Article(id=1226460580047926203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736784000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1741881600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-14, onlineDate=1770340588818, onlineDateStr=2026-02-06, pubDate=1754236800000, pubDateStr=2025-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770340588818, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770340588818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770340588818, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226460576751206672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3812', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770340588033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770363610188, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226557138735117114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226460576751206672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3583, endPage=3599, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226460580433802186, articleId=1226460580047926203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Physio-biochemical and molecular regulation mechanism of flgK on Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (PDD), a pathogenic bacterium widely found in seawater, can infect a variety of economic fish and cause huge economic losses to the global aquaculture industry. The flagellar gene flgK encodes the flagellar hook protein FlgK, which is essential for the normal formation of bacterial flagella. [Objective] To systematically analyze the influencing mechanism of flgK on the virulence of PDD. [Methods] The flgK-deleted mutant of PDD (ΔflgK-PDD) was constructed by homologous recombination mediated by a high-efficiency suicide plasmid, and the mutation was confirmed by gene sequencing. The biological characteristics, virulence gene expression, and pathogenicity were compared between ΔflgK-PDD and the wild-type strain (WT-PDD). [Results] There was no significant difference in the growth ability, hemolytic activity or phospholipase activity between ΔflgK-PDD and WT-PDD. However, the motility and biofilm formation of ΔflgK-PDD were significantly lower than those of WT-PDD. Transmission electron microscopy showed that ΔflgK-PDD failed to form a flagellar structure. The artificial infection experiments showed that the LD50 of ΔflgK-PDD in Sebastes schlegelii was 557% that of WT-PDD, and the pathogenicity was significantly reduced. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that compared with WT-PDD, ΔflgK-PDD demonstrated significantly down-regulated expression of the flagellar-related genes fliK and flgL, the type II secretion system (T2SS)-related genes gspC and gspD, and the virulence gene hlyApl. The expression levels of flagellar-related gene fliH, T2SS-related gene gspE, outer membrane-related genes ompP, lapB, and flhB were significantly up-regulated, and those of the remaining genes did not change significantly. [Conclusion] The mutation of flgK can lead to the failure of ΔflgK-PDD to form a complete flagellar structure and significantly change the relative expression levels of flagellar-related genes, thereby reducing the motility and colonization ability and ultimately weakening the pathogenicity of PDD.

, correspAuthors=Zheng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, PDD)是一种广泛存在于海水中的致病菌,能够感染多种经济鱼类,对全球水产养殖业造成巨大经济损失。鞭毛基因flgK可编码鞭毛钩蛋白FlgK,该蛋白对细菌鞭毛的正常形成至关重要。 【目的】 系统解析flgK基因对PDD感染宿主毒力作用的影响机制。 【方法】 采用高效自杀质粒介导的同源重组方法构建PDD的flgK基因缺失突变株(ΔflgK-PDD),并通过基因测序证实突变成功。对ΔflgK-PDD在生物学特性、毒力基因表达及致病性等方面与野生株(WT-PDD)的差异进行比较分析。 【结果】 ΔflgK-PDD的生长能力、溶血活性、磷脂酶活性与WT-PDD无显著差异。然而,ΔflgK-PDD的运动能力和生物被膜形成能力较WT-PDD显著下降。透射电子显微镜观察显示,ΔflgK-PDD未能形成鞭毛结构。通过人工感染实验发现ΔflgK-PDD对许氏平鲉的LD50为WT-PDD的557%,致病性显著降低。实时荧光定量PCR结果进一步表明,与WT-PDD株相比,ΔflgK-PDD的鞭毛相关基因fliKflgL,II型分泌系统(type II secretion system, T2SS)相关基因gspCgspD以及毒力基因hlyApl表达显著下调;而鞭毛相关基因fliH,T2SS相关基因gspE,外膜相关基因ompPflhB和脂多糖相关基因lapB表达显著上调,其余基因未见显著变化。 【结论】 flgK基因的突变可导致ΔflgK-PDD无法形成完整的鞭毛结构,并显著改变鞭毛相关基因的相对表达水平,从而降低其运动性和定殖能力,最终导致其致病性显著下降。

, correspAuthors=张正, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5Gf9Ga3Sr5+IN4boZ5TcgA==, magXml=nGlfjP6uqWST6OejDjs48Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LB1v5YVxbaVhfjacSSOjGA==, pdfFileSize=2248472, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pKSxeMMkDFd6LcgRMQLXlA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=8xW6MZv3cCVUKiKa9lydww==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

刘浩哲:执行调研,方法论,撰写文章,完成呈现;张志琪:数据分析,方法论;于永翔:数据收集与监管,软件程序;王春元:实验验证;王印庚:提供资源;荣小军:监督管理,参与论文讨论;廖梅杰:监督管理,执行调研;罗璋:监督管理,完成呈现;张正:提出概念,方法论,获取基金,编辑和审阅文章。

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The EMBO Journal, 19(24): 6697-6703., articleTitle=Expression of the endogenous type II secretion pathway in Escherichia coli leads to chitinase secretion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596313555451991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=201, issue=null, pageStart=257, pageEnd=264, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=PUENTES B, BALADO M, BERMÚDEZ-CRESPO J, OSORIO CR, LEMOS ML, journalName=Veterinary Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PUENTES B, BALADO M, BERMÚDEZ-CRESPO J, OSORIO CR, LEMOS ML. A proteomic analysis of the iron response of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae reveals metabolic adaptations to iron levels changes and novel potential virulence factors[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2017, 201: 257-264., articleTitle=A proteomic analysis of the iron response of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae reveals metabolic adaptations to iron levels changes and novel potential virulence factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596313651920988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=82, issue=2, pageStart=157, pageEnd=167, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=FOUZ B, BIOSCA EG, AMARO C, journalName=Journal of Applied Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FOUZ B, BIOSCA EG, AMARO C. High affinity iron-uptake systems in Vibrio damsela: role in the acquisition of iron from transferrin[J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 1997, 82(2): 157-167., articleTitle=High