首次提供了两者的相关性证据,发现苔原土壤和冰冻土中微生物多样性最低(图1C),与SOC平均年龄呈现良好的耦合关系(图4A)。这一结果为微生物地理相关研究提供了合理解释。例如,已有报道表明苔原和永久冻土区的土壤碳分解速率缓慢,并最终导致在该地区积累了大量的有机碳[41]。Shi等[5]也证明了在永久冻土区的有机碳储量显著高于其他生态系统,深层的SOC储量甚至更高。此外,低温环境下微生物周转时间变长,导致北极地区微生物停留时间显著高于热带地区[38],但微生物源物质对土壤有机碳的定量贡献仍需深入研究。同时,未来全球气候变暖情景下,SOC年龄较大的高纬度苔原和冰冻土地区可能会面临着更高的土壤碳损失风险[42]
微生物多样性以及网络复杂度均与SOC年龄呈显著相关。这是本研究首次从微生物多样性和网络的角度,直接探讨了它们与SOC年龄的耦合关系。事实上,土壤微生物多样性通常与土壤有机碳矿化速率呈正相关关系,随着土壤微生物多样性增加矿化速率变快,而且这种关系在细菌中表现得更为显著[43-44]。Trumbore等[2]利用放射性碳也发现土壤有机质分解过程中产生的大部分CO2 (土壤呼吸)主要来自寿命相对较短的SOM组分。这意味着SOC年龄越小(SOM组分寿命相对较短),SOC的矿化可能就越快。全球范围的研究也表明,地质年代上较年轻的土壤对微生物多样性的依赖性更强,微生物多样性提升更有助于土壤有机质分解和养分循环并维持生态系统功能[45]。土壤生物多样性在调节生态系统功能方面发挥着关键作用,包括养分循环、有机物分解和植物生产等[46-47]。此外,Delgado-Baquerizo等[48]发现土壤生物多样性(包括细菌、真菌、原生生物和无脊椎动物)与多种生态系统功能显著且正相关。因此,土壤微生物多样性可通过调节氧分循环和有机物分解生态系统功能加快SOC的周转。然而,不同时间尺度下土壤微生物多样性控制SOC分解和周转的阈值变化特征,特别是土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量关系的变化及其与土壤年龄和肥力的关系,是未来研究的重点和难点。
微生物网络拓扑参数与SOC年龄显著相关,表明微生物互作是决定土壤年龄的重要因子[28,49]。结构方程模型分析表明,微生物多样性可能直接影响网络复杂性,进而影响SOC年龄(图5C)。值得注意的是,微生物网络复杂性对SOC年龄的影响大于微生物多样性,这意味着群落互作在有机质周转过程中发挥了更加重要的作用,包括竞争、互利、共生或抑制等模式[27]。换言之,网络复杂性不仅反映了群落的物种多样性,还包括了物种之间的功能互作对SOC年龄的影响。例如,复杂的微生物网络中,土壤微生物群落通常具有更高的功能冗余性,即多种不同微生物可执行相同或相似的功能[50-52]。考虑到有机质分解是土壤微生物群落的重要功能,这种冗余性在一定程度上保证了某些关键功能不会因单一微生物的缺失而中断,继而确保了土壤生态系统的可持续性。例如,微生物种群间的代谢分工可促进复杂有机物的高效分解转化[53]。这种代谢协作优化了资源的利用效率,加速了有机碳的分解和矿化,缩短了SOC的周转年龄。此外,微生物的相互作用也会改变土壤微环境,进而改变互作网络[54-56]。例如,土壤厌氧生物降解可改变pH、氧化还原条件,从而间接影响SOC的分解过程和SOC年龄。最近的研究发现,土壤微生物(细菌与病毒)之间的相互作用是推动土壤有机碳储量增加的主要驱动力[57],与氧化铁矿物的SOC保护作用相比,土壤微生物互作对SOC储量的影响更为重要。然而,未来仍需发展先进技术,定量分析土壤有机碳年龄与微生物网络互作及其功能冗余之间的关系。
气候是所有生物生长的前提条件,也是成土过程的核心驱动力。然而,本研究发现SOC年龄的主要驱动因素是土壤微生物(微生物网络复杂性),而非气候(图5)。这一结果与先前研究表明气候是影响SOC年龄的主要因素的结论不一致[5,22]。其原因可能在于微生物直接与SOC接触,其相互作用能够直接调节SOC的转化、稳定性和储存过程。相比之下,气候、植被等传统因素虽然也很重要,但它们对SOC的影响通常是间接的,主要通过改变微生物群落的结构和功能(即网络复杂性)来间接影响SOC的动态过程[14,58]。例如,微生物通过不同的代谢途径与其他微生物的相互作用,可能加速或延缓土壤中碳的循环[29]。网络中的关键物种或功能模块可能通过分解有机物、固氮或促进有机物稳定化,从而影响碳的转化与储存。因此,本研究表明微生物网络复杂性为土壤碳循环提供了一个重要的调节机制,可能在未来的土壤碳研究中发挥至关重要的作用。
