Article(id=1226460580547051916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250067, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737561600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741536000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-10, onlineDate=1770340588938, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3765, endPage=3781, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460581964726776, articleId=1226460580547051916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=A high-throughput pathway optimization strategy for enhancing biosynthesis of adipic acid, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Adipic acid is a key monomer for plastics such as nylon 66 and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), with a vast market potential. This study aims to explore the optimal expression levels of genes in the biosynthetic pathway of adipic acid. [Methods] We regulated the expression levels of genes in the adipic acid synthesis pathway by randomly combining gradient-strength constitutive promoters. The high-throughput screening based on an adipic acid biosensor was conducted to select the strain with the optimal combination. Subsequently, the fermentation media, carbon sources, metal ions, and precursor substance addition amounts were optimized. [Results] After screening, the optimal strain Escherichia coli MG1655 Δ8-D47 was obtained, with an adipic acid yield of 431.32 mg/L. After fermentation condition optimization, the yield of adipic acid in a shake flask reached 550.34 mg/L, which represented a 134% increase compared with that of the control strain Z1. [Conclusion] Metabolic pathway imbalance in microbial synthesis of adipic acid is the main factor limiting the increase in yield.

, correspAuthors=Yunying ZHAO, Yu DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: DENG Yu,
ZHAO Yunying,
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【目的】 己二酸是尼龙66和聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯[poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT]等塑料的主要单体,具有巨大的市场规模。本研究旨在探索己二酸生物合成途径中各基因的最佳表达水平。 【方法】 通过梯度强度组成型启动子对己二酸合成途径的基因表达水平进行随机组合调控,并利用基于己二酸生物传感器的高通量筛选技术筛选出最优组合菌株。随后,对发酵培养基种类、碳源、金属离子及相应前体物质添加进行了优化。 【结果】 筛选得到的最优组合菌株为大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) MG1655 Δ8-D47,其己二酸产量为431.32 mg/L。经发酵优化后己二酸摇瓶产量达550.34 mg/L,较对照组Z1菌株提高了134%。 【结论】 本研究表明微生物合成己二酸的代谢途径不平衡是限制其产量提高的主要因素。

, correspAuthors=赵运英, 邓禹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HsDufPyrCLEyAbSH1OnzKw==, magXml=Oed8Bi0ho4gr/NBH3rIiiQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Q5bK45APGQFlUAAGf42OwA==, pdfFileSize=3325909, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7AK3wBMBlnmTF1IG97Xp4A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=2QhBJfLOqmnjhV6fY4lOyg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

刘爽:方案设计、实验操作、初稿写作;赵运英:数据管理、方案设计、经费支持、稿件润色修改;周胜虎:数据管理、实验操作、提供材料、监督指导;邓禹:监督指导、稿件润色修改、经费支持。

