Article(id=1226460583260766846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737907200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741536000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-10, onlineDate=1770340589584, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340589584, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340589584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340589584, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3686, endPage=3701, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460583608894114, articleId=1226460583260766846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Inhibitory mechanism of glutamate waste liquid for poly-γ-glutamic acid production by Bacillus subtilis KH2, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glutamate waste liquid is the waste produced in the production process of glutamic acid, with low pH, high ammonium, and high sulfate. The waste liquid contains glutamic acid and can be used as a raw material to produce poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), achieving the recycling of waste liquid. [Objective] To investigate the inhibitory effect of glutamate waste liquid on γ-PGA synthesis, we used Bacillus subtilis KH2 to synthesize γ-PGA and evaluated the inhibitory effect of glutamate waste liquid on the synthesis of γ-PGA. [Methods] Comparative transcriptomics was employed to excavate the key genes and inhibitory factors involved in γ-PGA synthesis, and key gene overexpression and knockout were conducted to identify the inhibitory factors. Fermentation experiments were then performed for verification. [Results] The glutamate waste liquid as the substrate for production of γ-PGA by fermentation showed significant inhibitory effects. A total of 1 819 significantly differentially expressed genes were identified, including 952 genes with significantly up-regulated expression and 867 genes with significantly down-regulated expression. The transcript levels of 10 genes (alsS, pgsA, gltT, budA, fumC, ptsG, racE, opuAB, acoC, and rocG) involved in γ-PGA synthesis of B. subtilis KH2 changed significantly during primary fermentation and glutamate waste liquid fermentation. Eight down-regulated genes (alsS, pgsA, gltT, budA, fumC, ptsG, racE, and opuAB) were overexpressed, which increased the production of γ-PGA by 91.20%, 120.77%, 137.50%, 36.44%, 40.85%, 104.58%, 65.67%, and 69.72%, respectively. The overexpression of pgsA, gltT, ptsG, racE, and opuAB increased glutamic acid utilization by 11.57%, 35.53%, 12.83%, 21.43%, and 14.80%, respectively. The overexpression of alsS, budA, and fumC had no obvious improving effect on the utilization of glutamic acid. The knockout of two up-regulated genes (acoC and rocG) had little effect on γ-PGA production and glutamic acid utilization. [Conclusion] The downregulation of ptsG, gltT, racE, pgsA, and fumC in waste liquid fermentation has significant effects on substrate utilization, glutamic acid configuration conversion and polymerization, and TCA cycle, which reduces the synthesis efficiency of γ-PGA. This study reveals the inhibitory mechanism of glutamate waste liquid in γ-PGA synthesis and provides a sustainable biotechnology for the production of value-added biopolymers from industrial waste liquid.

, correspAuthors=Jiansong JU, Limin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: JU Jiansong:
WANG Limin:
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Ruixin HU, Yuan TIAN, Jiansong JU, Bo YU, Limin WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1226460585928344440, articleId=1226460583260766846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=谷氨酸废液对枯草芽孢杆菌KH2合成γ-聚谷氨酸的抑制机制, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

谷氨酸废液是谷氨酸生产过程中的废弃物,具有低pH、高铵根、高硫酸根等特点。废液中含有谷氨酸,可作为原料用于生产γ-聚谷氨酸(poly-γ-glutamic acid, γ-PGA),从而实现废液的资源化利用。 【目的】 针对谷氨酸废液对γ-PGA合成存在抑制作用的问题,利用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) KH2进行发酵合成γ-PGA并评估谷氨酸废液对该合成反应的抑制情况。 【方法】 通过转录组学比较,挖掘γ-PGA合成通路的关键基因,分析抑制因子,并利用关键基因的过表达与敲除技术,明确抑制因子,进而进行发酵验证。 【结果】 谷氨酸废液作为底物发酵生产γ-PGA时呈现出显著的抑制效应。利用转录组学技术共筛选出1 819个显著差异基因,其中952个显著上调,867个显著下调。在原始发酵和谷氨酸废液发酵过程中,B. subtilis KH2中10个参与γ-PGA合成途径的基因(alsSpgsAgltTbudAfumCptsGracEopuABacoCrocG)转录水平发生明显变化。将其中8个下调表达的基因(alsSpgsAgltTbudAfumCptsGracEopuAB)进行过表达并进行发酵验证后,γ-PGA产量分别提升了91.20%、120.77%、137.50%、36.44%、40.85%、104.58%、65.67%、69.72%;pgsAgltTptsGracEopuAB基因的过表达使谷氨酸利用率分别提升了11.57%、35.53%、12.83%、21.43%、14.80%。alsSbudAfumC的过表达对提升谷氨酸利用率效果不明显。2个上调表达基因(acoCrocG)的敲除对γ-PGA生产和谷氨酸利用影响不大。 【结论】 在废液发酵过程中,ptsGgltTracEpgsAfumC等基因的下调对底物利用、谷氨酸构型转换与聚合、TCA循环等产生显著影响,从而降低了γ-PGA的合成效率。本研究初步揭示了谷氨酸废液对γ-PGA合成的抑制机制,为利用工业废液生产高附加值生物聚合物提供了一种可持续的生物技术方法。

, correspAuthors=鞠建松, 王丽敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=NlYGSoU41TgrAgxiQYIS7Q==, magXml=ebjgbdoe8IaG7/ZVoe1Akg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sLtDX/EDf7IX2U4/psCgLQ==, pdfFileSize=2755208, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9CV5ncTJ5oxj8HOketjW6w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=2BbsiKNzTKtDVSWeh+D7yQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