affinity iron-uptake systems in Vibrio damsela: role in the acquisition of iron from transferrin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226596313752584288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=121, issue=2, pageStart=181, pageEnd=188, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=FOUZ B, TORANZO AE, BIOSCA EG, MAZOY R, AMARO C, journalName=FEMS Microbiology Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FOUZ B, TORANZO AE, BIOSCA EG, MAZOY R, AMARO C. Role of iron in the pathogenicity ofVibrio damsela for fish and mammals[J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1994, 121(2): 181-188., articleTitle=Role of iron in the pathogenicity ofVibrio damsela for fish and mammals, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226596304340566767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, awardId=2023YFD2400704, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2400704), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596304437035766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, awardId=2023YFD2400704, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2400704), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596304562864895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, awardId=ZR2021MC027, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021MC027), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596304692888324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, awardId=ZR2021MC027, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MC027), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596304818717455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, awardId=2023TD29, language=EN, fundingSource=Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(2023TD29), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226596304927769368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, awardId=2023TD29, language=CN, fundingSource=中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2023TD29), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226596292105781285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596292109975592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, companyId=1226596292105781285, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596292122558505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, companyId=1226596292105781285, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津农学院 水产学院,天津)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226596292260970547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596292269359156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, companyId=1226596292260970547, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596292277747765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, companyId=1226596292260970547, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室,山东 青岛)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226596292395188287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596292403576896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, companyId=1226596292395188287, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226596292407771201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, companyId=1226596292395188287, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.青岛海洋科技中心,海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226596299894604310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Construction and verification of ΔflgK-PDD. A: Amplification of upstream and downstream fragments of flgK gene (Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lanes 1-4: Upstream homologous arm; Lanes 5-8: Downstream homologous arm); B: The upstream and downstream fragments of flgK gene (UDflgK) (Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lanes 1-8: Overlap extension PCR results); C: Escherichia coli S17-1λpir transformation screening (Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lanes 1-4: Recombinant plasmid was successfully transferred into E. coli; Lanes 5-8: Empty plasmid was transferred into E. coli); D: Screening and identification of flgK gene mutant strain for the first time (Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lanes 1-4: Strains that completed the first homologous recombination; Lanes 5-8: Strains failed in the first homologous recombination); E: Screening and identification of flgK mutant strain (Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lanes 1-4: WT-PDD; Lanes 5-8: ΔflgK-PDD); F: Genetic stability test (Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lanes 1-4: WT-PDD; Lanes 5-8: ΔflgK-PDD)., figureFileSmall=K7tkaHDAO4fLA3vF+0a9Fw==, figureFileBig=J1j2ryEp31OAtupzeVetOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300087542312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=图1, caption=ΔflgK-PDD的构建和验证。A:flgK基因上下游片段扩增(泳道M:DL2000 DNA marker;泳道1-4:上游同源臂;泳道5-8:下游同源臂);B:flgK基因上下游片段的连接(UDflgK) (泳道M:DL2000 DNA marker;泳道1-8:重叠延伸PCR的结果);C:大肠杆菌S17-1λpir的筛选(泳道M:DL2000 DNA marker;泳道1-4:携带重组质粒的大肠杆菌;泳道5-8:携带空载质粒的大肠杆菌);D:flgK突变株的第一次筛选鉴定(泳道M:DL2000 DNA marker;泳道1-4:第一次同源重组成功的菌株;泳道5-8:第一次同源重组失败的菌株);E:flgK突变株的筛选鉴定(泳道M:DL2000 DNA marker;泳道1-4:WT-PDD;泳道5-8:ΔflgK-PDD);F:遗传稳定性检测(泳道M:DL2000 DNA marker;泳道1-4:WT-PDD;泳道5-8:ΔflgK-PDD)。, figureFileSmall=K7tkaHDAO4fLA3vF+0a9Fw==, figureFileBig=J1j2ryEp31OAtupzeVetOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300221760053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Growth curves determination of WT-PDD and ΔflgK-PDD. OD600 values at each time point were measured by a spectrophotometer and displayed in the chart. *: P<0.05. The results were expressed as mean±SD (n=3)., figureFileSmall=VRnH2gNi/Y7P2unE0OcZOw==, figureFileBig=MrfnY9XS9YnuywLFBB6Ntg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300322423357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=图2, caption=WT-PDDΔflgK-PDD的生长曲线测定。用全自动生长曲线测量仪测量每个时间点的OD600值并绘制生长曲线图,*表示P<0.05。结果以均数±标准差(n=3)表示。