Article(id=1226460581302026701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250077, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737734400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741968000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-15, onlineDate=1770340589118, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340589118, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340589118, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340589118, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3671, endPage=3685, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460581713068523, articleId=1226460581302026701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Functional characterization of plant glycosyltransferases and microbial production of flavonoid glycosides, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To systematically investigate the substrate promiscuity and catalytic performance of three UDP-glycosyltransferases: CsUGT75L12 (Camellia sinensis), CiUGT11 (Chrysanthemum indicum), and UGT73B1 (Arabidopsis thaliana). [Methods] The recombinant proteins of plant glycosyltransferases were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified for in vitro enzymatic assays. In vitro enzymatic reactions of the purified recombinant proteins were performed with six flavonoids including flavones (apigenin and acacetin) and flavanones (naringenin, eriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and hesperetin). The enzymatic products were characterized by HPLC and LC-MS and the conversion rates were calculated through comparative HPLC peak area analysis. [Results] CsUGT75L12, CiUGT11, and UGT73B1 exhibited broad substrate promiscuity towards the six tested flavonoids. The primary products were identified as flavonoid-7-O-glucosides. Notably, CiUGT11 and UGT73B1 demonstrated exceptional catalytic efficiency, achieving >96% conversion rates for hesperetin and naringenin. Leveraging this activity, we engineered CiUGT11 and UGT73B1 with high efficiency to produce hesperetin-7-O-glucoside and naringenin-7-O-glucoside through precursor feeding in E. coli. [Conclusion] The three glycosyltransferases display remarkable versatility in flavonoid recognition, with conserved preference for the C7-OH position. CiUGT11 and UGT73B1 show high catalytic efficiency for six flavonoids. These findings provide candidate gene elements for the efficient microbial production of flavonoid glycosides.

, correspAuthors=Hongjiao ZHANG, Wenbing YIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHANG Hongjiao,
YIN Wenbing,
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【目的】 研究茶树(Camellia sinensis)、野菊花(Chrysanthemum indicum)以及拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)来源的3个UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1的底物特异性并比较它们的催化效率。 【方法】 利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)表达植物糖基转移酶重组蛋白,将体外纯化得到的重组蛋白分别与黄酮、黄烷酮等6个黄酮类化合物进行体外酶促反应,通过液相质谱联用(LC-MS)及标准品比对确定糖苷产物,借助高效液相色谱(HPLC)峰面积计算底物转化率。 【结果】 体外酶促反应结果显示,3个糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1具有宽泛的底物特异性,对柚皮素、圣草酚、异樱花素、橙皮素、芹菜素和金合欢素6个黄酮类化合物具有催化活性,生成的主要产物是类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷。其中,CiUGT11和UGT73B1对橙皮素和柚皮素的转化率分别达到了96%。利用高效的糖基转移酶基因CiUGT11UGT73B1在大肠杆菌中成功异源合成橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷和柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷。 【结论】 植物糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1具有宽泛的底物识别能力,主要作用于黄酮类化合物的C7-OH位置,其中CiUGT11和UGT73B1对6个黄酮类化合物具有较高的催化活性,本研究为微生物高效生产类黄酮糖苷化合物提供了候选基因元件。

, correspAuthors=张宏娇, 尹文兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=x5SGvG2QKWumU54Lao1YHg==, magXml=6ALH4oyaq9sJWVrBpuhdbA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QxOxVxTV2HKP9frBBFGJ9w==, pdfFileSize=2727633, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=lHK+98LMRIB8oz+pjPjS/w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hczdW7jHcH+yD9XXuhvrSQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

季佳童:实验操作、数据分析、论文撰写和修改;张宏娇、尹文兵:实验设计、数据分析、论文审阅和修改。

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figureFileSmall=KLoygKEB8t8OZWYtKbjjwg==, figureFileBig=lIvNt0eC9nX4FkgH0VIzqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301706543762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄酮类化合物1-6的化学结构, figureFileSmall=KLoygKEB8t8OZWYtKbjjwg==, figureFileBig=lIvNt0eC9nX4FkgH0VIzqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301899481755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Gel electrophoresis of CsUGT75L12, CiUGT11 and UGT73B1., figureFileSmall=39INjf5U1HcaRYcSj9QQpA==, figureFileBig=IYjDU1k4zFpuHJ09l2nhvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301991756449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CsUGT75L12CiUGT11UGT73B1 基因的凝胶电泳图, figureFileSmall=39INjf5U1HcaRYcSj9QQpA==, figureFileBig=IYjDU1k4zFpuHJ09l2nhvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302096614058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=SDS-PAGE analysis result of recombinant proteins CsUGT75L12 (A), CiUGT11 (B), and UGT73B1 (C)., figureFileSmall=0DeM9yBoOnrhWKIvn52/+w==, figureFileBig=ZxRLx7EyfkRRoO6jIn22SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302201471665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CsUGT75L12 (A)CiUGT11 (B)UGT73B1 (C)重组蛋白的SDS-PAGE结果, figureFileSmall=0DeM9yBoOnrhWKIvn52/+w==, figureFileBig=ZxRLx7EyfkRRoO6jIn22SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302327300796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=HPLC analysis results of the enzymatic reaction products of three glycosyltransferases catalyzing naringenin (1) as the acceptor., figureFileSmall=xVmweD479kPZk2/zIX5zyA==, figureFileBig=ZAfbPeat8S/LEnSqAKxVMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302432158401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=图4, caption=三个糖基转移酶催化柚皮素(1)的酶促反应产物的HPLC分析结果, figureFileSmall=xVmweD479kPZk2/zIX5zyA==, figureFileBig=ZAfbPeat8S/LEnSqAKxVMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302520238791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=HPLC analysis results of the enzymatic reaction products of three glycosyltransferases catalyzing flavonoids (1-6) as the acceptors. A: Naringenin (1) as the substrate; B: Eriodictyol (2) as the substrate; C: Isosakuranetin (3) as the substrate; D: Hesperetin (4) as the substrate; E: Apigenin (5) as the substrate; F: Acacetin (6) as the substrate., figureFileSmall=O1LduyPBvNBETqa+uEas5g==, figureFileBig=5AGD8Un9E0yQejtlvNQSgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302629290706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三个糖基转移酶催化6个黄酮类化合物(1-6)的酶促反应产物的HPLC分析结果。A:柚皮素(1)为底物;B:圣草酚(2)为底物;C:异樱花素(3)为底物;D:橙皮素(4)为底物;E:芹菜素(5)为底物;F:金合欢素(6)为底物。, figureFileSmall=O1LduyPBvNBETqa+uEas5g==, figureFileBig=5AGD8Un9E0yQejtlvNQSgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302788674267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=LC-MS analysis results of the enzymatic reaction products of glycosyltransferase catalyzing flavonoids (1-6) as the acceptors. A: ESI-MS spectrum of 1a; B: ESI-MS spectrum of 2a; C: ESI-MS spectrum of 2b; D: ESI-MS spectrum of 2c; E: ESI-MS spectrum of 3a; F: ESI-MS spectrum of 4a; G: ESI-MS spectrum of 5a; H: ESI-MS spectrum of 5b; I: ESI-MS spectrum of 6a., figureFileSmall=gD2NHh1fNZVObZwHxHkt0w==, figureFileBig=nM/iwnbgcKVnjsVfeC/wgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302897726179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=图6, caption=糖基转移酶催化6个黄酮类化合物(1-6)的酶促反应产物的LC-MS分析结果。A:1a的质谱结果;B:2a的质谱结果;C:2b的质谱结果;D:2c的质谱结果;E:3a的质谱结果;F:4a的质谱结果;G:5a的质谱结果;H:5b的质谱结果;I:6a的质谱结果。, figureFileSmall=gD2NHh1fNZVObZwHxHkt0w==, figureFileBig=nM/iwnbgcKVnjsVfeC/wgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304256680683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Conversion rate of six flavonoids (1-6) catalyzed by three different glycosyltransferases. A: Naringenin (1) as the substrate; B: Eriodictyol (2) as the substrate; C: Isosakuranetin (3) as the substrate; D: Hesperetin (4) as the substrate; E: Apigenin (5) as the substrate; F: Acacetin (6) as the substrate., figureFileSmall=RwPNblowIbNPQHCeqzg3VA==, figureFileBig=295Q6GVtzEP9Rlrtfyi/rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304374121202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=图7, caption=三个糖基转移酶催化不同黄酮底物(1-6)的转化率分析。A:柚皮素(1)为底物;B:圣草酚(2)为底物;C:异樱花素(3)为底物;D:橙皮素(4)为底物;E:芹菜素(5)为底物;F:金合欢素(6)为底物。, figureFileSmall=RwPNblowIbNPQHCeqzg3VA==, figureFileBig=295Q6GVtzEP9Rlrtfyi/rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304483173114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Yield analysis of naringenin-7-O-glucoside (1a) produced by Escherichia coli carrying UGT73B1 when feeding naringenin (1). A: Biosynthetic pathway of naringenin-7-O-glucoside (1a) catalyzed by UGT73B1 using naringenin (1) as the substrate; B: HPLC analysis of the production of naringenin-7-O-glucoside (1a) produced by E. coli carrying UGT73B1; C: Standard curve of naringenin-7-O-glucoside; D: Yield analysis of naringenin-7-O-glucoside (1a) after feeding different concentrations of naringenin., figureFileSmall=Iue+6f/xtdQtQmIvav3rEQ==, figureFileBig=Re4fHFKSFlZXJlWTPQugXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304579642113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=图8, caption=UGT73B1 大肠杆菌突变株利用柚皮素(1)合成柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(1a)的产量分析。A:UGT73B1催化柚皮素(1)生成柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(1a)的生物合成途径;B:HPLC分析UGT73B1大肠杆菌突变株合成类黄酮糖苷1a;C:柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷的标准曲线;D:添加不同浓度柚皮素时,柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷的产量分析。, figureFileSmall=Iue+6f/xtdQtQmIvav3rEQ==, figureFileBig=Re4fHFKSFlZXJlWTPQugXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304713859847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Yield analysis of hesperetin-7-O-glucoside (4a) produced by Escherichia coli carrying CiUGT11 when feeding hesperetin (4). A: Biosynthetic pathway of hesperetin-7-O-glucoside (4a) catalyzed by CiUGT11 using hesperetin (4) as the substrate; B: HPLC analysis of the production of hesperetin-7-O-glucoside (4a) produced by E. coli carrying CiUGT11; C: Standard curve of hesperetin-7-O-glucoside; D: Yield analysis of hesperetin-7-O-glucoside (4a) after feeding different concentrations of hesperetin., figureFileSmall=QcTsmTAz3VwBIxgEsIWtAw==, figureFileBig=2JXDkg2hsTvCALy70f1VAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304869049104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=图9, caption=CiUGT11 大肠杆菌突变株利用橙皮素(4)生成橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(4a)的产量分析。A:CiUGT11催化橙皮素(4)生成橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(4a)的生物合成途径;B:HPLC分析CiUGT11大肠杆菌突变株合成类黄酮糖苷4a;C:橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷的标准曲线;D:添加不同浓度橙皮素时,橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷的产量分析。, figureFileSmall=QcTsmTAz3VwBIxgEsIWtAw==, figureFileBig=2JXDkg2hsTvCALy70f1VAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596304986489627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers for amplification of glycosyltransferase genes