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Journal of Bacteriology, 1974, 119(3): 736-747., articleTitle=Culture medium for enterobacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596305678545228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=50, issue=6, pageStart=226, pageEnd=232, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=秦一彤, 余娧凡, 钱旭, 姚云君, 金磊磊, 陈集双, 虞龙, journalName=食品与发酵工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=秦一彤, 余娧凡, 钱旭, 姚云君, 金磊磊, 陈集双, 虞龙. 金属离子对Trichoderma longibrachiatum UN32石斛碱型生物碱产量的影响[J]. 食品与发酵工业, 2024, 50(6): 226-232., articleTitle=金属离子对Trichoderma longibrachiatum UN32石斛碱型生物碱产量的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596305825345879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=50, issue=6, pageStart=226, pageEnd=232, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=22, authorNames=QIN YT, YU TF, QIAN X, YAO YJ, JIN LL, CHEN JS, YU L, journalName=Food and Fermentation Industries, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIN YT, YU TF, QIAN X, YAO YJ, JIN LL, CHEN JS, YU L. 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Metabolic Engineering, 2024, 86: 234-241., articleTitle=Coordinated reprogramming of ATP metabolism strongly enhances adipic acid production in Escherichia coli, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226596300674740295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, awardId=2022YFC2104600, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2104600), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596300821540941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, awardId=2022YFC2104600, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2104600), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596300959952986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, awardId=BK20220089, language=EN, fundingSource=Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province(BK20220089), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596301089976421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, awardId=BK20220089, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省杰出青年基金(BK20220089), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596301228388465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, awardId=22478156, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(22478156), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596301408743549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, awardId=22478156, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(22478156), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596301530378374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, awardId=TSBICIP-KJGG-015, language=EN, fundingSource=Tianjin Synthetic Biotechnology Innovation Capacity Improvement Project(TSBICIP-KJGG-015), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596301656207502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, awardId=TSBICIP-KJGG-015, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市合成生物技术创新能力提升行动项目(TSBICIP-KJGG-015), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226596292839780906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596292877529643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, companyId=1226596292839780906, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596292915278382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, companyId=1226596292839780906, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226596293120799299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596293145965125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, companyId=1226596293120799299, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596293150159430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, companyId=1226596293120799299, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226596297436738466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=High-throughput screening method and sensor performance characterization for high-titer adipic acid strains. A: Biosensor-based high-throughput screening method (Individual colonies were randomly selected from the strain library and inoculated into 24-well plates for fermentation. The fluorescence values of the fermented strains were determined using an adipic acid sensor, the fermentation broth of the strains with higher fluorescence values than the control was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography for yield determination and shake flask rescreening again. Finally, the relationship between adipic acid yield and gene expression level was analyzed); B: Structure of the adipic acid biosensor (Dashed lines indicate activation); C: Relationship between adipic acid concentration and fluorescence intensity output of the biosensor; D: Single-cell fluorescence intensity induced by different concentrations of adipic acid; E: Correlation between the biosensor fluorescence readings and adipic acid production measured by HPLC., figureFileSmall=MrX4P6SEqohfNC03OWjsWw==, figureFileBig=QAj21BUG91huSwE3TKU63Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297533207469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=CN, label=图1, caption=己二酸高产菌株的高通量筛选方法和传感器性能表征。A:基于生物传感器的高通量筛选方法(从平板上随机选择单个菌落,接种到24孔板中进行发酵。使用己二酸传感器测定发酵菌液的荧光值,将荧光值高于对照组的菌株发酵液进行高效液相色谱法测定产量和摇瓶再次复筛。最后,分析己二酸产量与基因表达水平之间的关系);B:己二酸生物传感器的结构(虚线表示激活);C:己二酸浓度与生物传感器输出的荧光强度之间的相关性;D:不同浓度己二酸诱导的单细胞荧光强度;E:生物传感器测定荧光值与高效液相色谱法测量的己二酸产量之间的相关性。, figureFileSmall=MrX4P6SEqohfNC03OWjsWw==, figureFileBig=QAj21BUG91huSwE3TKU63Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297659036601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Assembly and adaptation of the adipic acid biosynthesis pathway and library diversity evaluation. A: Construction of the plasmid library for optimizing gene expression in the adipic acid biosynthesis pathway; B: Number of plate colonies between the four plasmid libraries and their negative control (obtained by adding the same volume of sterile water as the plasmid for transformation) (a-d: High transformation efficiency in the plasmid library: pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot8 (a), pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8 (b), pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter (c), pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter (d); e-h: Limited colony growth on negative control plates: pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot8 (e), pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8 (f), pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter (g), pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter (h)); C: Positive validation results of transformants from the plasmid library: pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot8 (Ⅰ), pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8 (Ⅱ), pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter (Ⅲ), pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter (Ⅳ) (M: DL2000 DNA marker)., figureFileSmall=ElnEwls4CpAtU9uAc+hONQ==, figureFileBig=RIQLw5ZrY1TrwLRrbGxDwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297780671427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=CN, label=图2, caption=己二酸合成途径组装适配和文库多样性评估。A:用于优化己二酸生物合成途径中各基因表达的质粒文库的构建;B:4个质粒文库与其阴性对照(加入与质粒同体积的无菌水转化所得)之间的平板菌落数[a-d:大量菌落显示文库pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot8 (a)、pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8 (b)、pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter (c)、pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter (d)的构建具有高连接效率;e-h:少数菌落显示文库pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot8 (e)、pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8 (f)、pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter (g)、pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter (h)具有低假阳性率];C:质粒文库pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot8 (Ⅰ)、pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8 (Ⅱ)、pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter (Ⅲ)、pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter (Ⅳ)转化子的阳性验证结果(M:DL2000 DNA marker)。, figureFileSmall=ElnEwls4CpAtU9uAc+hONQ==, figureFileBig=RIQLw5ZrY1TrwLRrbGxDwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596297919083475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Adipic acid biosynthesis pathway and high-throughput screening results based on the adipic acid sensor. A: Adipic acid biosynthetic pathway and plasmid structure map (a: Adipic acid biosynthetic pathway and plasmid structure; b: Structure of the pK1 and pS1 plasmids. Blue letters indicate overexpressed genes, red letters indicate deleted genes. Tfu_0875: β-ketothiolase; PaaH: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; PaaF: 3-hydroxyhexanediyl-CoA dehydrogenase; Tdter: Trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase; Acot8: Acyl-CoA transferase; Cat1: CoA transferase; Pta: Phosphate acetyltransferase; PoxB: Pyruvate oxidase; AdhE: Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; LdhA: Lactate dehydrogenase; PflB: Pyruvate formate-lyase; AtoB: Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; SucD: Acetyl-CoA synthetase); B: Fluorescence intensity measurements of different strains in the first-round screening; C: Adipic acid production measurement of high-fluorescence-intensity strains from 24-well plate fermentation in the first-round screening; D: Adipic acid production measurement of the dominant candidate strains in shake flask fermentation during the first-round screening (Z1 is E. coli MG1655 Δ8 carrying the pK1 and pS1 plasmids)., figureFileSmall=u6XMRA9Q6mXs/GswyoVhHw==, figureFileBig=SG1PQyOR3nDifLr56JkV9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596298070078431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=CN, label=图3, caption=己二酸生物合成途径和基于己二酸传感器的高通量筛选结果。A:己二酸生物合成途径和质粒结构图(a:逆己二酸降解途径;b:pK1和pS1的质粒结构。蓝色字体表示过表达基因,红色字体表示敲除基因。Tfu_0875:β-酮硫解酶;PaaH:3-羟基乙酰辅酶A脱氢酶;PaaF:3-羟基己二酰辅酶A脱氢酶;Tdter:反式-2-烯酰辅酶A还原酶;Acot8:酰基辅酶A转移酶;Cat1:辅酶A转移酶;Pta:磷酸乙酰转移酶;PoxB:丙酮酸氧化酶;AdhE:乙醛脱氢酶;LdhA:乳酸脱氢酶;PflB:丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶;AtoB:乙酰辅酶A乙酰转移酶;SucD:乙酰辅酶A合成酶);B:第1轮筛选中不同菌株的荧光强度测定结果;C:第1轮筛选中24孔板发酵的高荧光强度菌株的己二酸产量测定结果;D:第1轮筛选中摇瓶发酵优势候选菌株的己二酸产量测定(Z1菌株是E. coli MG1655 Δ8菌株含有pK1和pS1质粒)。, figureFileSmall=u6XMRA9Q6mXs/GswyoVhHw==, figureFileBig=SG1PQyOR3nDifLr56JkV9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596298212684781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Relationship between gene expression levels in the adipic acid biosynthesis pathway and adipic acid production. A: Relationship between the expression levels of the 0875-paaH, acot8, cat1-paaF, and tdter genes and adipic acid production; B: Relationship between the expression levels of the 0875, paaH, cat1, and paaF genes and adipic acid production; C: Adipic acid production of strains with different promoter strengths regulating the cat1-paaF gene (Gene expression levels in the Z1 strain are defined as 1)., figureFileSmall=9b4AMG4w3rkKokfigVV0Pw==, figureFileBig=zn8h+QNV5L6Vgs2BFZJEDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596298346902521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=CN, label=图4, caption=己二酸生物合成途径的基因表达水平与己二酸产量的关系。A:0875-paaHacot8cat1-paaFtdter基因的表达水平与己二酸产量的关系;B:0875paaHcat1paaF基因的表达水平与己二酸产量的关系;C:不同启动子强度调控cat1-paaF基因的菌株的己二酸产量(Z1菌株的基因表达水平定义为1)。, figureFileSmall=9b4AMG4w3rkKokfigVV0Pw==, figureFileBig=zn8h+QNV5L6Vgs2BFZJEDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596299718438913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Optimization of fermentation conditions for the Δ8-D47 strain. A: Effect of different culture media on adipic acid synthesis during fermentation; B: Effect of different culture media on acetic acid synthesis during fermentation; C: Effect of different precursor additions on adipic acid synthesis (Con represents adipic acid production by the Δ8-D47 strain without precursor addition); D: Effect of different concentrations of α-ketoglutarate on adipic acid synthesis; E: Effect of different concentrations of succinic acid on adipic acid synthesis; F: Effect of different metal ions supplements on adipic acid synthesis (Con represents adipic acid production by the Δ8-D47 strain without precursor addition); G: Effect of different concentrations of glycerol on adipic acid synthesis; H: Effect of different concentrations of glucose on adipic acid synthesis., figureFileSmall=FCIc7jyp67n/2Y3jCIFuXQ==, figureFileBig=SlKpCaqn6b4CG/SZx8T1fQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596299898793999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Δ8-D47菌株的发酵条件优化。A:不同培养基对发酵过程中己二酸合成的影响;B:不同培养基对发酵过程中乙酸合成的影响;C:添加不同前体物质对己二酸合成的影响(Con表示未添加前体的Δ8-D47菌株的己二酸产量);D:不同浓度的α-酮戊二酸对己二酸合成的影响;E:不同浓度的琥珀酸对己二酸合成的影响;F:不同金属离子添加物对己二酸合成的影响(Con表示未添加前体的Δ8-D47菌株的己二酸产量);G:不同浓度的甘油对己二酸合成的影响;H:不同浓度的葡萄糖对己二酸合成的影响。, figureFileSmall=FCIc7jyp67n/2Y3jCIFuXQ==, figureFileBig=SlKpCaqn6b4CG/SZx8T1fQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300049788956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