胡瑞鑫:开展实验、数据收集与处理、论文撰写;田缘:数据收集与处理、论文撰写;鞠建松:论文修改;于波:论文修改;王丽敏:研究构思、设计、论文修改。

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The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1995, 270(28): 16701-16713., articleTitle=OpuA, an osmotically regulated binding protein-dependent transport system for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Bacillus subtilis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226596305120702762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, awardId=JBGS2024SW01, language=EN, fundingSource=Bioeconomy Open Competition Project of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences(JBGS2024SW01), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596305259114808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, awardId=JBGS2024SW01, language=CN, fundingSource=黑龙江省科学院生物经济“揭榜挂帅”项目(JBGS2024SW01), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226596296098755331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596296102949635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1226460583260766846, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Changes of γ-PGA concentration (A), glutamate concentration (B), OD600 (C) and glucose concentration (D) in primary medium and glutamate waste liquid medium fermentation of Bacillus subtilis KH2. *: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=G0AbOjNIDa86n0uRUtT3TA==, figureFileBig=w5UgTFgIXXXM0SDNaRlPiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301589098634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=CN, label=图1, caption=枯草芽孢杆菌KH2在原始培养基和谷氨酸废液培养基发酵过程中γ-PGA浓度(A)、谷氨酸浓度(B)OD600 (C)和葡萄糖浓度(D)的变化, figureFileSmall=G0AbOjNIDa86n0uRUtT3TA==, figureFileBig=w5UgTFgIXXXM0SDNaRlPiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301744287895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Transcriptome data analysis. A: The volcano map of the differentially expressed genes; B: GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes; C: KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes. B_vs._A: Glutamate waste liquid fermentation vs. primary fermentation., figureFileSmall=e000MVuEFXIgcGwIXELCrA==, figureFileBig=VLcn2Ez9Tw4Pr6fxON6bvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301857534111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=CN, label=图2, caption=转录组数据分析。A:差异表达基因的火山图;B:差异表达基因的GO富集分析;C:差异表达基因的KEGG富集分析。B_vs._A:谷氨酸废液发酵 vs. 原始发酵。, figureFileSmall=e000MVuEFXIgcGwIXELCrA==, figureFileBig=VLcn2Ez9Tw4Pr6fxON6bvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301995946156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=RT-qPCR verification of expression levels of key DEGs in the transcriptome. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ****: P<0.000 1; ns: No significant difference. Gene description: alsS: Acetolactate synthase; pgsA: Polyglutamate synthetase subunit; gltT: Glutamate/proton symporter; budA: Acetolactate decarboxylase; fumC: Fumarate hydratase; ptsG: PTS glucose transporter; racE: Glutamate racemase; opuAB: Glycine/proline betaine ABC transporter permease subunit; rocG: Glutamate dehydrogenase; acoC: Acetoin dehydrogenase., figureFileSmall=DFYA0S6H3FXvCnVtZJG3Yg==, figureFileBig=tO7NwxoR/qBul3XqGUpSLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302096609461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于RT-qPCR验证转录组关键DEGs的表达水平。*:P<0.05;**:P<0.01;****:P<0.000 1;ns:无显著差异。基因描述:alsS:乙酰乳酸合成酶;pgsA:聚谷氨酸合成酶亚基;gltT:谷氨酸/质子同向转运蛋白;budA:乙酰乳酸脱羧酶;fumC:延胡索酸酶;ptsG:PTS葡萄糖转运蛋白亚基;racE:谷氨酸消旋酶;opuAB:甘氨酸/脯氨酸甜菜碱ABC转运体渗透酶亚基;rocG:谷氨酸脱氢酶;acoC:乙偶姻脱氢酶复合体亚基。, figureFileSmall=DFYA0S6H3FXvCnVtZJG3Yg==, figureFileBig=tO7NwxoR/qBul3XqGUpSLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302209855679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Related metabolic pathways for γ-PGA synthesis. Red lines indicate up-regulated gene expression levels and green indicates down-regulated gene expression levels. Genes and coding proteins: ptsG: PTS glucose transporter; alsS: Acetolactate synthase; budA: Acetolactate decarboxylase; fumC: Fumarate hydratase; rocG: Glutamate dehydrogenase; racE: Glutamate racemase; gltT: Glutamate/proton symporter; pgsB: Polyglutamate synthetase subunit; pgsA: Polyglutamate synthetase subunit; pgsC: Polyglutamate synthetase subunit; pgsE: Polyglutamate synthetase subunit; GDH: Glutamate dehydrogenase., figureFileSmall=u6e2Ct4NRyUclq9r7Qg/oA==, figureFileBig=ikRmQmB3xPDBR/9HSbz64w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302335684806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=CN, label=图4, caption=γ-PGA合成相关代谢途径。红线表示基因表达水平的上调,绿色表示下调。基因及对应编码蛋白:ptsG:PTS葡萄糖转运蛋白亚基;alsS:乙酰乳酸合成酶;budA:乙酰乳酸脱羧酶;fumC:延胡索酸酶;rocG:谷氨酸脱氢酶;racE:谷氨酸消旋酶;gltT:谷氨酸/质子同向转运蛋白;pgsB:聚谷氨酸合成酶亚基;pgsA:聚谷氨酸合成酶亚基;pgsC:聚谷氨酸合成酶亚基;pgsE:聚谷氨酸合成酶亚基;GDH:谷氨酸脱氢酶。, figureFileSmall=u6e2Ct4NRyUclq9r7Qg/oA==, figureFileBig=ikRmQmB3xPDBR/9HSbz64w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302478291153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Changes of γ-PGA concentration (A), glutamate concentration (B), OD600 (C) and glucose concentration (D) in glutamate waste medium fermentation of overexpressed strains., figureFileSmall=ageb5J5DtR9PKJWE9sXmPg==, figureFileBig=05jGt6cXQnblysbG2YPeng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302604120279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=CN, label=图5, caption=过表达菌株在谷氨酸废液培养基发酵过程中γ-PGA浓度(A)、谷氨酸浓度(B)OD600 (C)和葡萄糖浓度(D)的变化, figureFileSmall=ageb5J5DtR9PKJWE9sXmPg==, figureFileBig=05jGt6cXQnblysbG2YPeng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302759309536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Colony verification of Bacillus subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔacoC (A)and B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔrocG (B) by PCR. Lane M: Marker; Lanes 1-8: B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔacoC; Lanes 9-12: B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔrocG; Lanes 13-14: B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2., figureFileSmall=Ibz2TdNKIL8ZPM1fgJwWew==, figureFileBig=Hp/SQrEfcSVdAmfS08IEyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302901915881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Bacillus subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔacoC (A)B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔrocG (B)菌落PCR验证, figureFileSmall=Ibz2TdNKIL8ZPM1fgJwWew==, figureFileBig=Hp/SQrEfcSVdAmfS08IEyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304256676081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Changes of γ-PGA concentration (A) and glutamate concentration (B) in glutamate waste medium fermentation of knockout strains., figureFileSmall=ov8RKEjsxXq4N6SCxgEJaw==, figureFileBig=AQiIWZyIFjD8QLDIf6ByBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304378310902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=CN, label=图7, caption=敲除菌株在谷氨酸废液培养基发酵过程中γ-PGA浓度(A)和谷氨酸浓度(B)的变化, figureFileSmall=ov8RKEjsxXq4N6SCxgEJaw==, figureFileBig=AQiIWZyIFjD8QLDIf6ByBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304483168510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

