Article(id=1226460580253450620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250088, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739030400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741708800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-12, onlineDate=1770340588868, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588868, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588868, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3507, endPage=3523, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460580534469003, articleId=1226460580253450620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress of phage application in the era of One Health, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

One Health integrates the health of the environment, animals, and humans, involving food safety, environmental hygiene, and animal and human health. Currently, antibiotic resistance is exacerbating worldwide, seriously hindering the achievement of One Health. Phages, as viruses with a century-long application history and the ability to specifically kill bacteria, bring new hope for addressing antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. This article reviews the development history, diversity, and applications of phages in food safety and the environment, animals, and humans, with the aim of providing references for the application of phages in the era of One Health.

, correspAuthors=Xinwu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: .
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“同一健康”是环境、动物和人类三者健康的统合,涉及食品安全与环境卫生、动物与人类健康等诸多方面。目前,全球范围内耐药问题日益凸显,严重阻碍了“同一健康”目标的实现。噬菌体作为一种已有百年应用历史且能够特异性杀灭细菌的病毒,为解决耐药菌感染问题带来了新的希望。本文综述了噬菌体研究的发展历程、多样性及其在食品安全、环境、动物和人类健康中的应用,为“同一健康”时代噬菌体的应用提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=王心舞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xzx8U/ROsxHyv7f2KDRpWg==, magXml=BGSqKFo+q5Q+4+zq9ceJfg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5hcdtXOHDWiazlXX96MJDA==, pdfFileSize=1304175, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Sdxc0NT7KI2s/y6p7Mm93w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

刘巍:文献汇总、稿件撰写;李天宇:文献查询与整理;姜柏荟:文献查询与整理;王心舞:综述选题以及文章结构确定,稿件修改。

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Pre-optimized phage therapy on secondary Acinetobacter baumannii infection in four critical COVID-19 patients[J]. 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同一健康时代噬菌体的应用研究进展
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刘巍 1 , 李天宇 2 , 姜柏荟 2 , 王心舞 2, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(8): 3507-3523
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(8): 3507-3523