质粒或菌株

Plasmids or strains

特征描述

Description

来源

Source

Strains
Escherichia coli JM109Wild type, for plasmid construction, host of adipic acid biosensorLab preserved
E. coli MG1655Wild type, for obtaining target promotersLab preserved
E. coli MG1655 Δ8E. coli K-12 MG1655 ΔatoBΔsucDΔpflBΔadhEΔarcAΔldhAΔpoxBΔpta, host of fermentation productionLab preserved
E. coli JM109-benME. coli JM109 harboring plasmids pTrc99a-P PL1986 -benMLab preserved
Z1E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK1 and pS1This study
Δ8-D47E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS2This study
Δ8-pKS23E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS3This study
Δ8-pKS24E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS4This study
Δ8-pKS25E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS5This study
Δ8-pKS26E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS6This study
Δ8-pKS27E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS7This study
Δ8-pKS28E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS8This study
Δ8-pKS29E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS9This study
Δ8-pKS210E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS10This study
Plasmids
pTrc99a-P PL1986 -benMpTrc99a harboring genes benM under promoter P PL1986 and sfgfp under promoter P benO, GmrRLab preserved
pK1pRSFDuet-1 harboring genes tfu_0875, paaH under promoter P mdh and gene acot8 under promoter P rpsU, KanRLab preserved
pS1pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P mdh and tdter under promoter P rpsU, StrRLab preserved
pK2pRSFDuet-1 harboring genes tfu_0875, paaH under promoter P10 and gene acot8 under promoter P rpsU, KanRThis study
pS2pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P7 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS3pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P1 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS4pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P2 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS5pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P3 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS6pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P4 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS7pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P5 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS8pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P6 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS9pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P15 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS10pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P20 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300146257953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用的菌株和质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

质粒或菌株

Plasmids or strains

特征描述

Description

来源

Source

Strains
Escherichia coli JM109Wild type, for plasmid construction, host of adipic acid biosensorLab preserved
E. coli MG1655Wild type, for obtaining target promotersLab preserved
E. coli MG1655 Δ8E. coli K-12 MG1655 ΔatoBΔsucDΔpflBΔadhEΔarcAΔldhAΔpoxBΔpta, host of fermentation productionLab preserved
E. coli JM109-benME. coli JM109 harboring plasmids pTrc99a-P PL1986 -benMLab preserved
Z1E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK1 and pS1This study
Δ8-D47E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS2This study
Δ8-pKS23E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS3This study
Δ8-pKS24E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS4This study
Δ8-pKS25E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS5This study
Δ8-pKS26E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS6This study
Δ8-pKS27E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS7This study
Δ8-pKS28E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS8This study
Δ8-pKS29E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS9This study
Δ8-pKS210E. coli MG1655 Δ8 harboring plasmids pK2 and pS10This study
Plasmids
pTrc99a-P PL1986 -benMpTrc99a harboring genes benM under promoter P PL1986 and sfgfp under promoter P benO, GmrRLab preserved
pK1pRSFDuet-1 harboring genes tfu_0875, paaH under promoter P mdh and gene acot8 under promoter P rpsU, KanRLab preserved
pS1pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P mdh and tdter under promoter P rpsU, StrRLab preserved
pK2pRSFDuet-1 harboring genes tfu_0875, paaH under promoter P10 and gene acot8 under promoter P rpsU, KanRThis study
pS2pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P7 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS3pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P1 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS4pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P2 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS5pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P3 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS6pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P4 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS7pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P5 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS8pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P6 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS9pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P15 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
pS10pCDFDuet-1 harboring genes cat1, paaF under promoter P20 and tdter under promoter P rplNXE, StrRThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300272087083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Plasmid library diversity evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

文库

Libraries

菌落PCR阳性率*

Colonies PCR positive*

启动子测序重现率**

Kinds of promoter sequencing appear**

文库的理论规模

Theoretical scale of libraries

文库的实际规模

Actual scale of libraries

pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot896.8% (31/32)85% (17/20)20×20×20×20=160 00017×18×16×17=83 232
pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8100.0% (32/32)90% (18/20)
pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter100.0% (32/32)80% (16/20)
pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter87.5% (28/32)85% (17/20)
), ArticleFig(id=1226596300402110515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580547051916, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