质粒

Plasmid

基因

Gene

引物

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

pMACm2-alsSP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA alsS-RGCTTTTGTCAAGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
alsSalsS rbsxyna-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACTTGACAAAAGCAACAAAAGAACAAAAATCC
alsS pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCACTAGAGAGCTTTCGTTTTCATGAGTTCC
pMACm2-pgsAP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA pgsA-RTCTTTTTTCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
pgsApgsA rbsxyna-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGAAAAAAGAACTGAGCTTTCATGAAAAGC
pgsA pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCATTATTTAGATTTTAGTTTGTCACTATGATCAATATCAAACGTC
pMACm2-gltTP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA gltT-RATTCTTTTCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
gltTgltT rbsxynA-FGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGAAAAGAATTAAGTTTGGATTAGCCACAC
gltT pMACm2-RACGAGACGTCATTTCATTAACCAGAAATGGTTGCGTTTTGTTC
pMACm2-budAP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA budA-RCTCGTTTCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
budAbudA rbsxynA-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGAAACGAGAAAGCAACATTCAAGTG
budA pMACm2-RACGAGACGTCATTTCATTATTCAGGGCTTCCTTCAGTTGTTTC
pMACm2-fumCP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA fumC-RTATTCCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
fumCfumC rbsxynA-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGGAATACAGAATTGAACGAGACACC
fumC pMACm2-RACGAGACGTCATTTCATTACGCCTTTGGTTTTACCATGTCTTC
pMACm2-ptsGP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA ptsG-RTTAAACATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
ptsGptsG rbsxynA-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGTTTAAAGCATTATTCGGCGTTCTTC
ptsG pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCATTATTTTTCAATCTTCACAATATCTTCTTGTTCTCTGTTGACT
pMACm2-racEP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA racE-RTCCAACAAGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
racEracE rbsxynA-FGGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACTTGTTGGAACAACCAATAGGAGTCATTG
racE pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCACTATCTTTTAATCGGTTCTTGCAGTGAGATAC
pMACm2-opuABP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA opuAB-RCTATCCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
opuABopuAB rbsxynA-FGGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGGATAGACTGCCTAGAATACCTTTAGC
opuAB pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCATCAGGCATTCCCCCTGC

pKVMK7-

2-ΔacoC

acoC-uparmacoCup pKVMK7-2-FTGGAATTCGAGCTCCGGCTGCGGCATCAACC
acoCup-RTTTCACCTGCTTTTCTTGTGTTCCCCCTTTAATTCATTGCC
acoC-downarmacoCdown-FAAAGGGGGAACACAAGAAAAGCAGGTGAAAACGACATGAC

acoCdown

pKVMK7-2-R

CCATGGAGGTACCCGCACATAATCGGCCTTCGTTTTAAACTCTC

pKVMK7-

2-ΔrocG

rocG-uparmrocGup pKVMK7-2-FTGGAATTCGAGCTCCCTGTTCCCGCCATAATCGCG
rocGup-RATGAGGTGAAAAAAGTTTGAGAAGCCTCCGCAAAATAATTTTGC
rocG-downarmrocGdown-FCGGAGGCTTCTCAAACTTTTTTCACCTCATTGTTTTTTTGGCC

rocGdown

pKVMK7-2-R

CCATGGAGGTACCCGCAAGTGTTAATATTCCTTAAAAAACATTTACTTCCATGG
pMACm2-FTGAAATGACGTCTCGTTTGTATCTTACC
pMACm2-RCAAGCTTTCCCTTTTCAGATAATTTTAGATTTGC
pMACm2-seq-FGGGCCAGTTTGTTGAAGATTAGATGC
pMACm2-seq-RTTCACGGGTGGGCCTTTCTT
pKVMK7-2-FCGGGTACCTCCATGGACG
pKVMK7-2-RGGAGCTCGAATTCCACTGACTC
pKVMK7-2-seq-FTGCTGGCCTTTTGCTCACATG
pKVMK7-2-seq-RGCCAAAATTAACGTAATGATTGGGTAGTG
Δacoc-seq-FTACAGGAATTCGGGCGTACAAGAG
Δacoc-seq-RTTCGTCTGCATGTGCCCATTC
ΔrocG-seq-FCCTCCATGACCTCGACAAATTTTGC
ΔrocG-seq-RAATCGAAGAGCAGAGGCATCTTC
alsS-FTCCGCAGCTACGAGCCGTTA
alsS-RAACCGCCGTCACCAGAGACA
psgA-FTGACCAAGGCTGGACGAGAACA
psgA-RACAGGTGCAGGTGTCGCTTCA
gltT-FTGCCATATCCATGATGCGGTCT
gltT-RCTGCCGTGCCTGGTACTTCTT
budA-FAGATCAGCCTGTGAGCCAGATT
budA-RGGTTCCGATACCGAAGTCTCCA
fumC-FTCTTCAGGATGCTACGCCACTG
fumC-RCCGACAGCCGTTCCACCAAT
ptsG-FCACTCGTCTGCGTGTGACTGTA
ptsG-RGCCTGAATGTTGTTGCCGACTT
racE-FACATTCCACATGCCCGACTTCA
racE-RTGCTGAACCAGTCTCCGATTGC
opuAB-FAGCAACTGAGGCATTCGGTTCT
OpuAB-RCGACCATTGCGGCGATAACAAC
KH2 16S-FCAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTT
KH2 16S-RCACGACACGAGCTGACGACAAC
), ArticleFig(id=1226596304600609031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

质粒

Plasmid

基因

Gene

引物

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

pMACm2-alsSP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA alsS-RGCTTTTGTCAAGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
alsSalsS rbsxyna-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACTTGACAAAAGCAACAAAAGAACAAAAATCC
alsS pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCACTAGAGAGCTTTCGTTTTCATGAGTTCC
pMACm2-pgsAP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA pgsA-RTCTTTTTTCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
pgsApgsA rbsxyna-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGAAAAAAGAACTGAGCTTTCATGAAAAGC
pgsA pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCATTATTTAGATTTTAGTTTGTCACTATGATCAATATCAAACGTC
pMACm2-gltTP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA gltT-RATTCTTTTCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
gltTgltT rbsxynA-FGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGAAAAGAATTAAGTTTGGATTAGCCACAC
gltT pMACm2-RACGAGACGTCATTTCATTAACCAGAAATGGTTGCGTTTTGTTC
pMACm2-budAP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA budA-RCTCGTTTCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
budAbudA rbsxynA-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGAAACGAGAAAGCAACATTCAAGTG
budA pMACm2-RACGAGACGTCATTTCATTATTCAGGGCTTCCTTCAGTTGTTTC
pMACm2-fumCP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA fumC-RTATTCCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
fumCfumC rbsxynA-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGGAATACAGAATTGAACGAGACACC
fumC pMACm2-RACGAGACGTCATTTCATTACGCCTTTGGTTTTACCATGTCTTC
pMACm2-ptsGP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA ptsG-RTTAAACATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
ptsGptsG rbsxynA-FGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGTTTAAAGCATTATTCGGCGTTCTTC
ptsG pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCATTATTTTTCAATCTTCACAATATCTTCTTGTTCTCTGTTGACT
pMACm2-racEP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA racE-RTCCAACAAGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
racEracE rbsxynA-FGGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACTTGTTGGAACAACCAATAGGAGTCATTG
racE pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCACTATCTTTTAATCGGTTCTTGCAGTGAGATAC
pMACm2-opuABP xynAxynA pMACm2-FAGGGAAAGCTTGTTTTCTTCTTCAGTTCTTCATATTCTTCATAAATTTGC
xynA opuAB-RCTATCCATGTGTACATTTCACCTCCTTTGATCGTCCCCTTCAGTATAATACCACG
opuABopuAB rbsxynA-FGGGACGATCAAAGGAGGTGAAATGTACACATGGATAGACTGCCTAGAATACCTTTAGC
opuAB pMACm2-RCGAGACGTCATTTCATCAGGCATTCCCCCTGC