同一健康时代噬菌体的应用研究进展
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刘巍1, 李天宇2, 姜柏荟2, 王心舞2, *
作者信息
  • 1.吉林农业科技学院 图书馆,吉林 吉林
  • 2.吉林农业科技学院 动物科技学院,吉林 吉林
Research progress of phage application in the era of One Health
Wei LIU1, Tianyu LI2, Baihui JIANG2, Xinwu WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.The Library of Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin, China
  • 2.Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250088
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“同一健康”是环境、动物和人类三者健康的统合,涉及食品安全与环境卫生、动物与人类健康等诸多方面。目前,全球范围内耐药问题日益凸显,严重阻碍了“同一健康”目标的实现。噬菌体作为一种已有百年应用历史且能够特异性杀灭细菌的病毒,为解决耐药菌感染问题带来了新的希望。本文综述了噬菌体研究的发展历程、多样性及其在食品安全、环境、动物和人类健康中的应用,为“同一健康”时代噬菌体的应用提供了参考。

抗生素  /  耐药性  /  噬菌体  /  应用

One Health integrates the health of the environment, animals, and humans, involving food safety, environmental hygiene, and animal and human health. Currently, antibiotic resistance is exacerbating worldwide, seriously hindering the achievement of One Health. Phages, as viruses with a century-long application history and the ability to specifically kill bacteria, bring new hope for addressing antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. This article reviews the development history, diversity, and applications of phages in food safety and the environment, animals, and humans, with the aim of providing references for the application of phages in the era of One Health.

antibiotic  /  antibiotic resistance  /  phage  /  application
刘巍, 李天宇, 姜柏荟, 王心舞. 同一健康时代噬菌体的应用研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3507 -3523 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250088
Wei LIU, Tianyu LI, Baihui JIANG, Xinwu WANG. Research progress of phage application in the era of One Health[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3507 -3523 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250088
“同一健康”是国际最新的公共卫生理念,提倡将人类、动物以及共同生活的环境作为一个有机整体加以研究,通过跨学科、跨部门、跨地区协作来保障食品安全[1-2]、预防新发及流行的人兽共患传染病[3-4]和控制抗生素抗性传播[5-6],以促进环境健康、动物健康和人类健康,推动构建人类卫生健康共同体[7]。近年来,抗生素的无节制使用以及滥用导致全球范围内耐药菌乃至多重耐药菌逐年增加,加剧了抗生素抗性在环境、动物以及人类中产生以及跨地区、跨国界传播的风险,已成为威胁“同一健康”目标实现的一大挑战[8-10]。因此,迫切需要研发其他新型抗生素替代制剂来诊断、治疗和预防耐药菌感染引发的抗生素抗性产生以及传播问题。
噬菌体作为能够特异性感染并杀灭细菌的病毒,自20世纪被发现以来就用于防控细菌性疾病,因其具有特异性强、对机体无毒副作用、在自然界数量庞大且多样性复杂等优点,已成为目前最有前景的抗生素替代制剂之一[11-12]。近年来,各种组学技术在海洋、土壤、人类肠道等环境中的应用不仅极大地拓宽了对噬菌体多样性的已有认知,也使得噬菌体相关研究取得重要进展[13]。在过去5年间,85%的已测序噬菌体被成功应用于控制食品安全与环境卫生领域的细菌污染以及防控动物和人类的细菌性疾病[14],说明噬菌体应用有助于改善食品安全现状、控制细菌性人兽共患传染病的流行,证实了噬菌体具备减轻抗生素抗性在环境、动物以及人类中传播的潜力,可以作为食品与环境中的生物防治剂以及动物和人类医学的治疗剂,以实现“同一健康”目标。本文总结了噬菌体研究的发展史,剖析了噬菌体的多样性,探讨了其在食品安全与环境、动物以及人类中的应用潜力,以期为“同一健康”时代噬菌体的广泛应用提供参考与启示。