文库多样性评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

文库

Libraries

菌落PCR阳性率*

Colonies PCR positive*

启动子测序重现率**

Kinds of promoter sequencing appear**

文库的理论规模

Theoretical scale of libraries

文库的实际规模

Actual scale of libraries

pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot896.8% (31/32)85% (17/20)20×20×20×20=160 00017×18×16×17=83 232
pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8100.0% (32/32)90% (18/20)
pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter100.0% (32/32)80% (16/20)
pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter87.5% (28/32)85% (17/20)
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基于高通量的途径优化适配策略强化己二酸生物合成
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刘爽 1 , 赵运英 1, 2, * , 周胜虎 1, 2 , 邓禹 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2025,65(8): 3765-3781
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微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2025, 65(8): 3765-3781
基于高通量的途径优化适配策略强化己二酸生物合成
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刘爽1, 赵运英1, 2, * , 周胜虎1, 2, 邓禹1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
  • 2.江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡
A high-throughput pathway optimization strategy for enhancing biosynthesis of adipic acid
Shuang LIU1, Yunying ZHAO1, 2, * , Shenghu ZHOU1, 2, Yu DENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250067
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【目的】 己二酸是尼龙66和聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯[poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT]等塑料的主要单体,具有巨大的市场规模。本研究旨在探索己二酸生物合成途径中各基因的最佳表达水平。 【方法】 通过梯度强度组成型启动子对己二酸合成途径的基因表达水平进行随机组合调控,并利用基于己二酸生物传感器的高通量筛选技术筛选出最优组合菌株。随后,对发酵培养基种类、碳源、金属离子及相应前体物质添加进行了优化。 【结果】 筛选得到的最优组合菌株为大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) MG1655 Δ8-D47,其己二酸产量为431.32 mg/L。经发酵优化后己二酸摇瓶产量达550.34 mg/L,较对照组Z1菌株提高了134%。 【结论】 本研究表明微生物合成己二酸的代谢途径不平衡是限制其产量提高的主要因素。

己二酸  /  高通量筛选  /  逆己二酸降解途径  /  启动子  /  代谢平衡

[Objective] Adipic acid is a key monomer for plastics such as nylon 66 and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), with a vast market potential. This study aims to explore the optimal expression levels of genes in the biosynthetic pathway of adipic acid. [Methods] We regulated the expression levels of genes in the adipic acid synthesis pathway by randomly combining gradient-strength constitutive promoters. The high-throughput screening based on an adipic acid biosensor was conducted to select the strain with the optimal combination. Subsequently, the fermentation media, carbon sources, metal ions, and precursor substance addition amounts were optimized. [Results] After screening, the optimal strain Escherichia coli MG1655 Δ8-D47 was obtained, with an adipic acid yield of 431.32 mg/L. After fermentation condition optimization, the yield of adipic acid in a shake flask reached 550.34 mg/L, which represented a 134% increase compared with that of the control strain Z1. [Conclusion] Metabolic pathway imbalance in microbial synthesis of adipic acid is the main factor limiting the increase in yield.