pKVMK7-

2-ΔacoC

acoC-uparmacoCup pKVMK7-2-FTGGAATTCGAGCTCCGGCTGCGGCATCAACC
acoCup-RTTTCACCTGCTTTTCTTGTGTTCCCCCTTTAATTCATTGCC
acoC-downarmacoCdown-FAAAGGGGGAACACAAGAAAAGCAGGTGAAAACGACATGAC

acoCdown

pKVMK7-2-R

CCATGGAGGTACCCGCACATAATCGGCCTTCGTTTTAAACTCTC

pKVMK7-

2-ΔrocG

rocG-uparmrocGup pKVMK7-2-FTGGAATTCGAGCTCCCTGTTCCCGCCATAATCGCG
rocGup-RATGAGGTGAAAAAAGTTTGAGAAGCCTCCGCAAAATAATTTTGC
rocG-downarmrocGdown-FCGGAGGCTTCTCAAACTTTTTTCACCTCATTGTTTTTTTGGCC

rocGdown

pKVMK7-2-R

CCATGGAGGTACCCGCAAGTGTTAATATTCCTTAAAAAACATTTACTTCCATGG
pMACm2-FTGAAATGACGTCTCGTTTGTATCTTACC
pMACm2-RCAAGCTTTCCCTTTTCAGATAATTTTAGATTTGC
pMACm2-seq-FGGGCCAGTTTGTTGAAGATTAGATGC
pMACm2-seq-RTTCACGGGTGGGCCTTTCTT
pKVMK7-2-FCGGGTACCTCCATGGACG
pKVMK7-2-RGGAGCTCGAATTCCACTGACTC
pKVMK7-2-seq-FTGCTGGCCTTTTGCTCACATG
pKVMK7-2-seq-RGCCAAAATTAACGTAATGATTGGGTAGTG
Δacoc-seq-FTACAGGAATTCGGGCGTACAAGAG
Δacoc-seq-RTTCGTCTGCATGTGCCCATTC
ΔrocG-seq-FCCTCCATGACCTCGACAAATTTTGC
ΔrocG-seq-RAATCGAAGAGCAGAGGCATCTTC
alsS-FTCCGCAGCTACGAGCCGTTA
alsS-RAACCGCCGTCACCAGAGACA
psgA-FTGACCAAGGCTGGACGAGAACA
psgA-RACAGGTGCAGGTGTCGCTTCA
gltT-FTGCCATATCCATGATGCGGTCT
gltT-RCTGCCGTGCCTGGTACTTCTT
budA-FAGATCAGCCTGTGAGCCAGATT
budA-RGGTTCCGATACCGAAGTCTCCA
fumC-FTCTTCAGGATGCTACGCCACTG
fumC-RCCGACAGCCGTTCCACCAAT
ptsG-FCACTCGTCTGCGTGTGACTGTA
ptsG-RGCCTGAATGTTGTTGCCGACTT
racE-FACATTCCACATGCCCGACTTCA
racE-RTGCTGAACCAGTCTCCGATTGC
opuAB-FAGCAACTGAGGCATTCGGTTCT
OpuAB-RCGACCATTGCGGCGATAACAAC
KH2 16S-FCAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTT
KH2 16S-RCACGACACGAGCTGACGACAAC
), ArticleFig(id=1226596304705466641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of sequencing data quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

样品名称

Sample name

原始读数

Raw reads

过滤后读数

Clean reads

过滤后数据碱基数

Clean bases (Gb)

错误率

Error rate (%)

Q20

(%)

Q30

(%)

G+C含量

G+C content (%)

A17 943 7987 618 0021.10.0198.8596.5345.63
A27 879 5967 573 1381.10.0196.2896.2845.46
A37 629 4227 374 1141.10.0196.3996.3945.71
B16 626 9046 344 5501.00.0196.2796.2745.69
B27 788 6167 497 4881.10.0196.2296.2245.45
B37 672 9047 384 3121.10.0196.3296.3245.59
), ArticleFig(id=1226596304810324243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460583260766846, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测序数据质量汇总情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

样品名称

Sample name

原始读数

Raw reads

过滤后读数

Clean reads

过滤后数据碱基数

Clean bases (Gb)

错误率

Error rate (%)

Q20

(%)

Q30

(%)

G+C含量

G+C content (%)