, figureFileSmall=VRnH2gNi/Y7P2unE0OcZOw==, figureFileBig=MrfnY9XS9YnuywLFBB6Ntg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300427280966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparison of WT-PDD and ΔflgK-PDD on the symptoms of artificial infection of Sebastes schlegelii. A: The apparent symptoms of S. schlegelii infected with WT-PDD; B: The apparent symptoms of S. schlegelii infected with ΔflgK-PDD; C: The apparent state of healthy S. schlegelii; D: The survival curves of S. schlegelii infected with WT-PDD; E: The survival curves of S. schlegelii infected with ΔflgK-PDD., figureFileSmall=+W/+yj6nH60tFj6oA509RA==, figureFileBig=aduL23IuAVT9ajPVcHDmAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300553110093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=图3, caption=WT-PDDΔflgK-PDD对许氏平鲉人工感染实验症状对比。A:许氏平鲉感染WT-PDD的症状;B:许氏平鲉感染ΔflgK-PDD的症状;C:健康许氏平鲉;D:感染WT-PDD的许氏平鲉的存活曲线;E:感染ΔflgK-PDD的许氏平鲉的存活曲线。, figureFileSmall=+W/+yj6nH60tFj6oA509RA==, figureFileBig=aduL23IuAVT9ajPVcHDmAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300712493655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of flgK gene on phospholipase activity and hemolytic activity of PDD. A: The diameter of the hemolysis ring formed by WT-PDD and ΔflgK-PDD on the Oxford cup perforated sheep blood plate and the morphology of the phospholipase active ring formed on the yolk plate; B: Comparison of hemolysis ring diameter and phospholipase active ring diameter between WT-PDD and ΔflgK-PDD. The results were expressed as mean±SD (n=3), ns indicates no significant difference., figureFileSmall=TYPVZuP3y7JD9iofkrleOw==, figureFileBig=poFWHDd7a0G7o37jRSZADQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596300850905693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=图4, caption=flgK 基因对PDD的溶血活性和磷脂酶活性的影响。A:WT-PDD与ΔflgK-PDD在牛津杯穿孔的绵羊血平板上形成的溶血圈直径及在卵黄平板上形成的磷脂酶活性环的形态;B:WT-PDD与ΔflgK-PDD溶血环直径及磷脂酶活性环直径的比较(结果以均数±标准差表示,n=3,ns表示无显著差异)。, figureFileSmall=TYPVZuP3y7JD9iofkrleOw==, figureFileBig=poFWHDd7a0G7o37jRSZADQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301010289254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Comparison of motility between WT-PDD and ΔflgK-PDD. A: Comparison of colony diameter of WT-PDD and ΔflgK-PDD on different concentrations of agar solid medium; B: Statistics of the effect of flgK on PDD motility. *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=r1FT2Djb7auBpHf40IIo+A==, figureFileBig=8t/ZRwXg0pQKKOvMB/t0CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301131924079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=图5, caption=WT-PDDΔflgK-PDD运动能力的对比。A:WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD在不同浓度琼脂固体培养基上菌落直径的比较;B:flgK对PDD运动能力影响的统计数据。*表示P<0.05。, figureFileSmall=r1FT2Djb7auBpHf40IIo+A==, figureFileBig=8t/ZRwXg0pQKKOvMB/t0CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301278724727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Comparison of biofilm formation ability between WT-PDD and ΔflgK PDD. The ability to form biofilms is reflected by OD595. *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=nZmGEVfrR4G7j//eZ/eRQw==, figureFileBig=UJWEhOii0qqv0MbVPZF1oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301404553857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=图6, caption=WT-PDDΔflgK PDD生物被膜形成能力对比。生物被膜形成能力用OD595表示。*表示P<0.05。, figureFileSmall=nZmGEVfrR4G7j//eZ/eRQw==, figureFileBig=UJWEhOii0qqv0MbVPZF1oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301526188678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Morphological observation of WT-PDD and ΔflgK-PDD. A: Observation of WT-PDD under transmission electron microscope. Black arrows indicate the flagella structure of WT-PDD; B: Observation of ΔflgK-PDD under transmission electron microscope. The magnification is 6 000 times., figureFileSmall=P75AmMxCtYq0J38LDwuI8g==, figureFileBig=CPw58cBwC2FFZ1gIfhgIxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301656212110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=图7, caption=WT-PDDΔflgK-PDD的形态学观察。A:透射电子显微镜下观察WT-PDD (黑色箭头表示WT-PDD的鞭毛结构);B:ΔflgK-PDD的透射电镜观察。放大倍数均为6 000倍。, figureFileSmall=P75AmMxCtYq0J38LDwuI8g==, figureFileBig=CPw58cBwC2FFZ1gIfhgIxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301823984280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative expression levels of virulence, T2SS-related genes, outer membrane-related genes and flagella-related genes of the deletion strain ΔflgK-PDD. Two-tailed Student’s t test was used to evaluate the statistical difference. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01. Result is expressed as mean±SD (n=3)., figureFileSmall=y9Rcrh+sLn/L/tpH/e4CsQ==, figureFileBig=5Zfzxfk4iqzSVkUBUHEcFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596301928841885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=图8, caption=RT-qPCR 检测ΔflgK-PDD的毒力相关基因、T2SS相关基因、外膜相关基因和鞭毛相关基因的相对表达量。*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01。结果表示为平均值±标准差(n=3)。, figureFileSmall=y9Rcrh+sLn/L/tpH/e4CsQ==, figureFileBig=5Zfzxfk4iqzSVkUBUHEcFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226596302046282405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsCharacteristicSource
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselaeWild-type strain, AmprLab stock
ΔflgK-PDDflgK deletion mutant of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, AmprThis study
Escherichia coli S17-1λpirRP4-2 (Km::Tn7, Tc::Mu-1), pro-82, LAMpir, recA1, endA1, thiE1, hsdR17, creC510Lab stock
pRE112Suicide plasmid, sacB, CmrSouthwest University, Prf. R. H. Wu donated
pRE112-UDflgKpRE112 carrying the recombinant fragment UDflgKThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302167917230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用的菌株和质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsCharacteristicSource
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselaeWild-type strain, AmprLab stock
ΔflgK-PDDflgK deletion mutant of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, AmprThis study
Escherichia coli S17-1λpirRP4-2 (Km::Tn7, Tc::Mu-1), pro-82, LAMpir, recA1, endA1, thiE1, hsdR17, creC510Lab stock
pRE112Suicide plasmid, sacB, CmrSouthwest University, Prf. R. H. Wu donated
pRE112-UDflgKpRE112 carrying the recombinant fragment UDflgKThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302297940667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The primer sequences for constructing ΔflgK-PDD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer nameSequence (5′→3′)Product length (bp)Target DNA