噬菌体又称细菌病毒,在自然界分布广泛,数量可达1031,只要有细菌存在的地方一定能发现与之对应的噬菌体存在,二者一直处在共同进化的过程中[11]。早在1896年,噬菌体就被英国细菌学家Ernest Hankin发现具有杀菌作用;1917年,噬菌体再次被英国细菌学家Frederick Twort和法裔加拿大微生物学家Félix d’ Hérelle分别证实了其杀菌作用,随后被正式命名为噬菌体[15]。1919年,Félix d’ Hérelle先后将噬菌体成功应用于斑疹伤寒鸡瘟以及痢疾患者的治疗中,一举成为噬菌体治疗的开拓者,并多次获得诺贝尔奖提名[16]。随着Félix d’ Hérelle在噬菌体应用上的成功,噬菌体疗法被越来越多的医生和科研工作者所接受,并在临床中普遍使用,世界上一些大药品公司甚至开始大量生产和售卖噬菌体制剂;1928年,随着青霉素的发现及其在西方国家的广泛使用,噬菌体疗法在欧美等发达国家几乎被搁置,然而,由于Félix d’ Hérelle本人一直积极在印度尼西亚、埃及、印度、美国和格鲁吉亚等国开展噬菌体治疗经验传播及研究工作,噬菌体研究与临床治疗应用并未全面停滞,而是悄然在格鲁吉亚、俄罗斯和波兰等国扎根;20世纪40年代中后期至90年代初,苏联和东欧等地仍旧大规模使用噬菌体疗法治疗痢疾、伤寒、霍乱等细菌感染性疾病;位于格鲁吉亚的Eliava研究所自成立以来,80多年从未停止噬菌体应用的相关研究,如今已成为世界范围内规模最大的噬菌体治疗机构,每年治愈来自世界各地的耐药菌感染患者不计其数[17-18]
我国受苏联的影响,在解放初期也开展了噬菌体疗法的研究与实践。1949年,在苏联专家的协助下我国先后研制并生产了针对志贺痢疾杆菌、福氏痢疾杆菌、舒氏痢疾杆菌以及宋内氏痢疾杆菌的痢疾噬菌体;据报道这些噬菌体制成的噬菌体鸡尾酒不仅对痢疾患者有效,而且在抗美援朝战争和国内一些大型水利工程建设项目的细菌感染防控中也起到了积极作用;1958年我国微生物学专家余㵑教授利用噬菌体疗法成功治愈了1例获得性耐药绿脓杆菌感染的全身烧伤面积达89.3%的患者,该患者入院后先后经历了多黏菌素治疗、同种异体皮肤移植以及细菌抗体治疗失败,最终通过噬菌体疗法得以成功治愈,该项研究打破了世界公认烧伤学科权威提出的全身烧伤面积高于50%无救治希望的定论,在我国乃至国际噬菌体治疗细菌感染史上留下了浓墨重彩的一笔,史称“中国方案”[19]。可惜由于当时对噬菌体严格的宿主特异性缺乏深入了解,导致很多噬菌体治疗效果欠佳;同时,生产设备不够先进,噬菌体生产过程对发酵环境、操作人员要求过于严苛,以及20世纪50年代后期抗生素等具备广谱杀菌活性、制备过程简单且生产便捷的抗菌药物生产供应逐渐满足医疗需求的外部冲击,我国的噬菌体应用开始逐渐衰退直至停止[19-20]
然而,抗生素的耐药问题伴随其应用发展至今,全球范围内抗生素耐药菌以及多重耐药菌问题日益严峻。据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO) 2019年统计,全球每年约有127万人死于耐药菌感染,如果不加以控制,到2050年这一数值可能会超过癌症[9]。面对耐药问题的严重性以及新型抗生素匮乏的困境,越来越多的科研工作者将目光重新聚焦到细菌的天敌——噬菌体身上。近年来,比利时已经在全国建立起系统的噬菌体库,美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校成立了创新噬菌体应用和治疗中心,我国也成立了5处噬菌体与耐药菌研究所,噬菌体正在逐渐成为临床对抗耐药菌感染的个性化治疗药物[21]。除此之外,噬菌体还被作为一种抗生素替代制剂广泛应用于食品安全与环境卫生领域以及动物细菌性疾病的防控[22-24]。由此可见对噬菌体的研究及广泛应用有助于实现环境-动物-人类三者的“同一健康”。
噬菌体在自然环境中广泛存在,具有高度的形态及遗传多样性。截至目前,已被报道的噬菌体可被归属于4个病毒域、7个病毒门和8个病毒纲[25-27]。依据不同的分类标准,噬菌体可以进行不同的细分类。根据其遗传物质的不同,噬菌体可被分为双链DNA (double-strand DNA, dsDNA)噬菌体[28]、单链DNA (single-strand DNA, ssDNA)噬菌体[29]、双链RNA (double-strand RNA, dsRNA)噬菌体[30]和单链RNA (single-strand RNA, ssRNA)噬菌体[31]
目前,大部分已报道的噬菌体均为dsDNA噬菌体。根据其形态特征,dsDNA噬菌体可被分为有尾噬菌体和无尾噬菌体。其中有尾噬菌体还可以根据其尾部的长短以及是否能伸缩,进一步分为长尾噬菌体[32]、短尾噬菌体[33]和肌尾噬菌体[34]等。已报道的大多数噬菌体是双链有尾噬菌体,其中一部分属于双链DNA病毒域(Duplodnaviria) (该域噬菌体的典型特征是具有二十面体蛋白衣壳,且主要衣壳蛋白中包含一个独特且保守的HK97样折叠)有尾噬菌体门(Uroviricota)有尾噬菌体纲(Caudoviricetes);据报道,截至目前有尾噬菌体纲能够感染细菌的病毒共有52科4 863种[35]。另一部分双链有尾噬菌体属于多DNA病毒域(Varidnaviria) ,包括复层噬菌体科(Tectiviridae)、被脂噬菌体科(Corticoviridae)、Autolykiviridae病毒科、松下病毒科(Matsushitaviridae)以及芬兰湖病毒科(Finnlakeviridae) (其中的单链FLiP病毒除外),其特征是同源的主要衣壳蛋白具有1个或2个折叠β-桶状结构域[36]
少部分被报道的噬菌体为ssDNA噬菌体,属于单链病毒域(Monodnaviria)管噬菌体目(Tubulavirales)的丝杆噬菌体科(Inoviridae)、短杆状噬菌体科(Plectroviridae)以及保利诺噬菌体科(Paulinoviridae)中具有丝状结构的噬菌体或者是微小噬菌体目(Petitvirales)、微小噬菌体科(Microviridae)中具有二十面体结构的噬菌体[36]。另外,极少数被报道的噬菌体为dsRNA噬菌体和ssRNA噬菌体。其中,dsRNA噬菌体属于核糖病毒域(Riboviria)中的囊病毒科(Cystoviridae);ssRNA噬菌体属于Riboviria病毒域光滑病毒纲(Leviviricetes)下的6个科[37-38]。截至2024年,已有28 468个完整的噬菌体基因组测序被收录入INPHARED数据库(不包括未知宿主的噬菌体),其中约85%的噬菌体属于Duplodnaviria病毒域的dsDNA噬菌体,约14%属于Monodnaviria病毒域,仅有约1%属于其他病毒域[39]