adipic acid  /  high-throughput screening  /  reverse adipate degradation pathway  /  promoter  /  metabolic balance
刘爽, 赵运英, 周胜虎, 邓禹. 基于高通量的途径优化适配策略强化己二酸生物合成. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3765 -3781 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250067
Shuang LIU, Yunying ZHAO, Shenghu ZHOU, Yu DENG. A high-throughput pathway optimization strategy for enhancing biosynthesis of adipic acid[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3765 -3781 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250067
己二酸(adipic acid)主要作为生产尼龙、化纤和工程塑料等聚合物的单体,全球年需求量接近300万t,市场价值近60亿美元,预计到2025年将增长至80亿美元[1-3]。目前,工业生产己二酸主要依赖石油基KA油(环己醇和环己酮的混合物)经过硝酸催化生成己二酸,这一过程会产生大量一氧化二氮(N2O),对环境造成严重污染[4]。在当前全球碳减排的背景下,开发绿色、环保、低碳的己二酸生物合成方法显得尤为紧迫。为此,研究人员开发了半生物法和全生物法合成己二酸的技术[5]。其中,半生物合成法利用细胞工厂合成生物基葡萄糖二酸或顺-顺黏康酸,然后以此为底物通过化学催化方法合成己二酸[6-7]。这些方法对昂贵催化剂的依赖度高,且底物合成效率低,导致己二酸生产成本较高。随着合成生物学和代谢工程的快速发展,以葡萄糖为底物直接通过全生物法合成己二酸的策略受到越来越多的关注。逆β-氧化途径结合ω-氧化途径、逆己二酸降解途径和α-酮庚二酸途径是主要的己二酸全生物合成途径[8-10]。其中,在工程化褐热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca) B6菌株中发现了天然的己二酸生物合成途径,被命名为逆己二酸降解途径[11],是当前已报道的最高效合成途径[12]。因此,基于逆己二酸降解途径构建和优化高效的己二酸合成细胞工厂具有重要意义。
异源己二酸合成途径在底盘细胞中过表达,通常会给菌体带来显著的代谢负担[13],从而降低己二酸的生产效率。同时,由于异源途径通常来源于不同物种,其在同一底盘细胞中的催化活性差异较大。因此,简单的合成途径过表达难以实现代谢通量的最大化,也容易导致高活性酶的表达浪费和中间代谢产物积累。在此背景下,通过精细调节己二酸合成途径的每个基因表达水平才能够实现最高效的合成。启动子作为基因表达的核心元件之一,在调节基因表达和优化代谢途径方面具有关键作用[14]。通常来说,利用梯度强度启动子逐一优化合成途径基因的表达水平,并以目标产物产量和中间代谢产物积累水平作为评价标准,可以显著提高代谢通量。例如,Rao等[15]构建了梯度强度启动子文库,为地衣芽孢杆菌的基因表达精细调控和代谢通量重塑提供了高效的工具箱。随后利用启动子P Ubay 、P UyvgO 和P Undh 来调控负责普切明酸合成的关键基因表达水平,并调控合成途径与竞争途径的动态平衡,将普切明酸的产量提升了194%。同时,Liu等[16]发现丙二酰辅酶A中2个功能不同的片段MCR-N和MCR-C之间存在严重的不平衡,将MCR-N基因染色体整合后降低了其表达水平,2个片段的活性不平衡降至最低,同时3-羟基丙酸产量由0.15 g/L提高到3.72 g/L。上述研究充分表明代谢平衡在多步合成途径中的重要性。
逆己二酸降解途径涉及6种酶,分别是β-酮硫解酶(Tfu_0875)、3-羟酰基辅酶A脱氢酶(PaaH)、3-羟基己二酰辅酶A脱氢酶(PaaF)、5-羧基-2-戊烯酰辅酶A还原酶(Tdter)、己二酰辅酶A合成酶(Acot8)以及乙酰辅酶A转移酶(Cat1)。对每一个基因进行系统优化会产生海量的组合。此外,对每种组合的构建和表征耗时耗力且成本高。因此,开发一种高通量的代谢途径优化适配方法,对于快速精准优化己二酸合成途径至关重要。本研究通过构建逆己二酸降解途径的随机优化文库和基于己二酸生物传感器的高通量筛选技术,开发了己二酸生物合成途径的高通量优化适配策略,实现了大规模快速优化多基因复杂代谢途径的目标,显著提高了己二酸产量。在此基础上开展发酵条件优化,进一步提高己二酸产量。
本研究所用到的质粒和菌株见表1,构建质粒文库所用相关引物的原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号为NMDCX0002092。
酵母提取物、胰蛋白胨、磷酸二氢钾,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;葡萄糖、磷酸氢二钾,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;甘油,上海泰坦科技股份有限公司;卡那霉素、链霉素,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;2×Rapid Taq Master Mix、2×Phanta Flash Mix (Dye Plus),南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;RNApure Bacteria Kit、HiFiScript gDNA Removal cDNA Synthesis Kit、UltraSYBR Mixture,江苏康为世纪生物科技股份有限公司。
HPX-87H色谱柱,Bio-Rad公司;高效液相色谱仪,安捷伦科技有限公司;紫外可见分光光度计,翱艺仪器(上海)有限公司。
LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母浸粉5.0,NaCl 10.0。121 ℃、灭菌20 min。LB固体培养基是在LB培养基的基础上加入20.0 g/L的琼脂制备而成。
TB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨12.0,酵母浸粉24.0,甘油5.0 mL,KH2PO4 2.3,K2HPO4 12.5。121 ℃灭菌20 min。
己二酸合成途径质粒为pK1和pS1。为了优化0875-paaHcat1-paaF基因的表达水平,选取本实验室前期突变获得的20个不同梯度强度的P trc 启动子突变体[17] (分别命名为P1-P20,具体序列信息存储在国家微生物科学数据中心,编号为NMDCX0002092),使用全质粒PCR的方法替换pK1质粒和pS1质粒上的P mdh 启动子。在替换过程中,将20种不同P trc 启动子突变体的上、下游引物以等摩尔量混合,随后进行全质粒PCR扩增并回收扩增片段。将扩增产物经过Dpn I消化后转化进E. coli JM109,即可得到成功替换P mdh 启动子的质粒文库,分别命名为pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot8和pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter
为了继续优化acot8tdter的表达水平,选取E. coli来源的20种梯度强度启动子-5′ UTR复合体[18] (PUTR ssrA -PUTR infC‑rplT 、P ssrA -UTR rpsT 、P dnaKJ -UTR rpsT 、P ssrA -PUTR standard 、PUTR alsRBACE -PUTR infC-rplT 、PUTR infC-rplT 、PUTR rpsU 、PUTR lpp 、PUTR rplNXE 、PUTR rplU-rpminA 、PUTR rpminBG 、PUTR dnaKJ 、PUTR rpsL 、PUTR crp 、PUTR tpx 、PUTR aceEF 、PUTR cmk-rpsA 、PUTR hslVU 、PUTR rimJ 、PUTR rrnH ),通过同源重组的方式替换P rpsU 启动子。构建方法是分别以pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot8质粒和pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter质粒为模板,进行质粒线性化并去除启动子P rpsU。随后,将PCR扩增的梯度强度启动子-5′ UTR复合体以等摩尔量混合,得到启动子混合片段。再将启动子混合片段与线性化载体进行同源重组,得到质粒文库pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8和pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter
将平板上的单菌落或甘油保存在-80 ℃的菌株接种至含有10 mL LB培养基的50 mL三角瓶中,在37 ℃、250 r/min条件下培养12-16 h。随后以2%的接种量转接至含有50 mL TB培养基的250 mL三角瓶中开始发酵,发酵条件为37 ℃、200 r/min,培养72 h。
将平板上的单菌落接种至48孔板中,每孔加入1 mL LB培养基,在37 ℃、250 r/min条件下培养12-16 h,此时菌株处于对数生长期。随后,以2%的接种量转接至24孔板中,每孔含有2 mL的TB培养基,在37 ℃、250 r/min条件下进行发酵培养72 h。
发酵样品在12 000 r/min下离心10 min,取500 μL发酵上清液,用10 mmol/L的稀硫酸稀释2倍后,再次进行12 000 r/min离心10 min。随后样品通过0.22 μm水系滤膜过滤。己二酸产量由配备HPX-87H色谱柱的高效液相色谱仪测定,检测器为示差检测器,流动相为5 mmol/L稀硫酸,流速为0.6 mL/min,柱温为50 ℃,进样量为20 μL。菌株培养的OD600值通过紫外可见分光光度计测定,以监控菌体生长情况。
从平板上挑选的单菌落在24孔板发酵72 h后,将发酵液于12 000 r/min离心10 min。将E. coli JM109-benM传感器菌株在37 ℃、250 r/min条件下培养8-10 h。随后吸取10 μL传感器种子液到含有240 μL LB培养基的96孔板中培养2-2.5 h。取250 μL离心处理后的发酵上清液与96孔板中处于对数生长期(OD600为0.6-0.8)的己二酸传感器种子液混合,并在30 ℃、250 r/min条件下培养4-6 h。此时发酵液中的己二酸开始激活传感器控制的绿色荧光蛋白表达。使用多功能酶标仪在485 nm激发、528 nm发射条件检测荧光水平(sfGFP),在600 nm测量光密度值(OD600)。然后取高荧光值菌种的发酵上清,利用高效液相色谱仪测定己二酸产量。随后选取产量较高的菌株接种于含有10 mL LB培养基的50 mL三角瓶中,在37 ℃、250 r/min培养12-16 h。再以2%接种量转接至含有50 mL TB培养基的250 mL三角瓶中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养72 h。将发酵液于12 000 r/min离心10 min并过滤处理后,利用高效液相色谱仪测定己二酸产量,以进一步筛选己二酸高产菌株。
选择15株具有梯度己二酸产量(40-430 mg/L)的菌株(菌株分别命名为1-15,各菌株基因调控信息存储在国家微生物科学数据中心,编号为NMDCX0002092)在37 ℃、250 r/min条件下培养8-10 h。菌体培养至对数期后,于4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min收集。随后使用RNApure Bacteria Kit对菌株进行RNA提取。RNA提取后,通过酶标仪检测RNA浓度,并通过凝胶电泳鉴定RNA的提取质量。随后立刻使用HiFiScript gDNA Removal cDNA Synthesis Kit去除基因组DNA并逆转录合成cDNA。最后,使用UltraSYBR Mixture进行实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)。RT-qPCR中使用的引物信息存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(编号为NMDCX0002092)。通过RT-qPCR测出每个样品的Ct值后,利用2-ΔΔCt法进行相对定量分析,计算每个样品中不同基因的相对含量。
目前,己二酸产量的测定主要依赖高效液相色谱法(HPLC),然而该方法耗时费力,限制了代谢途径优化过程中的大规模筛选。因此,发展基于己二酸生物传感器的高通量筛选方法,为快速获得高产菌株提供了可能(图1A)。己二酸生物传感器由转录因子BenM、受转录因子调控的P benO 启动子和报告基因绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)组成(图1B)。当环境中不存在己二酸时,转录因子BenM无法识别启动子P benO,而P benO 是弱启动子,导致报告基因sfgfp不表达或表达量极低。相反,环境中存在己二酸时,BenM与己二酸结合并发生构象变化,BenM-己二酸复合体会识别P benO 启动子上游的DNA结合位点,从而介导RNA聚合酶结合到P benO 启动子区域,进而激活下游报告基因sfgfp的表达[19]
为了建立基于己二酸生物传感器的高通量筛选方法,利用野生型大肠杆菌在TB培养基中培养72 h后的培养液上清溶解己二酸,制备成不同浓度的标样。以梯度己二酸标样诱导己二酸生物传感器,并检测传感器响应与己二酸浓度的关系,以消除发酵液中未知物质对传感器响应的影响。结果表明,在不同浓度(0-1.5 g/L)的己二酸诱导后,己二酸传感器的输出荧光强度随诱导浓度的升高而增强,呈线性关系(R2=0.990 6) (图1C),表明该传感器能有效指示发酵液中的己二酸含量,且发酵液中可能出现的类己二酸化学物质(如丁二酸和戊二酸)均不会诱导传感器荧光表达[19]
为了进一步验证己二酸传感器在单细胞水平上与己二酸浓度的关系,利用流式细胞仪对梯度浓度己二酸诱导后的单细胞荧光水平进行了检测。结果表明,在0-4 g/L己二酸浓度范围内,单细胞荧光强度随着己二酸浓度的增加显著增强(图1D)。与未加入己二酸诱导相比,4 g/L己二酸诱导的菌株单细胞荧光强度提升了5.5倍,而仅需0.4 g/L的己二酸诱导即可产生2.44倍强度的荧光信号。随后,分析了己二酸生物传感器信号输出与HPLC检测的己二酸浓度关系,结果表明二者之间具有强线性关系(R2=0.901 2),进一步佐证了使用生物传感器快速测定己二酸产量的可行性(图1E)。因此,鉴于己二酸生物传感器的宽浓度检测范围和高信号响应强度,利用其作为高通量筛选的工具获得己二酸高产菌株具有巨大的潜力。
选取20个梯度强度P trc 启动子和启动子-5′ UTR复合体,与0875-paaHacot8cat1-paaFtdter基因进行随机组合,从而实现对多基因合成途径中不同基因表达水平的同步优化(图2A)。在多基因代谢途径优化文库的构建过程中,文库连接效率和文库多样性是检验文库质量的关键。为了评估文库构建的效率,对比了4个质粒文库(pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU-acot8、pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8、pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU -tdter和pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter)分别与其阴性对照(加入与质粒同体积的无菌水转化所得)之间的平板菌落数,发现质粒文库的单菌落数量均远多于对照组,说明文库构建的连接效率高(图2B)。此外,利用菌落PCR验证质粒文库的连接阳性率,凝胶电泳结果显示4个文库的阳性率均超过87.5%,最高达100.0% (图2C)。凝胶电泳显示PCR的DNA条带大小不一,可能是因为启动子-5′ UTR复合体的DNA长度差异导致的,这证明所构建的质粒文库可能具有较高多样性。
pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8和pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter质粒文库分别产生理论多样性为400的文库,将这2个文库共同转化到E. coli MG1655 Δ8中,产生理论多样性为160 000的最终文库。为了进一步精准评估途径文库的多样性,分别从4个质粒文库(pRSF-α-0875-paaH-P rpsU -acot8、pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8、pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-P rpsU-tdter和pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ- tdter)中随机选取32个单菌落测序分析其启动子序列。根据质粒测序结果计算,4个质粒文库的多样性均超过80%,最高达到90%。其他未检测到的启动子序列可能是由于所选取的样本数较少,导致未能测出。最终,pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8和pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter的文库检测大小分别为306和272,组合后质粒文库的大小为83 232 (表2)。该文库大小足以产生充足的多基因随机优化组合,经过高通量筛选即可获得最佳适配的合成途径。
乙酰辅酶A和琥珀酰辅酶A是己二酸合成的关键前体,同时也是三羧酸循环(TCA cycle)的中间产物(图3A-a)。强化乙酰辅酶A和琥珀酰辅酶A的供给,减少其消耗将会为己二酸的合成途径提供更多的代谢通量。因此,以E. coli MG1655 Δ8为表达宿主,敲除了atoBpflBsucDadhEldhApoxBptaarcA基因有效降低了丁酸、富马酸、乙酸、乙醇、乳酸等副产物的合成。相比之下,sucD基因编码的琥珀酸辅酶A合成酶是TCA循环中的关键酶,负责将琥珀酰辅酶A转化为琥珀酸。敲除sucD基因后,琥珀酰辅酶A的积累增加,这为己二酸的合成提供了更多的前体物质。为了尽可能减弱敲除sucD基因对细胞基础代谢的影响,在发酵过程中添加了外源琥珀酸以补充因sucD基因敲除导致的细胞基础代谢影响。将表达逆己二酸降解途径各基因的质粒分解为4部分(图3A-b),进而使用梯度启动子优化各部分的表达水平,有望实现合成途径的优化适配,从而显著提高己二酸产率。
将pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8和pCDF-β- cat1-paaF-Ⅱ-tdter的质粒文库共同转化到E. coli MG1655 Δ8感受态细胞中,得到己二酸生产菌株文库。为了保证文库中双质粒存在率,随机挑选32个转化子菌落进行PCR验证,发现正确率为90.6% (29/32)。随后,随机挑选含有pRSF-α-0875-paaH-Ⅰ-acot8和pCDF-β-cat1-paaF-Ⅱ- tdter质粒的己二酸生产菌株文库单菌落进行发酵,然后使用己二酸传感器对发酵液中的己二酸含量进行测定。
每轮从文库中选择384个单菌落进行高通量筛选(图3B),在孔板筛选中sfGFP/OD600值高于对照组的菌株被选择作为候选菌株,并对其24孔板剩余发酵液采用HPLC进行产量测定(图3C)。Z1菌株为E. coli MG1655 Δ8菌株表达pK1和pS1质粒,筛选时将其作为对照菌株。由测定结果发现己二酸产量呈连续上升趋势,表明合成途径基因表达水平的组合优化是有效的。在第1轮筛选中,Z1菌株sfGFP/OD600值为6 314.96,其中实验菌株sfGFP/OD600值高于Z1菌株的共有56株,最优势菌株Δ8-A346其sfGFP/OD600值为12 507.81。HPLC分析这56株菌的发酵液中己二酸含量,发现其中Δ8-A346菌株己二酸产量显著高于对照组,产量达652.86 mg/L,相较于对照组提高了102%。
由于在24孔板的发酵过程中,72 h的长发酵周期会造成部分发酵液蒸发。因此,测得的己二酸产量可能偏高于实际产量。为了更精确地测定己二酸的产量,选择第1轮筛选中24孔板发酵液产量最高的前22株菌接入250 mL锥形瓶中进行发酵,利用HPLC验证己二酸产量(图3D),其中Δ8-A346菌株己二酸产量为415.28 mg/L,菌株OD600为10.2,生长情况较好。按照此方法对启动子文库进行多批次筛选,经过9轮筛选(各批次依次命名为A-I,其余各轮筛选详情原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心,编号为NMDCX0002092)共获得3 456株单菌落,最终在各批次的高产菌株中选择出最优菌株Δ8-D47,其己二酸产量为431.32 mg/L,相较于对照组提高了84%。
为了分析己二酸合成途径的限速步骤,根据摇瓶复筛结果选择了15株具有梯度己二酸产量(40-430 mg/L)的菌株。提取其总mRNA并进行qRT-PCR,测定0875-paaHacot8cat1-paaFtdter基因的相对表达水平,进而分析途径基因的表达水平与己二酸合成的内在关系(图4A)。针对串联基因0875-paaHcat1-paaF中的每个基因设计引物进行RT-qPCR,从而单独分析单个基因的表达情况(图4B)。分析结果表明,(1) 高水平串联表达cat1-paaF基因有助于己二酸的积累。cat1基因的表达强度与己二酸产量无明显关系,而paaF基因表达强度与己二酸产量成正比。paaF基因表达水平比cat1基因表达水平高,这一现象的产生可能源于以下两方面原因:其一,启动子活性在转录过程中呈现逐渐增强的趋势,从而显著提高了paaF基因的转录效率;其二,paaF基因的mRNA在结构或序列特征上具有更高的稳定性,从而使其维持更强的表达强度。(2) 调节0875-paaHacot8tdter基因的表达水平对己二酸积累无明显变化,而同一模块中的0875paaH基因表达水平相同,相同己二酸产量有相近的基因表达强度。(3) 推测逆己二酸降解途径的关键酶为paaF。综上所述,增强cat1-paaF基因的表达水平可能有助于己二酸产量的进一步提高。
将最优菌株Δ8-D47的己二酸合成途径质粒进行测序分析,将其表达质粒命名为pK2和pS2。为了进一步提高己二酸产量,在调控0875-paaHacot8tdter基因的启动子不变的前提下,从P trc 启动子突变体中选择6个比P 7 更强的启动子(P 1 、P 2 、P 3 、P 4 、P 5 和P 6 ),对调控cat1-paaF基因的启动子进行更换,分别构建重组质粒pS3、pS4、pS5、pS6、pS7、pS8。选择2个比P7更弱的启动子P15和P20对调控cat1-paaF基因的启动子进行更换,分别构建重组质粒pS9和pS10。将上述重组质粒分别与pK2组合后转入E. coli MG1655 Δ8菌株,随后进行发酵(图4C)。发现Δ8-D47菌株依然维持了最高产量,己二酸产量为460.71 mg/L,而Δ8-pKS23、Δ8-pKS24、Δ8-pKS25菌株使用更强启动子调控cat1-paaF基因,己二酸产量反而大幅下降。此外Δ8-pKS29、Δ8-pKS210菌株使用较弱启动子调控cat1-paaF基因,己二酸产量分别下降了56.5%和25.8%。升高或降低cat1-paaF的表达水平均不利于己二酸合成,这可能是因为基因的过表达增加了细胞的代谢负担,从而导致产量降低。