A17 943 7987 618 0021.10.0198.8596.5345.63
A27 879 5967 573 1381.10.0196.2896.2845.46
A37 629 4227 374 1141.10.0196.3996.3945.71
B16 626 9046 344 5501.00.0196.2796.2745.69
B27 788 6167 497 4881.10.0196.2296.2245.45
B37 672 9047 384 3121.10.0196.3296.3245.59
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谷氨酸废液对枯草芽孢杆菌KH2合成γ-聚谷氨酸的抑制机制
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胡瑞鑫 1, 5 , 田缘 2, 3 , 鞠建松 1, 5, * , 于波 4 , 王丽敏 4, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(8): 3686-3701
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(8): 3686-3701
谷氨酸废液对枯草芽孢杆菌KH2合成γ-聚谷氨酸的抑制机制
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胡瑞鑫1, 5, 田缘2, 3, 鞠建松1, 5, * , 于波4, 王丽敏4, *
作者信息
  • 1.河北师范大学 生命科学学院,河北 石家庄
  • 2.黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨
  • 3.东北农业大学 食品学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨
  • 4.中国科学院微生物研究所,北京
  • 5.河北省生态环境协同创新中心,河北 石家庄
Inhibitory mechanism of glutamate waste liquid for poly-γ-glutamic acid production by Bacillus subtilis KH2
Ruixin HU1, 5, Yuan TIAN2, 3, Jiansong JU1, 5, * , Bo YU4, Limin WANG4, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
  • 2.Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
  • 3.College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
  • 4.Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 5.Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environment, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250080
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谷氨酸废液是谷氨酸生产过程中的废弃物,具有低pH、高铵根、高硫酸根等特点。废液中含有谷氨酸,可作为原料用于生产γ-聚谷氨酸(poly-γ-glutamic acid, γ-PGA),从而实现废液的资源化利用。 【目的】 针对谷氨酸废液对γ-PGA合成存在抑制作用的问题,利用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) KH2进行发酵合成γ-PGA并评估谷氨酸废液对该合成反应的抑制情况。 【方法】 通过转录组学比较,挖掘γ-PGA合成通路的关键基因,分析抑制因子,并利用关键基因的过表达与敲除技术,明确抑制因子,进而进行发酵验证。 【结果】 谷氨酸废液作为底物发酵生产γ-PGA时呈现出显著的抑制效应。利用转录组学技术共筛选出1 819个显著差异基因,其中952个显著上调,867个显著下调。在原始发酵和谷氨酸废液发酵过程中,B. subtilis KH2中10个参与γ-PGA合成途径的基因(alsSpgsAgltTbudAfumCptsGracEopuABacoCrocG)转录水平发生明显变化。将其中8个下调表达的基因(alsSpgsAgltTbudAfumCptsGracEopuAB)进行过表达并进行发酵验证后,γ-PGA产量分别提升了91.20%、120.77%、137.50%、36.44%、40.85%、104.58%、65.67%、69.72%;pgsAgltTptsGracEopuAB基因的过表达使谷氨酸利用率分别提升了11.57%、35.53%、12.83%、21.43%、14.80%。alsSbudAfumC的过表达对提升谷氨酸利用率效果不明显。2个上调表达基因(acoCrocG)的敲除对γ-PGA生产和谷氨酸利用影响不大。 【结论】 在废液发酵过程中,ptsGgltTracEpgsAfumC等基因的下调对底物利用、谷氨酸构型转换与聚合、TCA循环等产生显著影响,从而降低了γ-PGA的合成效率。本研究初步揭示了谷氨酸废液对γ-PGA合成的抑制机制,为利用工业废液生产高附加值生物聚合物提供了一种可持续的生物技术方法。

γ-聚谷氨酸  /  枯草芽孢杆菌KH2  /  谷氨酸废液  /  比较转录组  /  抑制因子

Glutamate waste liquid is the waste produced in the production process of glutamic acid, with low pH, high ammonium, and high sulfate. The waste liquid contains glutamic acid and can be used as a raw material to produce poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), achieving the recycling of waste liquid. [Objective] To investigate the inhibitory effect of glutamate waste liquid on γ-PGA synthesis, we used Bacillus subtilis KH2 to synthesize γ-PGA and evaluated the inhibitory effect of glutamate waste liquid on the synthesis of γ-PGA. [Methods] Comparative transcriptomics was employed to excavate the key genes and inhibitory factors involved in γ-PGA synthesis, and key gene overexpression and knockout were conducted to identify the inhibitory factors. Fermentation experiments were then performed for verification. [Results] The glutamate waste liquid as the substrate for production of γ-PGA by fermentation showed significant inhibitory effects. A total of 1 819 significantly differentially expressed genes were identified, including 952 genes with significantly up-regulated expression and 867 genes with significantly down-regulated expression. The transcript levels of 10 genes (alsS, pgsA, gltT, budA, fumC, ptsG, racE, opuAB, acoC, and rocG) involved in γ-PGA synthesis of B. subtilis KH2 changed significantly during primary fermentation and glutamate waste liquid fermentation. Eight down-regulated genes (alsS, pgsA, gltT, budA, fumC, ptsG, racE, and opuAB) were overexpressed, which increased the production of γ-PGA by 91.20%, 120.77%, 137.50%, 36.44%, 40.85%, 104.58%, 65.67%, and 69.72%, respectively. The overexpression of pgsA, gltT, ptsG, racE, and opuAB increased glutamic acid utilization by 11.57%, 35.53%, 12.83%, 21.43%, and 14.80%, respectively. The overexpression of alsS, budA, and fumC had no obvious improving effect on the utilization of glutamic acid. The knockout of two up-regulated genes (acoC and rocG) had little effect on γ-PGA production and glutamic acid utilization. [Conclusion] The downregulation of ptsG, gltT, racE, pgsA, and fumC in waste liquid fermentation has significant effects on substrate utilization, glutamic acid configuration conversion and polymerization, and TCA cycle, which reduces the synthesis efficiency of γ-PGA. This study reveals the inhibitory mechanism of glutamate waste liquid in γ-PGA synthesis and provides a sustainable biotechnology for the production of value-added biopolymers from industrial waste liquid.