随着宏转录组学和宏基因组学的快速发展,越来越多的噬菌体基因组被报道。IMG/VR数据库中收录了超过500万个高可信度的病毒基因组数据,可被归类为290万个病毒操作分类单元(viral operational taxonomic units, vOTUs)[40]。除此之外,在海洋[41-44]、土壤[45-47]和污水[48-49]等各种环境中发现了数千种跨域的新型物种水平上的vOTUs,极大地扩大了Caudoviricetes和Leviviricetes噬菌体的多样性。然而,据12项人类肠道高通量研究报道,仅从肠道噬菌体数据库、宏基因组肠道病毒纲、人类病毒组数据库和婴儿肠道DNA病毒多样性图谱统计就有超过168 000种物种水平的集群,单就人类肠道中报道的vOTUs和科级进化分支的数量就远远超过了已报道的噬菌体的数量[40]。这些已报道的噬菌体从基因组大小来看,不仅包含了最小基因组的乳杆菌噬菌体ADMH1Phi (1 761 bp)以及基因组最大的芽孢杆菌噬菌体G (497 513 bp)[50-52],甚至包含了在人类肠道和海洋环境宏基因组数据中鉴定出的一些基因组超过540 000 bp的大型噬菌体[41,53-54]。这些噬菌体基因组大小的悬殊差异也进一步凸显了噬菌体的多样性。由此可见噬菌体多样性丰富,在“同一健康”时代的广泛应用具备得天独厚的优势。
尽管各类数据库中收录的完整噬菌体基因组数量仍在不断增加,全球范围内噬菌体基因组的多样性依然难以确定。分析其宿主发现,其中一半的噬菌体感染相同的7个属的宿主,包括分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、戈登氏菌属(Gordonia)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)[13]。考虑到各种细菌在生物圈中广泛存在,以每一种细菌为宿主的噬菌体数量更是庞大,不同宿主的噬菌体基因序列之间几乎无同源性,相同宿主的噬菌体序列也可能存在很大差异,因此解析噬菌体基因组多样性必须在现有宿主菌的基础上分离鉴定更多噬菌体,同时尝试以更多不同细菌(包括耐药菌)作为宿主菌进行噬菌体分离鉴定以及基因组分析,为探究噬菌体多样性提供宝贵资源,以推动噬菌体制剂在抗细菌感染中的应用[14]。此外,虽然宏基因组学研究在海洋、土壤、人类肠道等环境中的开展极大地拓宽了噬菌体基因组的多样性,但由于缺少保守遗传标记以及病毒宏基因组学存在构建序列相关性分辨率较低的障碍,已报道的环境样品中90%的病毒序列仍属于未知噬菌体[13-14]。单病毒基因组学在测序之前会对单个噬菌体进行排序,不仅能克服病毒宏基因组学分辨率低的障碍,而且有助于分析噬菌体与宿主间的相互作用[55]。此外,有研究发现将组学技术与纯培养方法结合,可以筛选到受测序偏差影响而遗漏的噬菌体[13,55]。据此,未来应尝试将综合宏基因组学与单病毒组学、纯培养方法三者结合,以揭示噬菌体基因组的多样性,为噬菌体基础研究和广泛应用于“同一健康”时代提供更为丰富且具有良好应用价值的噬菌体资源。
随着时代的进步和人们生活水平的提高,越来越多的人已经意识到食品安全的重要性。食品作为人类生活必不可少的部分,是人类健康的保障,也是实现“同一健康”目标的根本。据报道,每年仅因食源性病原菌感染造成的全球死亡人数已超过百万,而这些食源性病原菌可以通过感染瓜果、蔬菜,以及在动物屠宰、挤奶、发酵、加工、储存或包装过程中污染食物[56]。噬菌体不仅可以直接杀灭污染食品中的病原菌,也可直接用于食品和食品生产加工环境的消毒[22]。与传统的食品保存消毒方法不同,噬菌体能够在不影响食品的味道、颜色、气味或质地的情况下杀灭污染细菌,因此利用噬菌体作为食品及其生产环境污染防控制剂的兴趣正在不断扩大[22-24]
目前美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)已经批准了几种噬菌体产品用于美国和欧洲的食品安全防控。例如,由赫莱尔噬菌体科(Herelleviridae) P100噬菌体属(Pecentumvirus)的6个噬菌体(LIST-36、LMSP25、lta-34、lta-57、lta-94和lta-148)组成的商品化噬菌体鸡尾酒ListShieldTM (Intralytix)[57-58]以及由1个宽裂解谱的噬菌体P100制成的噬菌体PhageGuard L (ListexTM)已被FDA批准用于防止食品中的单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)[59]。由6种噬菌体(SPT-1、STML-198、SSE-121、SBA-1781、SKML-39和STML-13-1)组成的SalmoFreshTM (Intralytix)已被FDA批准用于防止食品中的沙门氏菌污染[57-58,60]。据报道SalmoFreshTM在4 ℃条件下可以有效降低生菜、芽菜以及黄瓜中的沙门氏菌污染[61-62]。此外,针对志贺毒素大肠杆菌(Shiga-toxin producing Escherichiacoli, STEC) O157:H7的商品化噬菌体EcoShieldTM (Intralytix)和EcoShieldTM PX (Intralytix)也已获得FDA批准用于防止食品以及动物毛皮中的STEC污染[63]
专门针对水产品的CUSTUS® YRS (ACD Pharma)被FDA批准可添加到水中以防止鲁氏耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia ruckeri)感染;BF-VP (APB Bio)和LUXON (Phagelux)可以应用于对虾养殖场预防副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)感染[64]。BAFADOR (Proteon)可以应用于预防欧洲鳗鱼中的假单胞菌和气单胞菌(Aeromonas)感染[65]。在国内,一种针对海产品中可引起人类肠胃炎的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)的巨型噬菌体已获得应用专利,这也是全球范围内基因组>200 kb的噬菌体首次获批商品化应用于防控食源性病原菌[66]