flgK-1F (Sac I)CGTCTAGACCGATGTATCAACACGCTT612Up stream flgK
flgK-1RAACCGCTCAGAGTGACCGAACTTGGTTACGACA
flgK-2FAACCAAGTTCGGTCACTCTGAGCGGTTTGTTTC555Down stream flgK
flgK-2R (Xba I)GCGAGCTCTGGCTATTAGCACCTGTTTT
pRE112-FCGGGTTGAGAAGCGGTGTA1 487 (pRE112-UDflgK)/378 (pRE112)Target gene cloned to pRE112
pRE112-RCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAG
in-flgK-FAGCCACCGACATAATACGA1 546 (WT-PDD)/449 (ΔflgK-PDD)Internal region of flgK gene for identification
in-flgK-RAGAACAAGCGAAACAAACC
27FAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG1 51616S rDNA
1492RTACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302427964095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

用于构建ΔflgK-PDD的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer nameSequence (5′→3′)Product length (bp)Target DNA
flgK-1F (Sac I)CGTCTAGACCGATGTATCAACACGCTT612Up stream flgK
flgK-1RAACCGCTCAGAGTGACCGAACTTGGTTACGACA
flgK-2FAACCAAGTTCGGTCACTCTGAGCGGTTTGTTTC555Down stream flgK
flgK-2R (Xba I)GCGAGCTCTGGCTATTAGCACCTGTTTT
pRE112-FCGGGTTGAGAAGCGGTGTA1 487 (pRE112-UDflgK)/378 (pRE112)Target gene cloned to pRE112
pRE112-RCAGCCAATCCCTGGGTGAG
in-flgK-FAGCCACCGACATAATACGA1 546 (WT-PDD)/449 (ΔflgK-PDD)Internal region of flgK gene for identification
in-flgK-RAGAACAAGCGAAACAAACC
27FAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG1 51616S rDNA
1492RTACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302524433097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The primer sequences for RT-qPCR to detect WT-PDD and ΔflgK-PDD related genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesIDSequences (5′→3′)Product length (bp)
gyrBNZ_CP073684.1F:GTGATACTGATCGTACAGGT246
R:CTTTCTGGTGAATTGGTGTT
gspCNZ_CP073684.1F:ACTGAGTAGTTACAGGAGCCG160
R:AATGAAGCGATTAAAGGGA
gspDNZ_CP073684.1F:CAGAAATGCCAGTTAGGGT236
R:TGAATCGTTAAATAAGAGTGC
gspENZ_CP073684.1F:CCAGAATAATGCCGTGAGG169
R:GCAGTGGATGTGCGTGTAT
gspFNZ_CP073684.1F:ACTTCACCCCAAAGACCAC215
R:AGCGATGATTTATCCAACC
dlyNZ_CP073687.1F:ATGCGACAGCACAAGAACC236
R:GACCGCTCGTCCAAATAAG
plpVNZ_CP073684.1F:AACGCTGCTGATATTACCTA195
R:GCCTAAGAACCAAGAGTTTG
hlyAplNZ_CP073687.1F:AAAACTCGCATAACTAAGAGG248
R:GTAAAGATGGACCGAAAGC
hlyAchNZ_CP073684.1F:GATAACCTTCCGACCATACA186
R:CGAGTCTTCAGGCTAATGC
furNZ_CP073684.1F:CACATTAGTGCGGAAGACC197
R:TTGCCACAATCTAAACAAACA
cheWNZ_CP073684.1F:AGAGGCTAAATGGGTTGAC139
R:TCCTGATTCTAAGGGGTCTA
cheYNZ_CP073684.1F:GTCGGTAATAACAAAGTCAAA111
R:GTGAAGAACTTACTGCGTGA
ompPNZ_CP073684.1F:CACTGGTAACTTTGGTGGTC174
R:GGTGTAGTACCTTGCTGATTT
lapBNZ_CP073684. 1F:ATGATTGAGTTAGGTGCCC139
R:TTGCCTGCTTGTATTCTTG
flhBNZ_CP073684.1F:TCAGGCTTACCTTCTGTCTC123
R:CTGCTCGTTATTAGTGGTTG
flgKNZ_CP073684. 1F:GAAAAGCCATCGACAGAG194
R:ATTAAGCCATTAGGCAGTAA
flgLNZ_CP073684.1F:TAAGGGTAAGTTCAAAGTCAAG297
R:CAGGTAGTACGGCAGGAG
fliKNZ_CP073684.1F:ACTCGGTCAGAAGAGGTCG184
R:GAATGCAGTTGGCTCAAAG
fliHNZ_CP073684.1F:AACAGCAATAGGCGTAGCG246
R:CCATTAACAGCGGCAGATC
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302625096401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

用于RT-qPCR检测WT-PDDΔflgK-PDD相关基因的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenesIDSequences (5′→3′)Product length (bp)
gyrBNZ_CP073684.1F:GTGATACTGATCGTACAGGT246
R:CTTTCTGGTGAATTGGTGTT
gspCNZ_CP073684.1F:ACTGAGTAGTTACAGGAGCCG160
R:AATGAAGCGATTAAAGGGA
gspDNZ_CP073684.1F:CAGAAATGCCAGTTAGGGT236
R:TGAATCGTTAAATAAGAGTGC
gspENZ_CP073684.1F:CCAGAATAATGCCGTGAGG169
R:GCAGTGGATGTGCGTGTAT
gspFNZ_CP073684.1F:ACTTCACCCCAAAGACCAC215
R:AGCGATGATTTATCCAACC
dlyNZ_CP073687.1F:ATGCGACAGCACAAGAACC236
R:GACCGCTCGTCCAAATAAG
plpVNZ_CP073684.1F:AACGCTGCTGATATTACCTA195
R:GCCTAAGAACCAAGAGTTTG
hlyAplNZ_CP073687.1F:AAAACTCGCATAACTAAGAGG248
R:GTAAAGATGGACCGAAAGC
hlyAchNZ_CP073684.1F:GATAACCTTCCGACCATACA186
R:CGAGTCTTCAGGCTAATGC
furNZ_CP073684.1F:CACATTAGTGCGGAAGACC197
R:TTGCCACAATCTAAACAAACA
cheWNZ_CP073684.1F:AGAGGCTAAATGGGTTGAC139
R:TCCTGATTCTAAGGGGTCTA
cheYNZ_CP073684.1F:GTCGGTAATAACAAAGTCAAA111
R:GTGAAGAACTTACTGCGTGA
ompPNZ_CP073684.1F:CACTGGTAACTTTGGTGGTC174
R:GGTGTAGTACCTTGCTGATTT
lapBNZ_CP073684. 1F:ATGATTGAGTTAGGTGCCC139
R:TTGCCTGCTTGTATTCTTG
flhBNZ_CP073684.1F:TCAGGCTTACCTTCTGTCTC123
R:CTGCTCGTTATTAGTGGTTG
flgKNZ_CP073684. 1F:GAAAAGCCATCGACAGAG194
R:ATTAAGCCATTAGGCAGTAA
flgLNZ_CP073684.1F:TAAGGGTAAGTTCAAAGTCAAG297
R:CAGGTAGTACGGCAGGAG
fliKNZ_CP073684.1F:ACTCGGTCAGAAGAGGTCG184
R:GAATGCAGTTGGCTCAAAG
fliHNZ_CP073684.1F:AACAGCAATAGGCGTAGCG246
R:CCATTAACAGCGGCAGATC
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302792868572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of sensitivity of WT-PDD and ΔflgK-PDD to 38 antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AntibioticContent (µg/disc)JudgementAntibacterial circle diameter (mm)Result
RSWT-PDDΔflgK-PDDWT-PDDΔflgK-PDD
Penicillin10≤11≥150±00±0RR
Oxacillin1≤14≥200±00±0RR
Ampicillin10≤13≥170±00±0RR
Cephalexin30≤14≥1815.12±0.2516.49±0.21II
Cefazolin30≤14≥1818.75±0.2620.39±0.19SS
Cefradine30≤14≥1818.94±0.2619.77±0.19SS
Ceftazidime30≤17≥2123.26±0.2824.19±0.18SS
Ceftriaxone30≤19≥2331.80±0.3336.08±0.14SS
Cefotaxime/Clavulanic acid30/10≤22≥2633.21±0.3336.49±0.14SS
Cefazoloxime30≤21≥2532.81±0.3337.51±0.14SS
Cefoperazone/Sulbactam75/75≤15≥2132.61±0.3335.36±0.15SS
Amikacin30≤13≥1812.72±0.2412.49±0.23RR
Gentamicin10≤12≥1513.01±0.2414.75±0.22II
Kanamycin30≤13≥1813.51±0.2414.14±0.22II
Streptomycin10≤11≥1510.20±0.2310.16±0.23RR
Neomycin30≤17≥2314.12±0.2413.32±0.22RR
Tetracycline39≤11≥1525.47±0.2926.85±0.17SS
Doxycycline (D×doxycycline)30≤10≥1422.87±0.2824.29±0.18SS
Minocycline30≤12≥1628.8±0.3126.75±0.18SS
Erythromycin15≤13≥2310.00±0.2311.57±0.23RR
Acetylspiramycin30≤13≥188.49±0.229.62±0.24RR
Clarithromycin15≤13≥187.99±0.2210.34±0.24RR
Azithromycin15≤13≥1814.83±0.2415.67±0.21II
Nalidixic acid30≤13≥1937.13±0.3537.51±0.14SS
Piperic acid30≤22≥2829.29±0.3131.16±0.16SS
Norfloxacin10≤12≥1727.48±0.3034.03±0.15SS
Ofloxacin5≤12≥1635.82±0.3538.95±0.14SS
Ciprofloxacin5≤15≥2136.53±0.3540.49±0.14SS
Nomefloxacin10≤18≥2233.41±0.3335.36±0.15SS
Flurofloxacin5≤15≥1932.31±0.3337.01±0.14SS
Polymyxin B300 IU≤11≥1213.01±0.2417.52±0.21SS
Neomycin30≤17≥2225.27±0.2933.01±0.15SS
Sulfafurazole300≤10≥1628.09±0.3029.11±0.16SS
Furazolidone30≤14≥1724.47±0.2824.09±0.18SS
Rifampicin5≤16≥2026.48±0.2927.77±0.17SS
Chloramphenicol30≤12≥1835.42±0.3435.77±0.15SS