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Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
CsUGT75L12-FGTGGACAGCAAATGGGTCGCATGGTGCAACACGGACAC
CsUGT75L12-RTCGAGTGCGGCCGCAAGCTTGAGGCAATCACCACCGAC
CiUGT11-FAGCCATATGGCTAGCATGACTGGTGGACAGCAAATGGGTCGCATGGACTCCGCGGCGAC
CiUGT11-RGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTGCGGCCGCAAGCTTGTTGAAGTTGTTAGTGCCGGTCC
UGT73B1-FGTGGACAGCAAATGGGTCGCATGGGAACTCCTGTCGAAG
UGT73B1-RTCGAGTGCGGCCGCAAGCTTTACCTTCTCTTTTTGCAGTTTAACTAAC
), ArticleFig(id=1226596305124901667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460581302026701, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用于克隆糖基转移酶基因的引物

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Primers namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
CsUGT75L12-FGTGGACAGCAAATGGGTCGCATGGTGCAACACGGACAC
CsUGT75L12-RTCGAGTGCGGCCGCAAGCTTGAGGCAATCACCACCGAC
CiUGT11-FAGCCATATGGCTAGCATGACTGGTGGACAGCAAATGGGTCGCATGGACTCCGCGGCGAC
CiUGT11-RGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTGCGGCCGCAAGCTTGTTGAAGTTGTTAGTGCCGGTCC
UGT73B1-FGTGGACAGCAAATGGGTCGCATGGGAACTCCTGTCGAAG
UGT73B1-RTCGAGTGCGGCCGCAAGCTTTACCTTCTCTTTTTGCAGTTTAACTAAC
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植物糖基转移酶的功能表征及类黄酮糖苷的微生物生产
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季佳童 1, 2 , 张宏娇 2, * , 尹文兵 1, 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(8): 3671-3685
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(8): 3671-3685
植物糖基转移酶的功能表征及类黄酮糖苷的微生物生产
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季佳童1, 2, 张宏娇2, * , 尹文兵1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学技术大学 生命科学与医学部,安徽 合肥
  • 2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
  • 3.中国科学院大学 医学院,北京
Functional characterization of plant glycosyltransferases and microbial production of flavonoid glycosides
Jiatong JI1, 2, Hongjiao ZHANG2, * , Wenbing YIN1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250077
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【目的】 研究茶树(Camellia sinensis)、野菊花(Chrysanthemum indicum)以及拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)来源的3个UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1的底物特异性并比较它们的催化效率。 【方法】 利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)表达植物糖基转移酶重组蛋白,将体外纯化得到的重组蛋白分别与黄酮、黄烷酮等6个黄酮类化合物进行体外酶促反应,通过液相质谱联用(LC-MS)及标准品比对确定糖苷产物,借助高效液相色谱(HPLC)峰面积计算底物转化率。 【结果】 体外酶促反应结果显示,3个糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1具有宽泛的底物特异性,对柚皮素、圣草酚、异樱花素、橙皮素、芹菜素和金合欢素6个黄酮类化合物具有催化活性,生成的主要产物是类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷。其中,CiUGT11和UGT73B1对橙皮素和柚皮素的转化率分别达到了96%。利用高效的糖基转移酶基因CiUGT11UGT73B1在大肠杆菌中成功异源合成橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷和柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷。 【结论】 植物糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1具有宽泛的底物识别能力,主要作用于黄酮类化合物的C7-OH位置,其中CiUGT11和UGT73B1对6个黄酮类化合物具有较高的催化活性,本研究为微生物高效生产类黄酮糖苷化合物提供了候选基因元件。

糖基转移酶  /  底物杂泛性  /  类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷  /  大肠杆菌

[Objective] To systematically investigate the substrate promiscuity and catalytic performance of three UDP-glycosyltransferases: CsUGT75L12 (Camellia sinensis), CiUGT11 (Chrysanthemum indicum), and UGT73B1 (Arabidopsis thaliana). [Methods] The recombinant proteins of plant glycosyltransferases were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified for in vitro enzymatic assays. In vitro enzymatic reactions of the purified recombinant proteins were performed with six flavonoids including flavones (apigenin and acacetin) and flavanones (naringenin, eriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and hesperetin). The enzymatic products were characterized by HPLC and LC-MS and the conversion rates were calculated through comparative HPLC peak area analysis. [Results] CsUGT75L12, CiUGT11, and UGT73B1 exhibited broad substrate promiscuity towards the six tested flavonoids. The primary products were identified as flavonoid-7-O-glucosides. Notably, CiUGT11 and UGT73B1 demonstrated exceptional catalytic efficiency, achieving >96% conversion rates for hesperetin and naringenin. Leveraging this activity, we engineered CiUGT11 and UGT73B1 with high efficiency to produce hesperetin-7-O-glucoside and naringenin-7-O-glucoside through precursor feeding in E. coli. [Conclusion] The three glycosyltransferases display remarkable versatility in flavonoid recognition, with conserved preference for the C7-OH position. CiUGT11 and UGT73B1 show high catalytic efficiency for six flavonoids. These findings provide candidate gene elements for the efficient microbial production of flavonoid glycosides.