针对植物病原体生物防控的商品化噬菌体BiolyseTM (APS biocontrol Ltd.)和ErwiphageTM (Erwiphage PLUS)也已获得FDA批准,BiolyseTM主要用于预防由坚固杆菌属(Pectobacterium)和迪克氏菌属(Dickeya)细菌引起的豆科植物的块茎软腐病[67]。ErwiphageTM主要用于防控蔷薇科植物的火疫病[68-69]。此外,专门针对野油菜黄单胞菌辣椒斑点致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria)和丁香假单胞菌番茄叶斑病致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato)引起的辣椒和番茄细菌性斑疹病的噬菌体AgriPhage (Omnilytics)也已获得FDA批准商品化使用[70]。除此之外,phi6作为唯一被FDA批准在农业中应用的商品化噬菌体[71-72],自1973年被发现以来已广泛用于丁香假单胞菌菜豆致病变种(P. syringae pv. phaseolicola)引起的豆科植物光晕疫病以及丁香假单孢菌猕猴桃致病变种(P. syringae pv. actinidiae)引起的猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的生物防治[71-73]
除了已商品化的噬菌体产品,目前还有很多关于噬菌体应用于食品安全与环境领域的基础研究,证实了噬菌体不仅可以延长易腐食品的保质期、实现食品与环境中病原细菌的快速检测,还可以净化胴体和其他原产品。例如,Petsong等[74]研究发现在豆芽表面喷洒沙门氏菌噬菌体可以显著改善豆芽中肠沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica)污染情况,延长其保质期。Liu等[75]利用生物层干涉测量技术突变噬菌体裂解酶建立快速检测方法,能够在12 min内从冰块以及生抽中检测出金黄色葡萄球菌(13 CFU/mL),研究结果对于预防金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒以及该菌引起的各种传染病的早期诊断和治疗十分关键。Edgar等[76]以及Yim等[77]通过构建荧光标记的噬菌体,可以在1 h内从1 mL水样中精确、快速检测出大肠杆菌(20 CFU/mL),研究结果对于避免水源中大肠杆菌O157:H7污染造成的食源性感染,乃至世界范围内的公共食品安全意义重大。Anany等[78]研究发现通过改性纤维素膜固定化噬菌体鸡尾酒可以有效地抑制即食食品和生肉中大肠杆菌O157:H7的生长。Hong等[79]研究发现在大肠杆菌污染的牛肉表面涂撒噬菌体鸡尾酒,24 h内可以使牛肉中大肠杆菌菌量下降1.97 log10 CFU/mL。以上研究充分展示了噬菌体疗法在延长易腐食品保质期、实现食品与环境中病原细菌的快速检测以及净化胴体方面的应用价值。
此外,鱼类及贝类等水产品是人们日常食品的重要组成部分,但水产品的病原菌污染情况也不容乐观。弧菌是海洋动物和水产养殖种群的重要病原菌,食用受污染的海产品和水产养殖产品可引起人类严重感染;噬菌体疗法展现出作为抗生素替代疗法以防控水产品病原菌污染的应用价值[80-83]。Gao等[80]分离得到一株弧菌噬菌体OY1,该噬菌体不仅能显著抑制鱼肌提取液中弧菌的生长(约2 log10 CFU/mL),而且能有效阻止弧菌生物被膜的形成并破坏已有的生物被膜。Stalin等[81]研究发现哈维氏弧菌噬菌体可以显著提高对虾的存活率。Le等[82]应用噬菌体治疗嗜水气单胞菌感染的条纹鲶鱼,结果显示该疗法显著降低了鲶鱼嗜水气单胞菌载量,提高了条纹鲶鱼的存活率约80%。Teng等[83]将噬菌体鸡尾酒喷洒至小龙虾肉表面,可降低副溶血弧菌载量约2.5 log10 CFU/mL。
以上研究表明,噬菌体、噬菌体衍生物以及噬菌体鸡尾酒在食品安全与环境领域均表现出极大的应用前景,不仅大幅减少了人类通过食源性病原菌感染耐药菌的可能性,而且规避了抗生素以及抗性基因通过食品向人体富集的风险,有助于“同一健康”目标的实现。考虑到噬菌体基因普遍编码未知功能蛋白,以及一些已知功能蛋白本身就可以代替全噬菌体发挥作用,因此未来解析噬菌体基因组功能是实现噬菌体在该领域广泛应用必须开展的基础性研究,同时直接开发相关的噬菌体衍生物应用于该领域可能是更安全的选择。
截至2022年,国际、国内相继出台了禁止在畜牧养殖业中应用抗生素的一系列指导性文件和公告,以维护动物源食品安全和公共卫生安全[84-86]。由此可见全球范围内“禁抗、减抗、限抗”的决心。这也使得噬菌体作为新型抗生素替代兽药在畜牧业中得到了广泛关注[24]
目前,FDA已经批准了9种兽用商品化噬菌体,用于治疗感染家畜的最常见病原体,包括沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;此外,一种由5种噬菌体组成的噬菌体鸡尾酒INT-401TM (Intralytix)被用于防控产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)引起的肉鸡坏死性肠炎,该研究通过饮用水/饲料或口服灌胃给药INT-401噬菌体鸡尾酒使产气荚膜梭菌感染肉鸡死亡率降低92%[87]。除了已被FDA批准使用的商品化噬菌体,目前还有很多相关的基础研究也证实了噬菌体在畜牧养殖业中的应用前景广阔。