Enrofloxacin10≤15≥1931.91±0.3337.72±0.14SS
Florfenicol30≤12≥1830.20±0.3233.62±0.15SS
), ArticleFig(id=1226596302897726180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226460580047926203, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

WT-PDDΔflgK-PDD38种抗生素敏感性对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AntibioticContent (µg/disc)JudgementAntibacterial circle diameter (mm)Result
RSWT-PDDΔflgK-PDDWT-PDDΔflgK-PDD
Penicillin10≤11≥150±00±0RR
Oxacillin1≤14≥200±00±0RR
Ampicillin10≤13≥170±00±0RR
Cephalexin30≤14≥1815.12±0.2516.49±0.21II
Cefazolin30≤14≥1818.75±0.2620.39±0.19SS
Cefradine30≤14≥1818.94±0.2619.77±0.19SS
Ceftazidime30≤17≥2123.26±0.2824.19±0.18SS
Ceftriaxone30≤19≥2331.80±0.3336.08±0.14SS
Cefotaxime/Clavulanic acid30/10≤22≥2633.21±0.3336.49±0.14SS
Cefazoloxime30≤21≥2532.81±0.3337.51±0.14SS
Cefoperazone/Sulbactam75/75≤15≥2132.61±0.3335.36±0.15SS
Amikacin30≤13≥1812.72±0.2412.49±0.23RR
Gentamicin10≤12≥1513.01±0.2414.75±0.22II
Kanamycin30≤13≥1813.51±0.2414.14±0.22II
Streptomycin10≤11≥1510.20±0.2310.16±0.23RR
Neomycin30≤17≥2314.12±0.2413.32±0.22RR
Tetracycline39≤11≥1525.47±0.2926.85±0.17SS
Doxycycline (D×doxycycline)30≤10≥1422.87±0.2824.29±0.18SS
Minocycline30≤12≥1628.8±0.3126.75±0.18SS
Erythromycin15≤13≥2310.00±0.2311.57±0.23RR
Acetylspiramycin30≤13≥188.49±0.229.62±0.24RR
Clarithromycin15≤13≥187.99±0.2210.34±0.24RR
Azithromycin15≤13≥1814.83±0.2415.67±0.21II
Nalidixic acid30≤13≥1937.13±0.3537.51±0.14SS
Piperic acid30≤22≥2829.29±0.3131.16±0.16SS
Norfloxacin10≤12≥1727.48±0.3034.03±0.15SS
Ofloxacin5≤12≥1635.82±0.3538.95±0.14SS
Ciprofloxacin5≤15≥2136.53±0.3540.49±0.14SS
Nomefloxacin10≤18≥2233.41±0.3335.36±0.15SS
Flurofloxacin5≤15≥1932.31±0.3337.01±0.14SS
Polymyxin B300 IU≤11≥1213.01±0.2417.52±0.21SS
Neomycin30≤17≥2225.27±0.2933.01±0.15SS
Sulfafurazole300≤10≥1628.09±0.3029.11±0.16SS
Furazolidone30≤14≥1724.47±0.2824.09±0.18SS
Rifampicin5≤16≥2026.48±0.2927.77±0.17SS
Chloramphenicol30≤12≥1835.42±0.3435.77±0.15SS
Enrofloxacin10≤15≥1931.91±0.3337.72±0.14SS
Florfenicol30≤12≥1830.20±0.3233.62±0.15SS
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flgK 对美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种生理生化和分子调控机制
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刘浩哲 1, 2 , 张志琪 2, 3 , 于永翔 2, 3 , 王春元 2, 3 , 王印庚 2, 3 , 荣小军 2, 3 , 廖梅杰 2, 3 , 罗璋 1 , 张正 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(8): 3583-3599
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(8): 3583-3599
flgK 对美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种生理生化和分子调控机制
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刘浩哲1, 2, 张志琪2, 3, 于永翔2, 3, 王春元2, 3, 王印庚2, 3, 荣小军2, 3, 廖梅杰2, 3, 罗璋1, 张正2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津农学院 水产学院,天津
  • 2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室,山东 青岛
  • 3.青岛海洋科技中心,海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛
Physio-biochemical and molecular regulation mechanism of flgK on Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae
Haozhe LIU1, 2, Zhiqi ZHANG2, 3, Yongxiang YU2, 3, Chunyuan WANG2, 3, Yingeng WANG2, 3, Xiaojun RONG2, 3, Meijie LIAO2, 3, Zhang LUO1, Zheng ZHANG2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
  • 3.Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2025-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250033
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美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, PDD)是一种广泛存在于海水中的致病菌,能够感染多种经济鱼类,对全球水产养殖业造成巨大经济损失。鞭毛基因flgK可编码鞭毛钩蛋白FlgK,该蛋白对细菌鞭毛的正常形成至关重要。 【目的】 系统解析flgK基因对PDD感染宿主毒力作用的影响机制。 【方法】 采用高效自杀质粒介导的同源重组方法构建PDD的flgK基因缺失突变株(ΔflgK-PDD),并通过基因测序证实突变成功。对ΔflgK-PDD在生物学特性、毒力基因表达及致病性等方面与野生株(WT-PDD)的差异进行比较分析。 【结果】 ΔflgK-PDD的生长能力、溶血活性、磷脂酶活性与WT-PDD无显著差异。然而,ΔflgK-PDD的运动能力和生物被膜形成能力较WT-PDD显著下降。透射电子显微镜观察显示,ΔflgK-PDD未能形成鞭毛结构。通过人工感染实验发现ΔflgK-PDD对许氏平鲉的LD50为WT-PDD的557%,致病性显著降低。实时荧光定量PCR结果进一步表明,与WT-PDD株相比,ΔflgK-PDD的鞭毛相关基因fliKflgL,II型分泌系统(type II secretion system, T2SS)相关基因gspCgspD以及毒力基因hlyApl表达显著下调;而鞭毛相关基因fliH,T2SS相关基因gspE,外膜相关基因ompPflhB和脂多糖相关基因lapB表达显著上调,其余基因未见显著变化。 【结论】 flgK基因的突变可导致ΔflgK-PDD无法形成完整的鞭毛结构,并显著改变鞭毛相关基因的相对表达水平,从而降低其运动性和定殖能力,最终导致其致病性显著下降。

美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种  /  flgK基因  /  致病性  /  分子机制

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (PDD), a pathogenic bacterium widely found in seawater, can infect a variety of economic fish and cause huge economic losses to the global aquaculture industry. The flagellar gene flgK encodes the flagellar hook protein FlgK, which is essential for the normal formation of bacterial flagella. [Objective] To systematically analyze the influencing mechanism of flgK on the virulence of PDD. [Methods] The flgK-deleted mutant of PDD (ΔflgK-PDD) was constructed by homologous recombination mediated by a high-efficiency suicide plasmid, and the mutation was confirmed by gene sequencing. The biological characteristics, virulence gene expression, and pathogenicity were compared between ΔflgK-PDD and the wild-type strain (WT-PDD). [Results] There was no significant difference in the growth ability, hemolytic activity or phospholipase activity between ΔflgK-PDD and WT-PDD. However, the motility and biofilm formation of ΔflgK-PDD were significantly lower than those of WT-PDD. Transmission electron microscopy showed that ΔflgK-PDD failed to form a flagellar structure. The artificial infection experiments showed that the LD50 of ΔflgK-PDD in Sebastes schlegelii was 557% that of WT-PDD, and the pathogenicity was significantly reduced. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that compared with WT-PDD, ΔflgK-PDD demonstrated significantly down-regulated expression of the flagellar-related genes fliK and flgL, the type II secretion system (T2SS)-related genes gspC and gspD, and the virulence gene hlyApl. The expression levels of flagellar-related gene fliH, T2SS-related gene gspE, outer membrane-related genes ompP, lapB, and flhB were significantly up-regulated, and those of the remaining genes did not change significantly. [Conclusion] The mutation of flgK can lead to the failure of ΔflgK-PDD to form a complete flagellar structure and significantly change the relative expression levels of flagellar-related genes, thereby reducing the motility and colonization ability and ultimately weakening the pathogenicity of PDD.