poly-γ-glutamic acid  /  Bacillus subtilis KH2  /  glutamate waste liquid  /  comparative transcriptome  /  inhibitory factor
胡瑞鑫, 田缘, 鞠建松, 于波, 王丽敏. 谷氨酸废液对枯草芽孢杆菌KH2合成γ-聚谷氨酸的抑制机制. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3686 -3701 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250080
Ruixin HU, Yuan TIAN, Jiansong JU, Bo YU, Limin WANG. Inhibitory mechanism of glutamate waste liquid for poly-γ-glutamic acid production by Bacillus subtilis KH2[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3686 -3701 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250080
我国是全球最大的味精生产国,产品产量约占全球的80%[1]。谷氨酸废液是味精工业生产的副产物,含有大量有机污染物,属于典型的高化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)、高生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand, BOD)、高菌体含量、高铵根、高硫酸根和低pH的“五高一低”废水[2-3],是食品制造业的重大污染源。随着味精产业的持续发展,如何提升谷氨酸的提取效率、增强资源的循环利用率,以及有效处理发酵废液,已成为该产业面临的主要挑战。相较于传统的物理化学处理方式,生物处理法在环境兼容性、可持续性和资源回收方面展现出显著优势[4],成为处理谷氨酸废液的有力选择。根据废液的特定成分选择合适的微生物进行发酵能够将有机化合物有效降解或转化为有价值的副产品,以实现资源的循环利用。通过基因编辑对微生物进行改造以适应特定的处理需求,可以增强微生物对废液特定成分的降解能力。
γ-聚谷氨酸(poly-γ-glutamic acid, γ-PGA)是由l-谷氨酸和d-谷氨酸单体以γ-酰胺键连接形成的高分子量聚合物,具有保水性、增稠性、生物可降解性,在食品、化妆品、医药、农业等领域被广泛应用[5-7]。作为一种极具发展潜力的绿色生物制剂,γ-PGA主要通过化学合成法、提取法、酶转化法和微生物发酵法等技术生产[8-10]。其中,微生物发酵法具有环境友好、工艺稳定、成本低等特点,是实现γ-PGA大规模工业化生产的主要方法[11],正成为国内外 γ-PGA行业的研究热点。目前,γ-PGA主要是通过各类芽孢杆菌以葡萄糖、甘油等为碳源,流加谷氨酸的方式生产,生产成本较高。利用谷氨酸废液中残留的谷氨酸和氨氮作为γ-PGA生产的前体原料和氮源,不仅可以降低生产成本,还可以解决味精工业的环保问题,为味精企业带来新的经济增长点[12]。然而,谷氨酸废液中存在的复杂成分对微生物生长通常具有显著抑制作用,使得γ-PGA转化率低下,成为在工业应用中难以回避的实质性障碍。因此,解析谷氨酸废液发酵生产γ-PGA过程中的抑制机制,并提高底物利用率尚待进一步探究,亟需开发一种绿色环保的工艺和技术,以高效生产γ-PGA,实现良好的经济效益[13]
Dong等[14]前期在土壤中筛选获得一株产γ-PGA的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) KH2,该菌株在含有4% l-谷氨酸的培养基中发酵48 h后,γ-PGA产量达到41 g/L。本研究选用B. subtilis KH2发酵谷氨酸废液,测定其对γ-PGA合成的抑制效果;基于比较转录组学方法分析 γ-PGA合成途径中的差异基因,挖掘谷氨酸废液对发酵的潜在抑制机制;并对关键元件过表达的工程菌株合成γ-PGA的能力进行摇瓶发酵验证,以期为谷氨酸废液的合理利用提供实验支撑。
本研究所用菌株大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) TOP10、E. coli S17-1、B. subtilis KH2、B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2B. subtilis 168均为本实验室保存,敲除质粒载体pKVMK7-2、表达质粒载体pMACm2均为实验室前期所构建[15]
本研究使用的引物如表1所示,均由北京睿博兴科生物技术有限公司合成。
2×Phanta Max Master Mix购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;Plasmid Mini Kit、Gel Extraction Kit、Cycle-Pure Kit以及Bacterial RNA Kit均购自Omega Bio-tek公司。
LB培养基(g/L):酵母浸粉5.00,蛋白胨10.00,NaCl 10.00。固体培养基添加1.50%琼脂。利用氯霉素(终浓度25.00 μg/mL)筛选转化子。
种子培养基(g/L):葡萄糖20.00,l-谷氨酸钠20.00,酵母膏5.00,K2HPO4 2.00,MgSO4·7H2O 0.25,pH调至7.00。
原始发酵培养基(g/L):葡萄糖30.00,l-谷氨酸钠30.00,(NH4)2SO4 5.00,K2HPO4 2.00,MgSO4·7H2O0.25,pH调至7.00。
谷氨酸废液发酵培养基(g/L):葡萄糖30.00,l-谷氨酸钠29.35,K2HPO4 2.00,MgSO4·7H2O 0.25,添加谷氨酸废液使 (NH4)2SO4终浓度为5.00、谷氨酸终浓度为30.00,pH调至7.00。
谷氨酸废液采集自宁夏伊品生物科技股份有限公司,4 ℃保存。其中谷氨酸含量为19.00 g/L,(NH4)2SO4含量为146.00 g/L,NH4+-N含量为30.90 g/L,pH 3.17。
取200 μL B. subtilis KH2甘油菌接种至LB培养基中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h。再以10%接种量接种至种子培养基,继续培养16 h制备种子液。种子液以10%接种量分别接种至原始发酵培养基和谷氨酸废液发酵培养基中,继续培养50 h。在发酵0、24、50 h时分别取样,对其生物量、葡萄糖浓度、谷氨酸浓度、γ-PGA浓度进行测定。
按1.2节所述条件发酵36 h后取样,4 ℃、 10 000×g离心20 min收集菌体,液氮速冻 20 min后置于超低温冰箱保存。委托北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司进行RNA的提取、质控、建库及Ilumina HiSegTM测序。对原始测序结果进行过滤、基因组定位分析、基因表达水平计算、基因表达差异分析,以|log2 fold change|≥1且Padj<0.05为筛选标准。对差异表达基因进行GO功能富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析,以Padj<0.05作为显著性富集的阈值。
B. subtilis KH2在原始发酵培养基和谷氨酸废液发酵培养基中培养,36 h后收集菌体细胞。提取总RNA,总RNA检验合格并定量后,将其反转录成cDNA,以cDNA为模板进行RT-qPCR验证,以B. subtilis KH2 16S rRNA基因为内参基因,采用2-ΔΔCt分析各基因相对表达水平。
根据基因组信息,使用SnapGene软件设计引物(表1)。以质粒或B. subtilis KH2基因组为模板,使用2×Phanta Max Master Mix高保真聚合酶分别扩增质粒载体和转录关键基因。采用Gibson等[16]方法连接目的基因与线性表达载体构建过表达/敲除质粒,其中载体和片段的摩尔比为1:2。