禽类是食源性人畜共患病原菌大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的主要宿主。卓国荣等[88]研究发现在鸡日粮中添加噬菌体可以显著减少鸡粪便中大肠杆菌的载菌量。Nabil等[89]研究发现将多药耐药沙门氏菌噬菌体制成冻干粉末可以显著减少肉仔鸡盲肠中多药耐药沙门氏菌的载菌量,并显著提高肉仔鸡的生长性能。杨文文[90]对沙门氏菌感染的雏鸡进行噬菌体和抗生素治疗,结果发现噬菌体对沙门氏菌感染雏鸡的保护率高达100%,而抗生素治疗的保护率仅为50%左右。上述结果证实,噬菌体疗法不仅可以有效减少禽类食源性人畜共患病原菌的数量,且对感染禽类的保护效果优于抗生素,应用前景良好。
牛、羊、猪是世界范围内消费最多的肉制品来源,也是防控人类患食源性疾病的关键。其中,牛和羊是大肠杆菌O157:H7的天然宿主,猪是大肠杆菌O157:H7的潜在宿主,它们均是大肠杆菌O157:H7向人类传播的主要途径之一[91]。噬菌体疗法在牛、羊、猪食源性人畜共患病原菌感染方面展现出巨大的应用价值。例如,Rivas等[92]在大肠杆菌O157:H7诱导的牛体外瘤胃模型及体内感染模型中评价噬菌体的应用效果,结果显示噬菌体不仅可以在短时间内显著降低体外瘤胃模型中大肠杆菌O157:H7的含量,而且多噬菌体组成的鸡尾酒可以显著降低牛体内大肠杆菌O157:H7的载菌量。Rozema等[93]在大肠杆菌O157:H7感染的育肥牛模型中比较研究了噬菌体不同途径给药的应用效果,结果显示口服或直肠灌注均能有效降低大肠杆菌O157:H7的载量。Bach等[94]应用噬菌体鸡尾酒治疗大肠杆菌O157:H7感染的绵羊,结果显示治疗后8 d大肠杆菌O157:H7的载量显著下降。Mao等[95]应用微囊化噬菌体A221治疗大肠杆菌感染的断奶仔猪,结果显示噬菌体应用明显改善了感染仔猪十二指肠、盲肠的病变,同时显著降低了其空肠淋巴结、盲肠和脾脏的载菌量,并显著提高了仔猪的日增重。
此外,噬菌体与其他疗法联用在肠道紊乱型细菌感染的菌群恢复方面也表现出较好的应用潜力。例如,Choi等[96]研究发现在断奶仔猪日粮中添加噬菌体鸡尾酒,可以显著改善仔猪肠道菌群结构,降低炎性因子水平。Ji等[97]研究发现,腹泻仔猪肠道有害菌群丰度增加会引起肠道中对应的噬菌体组丰度增加,使得病原菌更易从肠道已有噬菌体组中获得抗生素抗性基因,导致抗性基因的传播。Wang等[98-99]研究发现在肠沙门氏菌诱导的小鼠结肠炎模型中,将噬菌体与肠道菌群移植联用或者直接将噬菌体与肠道菌群中的益生菌联用,不仅可以快速清除病原菌,同时可以实现肠道菌群的快速恢复。以上研究表明,噬菌体与恢复肠道菌群的方法联用可能是有效避免菌群紊乱型细菌性疾病引起的抗性基因传播的方式之一,为畜牧业中抗生素抗性基因污染防控提供了参考。
伴侣动物作为新兴行业,越来越多地融入人们的日常生活,其健康状况与人类健康直接相关。伴侣动物的常见人畜共患细菌性疾病并不少见。目前,虽无获批在伴侣动物中应用的商品化噬菌体,但已有关于噬菌体在伴侣动物中应用的案例,均展示了其良好的应用潜力。例如,2006年报道了应用噬菌体成功治疗1例铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)感染的慢性中耳炎犬只的案例[100]。随后,有研究在铜绿假单胞菌相关慢性中耳炎犬模型中评估噬菌体的治疗效果。实验选取10只感染铜绿假单胞菌相关慢性中耳炎的犬只,结果显示由6种噬菌体(BCBP 01-BCBP 06)组成的噬菌体鸡尾酒局部治疗后,感染犬只的临床症状显著减轻[101]。近期,Grecu等[102]研究发现应用针对葡萄球菌、链球菌、变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和致病性大肠杆菌5种病原菌的噬菌体鸡尾酒治疗伤口感染铜绿假单胞菌的犬只,可以完全清除感染伤口的铜绿假单胞菌,显著促进伤口愈合。此外,Braunstein等[103]联合应用噬菌体与抗生素治疗因植入种植体而导致铜绿假单胞菌感染的患猫,结果显示二者联合应用成功清除了患猫种植体中的病原菌,最终伤口完全愈合。
以上研究展示了噬菌体在畜牧养殖业以及伴侣动物中极大的应用前景,但噬菌体作为兽药广泛应用仍存在一定困难。这是由于噬菌体基因组复制过程中存在变异的可能性、噬菌体成分复杂且并不完全已知、制备批次间存在差异导致均一性无法保证,此外噬菌体感染细菌存在变异产生噬菌体抗性菌的可能性,即使使用噬菌体鸡尾酒也需要经常更换配方,不符合传统兽药遵循的既定规程和执行标准。为了顺应噬菌体在畜牧养殖业以及伴侣动物中的应用趋势,未来应尽快建立并完善兽用噬菌体制剂质量控制标准。
近年来,面对全球范围内耐药菌增加以及缺乏新型抗生素的困境,噬菌体疗法在医学临床中被用作耐药菌感染无药可医患者的同情用药选择之一。国际临床试验注册平台可查询的处于不同阶段的临床试验超过40项,这些试验旨在验证噬菌体制剂在治疗人类感染方面的安全性和有效性。此外,还有一些噬菌体在人类中应用的回顾性调查以及基础性研究。目前尚无FDA获批的临床用噬菌体产品,噬菌体在医学临床仅获批应用于抗生素治疗无效患者的紧急使用,尤其是临床比较常见的多重耐药菌感染引起的患者伤口感染、尿路感染和呼吸道感染。
临床常见的伤口感染包括手术伤口、创伤性伤口、烧伤伤口以及皮肤溃烂形成的伤口。其中手术伤口感染通常是指术后90 d内发生于手术切口附近的感染,是医院内感染中最常见的类型之一[104-105]。Leitner等[106]对474名接受经尿道前列腺切除术的患者进行噬菌体与抗生素联合治疗,结果显示大多数患者伤口症状减轻,且不良反应少于抗生素组,证实了噬菌体疗法的有效性和安全性。Nadareishvili等[107]对 2名慢性骨髓炎患者、1名糖尿病足溃疡患者以及1名皮肤移植术后出现严重感染并发症的患者进行回顾性调查分析,结果显示噬菌体治疗改善了所有患者的总体健康状况,并促进了伤口愈合。Tkhilaishvili等[108]报道了1例多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌引起的膝关节假体周围反复感染的80岁女性患者,在手术部位进行噬菌体疗法与载有抗生素的骨间隔物的联合治疗后手术伤口迅速愈合。