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae  /  flgK  /  pathogenicity  /  molecular mechanism
刘浩哲, 张志琪, 于永翔, 王春元, 王印庚, 荣小军, 廖梅杰, 罗璋, 张正. flgK 对美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种生理生化和分子调控机制. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3583 -3599 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250033
Haozhe LIU, Zhiqi ZHANG, Yongxiang YU, Chunyuan WANG, Yingeng WANG, Xiaojun RONG, Meijie LIAO, Zhang LUO, Zheng ZHANG. Physio-biochemical and molecular regulation mechanism of flgK on Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (8) : 3583 -3599 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250033
美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, PDD)是广泛分布于海洋环境中的革兰氏阴性细菌[1],是花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)、半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)、许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)等[2]重要经济鱼类的病原体,同时对鲸类、小鼠以及人类等哺乳动物也具有致病性[3]。感染后主要表现为败血性出血症状,包括皮肤溃疡及肝、肾、脾等内脏组织的局灶性坏死[4]。此外,PDD还会引起人类的机会性感染,可能发展为坏血性筋膜炎[5],甚至导致死亡,对海洋食品安全和人类健康构成威胁[6]
PDD的致病性与其毒力因子和胞外产物密切相关,毒力因子是病原菌入侵宿主、产生病理损伤和逃避宿主防御的关键因素[7]。PDD主要有4种不同的毒力因子[8]:包括具有磷脂酶-d活性的Dly毒素[9]和成孔毒素PhlyP[10],二者均由毒性质粒pPHDD1编码[11];还有磷脂酶PlpV[3]和溶血素PhlyC[12]。此外,PDD还具有铁离子摄取系统,与PDD的致病能力密切相关[13],在细菌致病过程中发挥关键作用。
鞭毛是细菌的重要结构,与细菌的运动和生存密切相关[14]。研究表明,鞭毛对于细菌的定殖、侵袭和毒力表达也非常重要[15]。鞭毛由基体、鞭毛钩、鞭毛丝和鞭毛帽四部分组成[16],其中鞭毛钩是一个弯曲的结构,连接基体和鞭毛丝,其灵活性允许细菌在运动中快速改变方向[17]。在某些病原性细菌中,鞭毛的存在和功能与细菌的毒力直接相关。例如,鞭毛有助于细菌逃避宿主的免疫反应,或在感染过程中发挥特定的致病作用[18]
flgK基因编码的鞭毛钩蛋白FlgK是细菌鞭毛结构的关键组成部分,与细菌的运动性与致病性密切相关;FlgK蛋白对于维持细菌的运动能力、黏附性以及生物被膜形成等生物学功能具有显著作用[19]。FlgK蛋白在鞭毛结构中靠近FlgE,对于鞭毛的轴向运动和传递鞭毛钩至鞭毛丝的过程至关重要[20]。在沙门氏菌和嗜水气单胞菌中,FlgK蛋白的缺失会导致鞭毛组装异常和黏附能力减弱[21]。在阪崎克罗诺杆菌中,FlgK不仅参与了细菌的运动和细胞入侵,还有助于抵抗环境压力[22]。在变形假单胞菌中,FlgK的功能更为多样,它不仅调节细菌的运动和黏附,还参与生物被膜的形成,并影响炎症反应和免疫应答。通过RNA干扰技术抑制FlgK的表达后,斑点石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)在受到感染后的存活率比野生型提高了55%[23]。尽管flgK基因在多种细菌中对鞭毛的形成和功能至关重要,并影响细菌的运动、黏附、侵袭和生物被膜形成等与致病性相关的性状[24],但其在PDD中的作用尚无明确报道。
本研究采用自杀质粒介导的二次同源重组的方法,将PDD强毒力菌株中编码FlgK蛋白的基因敲除,并对野生株(WT-PDD)和突变株(ΔflgK-PDD)分别进行生物学特性验证,比较二者的表型特征及毒力差异,以期揭示PDD强毒力菌株中flgK基因在毒力调控中的作用机制,进而明确该基因在PDD毒力侵染过程中的关键作用,为理解flgK在PDD的生物学特性和致病机制中的作用提供新的见解,并为开发新的抗菌策略提供潜在靶点。
表1列出了本研究使用的菌株和质粒。实验选取的菌株WT-PDD (ID: PDD-1605)分离自海水网箱养殖患病许氏平鲉的体表溃疡处,现存于中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所海水养殖病原菌株库内[25]。PDD菌株在28 ℃下培养过夜,大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) S17-1λpir在37 ℃下培养过夜。阳性选择抗生素浓度为氨苄西林(ampicillin, Amp) 100 μg/mL,氯霉素(chloramphenicol, Cm) 30 μg/mL。第二次同源重组筛选蔗糖浓度为200 mg/mL。
使用细胞基因组DNA提取试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)提取WT-PDD基因组DNA。以PDD基因组为模板,使用两对引物flgK-1F (Sac I)/flgK-1R和flgK-2F/flgK-2R (Xba I)进行PCR扩增,以扩增flgK基因的上游和下游区域。使用引物flgK-1F (Sac I)/flgK-2R (Xba I)连接上下游,得到的片段称为UDflgK。将UDflgK和自杀质粒pRE112分别用Sac I和Xba I酶切并纯化后,用T4 DNA连接酶将UDflgK连接到pRE112的Sac I/Xba I位点,构建重组质粒pRE112-UDflgK。然后将测序成功的重组质粒转化到E. coli S17-1λpir中,用引物pRE112-F/R验证重组质粒是否转入大肠杆菌。将正确测序的大肠杆菌与WT-PDD进行接合转移,在其自我分裂增殖的过程中促进第1次同源重组。第1次同源重组获得的菌株在含20%蔗糖的TSB液体培养基中培养,以促进第2次同源重组,用引物in-flgK-F/in-flgK-R进行PCR验证突变。将获得的flgK基因突变株连续传代50次,用引物in-flgK-F/in-flgK-R验证突变株是否具有遗传稳定性。所有用于构建突变株的引物序列见表2。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×Rapid Taq Master Mix (P222-01) (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司) 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 7 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸40 s,30个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。
将培养过夜的WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD菌悬液按1:100的比例稀释接种于96孔板中,每孔200 μL,每株菌设3个平行,含1.5% NaCl的TSB液体培养基为空白对照。使用全自动生长曲线分析仪每隔2 h测定1次OD600值,绘制生长曲线。实验重复3次。
在含1.5% NaCl的TSB固体培养基中加入5%脱纤维绵羊血,制备打孔绵羊血平板。每孔加入200 μL菌液,28 ℃正置培养48 h,记录溶血现象。实验重复3次。在含1.5% NaCl的TSB培养基中加入3%卵黄乳液,制备打孔卵黄平板。每孔加入100 μL菌液,28 ℃正置培养48 h,记录磷脂酶活性。实验重复3次。
将WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD菌株在TSB液体培养基中28 ℃、180 r/min培养至OD600值为0.5-0.6,然后倍比稀释至10-2。取200 µL稀释菌液加入无菌96孔板,每株菌设5个平行孔,使用无菌TSB作为阴性对照,其余孔中加入200 µL无菌ddH2O。密封96孔板后,28 ℃培养48 h。吸去菌液,用PBS清洗,风干后用甲醇固定15 min。晾干后结晶紫染色5 min,ddH2O清洗3次,干燥后用100 µL 95%乙醇溶解生物被膜,使用酶标仪测定OD595值。实验重复3次。
将WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD菌种活化于添加1.5% NaCl的TSB固体培养基上,然后用解剖针分别挑取单菌落接种于0.3%和0.6%琼脂的TSB固体培养基上,28 ℃培养24 h,观察并分析其运动能力。实验重复3次。
采用K-B纸片扩散法进行WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD的抗生素药敏实验。用灭菌镊子夹取药敏纸片(杭州微生物试剂有限公司)贴于涂有菌液的TSB平板上,28 ℃倒置培养14 h,测量抑菌圈直径。实验结果与美国临床和实验室标准协会(clinical and laboratory standards institute, CLSI)的标准进行对比。实验重复3次。
将纯化的WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD单菌落分别接种于含1.5% NaCl的TSB固体培养基上,参考文献[26]的方法,将单菌落以1%的比例接种到新的TSB液体培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min培养至OD600值为0.6左右。在载玻片上滴1滴菌液,将铜网放在菌液上吸附2 min,小心吸去多余菌液,用5%磷钨酸负染色液在铜网上染色1 min,吸去多余染料,用ddH2O洗涤1次,晾干过夜。使用TEM观察WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD的细胞形态差异。
将WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD单菌落接种到TSB液体培养基中,28 °C、180 r/min培养12 h,然后将1%的菌液接种到新的液体培养基中,继续培养12 h。用浊度计调节细菌浓度至108 CFU/mL。用TSB稀释菌液至108、107、106、105、104 CFU/mL这5个浓度梯度。以100 μL/尾的剂量腹腔注射许氏平鲉,每个浓度梯度注射20尾,对照组注射等量无菌TSB。观察1周并统计死鱼数量,根据寇氏法[27]计算LD50值,评估ΔflgK-PDD和WT-PDD对许氏平鲉的致病性。本研究严格遵守中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所动物实验伦理审查委员会的规定(编号为YSFRI-2024063)。
根据通用RNA提取试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)的说明,提取WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD的总RNA,然后用逆转录试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)合成cDNA。RT-qPCR采用Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)作为荧光染料。PCR反应体系(20 μL):Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix10 μL,模板(cDNA) 2 μL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各0.4 μL,RNase free水7.2 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 30 s,循环40次。以gyrB为管家基因[28],检测的基因包括鞭毛相关基因(flgKflgLfliKfliH)、毒力相关基因(dlyhlyAchhlyAplplpV)、II型分泌系统(type II secretion system, T2SS)相关基因(gspCgspDgspEgspF)、铁摄取相关基因(fur)、外膜相关基因(ompPflhB)、趋化蛋白相关基因(cheWcheY)和脂多糖相关基因(lapB)。所有引物均根据WT-PDD基因组设计,每个基因的相对表达量采用2-ΔΔCt[29]计算。实验重复3次,引物信息见表3
采用Excel、Graphpad Prism 9.0分析软件对数据进行统计分析。结果以平均值±标准偏差(mean±SD)表示。直径、吸光度和菌落形成单位计数之间的统计差异采用独立样本t检验,以P<0.05为显著性标准。
以WT-PDD基因组为模板,分别用引物flgK-1F (Sac I)/flgK-1R和flgK-2F/flgK-2R (Xba I)扩增flgK基因的上游和下游同源臂,上游长度为612 bp,下游长度为555 bp (图1A)。以上游和下游PCR产物为模板,使用flgK-1F (Sac I)/flgK-2R (Xba I)引物通过重叠延伸PCR进行扩增,得到大小为1 143 bp的片段(图1B)。将构建的重组质粒导入S17-1λpir后,用pRE112-F/pRE112-R引物进行验证,得到1 487 bp和378 bp的片段,其中378 bp片段为空质粒扩增的条带,重组质粒扩增出1 487 bp条带(图1C)。WT-PDD与含有重组质粒的S17-1λpir进行共培养,培养完成后将混合菌液涂布于含有Cm和Amp的TSB固体培养基上。使用in-flgK-F/in-flgK-R引物验证单菌落。成功接合的菌株获得了1 546 bp和449 bp的双条带,而接合失败的菌株为1 546 bp单条带(图1D)。选择扩增出双条带的单菌落,经过多次蔗糖筛选,并用in-flgK-F/in-flgK-R引物进行验证,直至全部扩增出449 bp缺失条带,对照WT-PDD扩增出1 546 bp条带(图1E)。最后将带有缺失条带的单菌落连续培养50代,然后用in-flgK-F/in-flgK-R引物再次扩增,WT-PDD得到大小为1 546 bp的片段,ΔflgK-PDD得到449 bp条带,表明ΔflgK-PDD可以稳定遗传,具有良好的遗传稳定性(图1F)。
为了研究flgK基因对PDD生长的影响,本研究对WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD的生长速率进行了测定。结果显示,ΔflgK-PDD的生长趋势与WT-PDD无显著差异(图2)。
用16S-F/16S-R引物对从死鱼中分离得到的细菌进行验证,PCR产物测序后与已知序列比对,确认该细菌为PDD。统计感染后许氏平鲉的死亡数并计算半致死剂量。如图3所示,WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD的LD50分别为1.08×105 CFU/mL和6.02×105 CFU/mL。结果表明,突变菌株的LD50为野生型菌株的557%,毒力显著降低(P<0.05)。
WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD均表现出强β-溶血性和强磷脂酶活性。与WT-PDD相比,ΔflgK-PDD的溶血活性和磷脂酶活性并无显著变化(图4)。结果表明,鞭毛结构基因flgK的缺失对PDD的溶血活性和磷脂酶活性无显著影响。
通过测量不同琼脂浓度培养基上的菌落直径,发现WT-PDD的集群能力为(14.22±0.77) mm,ΔflgK-PDD为(10.61±0.33) mm;WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD的游动距离分别为(13.41±0.24) mm和(8.37±0.23) mm。统计分析显示,ΔflgK-PDD的运动能力较WT-PDD分别降低了25.4%和37.6% (P<0.05,图5)。
采用微孔板结晶紫染色法,结合在595 nm的吸光度测定,分析WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD的生物被膜形成能力。如图6所示,WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD的OD595值分别为1.51±0.13和1.17±0.04。与WT-PDD相比,ΔflgK-PDD的生物被膜形成能力显著降低了23%。
WT-PDD及ΔflgK-PDD对38种抗生素药物敏感性结果如表4所示。2种菌株对氯霉素、氟苯尼考等29种抗生素均表现出高度或中度敏感,而对其余9种抗生素表现出耐药性。flgK基因的缺失并未导致菌株对所检测抗生素的敏感性发生改变,这也间接证实该基因并非介导PDD耐药性的主要基因。
TEM结果显示(图7),WT-PDD染色后菌体具有一条完整的鞭毛结构(黑色箭头所示),而ΔflgK-PDD染色后未观察到鞭毛结构的存在,表明flgK基因的缺失影响了PDD鞭毛结构的正常形成。
本研究通过RT-qPCR检测了PDD的毒力基因、T2SS相关基因和鞭毛相关基因在WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD中的相对表达量。如图8所示,在ΔflgK-PDD中,T2SS相关基因gspCgspD,鞭毛相关基因flgLfliK,趋化蛋白基因cheW,毒力基因hlyApl表达量显著下调;而T2SS相关基因gspE,外膜相关基因flhBompP,鞭毛相关基因fliH和脂多糖蛋白相关基因lapB表达量显著上调。本研究中选取的其余基因表达量基本无明显变化。