将目标质粒以化学转化方式转入E. coli S17-1,利用质粒对应抗生素筛选转化子,将其作为接合转移的供体菌。Chen等[15]前期构建了转化效率更高的基因敲除株B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2,将其作为受体菌。将供体、受体菌株分 别培养至OD600为1.0,用无抗LB培养基洗涤 2次后混合点种于无抗LB平板上,根据质粒类型分别置于30 ℃或37 ℃培养。选择质粒对应抗生素和20 μg/mL多黏菌素B筛选转化子,进行PCR验证。
在构建敲除质粒并接合转移入受体菌后,在1%木糖和30 μg/mL卡那霉素的LB平板与只含有30 μg/mL卡那霉素的LB平板45 ℃下培养,菌落PCR以筛选一次同源重组菌株。将其接种到LB液体培养基中,37 ℃培养活化4 h。在添加了1%木糖的无抗LB平板上划线,45 ℃培养17 h,筛选二次同源重组菌株。将其分别在30 μg/mL的卡那霉素的LB平板和无抗LB平板上划线,37 ℃培养以测试抗性。挑取只能在无抗平板上生长的单菌落,利用引物ΔacoC-seq-F/ΔacoC-seq-R或ΔrocG-seq-F/ΔrocG-seq-R进行菌落PCR验证,验证结果阳性即敲除成功。
按1.2节所述,将种子液以10%接种量接种至谷氨酸废液发酵培养基中,37 ℃、200 r/min振荡培养50 h,进行相关参数的测定。
生物量采用光密度法测定OD600值。葡萄糖及谷氨酸浓度使用SBA-40D生物传感分析仪(山东省科学院生物研究所)进行测定。
配制100 μg/mL的γ-PGA标准品溶液,依次稀释后准确定容,得到30、40、50、60、70、80、90 μg/mL的γ-PGA标准液。
吸取待测菌液,4 ℃、10 000×g离心 20 min以去除菌体,上清液中添加4倍体积预冷无水乙醇,4 ℃冷藏过夜后,4 ℃、10 000×g离心20 min去除无水乙醇,得到γ-PGA沉淀,加入同等体积蒸馏水复溶稀释40-200倍测定 γ-PGA浓度。
采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)比浊法测定γ-PGA浓度[17]。以2% NaOH溶液配制 5 g/L的CTAB溶液,准确吸取100 μL标准液及待测液置于96孔板中,加入100 μL CTAB溶液反应3 min,于240 nm处检测吸光值。根据标准曲线计算待测液γ-PGA浓度。
所有实验均重复3次,使用GraphPad Prism软件对实验数据进行统计分析及作图,P<0.05表示差异显著。
通过比较B. subtilis KH2在利用替代氮源时的γ-PGA合成能力,可以看出谷氨酸废液作为底物发酵生产γ-PGA呈现了显著的抑制效应。如图1A所示,发酵50 h后γ-PGA产量仅达到3.32 g/L,相较于原始发酵培养基(16.11 g/L γ-PGA)降低了79.39%。谷氨酸的消耗也证实了这一结果。在无废液的条件下,至发酵结束谷氨酸钠共消耗了40.00%,而以废液替代硫酸铵后,谷氨酸钠仅被利用了21.88% (图1B)。值得注意的是,尽管废液抑制了谷氨酸的利用却加快了碳源的消耗和菌体的生长。在发酵24 h时,废液组中B. subtilis KH2的OD600达到了12.0 (图1C),并将培养体系中的葡萄糖全部耗尽(图1D)。在2种培养条件下,菌体的生长与γ-PGA的合成并不同步,相对较高的生物量并未提升 γ-PGA的产量,说明谷氨酸废液在γ-PGA合成过程中对B. subtilis KH2产生了某种抑制效应,其潜在机制的挖掘将有助于针对性地提高产物的产量和合成效率。
通过Illumina平台对原始发酵(A)和谷氨酸废液发酵(B) 2组样品进行测序。在分析前对原始数据进行处理以保证数据分析的质量。如表2所示,各样品的G+C含量均在45.45%以上,Q20比率在96.22%-98.85%之间,Q30比率在96.22%-96.53%之间,表明本次转录组测序数据质量较高,可用于下一步的数据分析。
对各基因表达量进行统计,筛选差异基因并绘制火山图,结果如图2A所示。A和B共筛选出1 819个显著差异基因,其中952个显著上调,867个显著下调。为了确定差异基因在不同发酵体系中的功能,对其进行了GO和KEGG富集分析。由图2B可知,相较于以硫酸铵作为氮源的对照组,差异基因主要参与有机氮化合物代谢、小分子代谢等生物过程,所处细胞组成主要为细胞、细胞器等,富集的差异基因在分子功能中主要涉及核苷磷酸结合、碳水化合物衍生物结合、核苷结合等。γ-PGA合成的差异可能与差异基因在这些代谢过程中的作用有关。
为了明确差异基因参与的主要生化代谢途径及信号转导途径,对不同发酵体系的差异表达基因进行KEGG通路分析,结果如图2C所示。以谷氨酸废液替代硫酸铵发酵后,差异基因显著富集于次级代谢产物的生物合成、氨基酰基-tRNA生物合成和卟啉代谢这3条通路中,其中富集到次级代谢产物的生物合成达239个,辅因子的生物合成达109个。
根据转录组测序结果,并结合B. subtilis KH2中参与γ-PGA合成途径的基因分析,初步筛选了10个差异表达基因进行RT-qPCR验证。这些基因包括:γ-PGA合成相关基因pgsA;PTS葡萄糖转运蛋白亚基基因ptsG;谷氨酸转运相关基因gltT;乙偶姻代谢途径相关基因alsSbudA;TCA途径相关基因fumC;谷氨酸消旋酶基因racE;ABC转运蛋白相关基因opuAB;乙偶姻脱氢酶基因acoC;谷氨酸脱氢酶基因rocG。以16S rRNA为内参基因,RT-qPCR的结果与转录组测序结果中基因表达趋势相一致,表明转录组测序结果较为可靠(图3)。上述10个基因的表达量均有不同程度的上调或下调,说明γ-PGA合成过程中受到多个通路的调节。代谢途径如图4所示,其中红色表示基因表达水平的上调,绿色表示下调。
为了探究上述10个基因是否是造成谷氨酸废液发酵与原始发酵差异的原因,本研究将8个下调的关键代谢途径基因(alsSpgsAgltTbudAfumCptsGracEopuAB)分别以质粒表达的方式构建过表达菌株,并在谷氨酸废液中进行发酵验证,以转入空载质粒pMACm2的B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2菌株作为阴性对照。如图5所示,发酵50 h后,阴性对照的γ-PGA产量为5.68 g/L,而过表达菌株的γ-PGA产量分别为10.86、12.54、13.49、7.75、8.00、11.62、9.41、9.64 g/L (图5A),产量分别提升了91.20%、120.77%、137.50%、36.44%、40.85%、104.58%、65.67%、69.72%。其中γ-PGA产量最高的为B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2/pMACm2-gltT,达到13.49 g/L。在谷氨酸利用方面,发酵50 h后,阴性对照B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2/pMACm2中谷氨酸的利用率为28.57%,各过表达菌株的谷氨酸利用率为32.00%、40.14%、64.10%、33.55%、24.66%、41.40%、50.00%、43.37% (图5B)。OD600和葡萄糖浓度变化如图5C图5D所示。其中,谷氨酸利用率最高的菌株是B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2/pMACm2-gltT,利用率达到64.10%,该菌株对谷氨酸的利用率甚至高于不添加废液的原始发酵条件下的利用率(40.00%)。