glycosyltransferase  /  substrate promiscuity  /  flavonoid-7-O-glucoside  /  Escherichia coli
季佳童, 张宏娇, 尹文兵. 植物糖基转移酶的功能表征及类黄酮糖苷的微生物生产. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3671 -3685 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250077
Jiatong JI, Hongjiao ZHANG, Wenbing YIN. Functional characterization of plant glycosyltransferases and microbial production of flavonoid glycosides[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3671 -3685 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250077
黄酮类化合物是一种广泛存在于植物中的多酚次级代谢产物,也是多种药用植物的有效成分[1],其具有抗炎[2]、抗菌[3]、抗癌[4]、抗氧化[5]等多种生物活性,在心血管疾病[6]和神经退行性疾病[7]方面也具有巨大的治疗潜力。然而,天然黄酮类化合物由于其结构特性,水溶性低、稳定性差,限制了其在生物制剂方面的开发[8]。通过结构修饰提高黄酮类化合物在水相中的溶解性是一种有效的策略[9]。目前常见的结构修饰包括糖基化、甲基化、异戊烯基化等,其中糖基化是提高黄酮类化合物水溶性和生物利用度的有效途径[10]。例如,槲皮素经糖基化修饰后生成的槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷可通过葡萄糖转运蛋白的作用被肠道吸收,再水解为糖苷配基被小肠吸收,从而极大地提高了黄酮类化合物的生物利用度[11]
植物中黄酮类化合物的糖基化通常由尿苷二磷酸依赖性糖基转移酶(UDP glycosyltransferase, UGT)催化,将UDP-葡萄糖、UDP-鼠李糖、UDP-半乳糖等糖基供体转移到黄酮苷元的不同位点上生成结构多样的类黄酮糖苷[9]。其中,类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷在植物中较为常见[12],例如具有保肝和抗癌活性的水飞蓟素-7-O-葡萄糖苷[13],具有抗糖尿病活性的山奈酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷和芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖苷[14],以及具有抗氧化和治疗胃损伤潜力的木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷[15]。此外,黄芩素-7-O-葡萄糖苷[16]、槲皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、木犀草素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、山奈酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷等已成功实现了微生物生产[17]。尽管目前已鉴定出许多催化类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖基化的糖基转移酶,但大多数研究仅针对单个糖基转移酶的功能表征,尚未有同时对多个糖基转移酶进行功能表征和催化效率比较的报道,这使得在微生物中生产类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷时需要大量筛选和比对糖基转移酶的催化效率。
本研究通过提取茶树(Camellia sinensis)、野菊花(Chrysanthemum indicum)以及拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)来源的3个UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1的体外重组蛋白,并与柚皮素、圣草酚、异樱花素、橙皮素、芹菜素和金合欢素6种黄酮类化合物(图1)进行体外反应,探究3个UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶的功能。同时,通过添加前体橙皮素和柚皮素,在大肠杆菌中探究了CiUGT11和UGT73B1的底物转化效率。本研究为微生物异源合成类黄酮糖苷鉴定了高效的糖基转移酶元件,旨在助力类黄酮糖苷在微生物中的高效生产。
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) DH5α用于构建重组蛋白表达载体以及质粒扩增,E. coli BL21(DE3)用于重组蛋白的表达。E. coli DH5α、BL21(DE3)和载体pET28a均由本实验室保存。
柚皮素,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;圣草酚,成都仪睿生物科技有限公司;异樱花素、异樱花素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、金合欢素-7-O-葡萄糖苷,四川维克奇生物科技有限公司;橙皮素、橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷,上海笛柏生物科技有限公司;芹菜素,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;金合欢素,上海吉至生化科技有限公司;柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、圣草酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷,成都麦德生科技有限公司;芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖苷,成都普思生物科技股份有限公司。所有标准品均使用DMSO溶解。V-ELUTE Gel Mini Purification Kit、Fast Plasmid Miniprep Kit,北京庄盟国际生物基因科技有限公司。
PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;核酸凝胶电泳仪,北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司;紫外可见分光光度计,上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;高效液相色谱仪,Waters公司;高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪,Agilent公司。