鞭毛(flagellum)普遍存在于革兰氏阴性菌中,主要由蛋白质亚单位组成,具有高度的组织结构和功能多样性,是细菌用于运动的复杂细胞器[30]flgK基因编码的鞭毛钩蛋白(FlgK)位于鞭毛钩和鞭毛丝的连接处,对正常的鞭毛形成至关重要[20]。鞭毛钩蛋白是鞭毛结构中的关键组成部分,它连接于鞭毛丝和基体,可改变鞭毛旋转的角度,在细菌运动过程中发挥着重要的作用[31]。然而,目前关于flgK基因在PDD致病过程中具体机制尚不清楚,其对PDD的生物被膜形成能力、药物敏感性和毒力影响的分子机制也未见报道。因此,本研究采用自杀质粒介导的同源重组方法对PDD的鞭毛钩蛋白基因flgK进行突变,成功建立了一个遗传稳定的ΔflgK-PDD突变株,为探索flgK在PDD中的功能提供了理想的材料。
鞭毛可促进细菌在宿主体内的成功定殖和存活,并对宿主产生毒力作用[32]。在对许氏平鲉的感染实验中发现,ΔflgK-PDD的LD50为WT-PDD的557%,说明flgK基因的缺失导致PDD致病力降低。为了探究致病力下降的原因,本研究对ΔflgK-PDD和WT-PDD进行了多方面的测定。生长能力检测的结果显示,ΔflgK-PDD和WT-PDD的生长能力并无显著性差异,说明flgK并非PDD的关键代谢基因,这也为后续实验排除了因生长能力差异而造成致病力结果偏差的可能性。
细菌病原体可通过分泌具有生物活性的胞外产物促进其在宿主体内的成功定殖和存活,并对宿主产生毒力作用。已有研究表明,细菌性病原体的致病力与对宿主红细胞的溶血性紧密相关[5,33-34]。PDD在生长过程中可释放溶血素溶解红细胞,同时释放磷脂酶溶解卵黄磷脂,二者可引起宿主组织的破坏和出血,协助病原菌感染宿主并引发多种病变,在PDD的发病机制中起到了至关重要的作用[35]。因此,体外分析PDD的磷脂酶活性和溶血性是研究其毒力与鞭毛相关性的重要手段。本研究结果表明,flgK基因的缺失对PDD的溶血活性和磷脂酶活性未造成影响。与WT-PDD相比,ΔflgK-PDD的溶血活性和磷脂酶活性无显著变化。初步推测,flgK基因的缺失并不影响PDD中溶血素和磷脂酶的表达。
细菌的涌动性和运动性是指移动细菌从接种部位向培养基表面周围区域的大量移动,这种移动依赖于鞭毛和菌毛[36]。它可以为细菌提供生态优势,使其能够快速迁移到营养丰富的环境中,并在宿主组织中吸附和定殖。运动性被认为是某些细菌的重要毒力因素,它允许病原体从最初的感染部位迅速传播到不同的组织,从而导致危及生命的感染[37]。运动性是一种复杂的适应性行为,它与细菌的结构、基因表达水平、代谢水平等诸多方面密切相关。在运动能力测定中,发现flgK基因的突变导致PDD的运动能力显著降低,推测运动能力的下降可能与flgK基因缺失有关。TEM的结果证实了这一猜想,ΔflgK-PDD菌株中未见鞭毛结构,说明flgK缺失导致PDD无法形成完整的鞭毛结构,这与之前的研究结果一致[21]
细菌生物被膜是一类细菌在固体界面上定居并生长形成的复杂结构,是细菌在自然环境中常见的生存形式[38]。生物被膜赋予细菌对外界环境的抵抗力,包括对抗生素的耐受性[39]、对宿主免疫系统吞噬作用的抗性[40],以及强大的黏附能力[19],这些特性使得细菌生物被膜成为导致持续感染和慢性疾病的关键因素[41]。在本研究中,对WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD的生物被膜形成能力和耐药性差异进行了分析,结果显示ΔflgK-PDD的生物被膜形成能力显著下降,这与之前的研究结果[42]一致。相关研究表明,生物被膜可以影响细菌的耐药性,例如在铜绿假单胞菌中,flgL基因的缺失导致生物被膜形成能力和耐药性增强[43]。然而,在本研究中ΔflgK-PDD与WT-PDD的耐药性无明显差异,这种差异可能与细菌种类有关。
为了进一步探讨flgK基因突变对PDD毒力和生物学特性影响的分子机制,本研究选择了PDD的部分毒力基因、T2SS相关基因、鞭毛相关基因和外膜蛋白相关基因,分析了flgK基因缺失对这些基因表达水平的影响。已有研究表明,T2SS参与植物病原菌鞭毛的分泌[44]。在本研究中,ΔflgK-PDD中T2SS相关蛋白基因表达出现了不同程度的上调和下调,表明T2SS相关基因的表达与鞭毛基因存在相互作用,flgK基因的缺失对T2SS基因的表达具有调控作用。FlhB是膜蛋白的一部分,在革兰氏阴性菌中负责转运底物的识别,并参与特定底物的转运[45]。FliK是鞭毛钩长度调节蛋白,通过其N端和C端结构域与膜蛋白FlhB协作,精确控制钩的长度[46]。FliH是鞭毛组装蛋白[47],FlgL是鞭毛钩相关蛋白,FlgK和FlgL两种蛋白确保了鞭毛中钩和丝之间的平滑连接,与PDD鞭毛的正常形成密切相关[20]。CheW和CheY是信号转导途径中的单域蛋白,在细菌趋化过程中将信息从跨膜受体传递到鞭毛马达。已有许多研究表明,趋化性可促进细菌生物被膜的形成[48]。在本研究中,ΔflgK-PDD中cheYcheW的相对表达水平下调,生物被膜形成能力也显著下降,与之前的研究结果一致[49]。磷脂酶-D (Dly)由dly基因编码,是一种外毒素,与hlyApl编码的具有溶血活性的成孔毒素phobalysin P (PhlyP)在对宿主细胞损伤过程中起协同作用[35]plpV基因调控的磷脂酶PlpV与由hlyAch基因编码的溶血素PhlyC同样作为毒力因子影响PDD对宿主的致病力。PDD具有由fur基因编码的铁载体调控因子,当PDD处于铁源充足的环境中时,其对宿主的致病力增强[50-52]。本研究表明,在ΔflgK-PDD中,生物学特性的改变和致病性的显著降低可能与鞭毛相关基因、毒力相关基因和T2SS相关基因相对表达水平的变化有关。结合实验结果,推测flgK基因的缺失导致PDD无法形成完整的鞭毛结构,降低了PDD的运动和侵染能力,进而使PDD的致病性下降。初步推断,ΔflgK-PDD毒力的下降是鞭毛结构缺失以及部分毒力基因表达下调共同作用的结果,但其背后的具体信号通路仍有待进一步研究。
本研究成功构建了一株可稳定遗传的PDD flgK基因缺失菌株ΔflgK-PDD,并比较了WT-PDD和ΔflgK-PDD在生物学特性、致病力和基因表达水平上的差异。结果显示,ΔflgK-PDD的生长能力、溶血活性、磷脂酶活性和药物敏感性与WT-PDD无显著差异。然而,与WT-PDD相比,ΔflgK-PDD无法形成鞭毛结构,其运动能力、生物被膜形成能力和致病力均显著下降,且ΔflgK-PDD的T2SS相关基因以及部分毒力基因表达水平均出现了不同程度的下调。因此,可以得出结论,ΔflgK-PDD致病力的降低与鞭毛结构缺失导致的运动能力减弱有关,并且鞭毛基因和部分毒力基因表达水平的下调进一步导致了ΔflgK-PDD致病力的降低。这些结果为探究flgK基因在PDD致病机制中的重要作用提供了理论依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2400704)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MC027)
  • 中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2023TD29)
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2025年第65卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250033
  • 接收时间:2025-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-14
  • 录用日期:2025-03-14
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2400704)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD2400704)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021MC027)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MC027)
Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(2023TD29)
中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2023TD29)
作者信息
    1.天津农学院 水产学院,天津
    2.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室,山东 青岛
    3.青岛海洋科技中心,海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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