本研究构建了2株敲除菌株B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔacoCB. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔrocG,菌落PCR验证的正确条带大小分别为1 995 bp和1 842 bp (图6)。获得敲除菌株后,在谷氨酸废液中进行发酵测试,以B. subtilis KH2和B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2菌株为对照。发酵50 h后,γ-PGA产量分别为3.62 g/L和13.51 g/L,而B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔacoCB. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔrocG的γ- PGA产量分别为13.29 g/L和13.21 g/L (图7A)。与B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2菌株相比,2株敲除菌的γ-PGA产量并未提升。在谷氨酸利用方面,发酵50 h后,B. subtilis KH2、B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔacoCB. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔrocG的谷氨酸利用率分别为17.33%、52.56%、45.57%、50.65% (图7B)。
谷氨酸废液中含有大量硫酸铵,可满足γ-PGA发酵过程中的氮源需求[18]。以废液替代硫酸铵生产γ-PGA不仅有望降低企业的生产成本,还能够减少对环境造成的负担,实现资源的循环利用。然而在实际生产中,废液的处理和再利用需要综合考虑其化学组成、环境影响以及经济效益。作为高浓度有机废水,废液中含有大量的氨基酸、核苷酸、金属成分、有机酸、无机盐等,导致初始营养物质过多,从而在发酵液与种子液之间形成较大的环境差异。这会延长菌种生长的适应期,使其无法在生产过程中保持最佳状态,不利于菌种的生长代谢和γ- PGA的积累。
在本研究中,废液培养基中菌体对营养物质的吸收主要用于完成自身生长发育,而非用于γ-PGA的合成积累,导致合成γ-PGA的前体物谷氨酸钠大量残留在培养基中,造成不必要的原料浪费。为了进一步探究废液对γ-PGA合成的抑制机制,本研究对发酵36 h的2种发 酵液进行了比较转录组分析。2个样本中共有 1 819个显著差异基因。基于GO和KEGG数据库,根据比对结果对基因的属性进行分类,明确了差异基因的功能及其在特定代谢通路中的富集情况。谷氨酸废液的添加影响了B. subtilis KH2中参与代谢过程、酶的表达、代谢物转运等进程的基因表达量。参与糖酵解、谷氨酸转运、γ-PGA合成途径的基因显著下调,可能会对该菌合成γ-PGA的水平产生影响。
γ-PGA是在胞内聚谷氨酸合成酶的作用下将外源性或内源性的谷氨酸聚合形成的,其生物合成途径涵盖了底物利用与前体合成、聚合物合成、信号分子调控等过程[19]。在底物利用与前体合成阶段,γ-PGA的高效合成需要充足的碳源供应,葡萄糖是细胞的主要碳源和能量来源,基因ptsG编码的蛋白负责将葡萄糖转运进细胞,进而进入糖酵解途径,过表达ptsG后γ-PGA产量提升了104.58%,表明ptsG的高效表达可以增强葡萄糖的转运及利用效率[20],为γ-PGA的合成提供更多中间代谢产物和能量,从而促进目标产物γ-PGA的合成。糖酵解过程中产生的丙酮酸可转变为乙酰辅酶A后进入TCA循环,生成的α-酮戊二酸即为合成l-谷氨酸的前体物质[21]。丙酮酸还可以在乙酰乳酸合酶和乙酰乳酸脱羧酶的作用下生成乙偶姻,进一步生成乙酸、乙酰辅酶A和NADH[22]。分别对alsSbudA基因过表达后,可能有利于代谢流的调控以及还原力的平衡,从而导致γ-PGA产量提升。FumC催化延胡索酸向苹果酸的转化,过表达fumC基因可以促进TCA循环的运转效率,进而促进γ-PGA的产生。
在聚合物合成阶段,gltT编码谷氨酸转运蛋白,通过与质子或钠离子的共转运来介导谷氨酸的转运。这种转运过程由质子和钠离子的动力势驱动[23]gltT基因表达下调影响了外源谷氨酸钠进入细胞,进而导致谷氨酸的利用效率降低,而谷氨酸是γ-PGA聚合的直接底物,因此影响了γ-PGA的合成。过表达gltT基因后,谷氨酸利用效率是阴性对照组的2.24倍,γ-PGA产量是阴性对照组的2.38倍。谷氨酸消旋酶RacE负责l-谷氨酸的细胞内异构化,催化l-型和d-型谷氨酸之间的构型转换。增强racE的表达不仅能够调节γ-PGA的分子量和构型,而且有利于细胞的生长和γ-PGA的合成[24]。γ-PGA的生物合成系统可分为2类:以炭疽芽孢杆菌为代表的组成型合成系统和以枯草芽孢杆菌为代表的分泌型合成系统[25]。二者的γ-PGA合成基因分别为capBcapCcapAcapDpgsBpgsCpgsApgsE。Xu等[26]证实了谷氨酸棒状菌中pgsBpgsCpgsA均是γ-PGA合成所必需的,并通过单独调节每个组分的表达水平,明确了基因的表达对γ-PGA合成的影响。作为γ-PGA的运输载体,PgsA参与γ-PGA的转运过程,也对链的延长起重要作用。Xu等[26]证明了适度增加pgsA的转录水平有利于γ-PGA产量的增加。过表达基因pgsA后,γ-PGA产量是阴性对照组的2.21倍,提高了聚合物转运和信号分子调控效率。
OpuA系统是枯草芽孢杆菌的渗透保护剂甘氨酸甜菜碱的主要转运体[27],它由3个亚基构成,分别是ATP酶(OpuAA)、跨膜结构域(OpuAB)和亲水性多肽(OpuAC)[28]。在谷氨酸废液发酵过程中,B. subtilis KH2中opuAAopuABopuAC基因的表达均受到了不同程度的抑制。通过过表达opuAB基因,使γ-PGA的产量提升了69.72%。
编码限制性核酸内切酶的基因res1res2的敲除提高了γ-PGA的产量,这可能是由于其促进了菌株的生长。发酵50 h后,B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2B. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔacoCB. subtilis KH2Δres1Δres2ΔrocG的生长状况均好于B. subtilis KH2。
本研究通过转录组测序技术分析了谷氨酸废液对B. subtilis KH2的抑制机制。在废液发酵中,ptsGgltTracEpgsAfumCalsSbudAopuAB等基因的下调对B. subtilis KH2的底物利用、谷氨酸构型转换与聚合、TCA循环等产生了显著影响,从而降低了γ-PGA的合成效率。通过过表达关键基因强化了B. subtilis KH2的底物转运及利用途径,有效地提高了利用谷氨酸废液发酵合成γ-PGA的产量。一方面,本研究为枯草芽孢杆菌生产γ-PGA的代谢改造提供了理论指导;另一方面,初步揭示了谷氨酸废液对γ-PGA合成的抑制机制,为利用工业废液生产高附加值生物聚合物提供了一种可持续的生物技术方法,且对环境友好。
  • 黑龙江省科学院生物经济“揭榜挂帅”项目(JBGS2024SW01)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250080
  • 接收时间:2025-01-27
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-27
  • 录用日期:2025-03-10
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Bioeconomy Open Competition Project of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences(JBGS2024SW01)
黑龙江省科学院生物经济“揭榜挂帅”项目(JBGS2024SW01)
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    1.河北师范大学 生命科学学院,河北 石家庄
    2.黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨
    3.东北农业大学 食品学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨
    4.中国科学院微生物研究所,北京
    5.河北省生态环境协同创新中心,河北 石家庄

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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