LB培养基(g/L):Tryptone 10.0,NaCl 10.0,Yeast extract 5.0,Agar 16.0 (液体培养基不加)。LB液体培养基用于摇瓶发酵,LB固体培养基用于菌株活化和大肠杆菌转化。
拟南芥cDNA由本实验室保存,CsUGT75L12CiUGT11基因序列由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成。使用高保真聚合酶TransStart® FastPfu扩增目的基因,工具载体pET28a使用限制性内切酶BamH I进行线性化。PCR产物和线性化产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,使用V-ELUTE Gel Mini Purification Kit将条带大小正确的片段进行胶回收。
使用ClonExpress MultiS One Step Cloning Kit将CsUGT75L12CiUGT11UGT73B1基因片段分别与pET28a载体片段进行一步连接,连接产物转化至E. coli DH5α感受态细胞中,转化的菌液涂布于含50 μg/L卡那霉素(Kan)的LB平板上筛选阳性克隆。挑取阳性单克隆进行菌落PCR验证,将验证正确的单克隆用5 mL液体LB (含50 μg/L Kan)培养基扩大培养,按照Fast Plasmid Miniprep Kit说明书进行质粒提取,质粒测序由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司完成,将测序正确的重组质粒转入E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,挑取单克隆菌落于LB液体培养基扩大培养后保存在33%甘油中,置于-80 ℃保存。
以UGT73B1为例,将携带pET28a-UGT73B1质粒的E. coli BL21(DE3)菌液接种至5 mL LB液体培养基中(含50 μg/LKan),在37 ℃、200 r/min条件下培养过夜作为种子液。将种子液以1:500的比例接种于500 mL LB (含50 μg/L Kan),37 ℃、200 r/min振荡培养至OD600为0.6-0.8 (以LB液体培养基为空白对照),加入50 μL 1 mol/L IPTG,16 ℃、200 r/min低温诱导蛋白表达18-24 h。最后在4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,于-20 ℃保存。
蛋白提取与纯化(全程在冰上操作):1 L菌液于4 ℃、4 000 r/min离心15 min后的菌体加入预冷的裂解缓冲液(50 mmol/L NaH2PO4·2H2O,300 mmol/L NaCl,10 mmol/L Imidazole,pH 8.0)重悬菌体,使用超声波细胞破碎仪进行破碎(功率200 W,破碎10 s,间歇10 s,共计30 min)。裂解液用低温高速离心机在4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心20 min。将上清液转移至50 mL离心管,加入800 μL镍胶,低温孵育2 h,将混合液转移至亲和柱,重复过滤3次,使镍胶保留在亲和柱中。使用裂解缓冲液冲洗,同时取10 μL洗脱液与100 μL Bradford试剂反应至试剂不显蓝色;再用洗脱液A (50 mmol/L NaH2PO4·2H2O、300 mmol/L NaCl、15 mmol/L Imidazole,pH 8.0)洗脱,至Bradford试剂不显蓝色;随后加入7.5 mL洗脱液B (50 mmol/L NaH2PO4·2H2O、300 mmol/L NaCl、25 mmol/L Imidazole,pH 8.0),至Bradford试剂不显蓝色;加入1 mL洗脱液C (50 mmol/L NaH2PO4·2H2O、300 mmol/L NaCl、125 mmol/L Imidazole,pH 8.0),冰浴8 min,收集流出液,重复洗脱2次并收集流出液。将含有目标蛋白的流出液转移至脱盐柱,弃滤液,加入3.5 mL储存液(50 mmol/L Tris、100 mmol/L NaCl、10% Glycerol,pH 7.5),待Bradford试剂显蓝色反应后开始收集流出液即目的蛋白。目的蛋白用液氮速冻,于-80 ℃保存。使用NanoDrop测定蛋白浓度。
取50 μL重组蛋白样品,加入10 μL 6×protein loading buffer,100 ℃高温煮沸15 min,取15 μL样品进行SDS-PAGE (120 V、1 h)。电泳结束后将蛋白胶转移至染色皿中,加入10 mL考马斯亮蓝染液,置于脱色摇床染色15 min,去除染液,加入脱色液(45% methanol、10% acetic acid、45% distilled water)过夜脱色至蛋白条带清晰。
以柚皮素(1)为底物,UDP-葡萄糖(UDPG)为糖基供体,与3个葡萄糖基转移酶进行体外酶促反应。酶促反应体系:2 mmol/L UDPG,1 mmol/L底物,50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.0),10 mmol/L CaCl2,25 μg蛋白,总体积为50 μL。对照组反应体系与实验组相同,但使用100 ℃灭活15 min的蛋白。反应在37 ℃下进行4 h后,加入等体积的色谱甲醇终止反应,随后12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液进行HPLC和LC-MS分析。HPLC检测条件:使用C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm,Waters公司),流动相为色谱甲醇(A)-0.1%甲酸水(D),流速为1 mL/min。梯度洗脱程序为:0-20 min,20%-100% A;20-25 min,100% A;25-30 min,20% A。进样量为10 μL。LC-MS检测条件:使用C18色谱柱(3 mm×50 mm×3 μm,Bonna-Agela Technologies公司),流动相为色谱乙腈(B)-0.1%甲酸水(D),流速为0.5 mL/min。梯度洗脱程序为:0-30 min,5%-100% B;30-35 min,100% B;35-45 min,5% B)。进样量为5 μL。
根据体外酶促反应的HPLC结果,分别统计对照组与实验组中底物的峰面积,以对照组底物峰面积为100%,计算实验组中底物的转化率。
以UGT73B1为例,制备携带pET28a-UGT73B1质粒的E. coli BL21(DE3)种子液,按1:500比例接种于30 mL液体LB培养基,37 ℃、200 r/min培养至OD600为0.6-0.8。加入3 μL 1 mol/L IPTG和不同浓度的底物(终浓度为100、200、300、400、500 mg/L),对照组不加底物。在16 ℃、200 r/min培养36 h,每组3个平行。取3 mL培养液,加入等体积乙酸乙酯萃取,超声30 min后用真空离心浓缩仪将有机相蒸干,加入200 μL色谱甲醇溶解样品。以12 000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液进行HPLC分析,分析方法与1.4节一致。