除微生物互作外,植被也是影响SOC年龄的另一个关键驱动因素(图5A)。这与Chen等[22]的研究结论一致,但与先前一些研究报道的温度是主要影响局部和全球范围内SOC年龄的结论不一致[5,9]。事实上,气候不仅通过微生物的代谢活动间接影响SOC平均年龄,还可以通过调节植被生长或净初级生产力的合成,间接影响SOC平均年龄(图5C)。研究表明,植物来源的碳(包括凋落物和根系分泌物)输入可通过激发效应对土壤有机碳产生不稳定效应[19-21]。例如,植物提供的碳输入不仅可促进微生物生长,还会引发微生物对氮的高需求,进而刺激微生物通过分解“旧”土壤有机质获取新的氮源,加速“旧” SOC的周转[20]。此外,根系分泌物进入土壤后,可破坏保护性的矿物-有机物结合并加速“旧”碳的周转[19]。先前研究已报道,来自根系分泌物的有机酸(如草酸)可以从矿物表面释放出矿物保护的化合物,从而提高土壤微生物对碳的可及性[59-60]。因此,气候与土壤有机碳之间的相关性,其核心机理是植物和微生物作用,特别是微生物互作网络直接推动土壤有机碳周转,主导了土壤SOC的转化、稳定和存储。
此外,土壤属性也被认为与SOC年龄密切相关,因为其反映了土壤中的水分、养分、通气性和温度等状况,并可能调节微生物群落的结构和多样性[61]。本研究随机森林模型也发现土壤质地(Clay+silt)对SOC年龄有显著的影响(图5B)。一方面,土壤质地可能影响微生物生境,如水分、氧气和养分有效性,进而调控SOC分解速率。特别是黏土能更好地保持水分,促进厌氧微域形成,限制SOC分解,增加SOC年龄[62-63]。另一方面,细粒土壤颗粒具有更大的比表面积和更强的吸附能力,可通过物理保护降低土壤碳的可利用性,从而保护SOC不被分解[25,64]。另外,细粒土壤中富含黏土矿物和氧化铁,可与有机质形成稳定的有机矿物复合体,有效保护SOC并延长其存留时间[25]。相反,粗粒土壤矿物的保护能力较弱,SOC更易被分解和流失,从而导致SOC年龄较小。然而,值得注意的是,这些气候、植被以及土壤物理化学属性,均是通过影响微生物群落功能,进而改变SOC年龄。未来仍需在微生物物种水平上,耦合非生物因子,特别是通过实验证据量化微生物网络互作在土壤有机碳SOC周转及肥力提升方面的重要作用。
本研究发现,全球土壤微生物多样性与SOC年龄呈显著负相关。微生物多样性随绝对纬度的增加而下降,其中苔原和冻土地区的微生物多样性最低,而热带和亚热带草原的微生物多样性最高。相应地,SOC平均年龄随着纬度的升高而增加,苔原和冻土地区的SOC平均年龄最大,而热带/亚热带草原和氧化土中的SOC平均年龄最小。随机森林和机器学习模型分析发现,土壤微生物多样性、网络复杂度与SOC年龄呈显著负相关,SOC年龄越老,微生物多样性越低,微生物网络结构越简单。同时,本研究发现微生物网络的复杂度是影响SOC年龄的最关键因素,其影响显著超过了植被和气候的影响,而土壤理化性质在调控SOC年龄方面的作用相对较弱。这些结果表明,未来模拟SOC动态过程时应充分考虑微生物多样性以及微生物互作,以提高模型预测的准确性和可靠性。
  • 黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室青年创新项目(2023HTDGZ-QN-01)
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28020203)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240791
  • 接收时间:2024-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-08
  • 录用日期:2025-02-25
基金
Young Scientists Innovation Funds of State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization(2023HTDGZ-QN-01)
黑土地保护与利用全国重点实验室青年创新项目(2023HTDGZ-QN-01)
Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28020203)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28020203)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,黑土地保护与利用国家重点实验室,吉林 长春
    2.中国科学院大学,北京
    3.中国科学院南京土壤研究所,土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,江苏 南京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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