创伤性伤口因其复杂性、面积大以及污染和感染程度高,导致几乎所有创伤性伤口都存在一定程度的感染且易形成生物被膜,传统抗生素易产生耐药,致使患者后续康复面临较大挑战。Bhartiya等[109]对54例大面积创伤伤口感染患者分别应用噬菌体与抗生素治疗,结果显示噬菌体治疗组伤口病原菌清除速度更快,伤口愈合率更高,住院时间更短,提示对于大面积创伤性伤口感染噬菌体治疗可能是比抗生素更好地选择。Racenis等[110]报道了1例由于交通事故导致伤口复发多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌和多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染的患者(伤口清创、抗生素治疗均失败),在抗生素与局部噬菌体给药联合治疗后患者临床症状消失,且康复后9个月未出现复发。
严重烧伤通常由于皮肤屏障受损,易造成烧伤创面感染,甚至发展为败血症和感染性休克,具有较高的发病率以及死亡率[111]。感染细菌因伤口愈合不同阶段而不同,在早期易感染表皮葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性菌,后期易感染革兰氏阴性菌,尤其是铜绿假单胞菌[112]。Jikia等[113]应用一种能够持续释放噬菌体和环丙沙星的新型可生物降解制剂PhagoBioDerm治疗热辐射引起的局部耐药金黄色葡萄球菌感染患者(前期抗生素以及抗菌软膏治疗均失败),结果显示治疗7 d后感染部位病原菌完全被清除,患者临床症状消失。
糖尿病患者往往因其足溃疡而易于感染各种病原菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌是糖尿病足感染中重要的机会性多重耐药细菌,阻碍糖尿病足溃疡的愈合[114-115]。Young等[114]对10例截肢高风险的糖尿病足部金黄色葡萄球菌感染患者局部给予噬菌体治疗,结果显示其中6例患者临床症状得以缓解,肢体得以保留,1例患者病原菌被完全清除。此外,Mohamed等[115]应用从污水中分离得到的铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体对从185例糖尿病足部感染患者患处分离得到的铜绿假单胞菌分离株进行体外抑菌试验,结果显示铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体具有较好的温度以及酸碱稳定性,对分离菌株具有广谱抑菌活性。
以上研究证实,噬菌体疗法对临床常见的耐药菌性伤口感染,包括手术伤口、创伤性伤口、烧伤伤口以及皮肤溃烂形成的伤口,均有良好的治愈效果,表明噬菌体疗法可用作抗生素替代疗法,用于治疗临床伤口感染患者的耐药菌感染。
尿路感染患者肠道、阴道、尿道中的条件致病菌是特定条件下造成患者尿路感染及尿路复发性感染的主要病原菌,主要包括耐药大肠杆菌和耐药肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)[116-117]。其中耐药大肠杆菌作为术后感染、复发性前列腺炎以及尿路感染中难以治疗的病原菌之一,也是医学临床中噬菌体治疗应用最多的病原菌之一[116,118-119]。噬菌体疗法在抗生素治疗失败的尿路耐药菌感染患者中,无论是单独应用还是与抗生素联合应用均展现出巨大的应用前景。Terwilliger等[120]利用噬菌体鸡尾酒与抗生素联合治疗耐药大肠杆菌引起的复发性前列腺炎和尿路感染的肝移植患者,研究结果显示患者的细菌感染得以控制,临床症状显著缓解。Ismael等[121]分离得到1株新型大肠杆菌噬菌体vB_Ec_ZCEC14,体外试验发现该噬菌体对27株尿路感染患者中分离的大肠杆菌均具有良好的抑菌作用,可用于治疗由多重耐药大肠杆菌引起的尿路感染患者。肺炎克雷伯氏菌是尿路感染的另一种重要致病菌。有研究追踪2005-2022年肺炎克雷伯氏菌的耐药史发现其对亚胺培南和美罗培南2种一线碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率均上升了20%,导致许多患者临床应用抗生素治疗失败,不得不考虑其他治疗方法[122]。Kuipers等[117]利用美罗培南和噬菌体联合治疗由耐药肺炎克雷伯氏菌引起的复发性尿路感染患者(该患者在感染第10-28天间7次应用美罗培南治疗均失败),结果显示二者联合应用后患者尿道炎症状迅速消失。石鑫[123]应用噬菌体治疗1例由耐药肺炎克雷伯氏菌引起的泌尿系统感染患者,结果显示该患者经历了从单一噬菌体膀胱灌注、噬菌体鸡尾酒膀胱灌注以及噬菌体与抗生素联合治疗后,其临床症状不断改善,最终成功治愈出院。Łusiak-Szelachowska等[124]研究发现,联合应用噬菌体与环丙沙星对耐药肺炎克雷伯氏菌引起的复发性尿路感染患者治疗效果显著。
呼吸道感染,尤其是耐药菌感染可引起囊性纤维化患者严重的并发症。临床上耐多药革兰氏阴性杆菌反复感染在囊性纤维化患者和肺移植受者中十分常见,而常见抗生素对于此类耐药菌反复感染患者的治疗效果不显著。在此情况下噬菌体疗法展示了其出其不意的应用潜力。例如,Law等[125]应用静脉注射噬菌体与抗生素的方式治疗1名26岁等待肺移植的囊性纤维化患者(患者伴有多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌肺炎、持续性呼吸衰竭和黏菌素引起的肾功能衰竭),在噬菌体治疗100 d后患者未见假单胞菌性肺炎复发和囊性纤维化加重,9个月后成功进行了双侧肺移植。Hoyle等[126]对1名囊性纤维化合并耐多药无色杆菌肺部感染患者进行了为期1年的噬菌体治疗(每日1次雾化噬菌体以及每日2次口服噬菌体),1年后患者肺功能显著改善。Dedrick等[127]利用基因工程噬菌体治疗1名15岁的囊性纤维化伴弥散性脓肿分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium abscessus)感染的双侧肺移植患者,结果显示噬菌体静脉治疗耐受性良好,患者感染部位皮肤结节消散、胸骨伤口愈合,肝功能得以改善。