不同培养基的成分及其浓度会影响菌株的生长、产率和产量[20]。因此,本研究探究了不同培养基对己二酸生物合成的影响。选取改良MOPS[21]、SOB、LB以及TB培养基进行己二酸发酵(图5A)。研究发现E. coli MG1655 Δ8菌株在改良的MOPS培养基中生长缓慢,无己二酸合成。这可能是由于MOPS培养基的成分营养物质较少,而多基因敲除菌和多基因过表达对细胞代谢负担较重,从而影响了细胞生长和产物合成。在TB培养基中己二酸产量为320.12 mg/L,在SOB培养基中己二酸产量为275.81 mg/L,在LB培养基中己二酸产量为417.97 mg/L。相比之下,发现在LB培养基中己二酸产量最高,且主要副产物乙酸含量最低(图5B),LB培养基中乙酸产量为1.74 g/L,相较于在TB培养基中发酵,乙酸产量降低了32.9%,因此后续将继续在LB培养基基础上进行发酵条件优化。
逆己二酸降解途径的前体是琥珀酰辅酶A和乙酰辅酶A。为进一步增强前体供应,在发酵过程中添加了TCA循环的中间体:20 mmol/L的琥珀酸(SA)、2 g/L的丙酮酸(PYR)、2 g/L的柠檬酸(CIT)和2 g/L的α-酮戊二酸(α-KG)。结果表明,添加α-酮戊二酸和琥珀酸后己二酸产量显著提高,相比对照组分别提高了39.8%和26.4% (图5C)。随后,分别探究了α-酮戊二酸和琥珀酸的最适添加浓度,发现添加1 g/L α-酮戊二酸和50 mmol/L琥珀酸时己二酸产量最高(图5D5E),分别达到460.67 mg/L和407.79 mg/L。因此,在后续发酵中添加α-酮戊二酸和琥珀酸作为前体物质。
在微生物代谢过程中,金属离子通常起到电子传递和辅酶催化等关键作用。在培养基中加入特定的金属离子可能会激活细胞的代谢过程,从而提高产量。例如,在长柄木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum) UN32生产石斛碱型生物碱的研究中,通过优化金属离子体系,显著提高了石斛碱的产量[22]。因此在LB培养基中分别添加了0.1 g/L Cu2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Ca2+和Mg2+等6种金属离子,探究其对己二酸生产的影响(图5F)。结果表明,添加Cu2+后己二酸产量最高,达到430.04 mg/L,相比对照组提高了15.1%;而添加Zn2+和Mn2+后己二酸产量分别下降了36.0%和21.4%,可能是由于抑制了酶的活性,导致酶活性的调节失衡,从而影响了己二酸的合成。此外,还对发酵碳源的种类和浓度进行了优化。使用甘油和葡萄糖作为混合碳源进行发酵,分别探究了2种碳源的最适发酵浓度。结果表明,当甘油的添加量为10 g/L时,己二酸产量最高,达到448.28 mg/L (图5G)。在此基础上,添加不同浓度的葡萄糖进行发酵(图5H),发现添加4 g/L葡萄糖为最佳条件,此时己二酸产量达507.45 mg/L。当葡萄糖含量较高时对己二酸合成有较强抑制作用,可能是由于葡萄糖效应抑制了菌株的生长与产物的合成。
最终优化后的发酵条件为:在LB培养基中添加1 g/L α-酮戊二酸和50 mmol/L琥珀酸作为前体,添加10 g/L甘油和4 g/L葡萄糖作为碳源,同时添加Cu2+。在此条件下,Δ8-D47菌株的己二酸产量达到了550.34 mg/L。
己二酸作为重要的化工和材料工业原料,实现其绿色、低碳的高效合成具有重要意义。然而,己二酸合成途径代谢流分配不均衡,导致产量较低。为了解决这一挑战,本研究以E. coli MG1655 Δ8为底盘细胞,将逆己二酸降解途径的所有基因进行了20个梯度的表达水平优化,并开发了基于己二酸生物传感器的高通量筛选方法,从己二酸合成途径随机优化文库中筛选到了最佳菌株Δ8-D47,产量达到431.32 mg/L。分析基因表达水平与己二酸产量的关系,推测cat1-paaF为己二酸合成的限速酶,但过表达会增加细胞代谢负担。因此,未来进行基因组整合表达可能是更好的方案。最后,为了进一步提高己二酸产量,对Δ8-D47菌株进行了摇瓶水平的发酵条件优化,最终己二酸产量提高了27.6%,达到了550.34 mg/L,相较于Z1菌株己二酸产量提高了134%。
Moon等[23]E. coli体内表达逆己二酸降解途径,并通过增加乙酰辅酶A的供应和调控ATP消耗循环来加强己二酸的合成,在摇瓶中将己二酸产量提高到1 093.11 mg/L,产量提高了19.5倍。同时与国内外已有报道的己二酸产量水平进行比较(原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心,编号为NMDCX0002092),发现本研究使用的逆己二酸降解途径在大肠杆菌中全生物合成己二酸具有较大优势。在酵母(Saccharomyces)中,逆己二酸降解途径的合成效果较差。解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)表达系统利用β-氧化和ω-氧化途径实现了己二酸的最高水平合成,说明Y. lipolytica也是一种优越的己二酸合成底盘细胞。
目前,尚未实现生物基己二酸的工业生产,这是因为生物基己二酸生产成本远高于化工法。因此,进一步提高己二酸产量是未来研究的重中之重。异源途径过表达对底盘细胞的负担是需要首先考虑的问题。针对这一问题,可进行异源基因的基因组整合,将逆己二酸降解途径中的基因整合到底盘菌株基因组中,从而避免由于质粒不稳定和过表达带来的负担。相比之下,强化己二酸的胞外运输能力也将有助于减轻底盘细胞的负担。此外,通过强化甘油利用途径,增强逆己二酸降解途径对甘油等碳源的利用率,促进甘油的代谢,也有助于提高产量并降低成本。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2104600)
  • 江苏省杰出青年基金(BK20220089)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22478156)
  • 天津市合成生物技术创新能力提升行动项目(TSBICIP-KJGG-015)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250067
  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-23
  • 录用日期:2025-03-10
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2104600)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2104600)
Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province(BK20220089)
江苏省杰出青年基金(BK20220089)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22478156)
国家自然科学基金(22478156)
Tianjin Synthetic Biotechnology Innovation Capacity Improvement Project(TSBICIP-KJGG-015)
天津市合成生物技术创新能力提升行动项目(TSBICIP-KJGG-015)
作者信息
    1.江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
    2.江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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