配制柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷标准液,浓度梯度为0.5、0.2、0.1、0.05、0.02、0.01 mg/mL,用HPLC分析(分析方法与1.4节一致)。根据峰面积以及标准品进样量制作标准曲线,根据回归方程计算柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷的产量。
液质数据由MestReNova 14.0.0软件分析处理,琼脂糖凝胶图由Adobe Photoshop CS6软件处理,底物转化率由Origin 2024软件处理,类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷产量柱状图由GraphPad Prism处理。
通过文献调研获取3种植物来源的UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12 (GenBank登录号为ALO19892.1)[18]、CiUGT11 (GenBank登录号为WIF29794.1)[19]、UGT73B1 (GenBank登录号为NP_567955.1)[20]的cDNA序列,使用SnapGene设计引物(表1)。以拟南芥的cDNA为模板扩增糖基转移酶基因UGT73B1;以基因合成序列为模板分别扩增糖基转移酶基因CsUGT75L12CiUGT11。扩增得到的UGT73B1CsUGT75L12CiUGT11条带大小分别是1 464、1 416和1 416 bp (图2)。通过与pET28a载体片段一步克隆分别获得3个重组质粒pET28a-UGT73B1、pET28a-CsUGT75L12和pET28a-CiUGT11。基因测序结果显示,3个重组蛋白表达载体中的目的基因序列正确。
将测序正确的pET28a-CsUGT75L12、pET28a-CiUGT11和pET28a-UGT73B1表达载体分别转入E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,使用LB液体培养基进行扩大培养,经0.1 mol/L IPTG、16 ℃低温诱导蛋白表达18-24 h。将菌体低温超声破碎后,上清经Ni-亲和柱纯化,最终使用含125 mmol/L咪唑的洗脱液获得重组蛋白。纯化得到的重组蛋白进行SDS-PAGE分析。蛋白质相对分子量预测网站(https://web.expasy.org/protparam/)结果显示,CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11、UGT73B1重组蛋白的相对分子质量分别为57.4、56.6、59.8 kDa。SDS-PAGE分析显示,CsUGT75L12和CiUGT11重组蛋白在靠近55.0 kDa上方有明显条带,UGT73B1重组蛋白在55-70 kDa有一个明显条带,这与预期的重组蛋白大小相符(图3)。上述结果表明,本研究成功获取了3个植物糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11、UGT73B1的体外重组蛋白。
据文献[21]报道,CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1均能以柚皮素为底物催化合成柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷。为验证本研究纯化得到的3个糖基转移酶的功能,以柚皮素(1)为催化受体、UDPG为供体,分别与3个葡萄糖基转移酶进行体外酶促反应。HPLC结果分析显示,与对照组相比,3组酶促反应产物均产生了新的化合物峰1a,通过与柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷标准品比对发现1a与柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷标准品的保留时间一致(图45A)。LC-MS结果显示1a的分子量与柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷一致,因此确定1a是柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(图6)。上述结果表明CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1均能够催化柚皮素(1)的C7-OH位置发生糖基化修饰。
糖基转移酶宽泛的底物特异性是糖苷产物多样化的一个重要因素[22]。本研究将CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1重组蛋白分别与柚皮素(1)、圣草酚(2)、异樱花素(3)、橙皮素(4)、芹菜素(5)和金合欢素(6)进行体外酶促反应,以探究它们的底物特异性。
在以柚皮素(1)为底物的催化反应体系中,HPLC分析结果显示,CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1催化1生成了一个新化合物峰(1a),经标准品比对以及LC-MS分析可知,1a (t=6.39 min,m/z=435.100 [M+H]+m/z=457.200 [M+Na]+m/z=891.200 [2M+Na]+)为柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(图5A6A)。
在以圣草酚(2)为底物的催化反应体系中,HPLC分析结果显示,CsUGT75L12未与底物2发生反应,CiUGT11催化2生成了一个化合物峰(2a),UGT73B1催化2生成了3个化合物峰(2a、2b、2c)。经过进一步地标准品比对以及LC-MS分析,可鉴定2a (t=5.50 min,m/z=451.200 [M+H]+m/z=473.100 [M+Na]+)为圣草酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷(图5B6B);根据分子量推测2b (t=4.58 min,m/z=613.200 [M+H]+m/z=635.200 [M+Na]+) (图5B、6C)和2c (t=5.06 min,m/z=613.200 [M+H]+m/z=635.200 [M+Na]+)为圣草酚的双葡萄糖基化修饰产物(图5B6D)。
在以异樱花素(3)为底物的催化反应体系中,HPLC分析结果显示,CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1催化3生成了一个新化合物峰(3a),经标准品比对以及LC-MS分析,可鉴定3a (t=8.59 min,m/z=449.200 [M+H]+m/z=471.200 [M+Na]+m/z=919.300 [2M+Na]+)为异樱花素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(图5C6E)。