Aslam等[128]对2例铜绿假单胞菌耐药菌感染的肺移植患者和1例伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.)耐药菌感染的肺移植患者进行噬菌体与抗生素联合治疗,结果显示2例铜绿假单胞菌耐药菌感染的肺移植患者临床症状明显改善,出院时已可以进行自主呼吸;伯克霍尔德氏菌耐药菌感染的肺移植患者治疗初期临床症状改善,可以自主呼吸,但由于治疗期间并发螺旋体感染,最终治疗失败,该研究结果显示噬菌体疗法耐受性良好,是一种对耐多药感染患者行之有效的抗生素辅助疗法。Maddocks等[129]报道了1例伴有顽固性铜绿假单胞菌感染肺炎和脓胸的非囊性纤维化患者,接受噬菌体经静脉注射和雾化治疗7 d后,临床症状消失,痊愈出院。此外,李莉莎等[130]对1例颅脑损伤并伴有泛耐药肺炎克雷伯氏菌肺部感染患者(前期抗生素治疗失败)应用噬菌体雾化吸入的方式进行治疗,2次治疗后其临床症状显著改善。Wu等[131]应用噬菌体对4名重症COVID-19继发肺部碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染住院患者(抗生素治疗未能清除病原菌)进行连续2次噬菌体治疗,其中2例患者最终临床症状消失,痊愈出院。
噬菌体在临床中应用的成功案例证实了其针对多重耐药菌感染引起的伤口感染、尿路感染和呼吸道感染具有极其乐观的疗效。然而,由于缺乏规范化、规模化的临床对照试验以及伦理审批难度较高的原因,目前临床中缺乏FDA认证的商品化噬菌体。考虑到国内外从事噬菌体研究的研究所、高校以及企业众多,但都比较分散,未来建立汇集国内外噬菌体研究信息的共享平台,形成全球性的噬菌体库,以应对耐药菌、多重耐药菌乃至超级细菌感染等全球性公共卫生安全问题将是实现“同一健康”目标的一个大趋势。
据WHO 2019年统计,全球每年约有127万人死于耐药菌感染,如果不加以控制,到2050年这一数值可能会超过癌症。环境、动物和人类中抗生素的过度使用和误用加剧了抗生素耐药菌问题,导致耐药菌、多重耐药菌甚至超级耐药菌层出不穷,抗生素耐药基因在人体不断富集,严重阻碍了环境、动物和人类三者的“同一健康”目标的实现。噬菌体因其在自然界中数量多、易于获得、特异性强以及对机体无毒副作用的优势,已经在保障食品与环境安全、防控动物与人类耐药菌感染等多个领域展现出极大的应用价值,有望被研制成替代抗生素的新型抗菌制剂,服务于“同一健康”目标的实现。
截至2019年,公共数据库收录的噬菌体中,dsDNA有尾噬菌体占比最高,其次是ssDNA噬菌体,占比最小的是ssRNA和dsRNA噬菌体。这些噬菌体基因组普遍较小,但由于其存在基因镶嵌性而表现出极其丰富的多样性,为其在“同一健康”时代的广泛应用提供了有力保障。随着宏基因组学的快速发展,越来越多以前鲜有报道的无尾dsDNA和ssDNA噬菌体从海洋、土壤以及人类肠道中被发现,其基因组大小几乎是已有噬菌体平均大小的10倍,一些甚至在人类肠道等特定生态环境的生物群落中占据优势。这些发现极大地丰富了人们对噬菌体多样性的认识,为实现噬菌体在“同一健康”时代的广泛应用提供了更多可能性。然而,宏基因组学技术鉴定出的病毒序列中约90%与已报道噬菌体基因组无同源性,属于未知噬菌体。未来相关研究将通过多组学技术与纯培养方法的结合,深化对这些未知噬菌体群落特征及其与宿主菌互作机制的解析,为研发“同一健康”时代新型噬菌体制剂开辟新途径。
尽管噬菌体在防控细菌性感染,尤其是耐药菌感染方面已展现出巨大的应用潜力,但其广泛应用仍面临诸多限制与挑战。首先,噬菌体应用本身存在重要局限性,其对宿主菌的识别与裂解具有高度特异性,甚至达到了仅能裂解特定细菌株的程度,无法像抗生素一样广谱抗菌,这阻碍了噬菌体的广泛应用。其次,已报道的噬菌体宿主菌主要集中在7个相同属的细菌,缺乏宿主多样性,且噬菌体基因组注释尚不完善,噬菌体与宿主互作机制的解析仍停留在基础研究阶段,因此人们对噬菌体的认识有限,无法充分发挥其潜在应用价值。此外,已报道的噬菌体基因组编码大量未知功能蛋白,其安全性目前还无法准确评估,也阻碍了其作为抗菌制剂的广泛应用。噬菌体在动物中的应用缺乏质量控制标准,而在人类中的应用缺乏全球性的信息共享平台,也影响了其在“同一健康”时代的广泛应用。目前,应用多种不同宿主范围的噬菌体制成噬菌体鸡尾酒,以及基于同源重组和CRISPR基因编辑技术对现有噬菌体进行基因改造,已为拓宽噬菌体宿主谱创造了可能性。新一代全基因组高通量测序技术、蛋白质组学技术以及生物信息学分析技术的发展,为噬菌体基因组功能注释和宿主-噬菌体互作机制解析提供了便利条件。将新兴技术与传统方法进行深度融合与不断创新,同时搭建全球性的噬菌体信息共享平台,将有望打破噬菌体应用的限制与挑战,释放更大的应用潜力。
因此,为了解决噬菌体应用目前面临的挑战并充分发挥其在“同一健康”时代的应用潜力,需要进一步探索新的技术手段,继续深入研究与解析噬菌体的生物学特性、基因组功能、与宿主的互作机制及其在多领域的应用潜力。通过不断分离不同宿主菌的噬菌体、完善其基因组功能的注释、突破噬菌体应用的自身局限性以及开展全球噬菌体信息共享平台建设,噬菌体多领域应用必将迎来更广阔的发展空间,从而推动“同一健康”目标的实现,为人类带来最佳健康。
  • 吉林省科技发展计划(YDZJ202301ZYTS358)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250088
  • 接收时间:2025-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-09
  • 录用日期:2025-03-12
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Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province(YDZJ202301ZYTS358)
吉林省科技发展计划(YDZJ202301ZYTS358)
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    1.吉林农业科技学院 图书馆,吉林 吉林
    2.吉林农业科技学院 动物科技学院,吉林 吉林

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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