在以橙皮素(4)为底物的催化反应体系中,HPLC分析结果显示,CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1催化4生成了一个新化合物峰(4a),经标准品比对以及LC-MS分析,可鉴定4a (t=6.83 min,m/z=465.100 [M+H]+m/z=487.200 [M+Na]+)为橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(图5D6F)。
在以芹菜素(5)为底物的催化反应体系中,HPLC分析结果显示,CsUGT75L12催化5生成了一个新化合物峰(5a),CiUGT11和UGT73B1催化5生成了2个新化合物峰(5a、5b),经标准品比对以及LC-MS分析,可鉴定5a (t=6.71 min,m/z=433.100 [M+H]+m/z=455.200 [M+Na]+m/z=887.200 [2M+Na]+)为芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(图5E6G);根据分子量推测5b (t=5.01 min,m/z=595.200 [M+H]+m/z=617.200 [M+Na]+)为芹菜素的双葡萄糖基化修饰产物(图5E6H)。
在以金合欢素(6)为底物的催化反应体系中,HPLC分析结果显示,CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1催化6生成了一个新化合物峰(6a),经标准品比对以及LC-MS分析,可鉴定6a (t=8.84 min,m/z=447.100 [M+H]+m/z=469.100 [M+Na]+m/z=915.300 [2M+Na]+)为金合欢素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(图5F6I)。
以上体外酶促反应实验结果表明,植物糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1具有宽泛的底物特异性,能够识别黄酮、黄烷酮2种类型的黄酮类化合物,并在C7-OH位置进行UDP-葡萄糖基化,生成相应的单糖苷产物。这一发现为类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷的生产提供了候选基因。
对CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1重组蛋白与6个黄酮类化合物的体外酶促反应结果的进一步分析发现,在相同的体外酶促反应条件下,UGT73B1催化柚皮素(1)生成柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(1a)的效率最高(图7A);UGT73B1催化圣草酚(2)生成圣草酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷(2a)的效率最高(图7B);CiUGT11催化异樱花素(3)、橙皮素(4)、芹菜素(5)、金合欢素(6)生成对应的异樱花素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(3a)、橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(4a)、芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(5a)、金合欢素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(6a)效率最高(图7C-7F)。其中CsUGT75L12未与圣草酚发生反应,CiUGT11和UGT73B1对橙皮素(4)和柚皮素(1)的催化效率达到了96%。上述结果表明,UGT73B1和CiUGT11分别对柚皮素(1)和橙皮素(4)有较高的底物偏好性,为利用合成生物学的方法生产类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷提供了候选基因。
植物中的类黄酮糖苷由UGT合成,通常以O-糖苷的形式存在[23]。其中类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷因其抗炎、抗癌和治疗心血管疾病等多种生物活性引起了广泛关注[24],例如柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(1a),又名普鲁宁,具有显著的降血脂和治疗糖尿病功效[25];橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(4a)具有多种药理活性,是合成高价值甜味剂新橙皮苷二氢查尔酮的关键前体[26]。大肠杆菌能够利用葡萄糖合成UDPG,进而合成自身代谢网络中相关的大分子物质,是异源合成类黄酮糖苷的常用微生物宿主[27]。因此,利用体外酶促反应筛选出的高效糖基转移酶UGT73B1和CiUGT11在大肠杆菌中异源合成柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷和橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷,以探究UGT73B1和CiUGT11在微生物中异源生产类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷的潜力。
为异源合成柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷,在携带pET28a-UGT73B1质粒的E. coli BL21(DE3)菌株中加入IPTG诱导UGT73B1蛋白表达,同时添加200 mg/L柚皮素(1),16 ℃培养36 h后,使用乙酸乙酯萃取培养物并使用HPLC分析次级代谢产物。结果表明,大肠杆菌成功合成柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(1a),说明UGT73B1在大肠杆菌体内成功表达,并催化柚皮素与UDPG结合生成柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(图8A8B)。
为探究柚皮素添加浓度对柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷产量的影响,设置了100-500 mg/L共5个梯度的柚皮素浓度,通过统计柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷的峰面积,并结合柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(1a)的标准曲线来计算1a的产量。如图8D所示,随着柚皮素浓度的增加,柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(1a)的产量逐渐上升,在添加500 mg/L浓度的柚皮素(1)时,柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(1a)的产量达到最高值,约为13.33 mg/L。
为了探究CiUGT11在大肠杆菌中对橙皮素(4)的催化活性,本研究在携带pET28a-CiUGT11质粒的E. coli BL21(DE3)菌株中加入IPTG诱导CiUGT11蛋白表达,并添加200 mg/L橙皮素(4),通过HPLC分析以及标准品比对确定大肠杆菌突变株产生橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(4a),说明CiUGT11在大肠杆菌体内成功表达,并催化橙皮素(4)与UDPG结合生成橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(图9A9B)。
通过添加不同浓度的橙皮素(4),统计4a的HPLC峰面积,计算出橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(4a)的产量。如图9D所示,随着橙皮素浓度的增加,橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(4a)的产量逐渐降低。在添加100 mg/L浓度的橙皮素(4)时,橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(4a)的产量达到最高值,约为23.30 mg/L,推测可能是橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷对CiUGT11产生了反馈抑制,或者是高浓度的橙皮素底物对大肠杆菌产生了代谢负担,导致橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷产量降低。
本研究利用大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)重组表达并纯化了3个植物源UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1,通过体外酶促反应实验初步探究了这3个重组酶的底物特异性。体外酶促反应结果显示,CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1均能够催化柚皮素、圣草酚(CsUGT75L12除外)、异樱花素、橙皮素、芹菜素和金合欢素6个黄酮类化合物生成对应的类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷,这与3个糖基转移酶所报道的主要作用于C7-OH位点的功能相符。然而,也有例外情况:除了生成类黄酮7-O-葡萄糖苷外,CiUGT11还催化圣草酚和芹菜素合成了相应的双糖苷产物2b5b。据文献报道,CiUGT11不仅作用于黄酮类化合物的C7-OH,还能够催化C3′-OH和C4′-OH的糖基化修饰[19],而圣草酚和芹菜素均具有C4′-OH,因此初步推测双糖苷产物2b5b分别为圣草酚-7,4′-O-二葡萄糖苷和芹菜素-7,4′-O-二葡萄糖苷。此外,尽管UGT73B1未被报道具有除C7-OH之外的糖基化修饰位点,但有文献称UGT73B1与来自三花龙胆(Gentiana triflora)的花青素-3′-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(AB076697.1)具有42.1%的氨基酸序列相似性[20]。基于此,推测2c可能是圣草酚-7,3′-O-二葡萄糖苷。若想进一步确认作用位点,还需要结合其他分析方法(如核磁共振分析)来鉴定2b2c5b的化合物结构。
尽管3个糖基转移酶对6个黄酮类化合物具有宽泛的底物特异性,但它们的催化效率却有所不同。例如,CiUGT11和UGT73B1对橙皮素和柚皮素具有较高的底物偏好性,其转化率分别达到了96%。经文献调研,推测其原因可能是部分糖基转移酶的受体口袋和结构环境会对口袋入口处的受体分子有一定的选择性[28],这可能是CiUGT11和UGT73B1对橙皮素和柚皮素有较高转化率的一个重要因素。然而,CiUGT11UGT73B1在大肠杆菌中的催化产物合成效率不高,且添加的底物有大量剩余,推测是细胞内UDPG供应不足。经文献调研,野生型大肠杆菌细胞可以合成UDPG,但其在细胞内的浓度通常很低[29]。后续可以通过过表达UDPG合成途径的2个关键基因——磷酸葡萄糖变位酶基因和UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因来增加UDPG的供应。此外,阻断糖酵解过程中葡萄糖-6-磷酸(G-6-P)向果糖-6-磷酸(F-6-P)的代谢途径,使G-6-P定向合成葡萄糖-1-磷酸(G-1-P)也是增加UDPG代谢通量的有效途径[30]
综上所述,本研究探究了3个植物源UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1的底物特异性。体外酶促反应结果表明,CsUGT75L12、CiUGT11和UGT73B1具有宽泛的底物识别功能,能够催化多种黄酮类化合物生成相应的糖苷产物。其中,CiUGT11和UGT73B1对黄酮类化合物具有较高的催化效率。利用CiUGT11UGT73B1在大肠杆菌中成功异源合成橙皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷和柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷,为利用合成生物学方法和代谢工程手段生产类黄酮-7-O-葡萄糖苷化合物奠定了基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32400062)
  • 中国博士后基金(2024M753451)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250077
  • 接收时间:2025-01-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-25
  • 录用日期:2025-03-15
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32400062)
国家自然科学基金(32400062)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M753451)
中国博士后基金(2024M753451)
作者信息
    1.中国科学技术大学 生命科学与医学部,安徽 合肥
    2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
    3.中国科学院大学 医学院,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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